TNPSC Current Affairs January 2014

TNPSC
CURRENT AFFAIRS - JANUARY
VETRII IAS
STUDY CIRCLE
Eminent Persons & Appointments

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp rpq;tp Xa;T ngw;whh;:
cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp [p.v];. rpq;tp (65) Gjd;fpoik Xa;T

ngw;whh;. %j;j ePjpgjpahd mth;> 2[p ];ngf;l;uk; Coy; tof;F>
mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; murpay;thjpfs; rptg;G Roy; tpsf;Ffis
KiwNflhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd tof;F cs;gl gy rpf;fyhd
tof;Ffis tprhhpj;J muRf;F neUf;fbiaf; nfhLj;jth;.
murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; gj;jphpf;ifahsh;fSld; murpay; jufh; ePuh uhbah ciuahba
gjpTfs; njhlh;ghf tprhhpf;f rpgpIf;F cj;jutpl;lNghJ> ePjpgjp rpq;tp ehL KOtJk;
gpugykhdhh;. ,tuJ gy;NtW jPh;g;Gfs; ViofSf;Fk;> eyptile;jth;fSf;Fk; MWjy; mspf;Fk;
tifapy; mike;jd. Xhpdr; Nrh;f;if Fw;wNk vd ,th; mspj;jJjhd; filrpj; jPhg
; ;ghFk;.
,e;jj; jPhg
; ;G rpy %j;j tof;FiuQh;fs; cs;gl gy;NtW jug;gpdhpilNa tpkh;rdj;Jf; Fs;shdJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rj;jP];fh; Kjy;tuhf ukz;rpq; ,d;W gjptpNaw;G:
rj;jP];fh; khepy Kjy;tuhf njhlh;e;J 3tJ Kiwahf ukz; rpq; tpahof;fpoik (12Mk;
Njjp) gjtpNaw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;. rj;jP]f
; h; khepy rl;lg;Nguitf;F eilngw;w Njh;jypy;
nkhj;jKs;s 90 ,lq;fspy; 49-,y; gh[f ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
rpwe;j kdpjh; Nghg;: ilk; gj;jphpf;if Njh;T:
2013 k; Mz;bd; rpwe;j kdpjuhf Nghg; Mz;lth; gpuhd;rpi] ilk; gj;jphpif Njh;T
nra;Js;sJ. ,isQh;fs; gyiu ey;topapy; khw;Wk; rf;jpahf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;gjhy; mtiu
rpwe;j kdpjh; vd;W $wpAs;sJ.
jpahfp tp];tehjjh];:
jpahfp tp];tehjjh]; (1886 - 1940) Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l czh;it jdJ ebg;ghy;> ghl;lhy;
Cl;ba ehlf ebfh;. rpwe;j Njrpathjp. Guhz ehlfq;fspy; gf;jpg;ghly;fis kl;LNk ghbath;.
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; fhe;jpabfisr; re;jpj;j gpd;dh; Njrgf;jp ghly;fis ghbdhh;. 1919-y; gQ;rhg;
gLnfhiy ele;jNghJ gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy ghhpw; nfhbaJ ghpjhgkpf;fJ vd;W ghbdhh;.
fjh; fg;gy; NjhZNj vd;gd Nghd;W Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l fUj;Jf;fis ghly;fshf khw;wp
ghbath;. ,thpd; ehlfq;fSf;F Mq;fpNya muR jil tpjpj;jJ. jilia kPwp rpiwj; jz;lid
ngw;wth;. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L rpiwthrk; nrd;wth;. ,tUf;fpUe;j
Njrgf;jpiaf; fz;L Mq;fpNya muR mQ;rpaJ.
jpUkq;fyk; tl;l fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapYk;> kJiu [py;yh Nghh;bYk;> fhq;fpurpd; rhh;gpy;
cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jth;. Ntlk; jhpg;gjw;fhd cilfisAk;> fjh;j; JzpapNyNa jahhpj;J
mzpe;J ebj;jth;. kapy; kPJ KUfd; Ntlj;jpy; ghbf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;NghNj Nkilapy; ,Nj
ehspy;jhd; ,we;jhh;. mNj Ntlj;jpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
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F[uhj; Nyhf; MAf;jhthf Kd;dhs; ePjpgjp Gr; gjtpNaw;G:
F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; Nyhf; MAf;jhthf (Coy; Gfhh;fis tprhhpf;Fk; mikg;gpd;

jiytuhf)> ePjpgjp b.gp.Gr; Gjd;fpoik gjtpNaw;whh;. khepy MSeh; fkyh Ngdpthy; jkJ
khspifapy; eilngw;w epfo;rr
; papy; Kjy;th; Nkhb. Nguit jiyth; t[{thyh MfpNahh;
Kd;dpiyapy; mtUf;Fg; gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra;Jitj;jhh;.
ik#h; kfuh[h:
ik#iu Mz;l cilahh; rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; filrp kfuh[hthd = fz;ljj;j

eurpk;kuh[ cilahh; ngq;f@hpy; fle;j nrt;tha;fpoik khuilg;ghy; fhykhdhh;. ik#h;
muz;kidapy; mQ;rypf;fhf itf;fg;gl;bUe;j mtuJ clYf;F yl;rf;fzf;fhd nghJkf;fs;
jpuz;L te;J mQ;ryp nrYj;jpdh;. Gjd;fpoik khiy mtuJ cly; ik#hpy; uh[khpahijAld;
jfdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
fh;ehlf Kjy;th; rpj;juhikah> Kd;dhs; gpujkh; NjtfTlh> Kd;dhs; Kjy;th;fs;
v];.vk;.fpU\;zh> vr;.b.Fkhurhkp> vbA+ug;gh> n[fjP\; n\l;lh; cs;spl;l gy Kf;fpa murpay;
jiyth;fs; = fz;ljj;j cilahhpd; clYf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;jpdh;. murpay; jiyth;fSk;
fhty;Jiw mjpfhhpfSk;> G+rhhpfSk; #o;e;J epw;f 30 Fz;Lfs; Koq;f muR khpahij
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J kfuh[htpd; clYf;F mtuJ mf;fh fhaj;hp Njtpapd; kfd;
rJuq;f fe;juh[ cilahh; jP%l;bdhh;. ,jd; %yk; 500 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf njhlh;e;j
ik#h; cilahh; rhk;uh[;[pak; KbTf;F te;jJ.
kz;Nlyh:
kfhj;kh fhe;jpf;Fg; gpwF> khh;l;bd; Y}jh; fpq;Ff;Fg; gpwF mwg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

mtrpaj;ijAk; mij mikjpg; Nghuhl;lkhf elj;Jtjpy; ,Uf;fpw epue;ju yhgq;fisAk; etPd
Afj;Jf;F kW mwpKfk; nra;jth; mth;. tho;ehspy; Rkhh; %d;wpy; xU gFjpia mth; rpiwapy;
fopj;jpUe;jhYk; xU rf;jpahf mth;jhd; mk;kf;fis ,af;fpapUf;fpwhh;. epw ntwp Ml;rpia
xopj;jJ kl;Lky;y> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh mJehs; tiu fhzhj ey;yhl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatUk;
mtNu.
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rl;lg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F Gjpa JizNte;jh;: ,d;W nghWg;Ngw;G:
jkpo;ehL lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fh;

tzq;fhKb epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.
rl;lg;gy;fiy.apd;
Gjpa
JizNte;juhf
Nguhrphpah;
,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fTd;rpy;: %d;W cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;T:
,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fTd;rpypd; (vk;.rp.I) jkpofg; gpujpepjpfshf lhf;lh; b.rhe;jhuhk;>

lhf;lh; Rjh Nr\a;ad;> lhf;lh; vy;.gp.jq;fNtY MfpNahh; nrt;tha;f;fpoik (br.10) Njh;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,e;jg; gjtpia mth;fs; ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F tfpg;ghh;fs;.
tpkhdg; gil Gjpa jsgjpahf m&g; uhfh gjptpNaw;G:
,e;jpa tpkhdg; gilapd; 24tJ jsgjpahf m&h; uhfh (59) New;W gjpNaw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.
tpkhdg;gil jsgjpahf ,Ue;j vd;.V.Nf. gput;dp Xa;T ngw;wij njhlh;e;J> Jizj; jsgjpahf
,Ue;j m&g; uhfh> gjtp cah;T ngw;W jsgjpahf nghWg;Ngw;Ws;shh;. nly;ypapy; tpkhdg;gil
jiyik mYtyfkhd thA gtdpy; eilngw;w epfo;rr
; papy;> uhfhtplk; vd;.V.Nf. gput;dp
nghWg;Gfis xg;gilj;jhh;. 1954-k; Mz;L> brk;gh; 26k; Njjp gpwe;jtuhd m&g; uhfh> 1974-k;
Mz;L brk;gh; 14k; Njjp tpkhdg; gilapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. tpkhdg; gilapy; gy;NtW nghWg;Gfs;
tfpj;j ,th;. nrd;id> jhk;guj;jpy; cs;s tpkhdg; gil gapw;rp KfhkpYk; mjpfhhpahf
gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. tpkhdg; gil jsgjpahf ,th; 3 Mz;LfSf;F ePbg;ghh;.
rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ:
N[h.b. F&]; vOjpa nfhw;if ehtYf;F fle;j Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ
mwptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
md;id njurh:
md;id njurh [_d; 6> 1929-y; nfhy;fj;jh te;jhh;. mth; my;Ngdpah ehl;Lf;fhuh;.
cz;ikahd ngah; Mf;d]; Nfhd;[h Ngh[h[pA+. Nfhd;[h vd;why; my;Ngdpa nkhopay; Nuh[h
mUk;G. 1943-d; gQ;rKk; 1946-d; ,e;J> K];ypk; td;KiwAk; mtiu ghjpj;jjhy; mth;
Nritahsuhf khwpdhh;. 1950y; 13 NgNuhL nfhy;fj;jhtpy; epWtpdhh;. 45 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf
Vio vspNahh;> Neha;tha;g;gl;Nlhh;> mdhijfSf;F njhz;lhw;wpdhh;.
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md;id njnurhtpd; rig 133 ehLfspy; 4500 rNfhjhpfshy; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ. va;l;];>

njhONeha; kw;Wk; fhrNehahy; gs;spf;$lq;fs; vd gy cs;sd. 1979-y; mikjpf;fhd Nehgy;
ghpirAk;> 1980-y; ,e;jpahtpd; ghuj uj;dh tpUijAk; ngw;whh;. nfl;lth;fs; vd
mwpag;gl;lth;fsplKk; ed;nfhil ngw;whh;. rigia NkYk; tsh;g;gjw;Nf ed;nfhilia Kjypy;
gad;gLj;jpdhh;. 1997 nrg;lk;gh; 5-y; 87 tajpy; nfhy;fj;jhtpNyNa ,we;jhh;. Nghg; Mz;ltuhy;
mUshsh; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Gdpjh; vd mwptpg;gjw;fhd rlq;Ffs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
eh];fhk; jiyth; re;jpuNrfh;:
jfty; njhopy; El;gj; Jiwapd; kpf cahpa mikg;ghd eh];fhtpd; jiytuhf Mh;.re;jpu
Nrfh;> nghWg; Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. ,jw;F Kd;G jiytuhf ,Ue;j Nrhk; kpj;jypd; gjtpf; fhyk;
Kbe;jijj; njhlh;e;J ,th; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. jw;NghJ ,e;jpa jfty; njhopy;El;gj;
Jiwapd; njhopy; nfhs;fisfis trpf;Fk; mikg;ghf eh];fhk; jpfo;fpwJ. re;jpuNrfh; ,jw;F
Kd;G njhiyj; njhlh;Gj;Jiw nrayuhf ,Ue;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Vhpay; \Nuhd;:
1948-k; tU\k; ,];Nuy; vd;w Njrk; cjakhdJ Kjy; ,];Nuypa uhZtj;jpy;

gzpahw;wpath;. 1974-k; tUlk; uhZtg; gzpapy; ,Ue;J Xa;T ngw;W> murpaYf;Fs; Eioe;J 81k;
tUlk; uhZt mikr;ruhdhh;. mth; gpujkuhfpg; Gfo;ngwtpy;iy. GfNohL me;jg; gjtpf;F
te;jth;. ,];Nuypd; ghJfhg;G vd;gijj; jdJ jhuf ke;jpukhf tho;ehs; KOtJk; nrhy;yp
te;jth; Vhpay; \Nuhd;. ,];Nuypd; 11 tJ gpujkuhd \Nuhd; 2001 Kjy; 2006-k; Mz;L tiu
gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhh;. mjw;F Kd;G ntspAwT> ghJfhg;G cs;gl 5 Jiwfspy; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;J
,];Nuypd; jdpj;jd;ikia epiyehl;Ltjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpAs;shh;. ,jdhy; kp];lh;.
nrf;A+hpl;b vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; [dthp 11-k; Njjpad;W fhykhdhh;. ,];Nuy; ,e;jpahTf;F ,ilapy; J}juf cwTfs; Vw;gl;l gpd; 11 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,e;jpahTf;F te;j
Kjy; ,];Nuy; gpujkh; \Nuhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
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gok;ngUk; njYq;F ebfh; ehNf];tuuht; kiwT:
gok;ngUk; njYq;F ebfh; mf;fpNddp ehNf];tuuht; (91) Gjd;fpoik mjpfhiy

i`juhghj;jpy; fhykhdhh;. ehNf];tuuht;> jhjh rhN`g; ghy;Nf> gj;gG+\d;> fiykhkzp>
rpwe;j ebfUf;fhd Njrpa tpUJ. urpfh;fshy; Vd;Mh; vd;W md;Gld; miof;fg;gLk; ehNf];tu
uht;> vk;.[p.Mh;> rpth[p MfpNahhpd; rkfhyj;jpa ebfuhthh;. kiwTf;F jkpof MSeh;
Nf.Nuhra;ah> Kjy;th; n[ayypjh MfpNahh; Gjd;fpoik ,uq;fy; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
rp.gp. Kj;jk;kh:
IVv]> Ivg;v]; Njh;Tfspy; Kjypy; ntw;wp ngw;w ngz; rp.gp. Kj;jk;kh (1924 - 2009)
Mthh;. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; ntspAwTj;Jiw mjpfhhpahf 1949 y; gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. 32
Mz;Lfs; muRg;gzpia nra;jgpwF 1982 y; Xa;T ngw;whh;. jdJ 85tJ tajpy; 14.10.2009
md;W fhykhdhh;.
vd;.vy;.[p. Gjpa jiyth; N[.vd;.rTj;hp:
Njrpa ghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; (vd;.v];.[p) Gjpa jiytuhf (28-tJ) mrhk; khepy fhty;
Jiw Kd;dhs; jiyth; N[.vd;. rTj;hp nghWg;Ngw;Ws;shh;. ,th; mLj;j Mz;L Nk khjk; tiu
,e;jg; gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;. mrhk;-Nkfhyah epiyiar; Nrh;e;j 1978-k; Mz;L gphpT I.gp.v];.
mjpfhhpahd rTj;hp> jPtputhj jLg;G> flj;jy; jLg;G kw;Wk; Kf;fpag; gpuKfh;fSf;fhd
ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s fWg;Gg; G+idg; gilahd vd;v];[pia ,dp topelj;Jthh;.
vy;iy fhe;jp:
fhd; mg;Jy; fg;gh; fhd; (1890 -1988) kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; neUq;fpa ez;gh;. ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpia mfpk;ir Kiwapy; vjph;j;jth;. vy;iyf; fhe;jp vd miof;fg;gl;lth;. Fij
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fpj;kj;fh; (,iwtdpd; njhz;lh;fs;) vd;w ,af;fj;ij mikj;jhh;. ,e;jpa gphptpidia

fLikahf vjph;j;jhh;. fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gphptid jpl;lj;ij Mjhpj;jTld; vq;fis Xeha;fsplk;
vwpe;Jtpl;BNu vd;W fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fsplk; nrhd;dhh; K];yPf; yPfi
; f vjph;j;jhh;. ,e;jpa
gphptpidf;F gpwF ghfp];jhdpy; tho;e;j ,th; gyKiw ghfp];jhd; Ml;rpahy; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,e;jpa csthsp vd;W J}w;wg;gl;lhh;. nghJ kd;dpg;G fofk; mtiu
rpiwthrpfspd; kdr;rhl;rp vd Gfo;e;jJ.1985-y; Nehgy; mikjp ghpRf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,e;jpa muR mtUf;F 1987-y; ehl;bd; kpf cah;e;j tpUjhd ghuj uj;dhit toq;fpaJ.
mijg;ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; my;yhjth; vd;w ngUik ngw;wth;.
nrd;id gy;fiyf;fof Gjpa gjpthsuhf Nltpl; [t`h; epakdk;:
nrd;id
gy;fiyf;fof
Gjpa
gjpthsuhf
Nguhrphpah;
gh.Nltpl;[t`h;
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sh;. ,th; gp.V. (epWtdr; nrayh;) ,sepiy gl;l Kbj;J kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lg;
gphptpy; vk;.gp.V. Muha;r;rpg; gbg;igAk; Kbj;Js;shh;. ,th; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; khepy nrayhsh;
jh. ghz;badpd; kfd; Mthh;
ftpQh; jQ;irthzd; fhykhdhh;:
ftpQh; jQ;irthzd; (76) fhykhdhh;. ebfh; rpth[pfNzhrDf;F gy Nkil

ehlfq;fis vOjp Gfo; ngw;whh;. fsk; fz;l ftpQd; rhk;uhl; mNrhfh Mfpait ,th;
vOjpa ehlfq;fspy; ngah; ngw;wit.
mfpy ,e;jpa thndhypapy; epfo;rr
; p jahhpg;ghsuhf gzpapy; ,Ue;jhh;. Gfo; ngw;w taYk;
tho;Tk; epfo;r;rp ,tuJ jahhpg;gpy;jhd; cUthdJ.
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Sports & Games

Nghy;l; rhjid Kwpabg;G:
M];jpNuypahitr; Nrh;e;j gs;sp khztuhd 14 taJ N[k;]; Nfyhgh; 200 kP. Xl;lj;jpy; cNrd;
Nghy;l;bd; rhjidia Kwpabj;Js;shh;. epA+nrsj;nty;i]r; Nrh;e;jtuhd N[k;]; Nfyhgh; fle;j thuk;
nlsd;];tpy;Nytpy; eilngw;w 200 kP. Xl;lj;jpy; 21.73 tpehbfspy; ,yf;if vl;bAs;shh;. ,J cNrd;
Nghy;l; jdJ 14 tajpy; 200 kp. Xl;lj;ijf; flf;f vLj;Jf; nfhz;l tpehbiatpl 0.8 tpehbfs;
FiwthFk;.
Fsph;fhy xypk;gpf;: ,e;jpah;fs; gq;Nfw;f mDkjp:
u\pahtpd; Nrhr;rp efhpy; eilngwTs;s Fsph;fhy xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; rh;tNjr xypk;gpf; fTd;rpy;
(IXrp) nfhbapd; fPo; ,e;jpah;fs; gq;Nfw;f mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNeuj;jpy; ,e;jpa xypk;gpf;
rq;fj;jpd; (IXV) kPjhd r];ngd;l; njhlUk; vd IXrp jiyth; jhk]; Ngr; njhptpj;Js;shh;. ,J
njhlh;ghf mth; NkYk; $Wifapy;> IXVTf;F Gjpa Njh;jy; ele;jgpwF mjd; kPjhd r];ngd;l;
ePf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpa xypk;gpf; rq;fj;Jf;F Njh;jy; eilngWk; gl;rj;jpy; mjd; kPjhd r];ngd;l; ePf;fg;gLk; vd
IXrp mwptpj;Js;sij kj;jpa tpisahl;L mikr;rfk; tuNtw;Ws;sJ. ,J njhlh;ghf kj;jpa
tpisahl;L kw;Wk; ,isQh; eyd; Jiw mikr;rh; [pNje;jpu rpq; $wpapUg;gjhtJ: IXV Njh;jYf;Fg;
gpwF mjd; kPjhd r];ngd;il ePf;FtJ vd;w IXrpapd; Kbit tuNtw;fpNwd;. ,jd;%yk; xypk;gpf;
Nghl;b> Mrpa kw;Wk; fhkd;nty;j; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfspy; ,e;jpah;fs; jq;fspd; jha;ehl;L Njrpaf;
nfhbapd; fPo; gq;Nfw;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
nrd;id Xgd;: nld;dp];:
nrd;id Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; ];tpl;rh;yhe;jpd; ];lhdp];y]; tht;hpq;fh rhk;gpad; gl;lk;

ntd;whh;. Qhapw;Wf;fpoik eilngw;w ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; tht;hpq;fh 7-5> 6-2 vd;w Neh; nrl;fspy; gpuhd;]pd;
vl;th;l; Nuh[h; Nt]ypidj; Njhw;fbj;jhh;. nrd;id Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;b nrd;id Eq;fk;ghf;fj;jpy;
cs;s v];.b.V.b. nld;dp]; ikjhdj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;w tht;hpq;fhTf;F
Nfhg;igAld; &.45 yl;rj;Jf;F 63 MapuKk;> ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; Njhy;tp fz;l Nt];ypDf;F 23 yl;rj;Jf;F
73 MapuKk; fpilj;jd.
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TNPSC
VETRII IAS
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\_khf;fh;!
Ntfj;Jld;> tpNtfKk; ,ize;jhy; kl;LNk rhjpf;f KbAk; vd;w ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jaj;jpd;
epue;ju milahskhf ,Ug;gth; n[h;kdpapd; ikf;Nfy; \_khf;fh;jhd;. ,e;jpah;fs; midtUf;Fk;
epidTf;F tUtJ \_khf;fUk;> mtUila rptg;G epw nguhhp fhUk;jhd;. Vnddpy;> mth; 1990-fspy;
ghh;Kyh 1 Nghl;bapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpapUe;j NghJjhd; ,e;jpaj; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy;
ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge;jak; xspgug;ghdJ. mJjhd; ,e;jpa urpfh;fspd; ,jaj;jpy; \_khf;fh; ,lk; gpbf;ff;
fhuzkhdJ.
ghh;Kyh 1 Nghl;bay; mjpf Kiw (7) rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd;wth;> mjpf Nu]py; (91) ntw;wp
ngw;wth;. mjpfKiw (77) gh];l];l; Nyg; rhjid> mjpfKiw (68) Kjy; thpirapy; ,Ue;J
Gwg;gl;lth;> mjpf Nu];fspy; (308) gq;Nfw;wth;> mjpfKiw (155) Kjy; 3 ,lq;fSf;Fs; te;jth;> Xh;
Mz;by; mjpf Nu];fspy; (13) ntw;wp ngw;wth;> xU rPrdpy; vy;yh Nu];fspYk; Kjy; 3 ,lq;fSf;Fs;
gpbj;j xNu tPuh; vd ]{Nkf;fhpd; rhjidfis mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.
2006-y; ghh;Kyh 1-ypUe;J Xa;T ngw;whh;. 2010-y; kPz;Lk; fhh; ge;jaj;jpy; Eioe;jhYk; mLj;j 3
Mz;Lfspy; mth; xU Nu]py;$l ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. fle;j thuk; gpuhd;]pd; My;g;]; kiyg;gFjpapy;
gdpr;rWf;fpy; <Lgl;bUe;jNghJ ghiwapy; Nkhjp tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdhh;. jiyapy; gyj;j fhakile;j
epiyapy; kUj;Jtkidapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. Nfhkh epiyapy; ,Ue;J kPz;Ltpl;lhYk;> mthpd;
epiy Fwpj;J kUj;Jth;fs; vijAk; cWjpahf njhptpf;f kWf;fpd;wdh;.
M\]; nl];l;by; M];jpNuypah ntw;wp:
M\]; nl];l; njhlhpd; 5 Nghl;bfspYk; ntw;wp ngw;W njhliu KOikahff; ifg;gw;wpaJ
M];jpNuypa
mzp.
gq;Nfw;w
5
Nghl;bfspYk;
Njhy;tpaile;J
,q;fpyhe;J
nthapl; th\; MdJ. M];jpNuypa Ntfg;ge;J tPrr
; hsh; kpl;nry; [hd;rd; ehafdhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,e;j M\]; njhlhpy; mth; nkhj;jk; 37 tpf;nfl;Lfis tPo;jj
; pdhh;. M\]; nl];l; njhliu KOikahf
ntd;wjd; %yk; rh;tNjr fphpf;nfl; fTd;rpy; (I.rp.rp) nl];l; juthpirapy; 5-tJ ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 3-tJ
,lj;Jf;F M];jpNuypah Kd;NdwpAs;sJ.
tPuh;fSf;F gprprpI nfsutk;:
gprprpIapd; 7-tJ Mz;L tpUJ toq;Fk; tpoh Kk;igapy; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy;> fphpf;nfl;by;
rhjpj;j tPuh;fSf;F gy;NtW gphpTfspd; fPo; tpUJfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mjd; tptuk;:
fgpy; Njt; - rp.Nf. ehAL tho;ehs; rhjidahsh; tpUJ.
m];tpd; - ghyp ck;hpfh; tpUJ
mgpN\f; ehah; - yhyh mkh; ehj; tpUJ
Nuh`pj; rh;kh - jpyPg; rh;Njrha; tpUJ
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[Ptd; N[hj; rpq; nrsfhd; (uQ;rp buhgpapy; mjpf ud; Ftpj;jth;) - khjt;uht; rpe;jpah tpUJ
<\;th; ghz;Nl (uQ;rp buhgpapy; mjpf tpf;nfl; tPo;jj
; path;) - khjt;uht; rpe;jpah tpUJ
fuz; rh;kh (25 taJFl;gl;Nlhh;) - vk;.V.rpjk;guk; tpUJ
mf;\h; gNly; (19 taJFl;gl;Nlhh;) - vk;.V.rpjk;guk; tpUJ
mh;kd; [hgh; (16 taJFl;gl;Nlhh;) - vk;.V.rpjk;guk; tpUJ
jpU\; fhkpdp (rpwe;j tPuhq;fid) - vk;.V.rpjk;guk; tpUJ
rk;\{jPd; - rpwe;j cs;@h; Nghl;b eLth; tpUJ
M];jpNuypa Xgd;:
,e;jg; Nghl;bf;fhd nkhj;j ghpRj; njhif & 182 NfhbNa 62 yl;rk; MFk;. Mlth; kw;Wk; kfsph;
xw;iwah; gphpTfspd; rhk;gpad; gl;lk; nty;gth;fSf;F jyh &. 14 NfhbNa 65 yl;rk; nuhf;fg; ghprhff;
fpilf;Fk;. Mlth; kw;Wk; kfsph; ,ul;ilah; gphpTfspd; gl;lk; nty;Yk; N[hbfSf;F jyh &. 2 NfhbNa
87 yl;rk; fpilf;Fk; fyg;G ,ul;ilah; gphptpy; gl;lk; nty;gth;fSf;F &. 74.5 yl;rk; fpilf;Fk;.
Njhdp 300:
xU ehs; Nghl;bapy; 300 Ngiu Ml;lkpof;fr; nra;j Kjy; ,e;jpa tpf;nfl; fPg;gh; vd;w ngUikia
Nfg;ld; Njhdp ngw;whh;. jdJ 239-tJ epA+rpyhe;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghl;bapy; ,e;j iky;fy;iy vl;ba
Njhdp> ,e;jg; Nghl;bNahL Nrh;jJ
;
222 Ngiu Nfl;r; %ykhfTk;> 79 Ngiu ];lk;gpq; %ykhfTk;
Ml;lkpof;fr; nra;Js;shh;. rh;tNjr mstpy; ,e;j iky;fy;iy vl;ba 4tJ fPg;gh; Njhdp Mthh;.
mjpfkhNdhiu Ml;lkpof;fr; nra;j tpf;nfl; fPg;gh;fs; thpirapy;
M];jpNuypahtpd; fpy;fpwp];l;
472(287) Nghl;b ,yq;ifapd; rq;ffhuh 424 (362 Ngl;) njd;Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; khh;f; ngsr;rh; 424 (295
Nghl;b) MfpNahh; Kjy; 3 ,lq;fspy; cs;sdh;.
tht;hpq;fhTf;F Kjy; fpuhz;l;];yhk;:
M];jpNuypa Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; ];tpl;rh;yhe;jpd; ];lhdp];y]; tht;hpq;fh rhk;gpad;
gl;lk; ntd;whh;. ,J mth; ntd;w Kjy; fpuhz;l];yhk; gl;lkhFk;.
nky;Nghh;dpy; efhpy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik eilngw;w Mlth; xw;iwah; ,Wjpr;Rw;wpy; cyfpy; 8-0k; epiy
tPuhd thq;hpq;fh 6-3> 6-2> 3-6> 6-3 vd;w nrl;fzf;fpy; cyfpd; Kjy; epiy tPuuhd ];ngapd; uNgy;
elhiy tPo;jj
; pdhh;.
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TNPSC
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M];;jpNuypa Xgd;:
M];jpNuypa Xgd; kfsph; xw;iwah; gphpT ,Wjpr; Rw;wpy; rPdhtpd; yPeh> ];NyhNtfpahtpd;
nlhkpdpfh rpGy; Nfhthit tPo;jj
; p gl;lk; ntd;wh;. ,J mtUf;F ,uz;lhtJ fpuhz;l;yhk; gl;lkhFk;
,jw;F Kd; 2011-,y; gpnuQ;R Xgd; gl;lk; ntd;wpUe;jhh;.
,e;j ntw;wpapd; %yk;
ngUikAk; yP eh ngw;Ws;shh;.
fpuhz;l;];yhk; ntd;wpUe;jhh;.
kfsph; gphptpy; fpuhz;l;];yhk; ntd;w tajhd tPuhq;fid vd;w

,jw;F Kd; 1973 -k; Mz;L khh;fnfl;ul; Nfhh;l; jd; 30tajpy;
Awards & Honours

efpg; my; k`;G+]; - muG ,yf;fpa cyfpd; kdrhl;rp:
kjj;ij clw;gapw;rpf; $lkhff; flTs; fUjtpy;iy - muG ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kiwahf
Nehgy; ghpRf;Ff; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltuhd efpg; my; k`;G+]pd; thrfk; ,J. Nehgy; ghpR ngw;wjd;
%yk;> muG ,yf;fpaj;ij cyfpd; ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;Lnrd;w k`;G+];> etPd cyf ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
khngUk; MSikfSs; xUth;.
vfpg;jpd; jiyefh; nfa;Nuhypy; 1911-y; kjg;gw;W kpf;f eLj;juf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. Nehgy; ghpR
%yk; k`;G+i] ntspAyFf;F milahsk; fhl;ba Gj;jfk; nfa;Nuh l;hpyh[p.7
cyfpd; rpwe;j rpe;ijidahsh;fs; gl;baypy; mutpe;j; nf[;hpthy;:
mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J ntspahFk; ghhpd; ghyp]p gj;jphpf;ifapd; 2013 k; Mz;bd; kpfr;rpwe;j

rpe;jidahsh;fs; gl;baypy; Mk; Mj;kp fl;rpapd; xUq;fpizg;ghsh; mutpe;j; nf[;hpthy;> r%f
Mh;tyh;fs; Ch;trp Gl;lhypah> ftpjh fpU\;zd; MfpNahh; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sdh;. ,e;jg; gl;baypy; 32-tJ
eguhf mutpe;j; nf[;hpthy; (45) ,lk; ngw;Ws;shh;. CoYf;F vjpuhf gpur;rhuj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nrd;wth;. Fbkf;fspd; Njit mwpe;J muR gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyia Vw;gLj;jpath;.
Ch;trp Gl;lhypah> ftpjh fpU\;zd; MfpNahh; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghypay; td;Kiwia
fz;bj;J Fuy; nfhLj;jjpYk;> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpajpYk; rpwg;ghf nray;gl;lth;fs;. gy;NtW ehLfspd;
jiyth;fisAk;> Kf;fpa egh;fisAk; mnkhpf;f csT mikg;ghd vd;.v];.V. fz;fhzpj;J tUfpwJ.
mth;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nry;Nghd; cs;spl;l njhiyj;njhlh;G rhjdq;fis xl;Lf; Nfl;Fk; gzpapYk;>
,izak; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jfty; ghpkhw;wq;fis jpUb jfty; Nrfhpf;Fk; gzpapYk; vd;.v];.V.
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<LgLtjhf jfty; ntspahdJ. ,e;j jfty;fs; njhlh;ghd ufrpa Mtzq;fis ntspapl;l

vd;.v];.V.tpd; Kd;dhs; gzpahsh; vl;th;l; ];Ndhnld;> ,e;j gl;baypy; Kjyplk; ngw;Ws;shh;.
Nfh.Mg;nlf;]Pf;F 2 Njrpa tpUJ:
1256 $l;LwT rq;fq;fisf; nfhz;l> Mrpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa $l;LwT epWtdk; Nfh.Mg;nlf;];.

ehL KOf;f 200 ,lq;fspy; ,jd; N\h&k;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd. 2013-y;> mjpf ifj;jwpj; Jzpfis
cw;gj;jp nra;jjw;fhfTk; ifj;jwpj; Jzpfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; kfj;jhd gq;fspg;ig je;jjw;fhfTk;
kj;jpa murpd; 2 Njrpa tpUJfis ngw;wpUf;fpwJ .
Nfh-Mg;nlf;];. fle;j 10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G Vw;Wkjpf;fhd tpUijg; ngw;w Nfh-Mg;nlf;];>
cw;gj;jpf;fhd tpUij ngw;wJ fle;j 75 Mz;Lfspy; ,JNt Kjy;Kiw. nly;ypapy; ele;j tpohtpy;
kj;jpa [Tspj;Jiw mikr;rh; rhk;grpt uht; Nfh-Mg;nlf;]; eph;thf ,af;Feh; rfhaj;jplk; tpUJfis
toq;fpdhh;.
tpUJ
ngw;wjw;fhf
rfhaj;jpw;Fk;>
Nfh-Mg;nlf;];
Copah;fSf;Fk;
ifj;jwp
nerthsh;fSf;Fk; khepy ifj;jwpj;Jiw mikr;rh; Re;juuh[; ghuhl;L njhptpj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; fhe;jpapd; Ngj;jpf;F tpUJ:
jkpopy; jpahfk; vd;W nghUs;gLk; ,e;j tpUJ me;ehl;L uhZtk; rhh;gpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,yh
fhe;jp> rd;dp rpq;> nkf; kfuh[; Mfpa 3 ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp njd;Mg;gphpf;fh;fs; cs;gl Mg;gphpf;f Njrpa
fhq;fpu]pd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mzpapy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;j gyh; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
fky;`hrd;> ituKj;JTf;F gj;kg+\z; tpUJfs;:
FbauRj; jpdj;ij Kd;dpl;L xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; gj;k tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;.

mjd;gb>
,e;j Mz;Lf;fhd gj;k tpg+\z;> gj;k g+\z;> gj;k= cs;spl;l Njrpa tpUJfSf;Fj;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;s 127 Nghpd; gl;bait kj;jpa muR rdpf;fpoik mwptpj;jJ.
gj;k tpG+\z;: Kd;dhs; kj;jpa mwptpay; njhopy;El;g Muha;r;rp fTd;rpypd; Kd;dhs; jiyth;
lhf;lh; Mh;.kNy\y;fh;> gpugy Nahfhrd FU gp.Nf.v]; . Iaq;fhh; Mfpa ,U tUk; gj;k tpG+\z;
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tpUJfSf;Fj; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;. kiwe;j cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp N[.th;khTf;F

kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpe;ija tpUjhf gjk tpg+\z; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gj;k G+\z;: jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j
ebfh; fky;`hrd;> ftpQh; ituKj;J> flk; tpj;thd;
b.vk;.tpehaf;uhk; nld;dp];tPuh; yahz;lh; ga];
MfpNahUf;Fk; ,];Nuh jiyth; lhf;lh;
Nf.
uhjhfpU\;zd;> ePjpgjp jy;tPh; gz;lhhp> tpQ;Qhdp jpUkyhr;rhhp uhkrhkp> `p];J];jhdp ,irg;ghlfp
gh;tPd; Ry;jhdh> Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa vOj;jhshy; u];fpd; ghz;l;l Njrpa ghl;kpz;ld; gapw;rpahsh;
Nfhgpre;j;
vOj;jhsh; mdpjh Njrha; cs;gl nkhj;jk; 24 NgUf;F gj;k g+\d; tpUJfs;
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gj;k=: jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j gpugy njhopyjpgh; ky;ypfh rPdpthrk;> jpiug;gl xspg;gjpthsUk;
,af;FeUkhd re;Njh\; rptd;> kUj;Jtg; Nguhrpah; lhf;lh; b. gTNyh]; N[f;fg;> Adhdp kUj;Jth;
Nguhrphpah; `f;fPk; iraJ fyPgJy;yh> lhf;lh; m[a; Fkhh; ghhplh> lhf;lh; Nfhtpe;jd; Re;juh[d;>
uhk];thkp> Mh;. Iah;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh; Atuh[;> ];Fth\;> tPuhq;fis jPgpfh gy;ypfy;> euk;gay; epGzh;
Rdpy; gpujhd; Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jt epGzh; uhN[\; FNuhth;> kj;jpa Ntshz; mikr;rh; ruj; gthhpd;
rNfhjuh; gpujhg; Nfhtpe;juht;> ebif tpj;ah ghyd;> ebfh; gNu\; uhty;> kzy; rpw;gf; fiyQh; Rjh;rd;
gl;ehaf;> ehlf ebfh; gd;rp nfsy;> rhuq;fp thj;jpaf; fiyQh; c];jhj; nkha;DjPd; fhd; cs;spl;l 101
Ngh; gj;k= tpUJf;Fj; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;.
,th;fspy; 27 ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ntspehL tho; ,e;jpah;fs; cs;gl 7 ntspehl;ltUk; mlq;Fth;.
gj;k tpUJ mwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sth;fspy; 3 Ngh; Vw;nfdNt fhykhfp tpl;ldh;. %lek;gpf;if vjph;g;Gg;
Nghuhsp vd;.V. j Nghy;fh; cs;spl;l me;j %tUf;Fk; kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd; ,t;tpUJfs;
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gj;k tpUJfs;
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sth;fSf;F FbauRj; jiyth; khspifapy;
tpiutpy; eilngw cs;s tpohtpy; ,t;tpUJfis gpuzhg; Kfh;[p toq;Fthh;.
jkpof muR tpUJfs;:
jkpof murpd; rhh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; rpwe;j jkpowpQh;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; rpwe;J
tpsq;FNthUf;F tpUJfs; mspf;fg;gLk;. jpUts;Sth; tpUJ ijthd; ehl;Lf; ftpQh; A+rpf;Fk;>
NguwpQh; mz;zh tpUJ gz;Ul;b v];. uhkr;re;jpuDf;Fk; fhkuh[h; tpUJ ma;ahW thz;ilahUf;Fk;>
nghpahh; tpUJ RNyhr;rdh rk;gj;Jf;Fk;> mk;Ngj;fh; tpUJ Nguhrpah; vk;.gpufh\_f;Fk; ghujpahh; tpUJ
F. Qhdrk;ge;jDf;Fk;> ghuhjpjhrd; tpUJ uhjh nry;yg;gDf;Fk;> jpU.tp.f. tpUJ vOj;jhsh;
mNrhkpj;jpuDf;Fk;> fp.M.ng. tpRthehjk; tpUJ tp. n[aNjtDf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;ld.
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TNPSC
VETRII IAS
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kNyrpah tpUJ:
Jq;F vd;gJ mur FLk;gj;jpdUf;fhd gl;lk;.

,d;ndhU mur Fyg; gl;lk; Jd;.
mLj;jg;gbahd gl;lk; jhd;= .
j;jNjh = vd;gJjhd; ekJ gj;ktpg+\Df;F my;yJ gphpl;b\hhpd; rh; gl;lj;jpw;F epfuhd
kNyrpah tpUJ.
fpuhkp tpUJ:
mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh;e;j Njrpa xypgpbg;G fiyfs;> mwptpay; mflkp rhh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; ,irj;
Jiwapy; rpwe;J tpsq;FNthUf;F fpuhkp tpUJfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1959 Kjy; fpuhkp
tpUJ
eilngw;W tUfpwJ. Muk;gj;jpy; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpUJ gpd;dh; fpuhkp tpUjhf khwpaJ. 56tJ
fpuhkp tpUJ tpoh mnkhpf;fhtpd; yh]; VQ;ry;]; efhpy; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; lhg;l; gq;f;
vd;w ,Uth; ,irf;FO 5 tpUJfis ms;spaJ.
khDty; b N`hnkk; fpwp];Nlh> jhk]; Ngq;fhy;lh; MfpNahh; mlq;fpa
me;jf; FOtpdh;
vg;NghJk; n`y;nkl; mzpe;Nj fhzg;gLth;. nghJ ,lq;fspy; ,J tiu mth;fs; Kfj;ij
ntspfhl;bajpy;iy fpuhkp tpUJ tpohtpy; mth;fs; n`y;nkl;Lld; fye;J nfhz;ldh;. mth;fspd;
nfl; yf;fp Nuz;lk; mf;r]; nkkhp]; Mfpa ,ir My;gq;fs; tpUJfis ms;spf; Ftpj;jd. rpwe;j
My;gk; cs;spl;l gphpTfspy; mth;fs; 5 tpUJfis ntd;wdh;. Nkilapy; tpUJfis thq;fpa ifNahL
urpfh;fSf;fhf mth;fs; ,d;dpir tpUe;Jk; gilj;jdh;.
Nkf;fy;Nkhh;> uahd; nytp]; uhg; Mfpa ,irf;fiyQh;fspd; Nrk; yt;> jp `p];l> jphpg;gl; \hg;
,ir My;gq;fs; 4 tpUJfisg; ngw;wd. epA+yhe;ij Nrh;e;j ghg; ,ir ghlfp yhh;bapd; (17) uhay;];>
,ir My;gk; ,e;j Mz;bd; rpwe;j ghly; rpwe;j jdpegh; ghly; Mfpa gphpTfspy; 2 tpUJfisg;
ngw;wJ. kiwe;j ,e;jpa rpjhh; ,irf;fiyQh; gz;bl; utp rq;fhpd; jp yptpq; &k; nr\d;]; ghh;l; 2 ,ir
My;gKk; tpUJf;Fg; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ Mdhy; me;j My;gk; tpUJf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
tpohtpy; ,e;jpa ,iraikg;ghsh; V.Mh;.u`;khDk; fye;J nfhz;lh;h. fle;j 2010-k; Mz;L fpuhkp tpUJ
tpohtpy; mth; ,uz;L tpUJfis ntd;wJ epidT$uj;jf;fJ.
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Socio Economic Problems

tpjpfspd;gbNa N[gprp mwpf;if jhf;fy;:
2[p miyf;fw;iw xJf;fL

P
tptfhuk; njhlh;ghd N[gprp (ehlhSkd;w epiyf;FO)
mwpf;if tpjpfspd;gbNa kf;fsitapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W mjd; jiyth; gp.rp.
rhf;Nfh njhptpj;jhh;.
N[gprp tprhuiz mwpf;ifapd; tiuT efy;fs; midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; fle;j Vg;uy;
khjk; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlh;e;J ePz;l ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF fle;j nrg;lk;gh; 27Mk; Njjp tiuT mwpf;ifia ,Wjp nra;tjw;fhf N[gprp $baJ.
k.gp. Njh;jypy; 6 yl;rk; Nehl;lh gjpT:
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; mz;ikapy; ele;J Kbe;j rl;lkd;w Njh;jypy; 6 yl;rj;Jf;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l thf;fhsh;fs;> mjhtJ 1.9 rjtPjk; Ngh; ahUf;Fk; thf;fspf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy
vd;gjw;fhd Nehl;lh (ed; Mg; j vgt;) trjpia gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. khepy Kjd;ik Njh;jy;
mYtyfk; mspj;Js;s jftypd;gb> ,k;khepyj;jpy; 2>633 jghy; thf;Ffs; cs;gl nkhj;jk; 6
yl;rj;J 43 Mapuj;J 144 thf;fhsh;fs; Nehl;lh trjpia gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.
tWik:
jpl;l fkp\dpd; nghUshjhu epGzh; RNu\; b. nlz;Ly;fh; tFj;jspj;j Kiwapy;

fzf;fpl;ljd;gb 2010-11 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; 21.9 rjtPjk; (26.93 Nfhb) Ngh;jhd; tWikf;
Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; cs;sdh; vd;fpwJ jpl;lfkp\d; mwpf;if. fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; xU khjj;Jf;F
&.816-f;Fk; FiwthfTk; (xU ehisf;F &.27.20)> efh;g;Gwq;fspy; xU khjj;Jf;F &.1>000-f;Fk;
FiwthfTk; (xU ehisf;F &.33.33) tUtha; <l;LNthNu Viofshff; fUjg;gLth; vd;W
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjw;F Nky; tUtha; <l;Lgth;fs; Viofshff; fUjg;glkhl;lhh;fs;. mjd;gb ehl;by;
tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; tho;gth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 27 Nfhbiaj; jhz;ltpy;iy. Mdhy;
,e;jpahtpy; 53 rjtPjk; NgUf;F (Rkhh; 64 Nfhb) nrhe;jkhf fopg;giw trjp ,y;iy vd cyf
tq;fpapd; rkPgj;jpa mwpf;if Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ. murpd; Gs;sptptuNkh 27 Nfhb Ngh;jhd;
tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; cs;sdh; vd;W $WfpwJ.
I..eh. rigapd; Adpnrg; mikg;gpd; Ma;tpd; gb Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwghlhy; 48 rjtPjk;
Foe;ijfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspy; cyf
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mstpy; 30 rjtPjk; Ngh; ,e;jpaf; Foe;ijfshf cs;sdh;. 2005-06 ,y; Njrpa FLk;g Rfhjhu
Ma;T - 3 ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 6 khjk; Kjy; 35 khjk; tiu taJ cs;s
Foe;ijfspy; 78.9 rjtPjk; NgUk;> jpUkzkhdth;fspy; 15 Kjy; 49 taJ tiu cs;s
ngz;fspy; 56.2 rjtPjk; NgUk; uj;j Nrhifahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;gJ ,e;j Ma;tpy;
njhpa te;jJ.
tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F Nky; cs;sth;fspd; tPLfspy; fhd;fphPl; jsk; ,y;iy vd;gJk; 2011
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy; njhpate;Js;sJ. ehl;by; cs;s nkhj;j tPLfspy; 20 rjtPjk;
tPLfSf;F kl;LNk fhd;fphPl; jsk; cs;sJ. kw;w 71 rjtPj tPLfspd; jsq;fs; Xiy> kQ;R (xU
tifg; Gy;) Nghd;wtw;why; Ntag;gl;l $iuahfNth> nrk;kz;> fspkz; Nghd;wtw;why; fl;lg;gl;l
jskhfNth cs;sd.
FbePiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nlhkhdhy;> 32 rjtPj kf;fs; kl;LNk Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l FbePiu
Foha;fs; %yk; ngWfpd;wdh;. 47 rjtPj tPLfspy; kl;LNk mth;fs; trpg;gplq;fspNyNa
VNjhnthU tifapy; FbePiug; ngWfpd;wdh;. 18 rjtPj tPLfisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; fpuhkq;fspy;
miu fpNyhkPl;lUf;F NkYk;> efuq;fspy; 100 kPl;lUf;F NkYk; nrd;Nw FbePh; ngWk; mtyepiy
cs;sJ. 37.5 Nfhb kf;fs; (31.4 rjtPj tPLfs;) tpsf;nfhpg;gjw;F kz;nzz;iziajhd;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
0.5 rjtPjk; kf;fs; (Rkhh; 60 yl;rk; Ngh;) tPLfspy; tpsf;Nf ,y;iy. cyf tq;fpapd;
mwpf;ifAk; murpd; Gs;sptptuq;fistpl mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhdth;fs; tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F
fPo; tho;tjhff; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; 2010-y; 32.7 rjtPjk; Ngh; (Rkhh; 40 Nfhb) jpdrhp 1.25
lhyUf;Fk; (Rkhh; &.62) FiwthfTk; 68.7 rjtPjk; Ngh; (Rkhh; 84.1 Nfhb) 2 lhyUf;Fk; (Rkhh;
&. 100) FiwthfTk;> 81.1 rjtPjk; Ngh; (Rkhh; 99.2 Nfhb) 2.5 lhyUf;Fk; (Rkhh; &.125)
FiwthfNt tUtha; <l;Ltjhf cyf tq;fpapd; mwpf;if $WfpwJ.
uh`;l;hpah fpN\hh; ];t];ja

P fh;ahfpuhk; (RKSK Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram):
kj;jpa murpd;> cly;eyk; kw;Wk; FLk;gey mikr;rfj;jpdhy;; [dthp 7-k; Njjp

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa jpl;lk; ,ij kj;jpa mikr;rh; jpU. Fyhk; egp Mrhj; mth;fs;
njhlq;fp itj;jhh;.
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Nehf;fk;:
,isQh;fSf;fhd cly;ey MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; cly;eyf; NfL jLg;G Kiwfs; gw;wpa

tphpthd mwpT+l;ly;. mjw;fhf gs;spfspYk; kw;Wk; rKjha mq;fj;jpdhplk; kUj;Jt Kfhk;fs;
mikj;jy;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghypay; eyk;

czT+l;lk;
kdeyd;
fhaq;fs;
tPL kw;Wk; ghy; njhlh;ghd td;Kiwfs;
guth Neha;fs;
gyd; milNthh;:
Vwf;Fiwa 24 Nfhb ,isQh;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gyd; milth;. ,jdhy; ,isQh;

rKjha kl;lj;jpy; ed; cUthf;fKk;> jiyikg; gz;Gk; kw;Wk; Ntiyj; jpwDk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;.
Nkw;F tq;f khepy kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jiyth; ePjpgjp fq;Fyp uh[pdhkh:
gapw;rpg;ngz; tof;FiuQh; ghypay; Gfhh; $wpajhy; vOe;j rh;r;iria mLj;J>

Nkw;Ftq;f khepy
kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;jpd;
jiyth; gjpapypUe;J cr;rePjpkd;w
Kd;dhs; ePjpgjp V.Nf. fq;Fyp jpq;fs;fpoik uh[pehkh nra;jhh;. nfhy;fj;jhtpy;> Nkw;F tq;f
khepy MSeh; vk;.Nf. ehuhazid jpq;fs;fpoik re;jpj;J fq;Fyp jdJ uh[pehkh fbjj;ij
mspj;jhh;. ,e;j rk;gtk; Fwpj;J cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp rjhrptk;
mikj;j FO
tprhuiz elj;jp mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj;jJ. me;j mwpf;ifapy; fq;Fypapd; ngah; njhptpf;fg;gl;lij
mLj;J> ghypay; GfhUf;F cs;shdth; ePjpgjp fq;Fyp vd;gJ ntspr;rj;Jf;F te;jJ.
fle;j 1994-Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk;> nfhy;fj;jh cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epue;ju ePjpgjpahf
V.Nf. fq;Fyp
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. mjd; gpwF xb]h kw;Wk; nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
jiyik ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wpdhh;. gpd;dh; 2008Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 17-,y; cr;repjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahf nghWg;Ngw;w mth;> 2012 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp khjk; Xa;T ngw;whh;. cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wpaNghJ> 2[p miyf;fw;iw xJf;fl
P ;L Coy; njhlh;ghf fq;Fyp njhptpj;j
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Ml;Nrgfukhd thh;j;ijfshy;jhd; jpKf Kd;dhs; kj;jpa njhiyj; njhlh;Gj;Jiw mikr;rh;

M. uhrh jdJ gjtpia uh[pehkh nra;jhh;. ,J jtph;j;J fpNul;lh; neha;lh tptrhapfSf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd 156 n`f;Nlh; epyj;ij mth;fsplk; jpUk;g mspj;jy;> kfhuh\;bu muRf;F &.10
yl;rk; mguhjk; tpjpj;jJ cs;spl; Kf;fpa jPh;g;Gfis mth; toq;fpAs;shh;.
rpjk;guk; eluh[h; Nfhapy;:
rpjk;guk; eluh[h; Nfhapiy nghJ jPl;rpjh;fNs eph;tfpf;fyhk; vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

jPhg
; ;gspj;Js;sJ. Nfhapy; eph;thfj;ij jkpof muR Vw;W elj;jyhk; vd;W nrd;id cah;
ePjpkd;wk; gpwg;gpj;j cj;juit cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jpq;fs;fpoik uj;J nra;jJ. ,j; jPhg
; ;ignaLj;J
gy tUl ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF rpjk;guk; eluh[h; Nfhapy; eph;thfg; nghWg;G nghJ jPl;rpjh;fs;
trk; tuTs;sJ.
ek;k lha;nyl; jpl;lk;:
jkpof efuhl;rpfs; eph;thf Mizah; re;jpufhe;j; gp. fhk;g;Ns topfhl;Ljypd; Nghpy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;L> jhk;guj;jpy; midtuJ VNfhgpj;j ghuhl;il ngw;W nray;gl;L tUfpwJ ek;k
lha;nyl; fopg;gpl jpl;lk;.
fhtphp eLth;kd;wj; jiyth; ePjpgjp nrs`hd;:
fhtphp eLth; kd;wj; jiyth; gjptpf;F ePjpgjp gp.v];. Nrs`hid epakpf;fyhk; vd;W
cr;rePjpkd;wj; jiytik ePjpgjp gp. rjhrptk; kj;jpa muRf;F ghpe;Jiu nra;Js;shh;.
eLth;kd;wj;jpd; Njhw;wk;: Kd;djhf> khepyq;fspilapyhd ejp ePh; tptfhuq;fs; rl;lg;gb fhtphp
eLth;kd;wj;ij 1990-Mk; Mz;L kj;jpa muR cUthf;fpaJ. mijj; njhlh;e;J ejp ePhg
; ; gq;fL
P
Fwpj;j ,ilf;fhy cj;juit eLth; kd;wk; 1991 [_d; 25-Mk; Njjp gpwg;gpj;jJ. 2005-,y;
eLth; kd;wj;jpd; ,Wjpj; jPh;g;ig mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W murhizapy; Muk;gj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; gy Kiw gjptpf;fhyk; ePl;bf;fg;gl;l eLth; kd;wk; 2007 gpg;uthp
5-Mk; Njjp ,Wjpj; jPh;g;ig toq;fpaJ.
2007-,y; ,Wjpj; jPh;g;G mjpy; fhtphp
ePhpy;
,Ue;J fh;ehlfj;Jf;F 270 b.vk;.rp.
Nfusj;Jf;F 30 b.vk;.rp. GJr;Nrhpf;F 7 b.vk;.rp ePiu jkpofk; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; jPh ;g;gpy;
$wg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; mj;jPhg
; ;G njhlh;ghf rpy tpsf;fq;fisf; Nfl;L fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>
GJr;Nrhp> Nfusk; Mfpa khepy muRfs; eLth; kd;wj;jpy; jdpj;jdp kDf;fisj; jhf;fy;
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nra;jd. mtw;wpd; kPJ mwpf;if mspf;f VJthf eLth; kd;wj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyk; 2007 Mk;
Mz;L khjk; MW khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw ePl;bf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
ePjpgjp vd;.gp.rpq; tpyfy;: ,e;epiyapy; fhtphp eLth;kd;wj; jiytuhf
1996 Kjy;
gzpahw;wpa ePjpgjp vd;.gp.rpq; cly;eyf;Fiwitf; fhuzk; fhl;b 2012 Vg;uypy; gjtpia
uh[pehkh nra;jhh;. mijj; njhlh;e;Js;sjhy; jPh;g;gpd;gb fhtphp ejp Nkyhz;ik thhpak;> fhtphp
xOq;FKiwf;FO Mfpatw;iw kj;jpa muR mikf;ftpy;iy ,e;j tptfuj;jpy; cr;r ePjp kd;wk;
jiyaplf; Nfhhp jkpof muR mz;ikapy; kD jhf;fy; nra;jJ. ,e; epiyapy; tUk; [_d; khjk;
gjtpapy; ,Ue;J xa;TngwTs;s ePjpgjp gp.v];. Nruhdpd; ngaiu eLth;kd;wj; jiyth; gjtpf;F
cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp ghpe;Jiu nra;Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Coy; vjph;g;G kNrhjhf;fs;:
tUk; Vg;uy;> Nk khjq;fspy; kf;fsitj; Njh;jy; eilngWTs;sJ. mjw;F Kd;djhf

gpg;uthp 5 Kjy; 21-k; Njjp tiu ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj;ij elj;j kj;jpa muR jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.
,f;$l;lj;jpy; CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLNthUf;F ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; kNrhjh> Coy; jLg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpUj;j kNrhjh> Fbkf;fs; chpik rhrdr; rl;lk;> ntspehl;L nghJ Copah;fs; Coy;
jLg;Gr; rl;lk; Mfpatw;iw epiwNtw;w kj;jpa muR Vw;ghLfis nra;J tUfpwJ.
2005-f;F Kd;:
fle;j 2005-Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;G ntspaplg;gl;l midj;J &gha; Nehl;LfisAk; tUk;

Vg;uy; khjk; Kjy; jpUk;gg; ngw ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp (Mh;.gp.I) KbT nra;Js;sJ. nghJ kf;fs;
midtUk; Vg;uy; 1-Mk; NjjpapypUe;J jq;fsplKs;s &gha; Nehl;Lfis tq;fpfspy;nfhLj;J
khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;. &gha; Nehl;Lfs; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gLtJ Fwpj;J nghJkf;fs; gPjpailaj;
Njitapy;iy. mit njhlh;e;J nry;yj; jf;fit. ve;j tq;fpapYk; mtw;iwf; nfhLj;J Gjpa
Nehl;Lfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
,jw;fhf midj;J tq;fpfspYk; ghpkhw;w trjp nra;ag;gLk;. kW mwptpg;G tUk; tiu
,e;j Vw;ghL mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. gj;Jf;Fk; Nky; &.500 kw;Wk; &.1000 Nehl;Lfis khw;Wgth;fs;
jq;fsJ milahs kw;Wk; ,Ug;gplr; rhd;iw tq;fpapy; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj;
njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j mwptpg;Gf;fhd fhuzk; vijAk; hprh;t; tq;fp Fwpg;gpltpy;iy
vd;whYk;> fUg;Gg; gzj;ij ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk;> fs;s Nehl;Lg; Gof;fj;ij xopf;fTNk
,e;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Ntiyapd;ik:
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy; (Census) gj;jhz;Lf;F xU KiwAk;> NSSO

(National Sample Survey Organisation), Ie;jhz;Lf;F xU KiwAk; ehl;bYs;s Ntiy>
Ntiyapd;ik gw;wpa Jy;ypakhd tphpthd Gs;sp tpguq;fis Nrfhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J xU khjphp
fzf;nfLg;G ehl;bYs;s %d;W my;yJ ehd;F rjtpfpj FLk;gq;fspy; ,f;fzf;nfLg;G
nra;ag;gLk;. mjidf; nfhz;L ehl;by; epyTk; xl;Lnkhj;j Ntiyapd;ik vt;tsT vd;W
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
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1. Ntiyapd;ikapd; tof;fkhd Kf;fpa epiy (Usual Principle Status of unemployment

UPS) xUth; jd; jpwikf;Nfw;w Ntiy VJk; fpilf;fhky; fle;j xU tUlj;jpy; Ntiy
,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjid UPS Ntiyapd;ik vd;W NSSO juk; gphpf;fpwJ.
2. Ntiyapd;ikapd; tof;fkhd Kf;fpa kw;Wk; Jizepiy (Usual Principle and Subsidiary
stauts of unemployment UPSS) xUth; jd; jpwikf;Nfw;g Ntiy fpilf;ftpy;iy
vd;whYk;> rhjhuz Ntiy nra;aj; jahuhf ,Ue;Jk;> mt;thwhd rhjhuz NtiyAk;
fle;j xU tUlj;jpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;why; mJ Ntiyapd;ik vd;W $wg;gLk;. ,jpy;
Ntiyapd;ikAk; Nrh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt Ntiyapd;ik msittpl
UPSS
Ntiyapd;ik msT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3. elg;G thuhe;jpu Ntiyapd;ikapd; epiy (Current weekly stauts of unemployment
CWS)NSSO fzf;nfLg;gpd;NghJ> fle;j xU thuj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU kzp Neuk;
Ntiyapy; ,Ue;jhh;fsh vd;w epiyiaf; $WtJ CWS ,t;thW fle;j xU thuj;jpy;
xU kzp Neuk; $l ve;j NtiyAk; fpilf;fhjth;fs; ,e;j CWS Ntiyapd;ik
fzf;fpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLth;.
4. elg;G jpdrhp Ntiyapd;ikapd; epiy (Current Daily stauts of unemployment) NSSO
fzf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ fle;j xU ehspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU kzp Neuk; Ntiyapy;
,Ue;jhh;fsh vd;w epiyia $WtJ CDS ,t;thW fle;j xU ehspy; xU kzp Neuk; $l
ve;j NtiyAk; fpilf;fhjth;fs; ,e;j CDS Ntiyapd;ik fzf;fpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLth;.
,jpy; UPS, UPSS vd;g ePz;l fhy Ntiyapd;ikikAk;> CWS, CDS vd;gd FWfpaf;
fhy Ntiyapd;ikiAk; fzf;fpl;L fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tPug;gd; $l;lhspfspd; J}f;F jz;lid uj;J:
re;jdf; flj;jy; tPug;gdpd; $l;lhspfs; gpyNte;jpud;> irkd;> Qhdgpufhrk;> khijah

cs;gl 15 NgUf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l J}f;F jz;lizia MAs; jz;lidahff; Fiwj;J cr;r
ePjpkd;wk; jPhg
; ;gspj;jJ. mth;fsJ fUiz kDf;fs; kPJ KbntLf;f xd;gJ Mz;Lfs; tiu
jhkjk;
Mdjhy;> jz;lid Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf jPh;g;gpy; ePjpgjpfs; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
jiyik ePjpgjp gp. rjhrptk;> ePjpgjpfs; uQ;rd; NfhNfha;> rptfPh;j;jp rpq; mlq;fpa mkh;T
mspj;j jPh;g;G. ,J J}f;Fj; jz;lid ifjpfspd; fUiz kDf;fs; kPJ murpaiykg;gpd; 72/
161 rl;l tpjp toq;fpa mjpfhuj;ijf; FbauRj;jiytNuh> khepy MSeNuh gad;gLj;JtJ
mth;fspd; flikNa jtpu jdpAhpik fpilahJ.
murpayikg;gpd; kpf cahpa me;j];jpy; ,Ug;gth;fs; vd;gjhy;> fUiz kDf;fs; kPJ
FbauRj;jiytUk; MSeUk; KbT vLf;f Ntz;b fhyj;ij murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpa
Kd;Ndhh;fs; tFf;ftpy;iy. mg;gbnad;why; fUizkDf;fs; kPJ epahakhd fhyj;Jf;Fs;
mth;fs; KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mh;j;jk;. ,j;jifa #oypy; fUiz kDf;fs; kPJ
KbntLg;gjpy; ephakpy;yhj tpsf;fk; mspf;f Kbahj $Ljyhf fhy mtfhrk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLkhdhy; mjpy; jiyapl;L murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; flikahFk;.
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Coy;fspd; jha; (Mother of Corruption):
gjpndl;L taJ epuk;gpa xt;nthU ,e;jpaUk; thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; mNj Nghy 18 taJ
epuk;gpa midtUk; ngaiu thf;fhsuhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; gzj;jpw;fhf tpiy
kjpg;gw;w xl;Lfis tpw;ff;$lhJ Mfpa Nfhhpf;iffis Kd;itj;J ,isQh;fsplk;
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;JtJ Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdj;jpy; Nehf;fk; MFk;.
Xl;L tpw;gid vd;gJ murpaiy gpbj;j Gw;WNeha; thf;fhsh;fSf;F murpay; fl;rpfs;
gzk; nfhLf;Fk; ,opnray; midj;Jk; Coy;fspd; jha; (mother of all corruption) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
thf;fspg;gJ xU mbg;gil chpik. mjid fhRf;F tpw;ff; $lhJ. ,jd; xU
milahskhf xt;nthU tPl;bd; thrypYk; vdJ thf;F tpw;gidf;F my;y vd;W vOjp itf;f
Ntz;Lk;> xt;nthU fpuhk rigAk; vq;fs; Chpy; thf;F tpw;gidf;F my;y vd;W mwptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nrhy;tij vy;NyhUk; ngUikahf fUj Ntz;Lk;.
,khr;ry gpuNjrk;:
1971y; KOikahd khepy me;j];ij ngw;wJ. cyf mstpy; Gfo;ngw;wJ. cyf mstpy;
Gfo;ngw;w Rw;Wyhjyk;. kiyg;ghq;fhd> gRikahd ,lk;> Mg;gps;
cs;spl;l goq;fSk;
NjapiyAk; ,e;j khepyj;jpd; rpwg;G ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjy;Kiwahf vy;yh rpiwthrpfSk;
jq;fsJ cwtpdh;fis tPbNahfhd;guhd;]; %yk; ,q;F ciuahl trjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
kj;jpa murpd;
rpfnul;Lfs; kw;Wk; Gifapiy
nghUs;fs; gw;wpa rl;lj;ij rpwg;ghf
mkyhf;FfpwJ khepykhfTk; mJ cs;sJ
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SEBI nrgp cj;juT:
nrgp tpjpKiwfis kPwp KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; gzj;ij RUl;Lk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; chpikahsh;fs; kPJ nrgp fLikahd eltbf;if vLj;J tUfpwJ. ,jd;gb ,Jtiu
65 tof;Ffspy; 311 nrhj;Jfs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;L & 2>000 Nfhb kPl;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
njYq;fhdh kNrhjhit jpUg;gp mDg;g KbT:
kj;jpamuR tpthjpf;f mDg;gpa njYq;fhdh kNrhjhtpy; gy;NtW jtWfs; cs;sjhy;

mjid jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd Me;jpu Kjy;th; fpuz;Fkhh; nul;b rl;lkd;wj; jiytUf;F
rdpf;fpoik Nehl;B]; toq;fpdhh;. njYq;fhdh kNrhjh Fwpj;J Me;jpu rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
tpthjpj;J 23-k; Njjpf;Fs; jpUg;gp mDg;gp itf;FkhW FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[p
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. Mdhy;> fhyf; nfLit ePl;bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Me;jpu muR Nfhhpajd;
Nghpy; ,k;khjk; 30-k; Njjp tiu fhyf;nfLit FbauRj; jiyth; ePl;bj;jhh;.
,ijj; njhlh;e;J> fle;j 2 ehs;fshf rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Ngrpa Kjy;th; fpuz;Fkhh; nul;b
khepyk; gphpf;fg;gl;lhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Fwpj;J vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. ,e;j epiyapy; Me;jpu
Kjy;th; fpuz;Fkhh; nul;b> njYq;fhdh kNrhjhtpy; gy;NtW jtWfs; cs;sjhy; mjid
rl;lkd;wj; jiyth; jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vdTk; rl;lkd;w tpjp 77-d; gb jpUk;g mDg;g
jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; rdpf;fpoik Nehl;B]; mspj;jhh;. NkYk; njq;fhdh
kNrhjhit ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F mDg;g Ntz;lhk; vdTk; gy;NtW cWg;gpdh;fs; rhhh;gpy;
FbauRj; jiytUf;F Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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Latest Events
Xhpdr; Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLtJ Fw;wr; nray;:
Xhpdr; Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLtJ Fw;wkpy;iy vd mwptpf;ff; Nfhhp (NAZ) eh]; mwf;fl;lis
rhh;gpy; nly;yp cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpy; nghJ ey tof;F njhlug;gl;lJ. me;j kDit cah; ePjpkd;wk;
tprhhpf;f kWj;jJ. mijj; njhlh;e;J cr;rePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W tof;if tprhuizf;F vLj;Jf;
nfhs;s cj;jutpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W eh]; mwf;fl;lis NfhhpaJ.
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mwpTWj;jiyj; njhlh;e;J me;j tof;if nly;yp cah; ePjpkd;wk;
tprhuizf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. 2009 k; Mz;L [_iy 2 Mk; Njjp cah; ePjpkd;wk; ntspapl;l jPhg
; ;gpy;>
Xhpdr; Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLtJ Fw;wkw;wr; nray;. ,jpy; <LgLNthh; gu];gu rk;kjj;Jld; jdpikapy;
ghypay; cwT nfhs;tJ jtW ,y;iy vdj; njhptpj;jJ.
,e;jj; jPh;g;ig vjph;j;J gh[f %j;j jiyth; gp.gp.rpq;fhy; (,th; fle;j mf;Nlhgh; khjk;
fhykhdhh;)> cj;fy; fpwp];Jt fTd;rpy;> mNgh];jy Njthya $l;likg;G> Foe;ijfs; chpikfSf;fhd
mikg;G> u]h mflkp> mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; jdpegh; rl;l thhpak;> jkpo;ehL K];ypk; Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;
cs;spl;l gy;NtW r%f> kj mikg;Gfs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky; KiwaPL nra;jd.
,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; 377 tJ gphptpd;gb Xhpdr; Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLtJ jz;lidf;Fhpa
Fw;wkhFk;. mjpfgl;rk; MAs; jz;lid tpjpf;f ,e;jr; rl;lk; tif nra;fpwJ.
FbauRj; jiyth; xg;GjYf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjh:
ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; mz;ikapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjhtpd; efiy>
kj;jpa rl;l mikr;rfj;jpw;F> kf;fsit nrayhsh; nrt;tha;f;fpoik mDg;gp itj;jjhf muR jug;G
jfty;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. mjd;gpwF mjid FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[papd; xg;GjYf;fhf
kj;jpa rl;l mikr;rfk; mDg;gpAs;sjhfTk; me;j jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjhTf;F FbauRj; jiyth; xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpwF
murpjopy; ntspaplg;gl;lJk;> Nyhf; ghy; rl;lk; mkYf;F tUk;.
fhyz;lh;:
,d;iwf;F ehk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhyz;lhpd; taR ehD}w;wp nrhr;rk;

tU\q;fs;jhd;. ,jd; ngah; fphpNfhhpad; fhyz;lh;> mij cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; Nghh;
fphpNfhhp. 1572 ,y; Gjpa Nghg;ghf Md fphpNfhhp 13> fhyz;liug; GJg;gpf;ff; fTd;rpy; Mg; bnud;l;
vd;w FOit cUthf;fpdhh;. 1582 ,y; me;jf; FO ghpe;Jiuj;j fhyz;lh; khw;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L
mf;Nlhgh; 4-k; Njjp> mf;Nlhgh; 15-Mk; Njjpahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb rk ,uTgfy; ehs; khh;r; 21-,y;
te;jJ. 1752 ,y;jhd; fphpNfhhpad; fhyz;liu ,q;fpyhe;J Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ek; ehL ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
fhydpahf ,Ue;jjhy;> ek;kplKk; fphpNfhhpad; fhyz;lh; gutyhfptpl;lJ.
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ciwgdpapy; rpf;fpa fg;gy;fs;:
vk;.tp. mfhlkpf; N\hfy;];fp vDk; u\pa Muha;r;rpf; fg;gy; 74 gazpfSld; mz;lhh;f;bf; flypy;
ciwgdpapy; fle;j brk;gh; 24 Mk; Njjp rpf;fpaJ. mjid kPl;fr; nrd;w rPd kPl;Gf; fg;gy; [pA+ yhq;f;
vDk; fg;gYk; ciwgdpapy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,U fg;gy;fisr; Rw;wpAk; Rkhh; 12 mb jbkDs;s
ciwgdp #o;e;Js;sJ. ,U fg;gy;fSk; ciwgdpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;L> ,ay;ghd ePhg
; ;gFjpf;F tu 21 fp.kP
njhiyT nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
,U fg;gy;fSk; efu Kbahky; cs;s epiyapy;> mtw;iw kPl;f mnkhpf;fhtpd; cjtpia
M];jpNuypa fly; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kPl;G ikak; ehbAs;sJ. u\pah kw;Wk; rPdhTk; mnkhpf;fhtpd;
cjtpia ehbAs;sd. ,J njhlh;ghf mnkhpf;f flNyhu ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; grpgpf; gpuhe;jpa Jiz
ml;kpuy;ghy; vg;[{Fe;
$Wifapy;> flypy; capUf;Fg; ghJfhg;G vd;gNj vq;fspd; mjpfgl;r
Kd;Dhpikahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;whh;. 399 mb ePsKs;s mnkhpf;f fg;gy;> Nghyhh; ];lhh; 120 Ngh; nfhz;l
FOTld; kPl;Gg; gzpapy; <LglTs;sJ.
ePjpgjpfis ikyhh;l; vd miog;gJ fl;lhaky;y:
ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ePjpgjpfis ikayhh;l;> Ath; Mdh;> Ath; yhh;l;\pg; vd miof;f Ntz;ba
fl;lhakpy;iy vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk; njhptpj;Js;sJ. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; vr;.vy;.jj;J kw;Wk; v];.V.
ghl;Nl MfpNahh; mlq;fpa mkh;T jpq;fs; fpoik $wpaJ.
fhyk; kWeph;zak;:
rh;tNjr mstpy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;jpa Neuj;ijtpl> xU kzp Neuk; mjpfk; ,Uf;FkhW
mrhkpy; cs;@h; fbfhuq;fspy; Neuk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L> jdp Neu kz;lyk; cUthf;fg;gLk; vd;W
mwptpj;jpUf;fpwhh; Kjy;th; jUz; NfhNfha;. mrhkpy; Nfhilf; fhyq;fspy; mjpfhiy 4 kzpf;Nf #hpa
cjak; Vw;gl;L> khiy 4 kzpf;nfy;yhk; ed;F ,Ul;btpLfpwJ. mrhkpypUe;J 2>900 fp.kP njhiytpy;
cs;s F[uhj;jpy;> mrhkpy; #hpa cjak; Vw;gl;l 2 kzp Neuj;Jf;Fg; gpwFjhd; #hpad; cjakhfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; fhy msT cj;jug; gpuNjrj;jpd; kPhr
; hG+h; topahfr; nry;Yk; 82.5 bfphp jPhf
; ;f
Nuifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fpof;Nf cs;s khepyq;fSf;F.
Nkw;Nf cs;s khepyq;fistpl kpff; Fiwthd gfy; nghONj fpilf;fpwJ. gfy; nghOij tPzhf;fhky;
,Uf;f gphpl;b\dhh; 150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; rha; gfhd; vDk; fhyKiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jdh;. mij
mrhk; Njapiyj; Njhl;l njhopyhsh;fSf;fhf mky;gLj;jpdh;. mjdhy;> njhopyhsh;fs; #hpa
cjaj;Jf;F Vw;g mjpfhiyapNyNa vOe;J> tPl;by; Ntiyia Kbj;Jtpl;L> Njhl;l Ntiyf;F
te;JtpLth;. ,jdhy;> mth;fSila ciog;G NeuKk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDk; ,d;wsTk; tPzhfhky;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
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,e;jpahtpy; Neu khw;wf; Nfhhpf;iffs; ePz;l fhykhfj; njhlh;e;jhYk;> eph;thfr; rpf;fy;fisf;

fhuzk; fhl;b> ,Jtiu nksdk; rhjpj;jJ kj;jpa muR. ,g;NghJ mrhk; jd; Neuj;ij khw;w KidAk;
jUzj;jpy;> ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspy; cs;sth;fSf;fhTk; nghJthd fhy Neuj;ij kPz;Lk; khw;wp
mikg;gijg; gw;wp kj;jpa muR Nahrpf;fyhk;. Nkw;F tq;fk; - mrhk; vy;iyf;F mUfpy; cs;s - 90 bfphp
jPhf
; ;f Nuifia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ,e;jpag; nghJ Neuj;ij miu kzp Neuk; $l;lyhk;. mrhkpd;
gpur;rpidia XusT jPhg
; ;gNjhL> ehL KOtjw;Fk; Neu eph;zaj;jpy; rPhi
; kiaf; nfhz;L tuTk; ,J
cjTk;. Rkhh; xU kzp Neu #hpa xspNeuk; $Ljyhff; fpilf;Fk;. mJ vhprf;jp Nrkpg;Gf;Fk;
toptFf;Fk;.
ntspehl;L tho; ,e;jpah; jpdk;:
ntspehLtho; ,e;jpah; jpdj;ij nrt;tha;fpoik njhlq;fp itj;J tayhh; utp Ngrpdhh;. ,e;j
epfo;r;rpapd; ,e;j Mz;bd; ikaf;fUj;J ,isQh;fSld; neUf;fk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
,isQh;fSk; ntspehLfspy; thOk; ,e;jpa ,isQh;fSk; fuk; Nfhj;J jkf;Fs; njhlh;ig
tYg;gLj;jpdhy; th;jj
; fk;> njhopy;> njhopy;Kidthw;wy;> r%fg;gzpfspy; $l;L Kaw;rpf;F top
fpilf;Fk;. mg;NghJ Ntiytha;g;G ngUfp ehL nry;t tsk; kpFjpahfp kf;fSf;F ed;ik fpilf;Fk;.
gpujkh; kd;Nkhf;d; rpq;
itf;fpwhh;. rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhf
godpNty; gq;Nfw;fpwhh;. [dthp
gq;Nfw;W ntspehLtho; ,e;jpah;
cs;sJ.
ntspehLtho; ,e;jpah; jpdj;ij Kiwg;gb Gjd;fpoik njhlq;fp

kNyrpa ,aw;if tsk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; mikr;rh; x.gp.jhLf;nrhp
9-k; Njjp elf;Fk; epiwT tpohtpy; FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[p
tpUJfis toq;Ffpwhh;. ,e;j Kiw 14 NgUf;F ,e;j tpUJ toq;fg;gl
16 tajpy; njd;JUtg; gazk;: gphpl;ld; khztd; rhjid:

gphpl;ld; gphp];ly; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j Y}ap]; fpshh;f; (16) ciwaitf;Fk; ikd]; 50 bfphp
nry;rpa]; FShpy; njd;JUtj;ijf; fle;J rhjid Ghpe;Js;shh;. kpf ,sk; tajpy; njd;JUtj;jpd;
1>129 fp.kP njhiyit ntWk; 48
ehs;fspy;
ele;J fle;jth; vd;w
rhjid Y}ap]; fpshh;f;
trkhfpAs;sJ. mz;lhh;bf; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J njd;JUtj;jpy; cs;s mKd;l;nrd; ];fhl;
gFjpia ,th; nrd;wile;jhh;.
Njrpa thf;fsh; jpdk;:
Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdk; ehL KOtJk; rdpf;fpoik ([dthp 25) filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh;jypy;
thf;fhsh;fs; midtUk; fz;bg;ghf thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jp
Ng];Gf;
,izajsj;jpd; %yKk; gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jw;nfd Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; rhh;gpy; gpuj;Naf
Kfthp gf;fk; (www. Facebookcomtnelection 2014) njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; rhh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdj;jpd; NghJ thf;fspg;gpd;
tpopg;Gzh;T thrfq;fs; ntspaplg;gLk;. mNjNghd;w ,e;j Mz;L fz;zpaj;Jld; thf;fspg;Nghk; vd;w
thrk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; thf;fspg;gjw;fhf gzk; thq;ff;$lhJ vd;gJ Nghd;w fUj;Jfs;
kf;fsitj; Njh;jy; KbAk; tiu thf;fhsh;fsplk; typAWj;jg;gLk; vd;whh; khepy jiyik Njh;jy;
mjpfhhp.
CNN - rpvd;vd; ,izajsj;jpy; CLUty;:
mnkhpf;fh nra;jp Clf epWtdkhd rpvd;vd;-dpd; r%f ,izajsg; gf;fq;fspy; rphpahitr;
Nrh;e;jth;fs; CLUtp> mjpy; jq;fspd; fUj;Jfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sdh;. rpvd;vd; epWtdj;jpd;
Ng];Gf;> l;tpl;lh;> tiyg;G+ jsq;fspy; mj;JkPwp Eioe;Js;s rphpad; vyf;luhdpf; Mh;kp rpy jtwhd
jtfty;fisg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. mg;gjpTfs; cldbahf ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. vq;fspd;
gf;fq;fs;
ghJfhg;ghf cs;sd cd;W rpvd;vd; epWtdk; njhptpj;Js;sJ. rpvd;vd; epWtdj;jpd; l;tpl;lh;
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gf;fj;jpy; rphpad; vyf;l;uhdpf; Mh;kp ,q;Fs;sJ. ngha; nrhy;tij epWj;Jq;fs; cq;fspd; nra;jpfs;
midj;Jk; ngha;ahdit vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j CLUtYf;Fg; gpd;dzpapy; ehq;fs; ,Uf;fpNwhk;
vd rphpad; vyf;l;uhdpf; Mh;kp xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ehl;bd; kpfg;nghpa Njrpa nfhb:
48 mb mfyk;> 72 mb ePsk;> 31 fpNyh vil nfhz;lJ. ek; ehl;by; ,utpy; Njrpaf; nfhbia
gwf;ftpLtJ tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy. MdhYk;> cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jPhg
; ;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jf; nfhb 24 kzp
NeuKk; gwf;Fk;. ngq;f@hpy; cs;s MSeh; khspif mUNf ,Uf;Fk; Njrpa uhZt epidtplj;jpy; 207
mb cauk; nfhz;l nfhbf;fk;gk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. FbauR jpdtpohit Kd;dpl;L> gpuk;khz;lkhd
me;j Njrpaf; nfhbia fh;ehlf MSeh; n`r;.Mh;.guj;th[; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik Vw;wp itf;fpwhh;.
,e;jf; nfhbia epWtpath; fhq;fpu]; vk;.gp.Ak; nfhb mwf;fl;lisapd; epWtdUkhd etPd;
[pe;jhy; Mthh;. 24 kzp NeuKk; Njrpaf; nfhbia gwf;ftpLtJ xt;nthU Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil chpik
vd 2004 [dthp 23-y; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jPhg
; ;G toq;fpaJ. ,ijf; nfhz;lhLk; tifapy;> jPhg
; ;G ntspahfp
10-Mz;Lfs;
fopj;J
ehl;bd;
kpfTk; caukhd
nfhbf;
fk;gKk;
Njrpaf;
nfhbiaAk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePh; Ko;fp fg;gy;:

,e;jpa flw;gilapy; gzpahw;wp Xa;T ngw;w I.vd;.v];. th`;yp vd;w ePh; %o;fp fg;gy; fle;j
Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; nrd;id nfhz;L tug;gl;L jkpof murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fg;giy
Rw;Wyh tsh;r;rp Jiw rhh;gpy; khky;yGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;L tUk; fly; rhh; G+q;fhtpy; Rw;Wyh
gazpfSf;F fhl;rp nghUshf itf;f jkpopf muR jpl;lkpUe;Js;sJ.
ghujpahhpd; gilg;Gfis njhFj;j uh.m. gj;kehgd;:
%j;j gj;jphpifahsUk; tuyhw;WtpayhsUkhd mth;> ghujpahhpd; gilg;G jpfo;e;jth;.
ghujpahhpd; gilg;Gfis Ma;T nra;jhh;. ghujpahhpd; 5 mhpa Gifg;glq;fspy; 2 Gifg;glq;fs; uh. m.
gj;kehgd; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj;jitahFk;. ghujpahhpd; ftpijfs;> fl;Liufs;> ,e;jpah ,jopy; ghujpahh;
vOjpagilg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw njhFj;J toq;fpAs;shh;.
ghujpahh; Fwpj;j glq;fspd; njhFg;Gfis rpj;jpu ghujp vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. Kjd;
Kjyhf 1957Mk; Mz;L gjpg;gf;fg;gl;l ,e;j njhFg;gpd; %yk; gutyhf mth; mwpag;gl;lhh;. Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;l tPuh;fspd; tho;fifia vspa Kiwapy; nghJkf;fsplk; nfhz;L Nrh;jj
; hh;. t.Nt.f.> ePyfz;l
gpukr;rhhp> Rg;gpukzpa rpth Nghd;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l jpahfpfspd; tuyhw;iwAk; mth; vOjpAs;shh;.
NkYk; jkpo; ,jopaypd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhw;iwAk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gjpT nra;Js;shh;.
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,th; GJ jpy;yp midj;jpe;jpa thndhypapy; gzpahw;wpaNghJ> kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; m];jp fiug;G

epfo;rpria jkpopy; mwptpg;G nra;jhh;. Foe;ijfSf;fhf mth; vOjpa ghujp vd;w Gj;jfk; Njrpa Gj;jf
mwf;fl;lis %yk; 16 nkhopfspy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khepyq;fsitj; Njh;jy;:
jkpofj;jpy; 6 vk;.gp. gjtpfSf;fhd khepyq;fsitj; Njh;jy; tUk; 7-k; Njjp elf;f cs;sJ.
mjpKf Ntl;ghsh;fshf v];. Kj;Jf;fUg;gd;> V.Nf. nry;tuh[;> vy;. rprfyh G\;gh> tp[pyh rj;jpahde;j>
khh;f;rp];l fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Ntl;ghsh; b.Nf. u];fuh[Dk; kD jhf;fy; nra;Js;sdh;.
jkpof khepyq;fsit Njh;jy; tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu 4 Kiw kl;LNk xl;Lg;gjpT eilngwTs;sJ.
1970- k; Mz;L gpujkh; ,e;jpufhe;jp MjuTld; Nghl;bapl;l fhq;fpu]; Ntl;ghsh; rp. Rg;gpukzpad;
Njhy;tp mile;jhh;. 1986-k; Mz;L jpKf Ntl;ghsh; b.Mh;.ghY
,lJrhhpfspd; MjuTld;
Nghl;bapl;lNghJ MSk; mjpKf fhq;fpu]; jug;gpy; rpyh; xl;L Nghl;ljhy; mjph;\;ltrkhf ntd;whh;.
mjpKf - fhq;fpu]; MjuTld; Nghl;bapl;l [djh fl;rpapd; ,uh. nropad; Njhy;tpaile;jhh;.
1996-y; thbg;ghb Nfh\;biar; Nrh;e;j cjaghZ> Nghl;b Ntl;ghsuhf fsk; ,wq;fpa NghJ>
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; mjpfhuG+h;t Ntl;ghsh; gPl;lh; my;Nghd;]; ntd;whh;. mJNghy> fle;j Mz;L ele;j
Njh;jypy; jpKf Ntl;ghsh; fdpnkhop> NjKjpf Ntl;ghsiu ntd;whh;.
Science & Technology
`PNkhgpypah rq;fj;jpd; nts;sptpoh:
`PNkhgpypah rq;fj;jpd; nkl;uh]; fpisapd; 25tJ Mz;L epiwT tpohf; nfhz;lhl;lk; nrd;id
milahwpy; cs;s rp.vy;. Mh;.I.. tshfj;jpy; Gjd;fpoik elf;fpwJ. ,e;j tpohtpw;F Kd;dhs; FbauR
jiyth; lhf;lh; V.gp.N[. mg;Jy;fyhk; rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhff; fye;J nfhs;fpwhh;. `PNkhgpypah (uj;jk;
ciwahik) vd;gJ Neha; ,y;iy. guk;giuahf tUk; xU gpwtpf; FiwghL. ,e;j FiwghL
cs;sth;fSf;F clypy; uj;jk; ciwAk; jd;ik ,oe;JtpLfpwJ. uj;jj;jpy; nkhj;jk; 13 fhuzpfs;
cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; 8-k; kw;Wk; 9-k; fhuzpfs; ,y;yhjjhy; ,e;jf; FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpy; ,e;j Fiwghl;bdhy; 1>1400 Ngh; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,e;jpah KOtJk; 15 Mapuk;
Ngh; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. 10 Mapuk; Mz; Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jhy;> mjpy; xU Foe;ij
,e;j Fiwghl;Lld; gpwf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.
nrt;tha; fpuf gazj;Jf;F 20>000 ,e;jpah;fs; tpz;zg;gk;:
nrt;tha; fpufj;Jf;F nrd;W mq;NfNa epue;jukhf jq;Ftjw;fhd gazj;Jf;F ,e;jpah;fs;
20>000 Ngh; cs;gl gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,Ue;J nkhj;jk; 2>02>586 Ngh; tpz;zg;gpj;Js;sdh;. nrt;tha;
fpufj;jpy; epue;jukhf jq;Ftjw;fhd xU topg; gazk; xd;iw khh;]; xd; vd;w jdpahh; epWtdk;
Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ. ,e;jg; gazj;Jf;fhf 5 khjj;jpy; 140 ehLfspy; ,Ue;J Rkhh; 2 yl;rk;
tpz;zg;gq;fs; me;j jdpahh; epWtdj;jpy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j nkhj;j tpz;zg;gj;jpy; 24 rjtPjk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;Jk;> 10 rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;Jk;> 6 rjtPjk; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;Jk;> 5 rjtPjk; gpNurpypy; ,Ue;Jk;> kPjKs;s tpz;zg;gq;fs; gphpl;ld;>
fdlh> u\pah> nkf;[pNfh> gpypg;gpd;];> ];ngapd; cs;gl gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd.
khh;]; xd; epWtdj;jpd; Njh;Tf; FO Njh;T nra;Ak; jFjpAila egh;;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;L>
mth;fs; 2023 Mk; Mz;L xU FOthf nrt;tha; fpufj;Jf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLth;.
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nrt;thapy; Guhjd Vhp fz;Lgpbg;G:
nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G Vhp ,Ue;jjw;fhd milahsk;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrt;thapy; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; f;A+hpah rpl;b Ma;Tf;fyd;
mDg;gpAs;s jfty;fisf; nfhz;L> ,e;j Vhp 360 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ vd;Wk;> ,jpYs;s
jz;zPhpy; nfNkhyp NjhNlhbNuhg; Nghd;w vspa caphpdq;fs; tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fhh;gd;>
i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> iel;u[d;> ry;gh; Nghd;wit epiwe;jpUf;ff;$Lk; vdTk; tpQ;Qhdpfs;
njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
[p.v];.vy;.tp:
Rkhh; ,uz;L ld; vil nfhz;l [prhl; - 14 vd;Dk; nraw;iff;Nfhis 35 Mapuk; fp.kP. caNu
nrYj;Jk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. ek;kplk; ,uz;L tif uhf;nfl;Lfs; cs;sd. xd;W gp.v];.vy;.tp. uhf;nfl;.
,J nghJtpy; Rkhh; 400 my;yJ 600 fp.kP cauj;jpy; ,uz;L ld;Df;Fk; Fiwthd nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fisr; Rke;J nry;Yk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. gp.v];.vy;.tp. 1993-y; njhlq;fp ,Jtiu xNu xU
Njhy;tpia kl;LNk fz;Ls;sJ. 24 jlit ntw;wp nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpfgl;rkhf 1>850 fpNyh
fpuhk;tiujhd; ,J Rke;J nrd;wpUf;fpwJ.
,g;NghJ ehk; jahhpj;JtUk; vil kpf;f nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy;
gpnuQ;R fahdhtpy; cs;s $& tpz;ntspf; Nfe;jpuj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L> INuhg;gpa tpz;ntsp
mikg;gpd; Vhpahd; uhf;nfl; %yNk caNu nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,J gy Mz;Lfshf ele;J
tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; mt;tif nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis $&Tf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; nryT> caNu
nrYj;jpj; jUtjw;F ehk; mspf;Fk; fl;lzk; Mfpa tifapy; nryT mjpfk;. MfNt> rf;jpkpf;f
uhf;nfl;Lfis cUthf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah <Lgl;lJ.
Mf;rp[d;> i`l;u[d; thAf;fis ekf;Fj; njhpAk;. ,e;j ,U thAf;fisAk; jdpj;jdpNa
jputkhf;fp> me;j ,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J vhpAk;gb nra;jhy; mJ mjpf ce;J jpwid mspf;Fk;. Mf;rp[d;
thAit ikd]; 223 bfphp msTf;Ff; Fsph;tpj;jhy; mJ jputkhfptpLk;. i`l;u[d; thAit ,NjNghy
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ikd]; 253 bfphp msTf;Ff; Fsph;tpj;jhy; mJ jputkhfptpLk;. ,e;j ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj;Jfpw

uhf;nfl; ,d;[pd; fpiuNahn[dpf; (fLk; Fsph;tpg;G epiy) uhf;nfl; ,d;[pd; vdg;gLfpwJ.
cyfpy; ehd;F ld; my;yJ Ie;J ld; vil nfhz;l nraw;iff; Nfhs;fisr; nrYj;Jk; rf;jpkpf;f
uhf;nfl;Lfs; midj;jpYk; fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pd;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtif
,d;[pd;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd njhopy;El;gj;ijf; fhR nfhLj;J u\;ahtplkpUe;J thq;Ftjw;F
,e;jpah 1990-fspy; Kad;wJ. Mdhy; mnkhpf;fh FWf;fpl;L> u\;ahtplkpUe;J ,j;njhopy;El;gk;
fpilf;fhjgb jLj;J tpl;lJ. ,t;tpj ,d;[pd;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;r;rp elj;jTk; kw;Wk; ,tw;iwr;
nray;gLj;jp Nrhjpg;gjw;fhfTk; xU Nfe;jpuk; jkpofj;jpy; kNfe;jpufphp vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;sJ.
vilkpf;f nraw;iff; Nfhs;fisr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fg; nghJtpy; %d;wLf;F uhf;nfl;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. rpy ehLfs; ,uz;L mLf;F uhf;nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpd;
[p.v];.vy;.tp.
uhf;nfl;
%d;W
mLf;F
uhf;nfl;
MFk;.
,jpy;
%d;whtJ
mLf;fpy;
nghUj;Jtjw;fhfj;jhd; fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pd; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ nrYj;jg;gl;l ,Uf;Fk;
[p.v];.vy;.tp. uhf;nfl; %yk; ,e;jpa fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pdpd; jpwd; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLkhdhy;> uhf;nfl;
Jiwapy; ,dp Ntfkhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fhz ,aYk;.
[p.v];.vy;.tp.uhf;nfl; fle;J te;j ghij...
=`hpNfhl;lhtpy; cs;s rjP\; jtz; tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,Jtiu 7 [p.v];.vy;.tp
uhf;nfl;Lfis tpz;zpy; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,jpy;> 4 uhf;nfl;Lfs; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;ld. 3
jlit Vtg;gl;l uhf;nfl;Lfs; Njhy;tpaile;jd. ,];Nuh Kjd;Kjyhf 2001-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 18-e;Njjp>
[p.v];.vy;.tp.b1 uhf;nfl;il [prhl; - 1 nraw;iff;NfhSld; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj;jpaJ.
mijaLj;J 2003-k; Mz;L Nk 8-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp.b-2 uhf;nfl;> [prhl; - 2 nraw;iff;NfhSld;
ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpd;dh;> 2004-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 20-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;-01 uhf;nfl;> [{rhl;
([prhl; - 3) nraw;iff; NfhSld; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;lJ. 2007-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 2-k; Njjp>
[p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;-4 uhf;nfl;> ,d;rhl;-4rpMh; nraw;iff; NfhSld; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy;
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gb 4 Kiw ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;l [p.v];.vy;.tp. uhf;nfl;> 3 Kiw
Njhy;tpaile;jJ. 2006-k; Mz;L [_iy 10-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;02 uhf;nfl;il> ,d;rhl; - 4rp
nraw;iff;NfhSld; tpz;zpy; nrYj;Jk; Kaw;rp Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
mijaLj;J 2010-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 15-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp-b3 uhf;nfl;il> [prhl;-4 nraw;iff;
NfhSld; tpz;zpy; Vt ele;j Kaw;rpAk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ. gpd;dh;> 2010-k; Mz;L brk;gh; 5-k; Njjp>
[p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;-06 uhf;nfl;il> [prhl;-5gp vd;w nraw;iff;NfhSld; tpz;zpy; mDg;Gk; Kaw;rpAk;
Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. 8-tJ jlitahf 2014-k; Mz;L [dthp 5-k; Njjp [p.v];.vy;.tp-b5 uhf;nfl;> [prhl;14 vd;w jfty; njhlh;G nraw;iff;NfhSld; ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;Ls;sJ. uhf;nfl;
ntw;wpfukhf tpz;zpy; gwe;j gpwF ele;j gj;jphpf;ifahsh; re;jpg;gpy; Ngrpa jpl;lf;FO ,af;Feh;
Kidth; Nf.rptd;> fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pid Mapuk; nehbfs; rhptu gwf;fitf;f Mapuk; ehl;fs;
Njitg;gl;ld.
36 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: (mjpNtf rjkbj;j Kjy; 10 tPuh;fs;)
36 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: Nfhhp Mz;lh;rd; (epA+]pyhe;J) 2014 - y; Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfSf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j
ud;fs; 131*
37 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: mg;hpb (ghfp];jhd;) 1996-y; ,yq;iff;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs; 102*
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44 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: khh;f; gTr;rh; (njd;dhg;gphpf;fh) 2006-y; [pk;ghk;Ntf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs;
147*
45 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: yhuh (Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfs;) 1999-y; tq;fNjrj;Jf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs; 117*
45 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: mg;hpb (ghfp];jhd;) 2005-y; ,e;jpahTf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs; 102*
46 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: n[];rp iulh; (epA+]pyhe;J) 2014-y; Nkw;fpe;jpaj; jPTfSf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j
ud;fs; 104*
48 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: n[a#h;ah (,yq;if) 1996 - y; ghfp];jhDf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs; 134*
50 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: nftpd; X gpiuad; (mah;yhe;J) 2011 - y; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs;
113*
52 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: tpuhl; Nfhyp (,e;jpah) 2013 - y; M];jpNuypahTf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs; 100*
53 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: mg;hpb (ghfp];jhd;) 2010 - y; tq;fNjrj;Jf;F vjpuhf nkhj;j ud;fs; 124*
Nej;uh:
,izaj;jpy; re;Njfj;Jf;F chpa eltbf;iffis csTj;Jiwapdh; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf Nej;uh
vd;w nkd;nghUis ghJfhg;G Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp mikg;G (b.Mh;.b.X) cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;
%yk; r%f tiyj;jsq;fs;> kpd;dQ;ry;fs;> tiyg;G+f;fs;> ,iza ciuahly;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
jhf;Fjy; (attack)> Fz;L itj;jy; (bomb)> Fz;L ntbg;G (blast)> nfhiy nra;jy; (kill) Nghd;w
re;Njfq;fSf;F chpa thh;ji
; jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> mit cldbahf ,e;jpa csTj;Jiw
mjpfhhpfspd; ftdj;Jf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;. b.Mh;.b.X-tpd; Xh; mq;fkhd nraw;if Ez;zwpT
kw;Wk; nuhNghtpay; Ma;tfk; (rpVIMh;) ,e;j nkd;nghUis cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
Neh;ikahd jfty; jpUl;L (Ethical hacking):
fzpdp rhh;e;j jfty;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gzpahFk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ jdpeghpd; my;yJ
murhq;fj;jpd; jfty;fs; midj;Jk; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp jfty;fisj; jpULk;
n`f;fh;fisg; NghyNt> njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cs;Ns GFe;J jfty; jpUlg;gLk; tha;g;Gfis
Muha;e;J> mjw;Nfw;g Kd;$l;bNa eltbf;if vLj;J> jfty; juT fsQ;rpaj;jpYs;s Xl;ilfis
milj;J jfty;fs; jpUlg;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj;j fy;tpNa Ethical hacking MFk;.
tq;fpapd; fld; ml;il> gz gw;W ml;il Nghd;wtw;wpd; flTr; nrhw;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
ghJfhg;gJ rhh;e;j gzpfisr; rhh;e;j gzpfisr; nra;Ak; Neh;ikahd n`f;fh;fis epakpg;gjpy;
tq;fpfs; Mh;tk; fhl;b tUfpd;wd. rkPgj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; jdpahh; njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; mjpKftpd;
mjpfhug;G+h;t ,izajsq;fspy; n`f;fh;fs; Eioe;J tp\kj;jdk; nra;J itj;jdh;. gpd;dh; jkpof
fhty;Jiwapy; cs;s irgh; fpiuk; fhty; Jiwapdh; rk;ge;jg;gl;l n`f;fh;fisf; ifJ nra;jdh;.
kpd; ,izg;G:
gth;f;hpl; epWtdj;jpdh; uha;r;#h; - N\hyhg;G+h; 765 fpNyhNthy;l; kpd; ghij (l;uhd;];kp\d;
iyd;];) mikj;jjd; %yk;> ekJ ehl;bd; kw;iwa gpuhe;jpaq;fisj; njd; gpuhe;jpaq;fSld;
,izj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
mnkhpf;f ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpf;F &.5 Nfhb epjpAjtp:
mnkhpf;f ,e;jpaUk;> euk;gpay; tpQ;QhdpAkhd fyPy; u]hf;> fhJ Nfshikia jLf;Fk; tifapy;
%is euk;gpay; Jiwapy; Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s 8 yl;rj;J 66 Mapuk; mnkhpf;f lhyh; (Rkhh; &.5
NfhbNa 40 yl;rk;) epjpAjtp toq;fg;glTs;sJ. ,e;j njhifia Njrpa mwptpay; mwf;fl;lis
mtUf;F toq;fTs;sJ. ,e;j epjpAjtpiag; ngw;W> Kjpath;fSf;F fhJ Nfshik Vw;gLtijj; jLg;gJ
njhlh;ghf mth; Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;sTs;shh;.
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taJ mjpfhpg;gjhYk;> Neha; fhuzkhfTk; gyh; fhJ Nfl;Fk; jpwid ,of;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;F fhJ
Nfl;Fk; jpwd; njhlh;ghd %is euk;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fNs fhuzk;. ,e;j khw;wq;fNs fhuzk;.
,e;j khw;wq;fisj; jLg;gJ Fwpj;J fyPy; u]hf; Ma;T nra;aTs;shh;. fyPy; u]hf; nrd;idiar;
Nrh;e;jth;. mth; nrd;idapy; ,Ue;jNghJ fhJ Nfl;Fk; jpwd; ,oe;j Foe;ijfSf;fhd njhiyNgrpia
fz;L
gpbf;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy;
<Lgl;bUe;jhh;.
mth;
jw;NghJ
mnkhpf;fhtpd;
fy;Nghh;dpah
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; irf;fhy[p kw;Wk; euk;gpay; mwptpay; Jiw cjtpg; Nguhrphpauhf gzpGhpe;J
tUfpwhh;.
Kjpath;fSf;F Vw;gLk; fhJ Nfshikf;F %isapypUe;J fhJ gFjpf;Fr; nry;Yk; euk;Gfspy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSk; Kf;fpa fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. xyp miythpiria fpufpj;J gphpj;J czUk;
Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; FiwghNl ,jw;F fhuzk;. %isapy; cs;s euk;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfisj;
jLg;gjw;fhd Kiwfisj;jhd; Ma;T nra;J tUfpNwd;. fhJ Nfshikahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F
Nfl;Fk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd etPd fUtpfs; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j fUtpfs; xypia
mjpfhpj;J mspf;Fk; jd;ikapy;jhd; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cz;ikahd gpur;rpid> me;j xypia rhpahf
milahsk; fz;L Ghpe;Jnfhs;s ,ayhikjhd;. ,jw;F xypia fpufpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba
%isapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtNj fhuzkhFk;. %isf;Fj; jftiy vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; epA+uhd; nry;fs;
njhlh;ghf Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;> mtw;iw rhpnra;tjw;fhd top Kiwfisf; fz;lwpa KbAk; vd;whh;.
%is euk;gpay; rhh;e;j Muha;r;rpia jtpu> ntsthy; njhlh;ghd fUj;juq;FfisAk; fypNghh;dpah
mwptpay; ikaj;jpy; fyPy; u]hf; elj;jp tUfpwhh;.
Nkff; fzpdpak; njhopy;El;gk;:

Nkff; fzpdpak; (cloud computing) vd;gJ fzpdpj; jpwid ,izaj;jpd; thapyhf ngwf;$ba
xU kpf etPd njhopy;El;gkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; fzpdpj; jpwd;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fsplk; ,Ue;J cs;
fl;Lkhdk;> ,aq;F jsk; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; Mfpatw;iw xU Nritahf vspjhfg; ngw KbAk;. ,e;j
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; %yk; fzpdpj; jpwd; rpwe;j Kiwapy; njhFf;fg;gLk; ,jd; %yk; muRj; Jiwfs;
jq;fSf;nfd jdpahd fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; fhyjhkjk; kw;Wk; fzpdp jpwid
Fiwthf gad;gLj;JtJ jtph;f;fg;gLk; NkYk; jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd Njit. fzpdp gad;ghLfspd;
Nghplh; jfty; kPl;G Mfpatw;wpw;F ,e;j Nkff; fzpdpak; ngUk; cjtpfukhf ,Uf;Fk;. Fiwthf nryT
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;l cs;fl;Lkhdk;> Fiwthd Nkyhz;ik nryT gue;j mstpyhd gad;ghLfisAk;
cldbahf mZf KbtJ Nghd;w vz;zw;w gad;fs; ,e;j Nkff; fzpdpak; %yk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
tiuglq;fis gjptpwf;f Gtprhh; jfty; mikg;G
jkpofj;jpy;
muRj;Jiwfspd; %yk; Gtprhh; jfty;fs; gy;NtW nkd;nghUs;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,it midj;Jf;Fkhd xU nghJthd fl;likg;G juk; Mfpad ,J
tiu ,y;yhky; cs;sJ. ,e;j Fiwghl;il ePf;Fk; tifapy; jkpo;ehL Gtprhh; mikg;G
cUthf;fgl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,lk;rhh; juTfSf;fhd xU nghJthd fl;likg;G cUthf;fg;gLk; ,jd;
%yk;
gy;NtW muRj;Jiwfspy; Gtprhh; jfty;fis kf;fSf;F gad;gLk; tpjj;jpy; ghJfhg;ghd
Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpl KbAk;. ,J jtpu murpd;midj;J epiyfspYk; rpwe;j eph;thfj;ij cWjp nra;Ak;
Gtpapay; rhh;e;j jfty;fis ntspg;gilahf ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk; ,J cjtp nra;Ak;.
ek;k itig
nghJ ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; ,izajs trjpia gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,ytr itig jpl;lj;ij
,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjy;Kiwahf fh;ehlf muR ngq;f@hpy; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. ,j;jpl;lj;Jf;F
ek;k
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itig vd ngah; #lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Ib jiyefuhfTk; rpypf;fhd; rpl;bahfTk; jpfOk;

ngq;f@hpy; nghJkf;fs; mjpfstpy; ,izaj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. ,e;jpahtpNy ,izajsk;
%yk; mjpf Nritfis ngWtjpYk; ngq;f@h;thrpfs; Kd;dzpapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
Kf;fpakhf 5 ,lq;fspy; ,ytr itig jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;gb vk;.[p.NuhL>
nkl;Nuhuapy; epiyak; > gphpNfl; uapy; epiyak;> gphpNfl; NuhL ,e;jpuh efh;> ,ytrkhf ,izajs
trjpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. xU ehspy; xU thbf;ifahsh; ,jid miu kzpNeUk; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;. ,jd; Ntfk; 512 Nf.gp.gp.v];.
I - Nghd; 6
I Nghd; 5-d; mLj;j nth;\dhf I Nghd; 6 [Pdpy; re;ijfis njhlTs;sjhf $wg;gLfpwJ

Vw;nfdNt ,Uf;Fk; nth;\id tpl jpiu msTk; gpf;]y; msTk; mjpfk; vd;gJ I- Nghd; 6-d;
Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhk;. fpl;ljl;l 5 ,Q;r; jpiuAk; 1136 gpf;]y; jpiu hpnrhy;A+rDk; nfhz;lJ.
ngh;kp\d; yhf;
];khh;l;Nghdpy; cs;s gpur;id ekf;Nf njhpahky; rpy mg;spNf\d;fs; jhdhf ,d;];lhy;
MfptpLtJ jhd; . Fwpg;ghf Mz;l;uha;L 4.3 nth;\dpd; ,J mjpfk; elg;gjhf nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
,jw;F fhuzk; mjpYs;s `pld; ];fphPd; vdg;gLk; kiwjpiu ,af;fk;. ,jpy; Njitapy;yhj rpy
mg;spfNf\d;fs; ekf;F njhpahkNyNa ,af;f Muk;gpj;JtpLk;. ,jw;F fhuzk;
gpuT]hpy; ehk;
,iza cyfpw;Fs; nry;Yk; NghJ rpy rpd;dr;rpd;d mg;spNf\d;fs; mioahtpUe;jhspahf ek;
Nghdpy; FbNawptpLk; ,e;j Njitapy;yhj Mg;];fspd; tUifia jLf;f ngh;kp\d;yhf; vd;Dk;
gpugykhd mg;spNf\d; yhf; vd;Dk; gpugykhd
mg;spNf\d; cs;sJ. ,J Njitapy;yhj
rhgl;Nth;fspd; tUifia ek;kplk; nrhy;yp myh;l; nra;Ak;.
Vbvk; ghJfhg;Gf;F Gjpa fUtp
tq;fspd; jhdpaq;fp gzg;gl;Lthlh (Vbvk;) ikaq;fis eph;tfpf;f Gjpa ghJfhg;G fUtpia
[pfhk; epWtdk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ehL KOtJk; 1.65yl;rk; Vbvk; fs; cs;sd.
Vw;nfdNt
thbf;ifahsh;fs; Vbvk;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xU ghpth;jj
; idf;F & 4 Kjy; & 5 tiu nrythfpwJ.
,e;j nryit tq;fpfs; jhd; Vw;fpd;wd.
Vbvk;fspy; 24 kzp Neu fhtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy; xU ghpth;jj
; idf;F & 10
njhifia thbf;ifahsh;fs;
nrYj;jpdhy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Vbvk;fSf;F KO Neu ghJfhg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; tq;fpfSf;F $Ljy; nrythFk;. ,e;j nryit
tq;fpfs; thbf;ifahshplkpUe;Jjhd; t#ypf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,j;jifa #oypy; kpd;dZ ghJfhg;G
rhjdq;fis mspf;Fk; [pfhk; epWtdk; Vbvk;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Gjpa Kiwia cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
kpd;rhuj;ij Nrkpf;fk; mNj rkak; 24 kzp Neuk; nray;gl$ba njhiy J}uj;jpypUe;J
eph;tfpf;ff; $ba ghJfhg;G fUtpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Mrhjhuz #oy; Vw;gLk; Vbvk; fspy;
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cldbahf nrd;W ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; f;A+Mh;vk; Nrit ,izg;Gk;

,j;Jld; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kw;wpYk;
Nrit mbg;gilapyhdJ. ,jw;F $Ljy; KjyPLk;
Njitapy;iy Mz;L eph;thff; fl;lzKk; nrYj;j Ntz;bajpy;iy.
xU Vbvk;-kpw;F ,uz;L fhtyh;fis epakpg;gjhy;
Vw;gLk;
nryitf; fhl;bYk; kpff;
FiwthFk;. Hprh;t; tq;fp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tq;fpfs; rq;fk; ,e;jpa tq;fpfs; rq;fk; (IgpV) tFj;Js;s
tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j ghJfhg;G rhjdk; nray;gLk;.
Organizations & Schemes
Mk; Mj;kp ghzpapy; CoYf;F vjpuhd ,isQh; mikg;G:
nrd;idia Nrh;e;j nre;jpy; MWKfk; (36)> kw;Wk; rpt. ,sq;Nfh (36) Mfpa ,U ,isQh;fs;
CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl Gjpa cf;jpia ifahsg;gl;Ls;sdh;. jkpofk; KOtjpYk; cs;s vspa
kf;fSf;F muR eyj;jpl;l cjtpfs; gw;wpAk;> mtw;iwj; ju kWf;Fk; Copah;fis topf;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtJ gw;wpAk; 24 kzp NeuKk; jfty; nfhLf;f ,ytr njhiyNgrp fl;Lg;ghl;L miwapid
njhlq;fTs;sdh;. tUk; 15k; Njjp nrd;id irjhg;Ngl;ilapy; mjpfhug; G+h;tkhf ,e;j fl;L g;ghl;L
miw njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid I.V.v]; mjpfhhp rfhak;> jp.efh;> rh;.gpl;b jpahfuhah muq;fpy;
njhlq;fp itf;fpwhh;.
mth;fs; rl;lg;gQ;rhaj;J vd;w mikg;G njhlq;fpAs;sdh;. ,k;ikak;> njhlq;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;ghfNt ,th;fs; Ng];Gf; (facebok.com/sattapanchayath) gf;fj;jpy; xU khjj;jpNyNa 5>300
cWg;gpdh;fs; Nrh;e;Js;sdh;. ,e;j ikaj;jpd; 7667100100 vd;w njhiyNgrp Nrit vz;iz>
Nrhjid Kiwapy; fle;j Mf];l; 28-k; Njjp Nkw;fz;l ,UtUk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. ,jpy;> Nurd; fhh;L
thq;FtJ> mJ jhkjkhf fpilg;gijj; jtph;g;gJ> gl;lh khw;wk;> biutpq; iynrd;]; vLg;gJ Nghd;w
gy;NtW Nritfspd; KO tptuk; gw;wp nghJkf;fSf;F tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mg;gb fpilf;fhj
gl;rj;jpy; mij xUth; vg;gb ngWtJ? vd;gJ gw;wpAk; tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
104 - I mOj;jpdhy; kUj;Jtj; jfty;fis mwpAk; trjp:
kUj;Jtk; njhlh;ghd re;Njfq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisg; ngw 24 kzp Neu 104 njhiyNgrp vz;
Nritia Kjy;th; n[ayypjh njhlq;fp itj;jhh;. KjYjtp Fwpj;j jfty;fs;> kUj;Jt MNyhridfs;>
jha;Nra; eyk; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> uj;jjhdk;> fz;jhdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;> njhw;W kw;Wk; njhw;wh Neha;fs;
gw;wpa jfty;fs;> Cl;lr;rj;J Fwpj;j jfty;fs;> Kjy;thpd; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s trjpfs;>
Fwpg;gpl;l Neha;fSf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;Fk; kUj;Jtkidfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;> kdey MNyhridfs;>
vr;.I.tp. ghy;tpid Neha;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; kw;Wk; re;Njfq;fisf; Nfl;Lj; njspT ngwyhk;. ,J xU
fl;lz NritahFk;.
n`ypfhg;lh; Coy; ,j;jhyp epWtd xg;ge;jk; uj;J:
etPd
n`ypfhg;lh;fis
thq;f
,j;jhypa
epWtdkhf
mf];lh
nt];l;Nyz;Lld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l &. 3>600 Nfhb xg;ge;jj;ij ,e;jpah uj;J nra;jJ. 2010-k; Mz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> gpujkh; cs;spl;l tp.tp.I.gpf;fSf;F V.lgps;A+-101 ufj;ijr; Nrh;e;j nkhj;jk; 12
n`ypfhg;lh;fis ,e;jpah nfhs;Kjy; nra;a tpUe;jJ. mjpy; 3 n`ypfhg;lh;fis me;epWtdk;
Vw;nfdNt toq;fptpl;lJ. me;epWtdj;Jf;F ju Ntz;ba &.3>600 Nfhbapy; Kjy; jtizahf 30
rjtPjj; njhifia ,e;jpah toq;fptpl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy;> yQ;r tptfhuk; ntspr;rj;Jf;F te;jij mLj;J xg;ge;jj;ij Klf;fp itg;gjhf
fle;j Mz;L gpg;uthp khjk; ,e;jpah mwptpj;jJ. ,e;epiyapy;> ,e;j xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghf gpujkh;
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kd;Nkhfd; rpq;> kj;jpa ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw mikr;rh; V.Nf. me;Njhdp MfpNahh; Gjd;fpoik MNyhrid
elj;jpdh;. ,J njhlh;ghf kj;jpa ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw mikr;rfk; ntspapl;l nra;jpf;Fwpg;gpy;> 12
n`ypfhg;lh;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf 2010-k; Mz;L gpg;uthp 8-k; Njjp mf];lh nt];l;Nyz;l;
epWtdj;Jld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J nra;Js;Nshk;. me;epWtdk; Neh;ikapd;wp
nray;gl;Ls;sJ
njhpate;Js;sij
mLj;J
,e;eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;W
njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJthf rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfSf;F kj;jpa];jh; FO %yk; jPhT
;
fhzg;gLk;. n`ypfhg;lh; xg;ge;j tptfhuj;jpy; kj;jpa];jh; FOtpy; ,e;jpah rhh;gpy; NgRtjw;F Kd;dhs;
ePjpgjp [Ptd; nul;bia kj;jpa muR epakpj;Js;sJ. mf];lh nt];l;Nyz;l; jug;gpy; Kd;dhs; ePjpgjp
gp.vd;.=fpU\;zh epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.
gadw;Wg;NghdJ vr;.I.tp. Nehahspfspd; gaz ml;il:
vr;.I.tp.
Neha;
ghjpj;jth;fSf;F
gy
khepyq;fspy;
NgUe;J
gaz
ml;il
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpofj;jpy; vr;.I.tp. kw;Wk; va;l;]; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; 32
khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s 41 muR $l;L kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir ikaq;fspy; V.Mh;.b. vdg;gLk; $l;L kUe;ij
ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. khjj;jpy; ,uz;L Kiw Nehpy; nrd;W rpfpr;ir ngw;W tuNtz;ba NjitAk;
,th;fSf;F cs;sJ.
,e;epiyapy; 2010> brk;ghpy; ,ytr NgUe;J gaz ml;ilfis mth;fSf;F jkpof muR
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. murpd; $l;L kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir ikaq;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk;> kUe;Jfs; thq;fTk;
khjj;jpw;F 4 Kiw gazk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; &. 1.76 Nfhb nrytpy; ,ytr gaz ml;ilfs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j ml;ilapy; gadhspapd; Gifg;glj;Jld; ngah;> taJ / ghypdk;> $l;L kUj;Jt
rpfpr;ir vz;> ikaj;jpd; ngah; Mfpa tptuq;fSld;> jkpof murpd; ,yr;rpidAk;> jkpo;ehL va;l;];
fl;Lg;ghl;L fof ,yr;rpidAk; cs;sJ.
murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk;
ek; murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk;. mJ mkYf;F te;j ehs; jhd; 26 [dthp 1950 . cyfpNyNa
,Jjhd; kpfg;nghpa kpf ePz;l murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk; 395 \uj;Jf;fSk; 12 ml;ltizfSk; 90>000
nrhw;fSk; nfhz;l me;j tiuTr; rl;lk; KOtJk; ifahy; vOjg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyk; ,e;jp Mfpa ,U
nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjd; xU gFjpahf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; xtpaq;fshf
tiuag;gl;bUe;jd. mjid tiue;J je;jth; rhe;jp epNfjidr; Nrh;e;j Gfo;ngw;w Xtpah; ee;jyhy; Ngh];
vd;gth;.
,jid jahhpg;gjw;F rig %d;whz;L fhyk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. nkhj;jj;jpy; rig gjpndhU
Kiw $baJ. 165 ehs;fs; rigapdh; tpthjpj;jhh;fs;. mw;Gjkhd murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij
cUthf;fpajpy; 20 Nkijfspd; gq;F cz;L. Mdhy; mth;fspy; gq;fspg;G rl;ltiu Tf;Fk; tbtKk;>
tz;zKk;> Vd; capUk; nfhLg;gjpy; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhf murpay; tpkhrfh; fpuh;dtpy; M];bd;
$Wfpwhh;. Xt;nthU $l;lj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk;> czh;Tg+h;tkhfg; Ngrp> midthpd; xUq;fpizg;G
rf;jpahf (UNITING FORCE) tpsq;fpath; gz;bj NeU.
rpW ghd;ikg; gphptpdhpd; chpik fhf;f chpa jPhk
; hdk; nfhz;Lte;J epiwNtw;wr; nra;jth; rh;
jhh; gNly;. Rig cWg;gpdh;fspilNa fl;Lg;ghl;il cWjp nra;J> fz;zpaj;ij epiy ehl;b vy;yhhplKk;
ey;yth; vdg; ngah; vLj;jth; rigj;jiyth; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;. rpe;jidr; rpjwy;fSf;F tz;z tbtk;
nfhLj;J mjid topfhl;Lk; E}yhf murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lkhf Mf;fpj; je;jth; rl;l Nkij mz;zy;
mk;Ngj;fh; Mf;fg;G+h;thkd MNyhridfis mikjpahfj; je;jth; mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;.
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,th;fSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wpth;fspd; F[uhj;jpg y;fiy tpj;jfh; Nf.vk;. Kd;\p nrd;id

khfhz tof;fwpQh; my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp ma;ah;> fl;rp rhuhj epGzh; vd;. Nfhghyhrhkp Iaq;fhh;
,e;jpa murpd; rl;l MNyhrfh; I.rp.v];. MjpfhhpahfTk; ePjpgjpahfTk; gzpahw;wpa gp.vd;.uht;
cjtpahsh; v];.vd;. Kfh;[p MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. 24.01.1950 md;W murpay; eph;za rigapd;
,Wjpf; $l;lk; njhlq;fp aJ. mg;nghOJ mjd; nrayhsh; vr;.tp. Mh;. Iaq;fhh; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
FbauRj; jiytuhf ghG uhN[e;jpju gpurhj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh; vd;gij mwptpj;jhh;.
mLj;j epfo;thf murpay; rl;l tiutpd; ifnaj;Jg; gpujpapy; ifnaOj;jpl
midj;J
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; mioj;jhh;. Kjy; ifnaOj;ij gz;bj
NeU Nghl;lhh;.
mtiuj; njhlh;e;J
ifnaOj;J Nghl;lth;fs;> nrd;id khfhzg; gpujpepjpfs;. midtUk; ifnaOj;J Nghl;L Kbj;jgpd;G
jhDk;
jiyth;
vd;w Kiwapy; ifnaOj;J Nghl KbT nra;jhh; gpurhj;. Mdhy; filrpf;
ifnaOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nghlhky; tiuTr; rl;lj;jpd; filrp thpf;Fk; NeUtpd; ifnaOj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; ,Ue;j rpwpa ,lj;jpy; ifnaOj;ij njsptpy;yhk; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.
,uz;L ehs;fs; fopj;J 26.01.1950 md;W> ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk;> mkYf;F te;jJ.
uh\;bugjp gtd jh;ghh; muq;fpy;jiythf;s $Lfpwhh;fs;. mg;nghOJ fth;dh; n[duy; rf;uth;jpj
uhrNfhghyr;rhhpahh; ,e;jpah ,iwahz;ik kpf;f [dehaf; FbauR (soverign Democratic Republic) vd
mwptpf;fpwhh;. mjd; gpd; uh[h[p mkh;e;jpUe;j ehw;fhypapy; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; mkh;fpwhh;. jiyik ePjpgjp
fdpah> uhN[e;jpu gpurhJf;Fg; gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra;J itf;fpwhh;.
Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdh;
,e;jpa murpay; rl;lg;gb rpWghd;ikapdh; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l K];ypk;> fpwp];jth;> rPf;fpah;>
ghh;rp> gTj;jh; Mthh;fs;.
Environment & Ecology

,aw;if tptrha tpQ;Qhdp ek;kho;thh;:
jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;> jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;sp mUNf cs;s ,sq;fhL fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j ek;kho;thh; (75)>
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Ntshz;ik ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;W> Nfhtpy;gl;b muR Ntshz;
Ma;T epiyaj;jpy; gzpGhpe;jhh;. jkpofk; KOtJk; ,aw;if top Ntshz;ik Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;it
gug;Gk; gzpapy; mh;g;gzpg;NghL nray;gl;L te;jth;. fhtphp nly;lh khtl;lq;fspy; jdpahh; epWtdj;jhy;
epyj;Jf;F mbapy; kPjN
; jd; thA vLf;Fk; jpl;lj;Jf;F vjpuhf gpur;rhuj;jpy; <Lgl;L te;jhh;. cly;
eyf;FiwT fhuzkhf jpq;fs;fpoik ,uT 9 kzpastpy;> jQ;ir khtl;lk; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il mUNf cs;s
mj;jpntl;b gpr;rpdpf;fhL fpuhkj;jpy; fhykhdhh;. f&h; khtl;lk; flT+hpy; mth; eph;khzpj;j thdfk;
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vd;w ,aw;if Ntshz;ik gapw;rpaspf;Fk; jpwe;jntsp gz;izapy; fhiy 10 kzpastpy; mlf;fk;

nra;ag;glTs;sJ.
,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; vhpkiy rPw;wk;;:
Rkj;uh jPtpy; cs;s rpdhgq;f; vhpkiy fle;j jpq;fs;fpoik ,utpypUe;J 7 Mapuk; kPl;lh;
cauj;Jf;F jPg;gpok;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ. mg;gFjpapy; cs;s fhw;W kz;lyk; KOtJk; rhk;gy;
glh;e;J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j vhpkiy fle;j gy khjq;fshf fLk; rPw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
xUehs; fhg;ghsh; jpl;lk;: tz;lY}h; G+q;fh mwpKfk;;:
tpyq;FfSf;F mUfpy; nrd;W ghh;itapl;L> mtw;Wf;F Nrit nra;a tpUk;GNthUf;fhf

xUehs; fhg;ghsh; vd;w jpl;lj;jij tz;lY}h; caphpay; G+q;fh eph;thfk; mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. xU
ehSf;F mjpfgl;rk; 35 Ngh; kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gLth;. ed;nfhilahsh;fs; jq;fs; tpUg;gj;Jf;F Vw;g
epyg;gwitfs; (mjpfgl;rk; 10 egh;)> ePh;g; gwitfs; (mjpfg;gl;rk; 10 egh;)> rJg;Gepyg; gwitfs;
(mjpfgl;rk; 5 egh;)> Ntl;ilahLk; gwitfs; (mjpfgl;rk; 5 egh;)> Mikfs; (mjpfgl;rk; 5 egh;) Njh;T
nra;J nfhs;syhk;. Fiwe;jJ xU ehs; Kd;ghf gjpT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gjpT nra;a
tpUg;gks;sth;fs; directoraazp1@gmail.com vd;w kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; njhlh;G nfhs;syhk;. ,JFwpj;J
NkYk; tptuq;fis www.aazoopark.in vd;w ,izajsj;jpy; ghh;f;fyhk;.
G+lhd; kd;dUf;F tuNtw;G:
,e;jpahTf;F muRKiwg; gazkhf jpq;fs; fpoik te;j g+lhd; kd;dh; [pf;Nk Nfrh; thq;Rf;
kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp ,isturp n[l;rd; Ngkh MfpNahiu jpy;yp tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; tuNtw;whh;
ntspAwTj; Jiw ,izaikr;rh; gphpdPj; nfsh;.
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twz;l gFjp:
rpyp ehl;by; cs;s md;Nlhghf];lh vd;w ,lk; kpfTk; twz;l gFjpahFk;. ,q;F Mz;Lf;F
0.1 kp.kP kio kl;LNk nga;fpwJ gy Mz;Lfspy; kio nga;tNj ,y;iy.
rpdhtpy; gwitf; fha;r;ry;:
rPdhtpy; gwitf; fha;r;ry; gutp tUfpwJ. ,e;j khj njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,Jtiu 40-f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;Nlhh; ,e;j Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. 2 Ngh; ,we;Js;sdh;. gwitf; fha;r;rYf;Ff; fhuzkhd
vr;7vd;9 itu]; jhf;Fjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Fsph;fhyk; vd;gjhy; gwitf; fha;r;ry; Neha; Ntfkhf
gutp tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; Nfhopf;fwpia ed;F Ntfitj;J rhg;gpLkhW nghJkf;fs; mwpTWj;jg;
gl;Ls;sdh;.
,e;jpaUf;F M];jpNuypahtpy; Kjy;Kiwahf lhf;lh; gl;lk;:
,e;jpa tk;rhtspiar; Nrh;e;j M];jpNuypah; utpghl;bahTf;F nfsut lhf;lh; gl;lk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk;
M];jpNuypahtpy; nfsut lhf;lh;
gl;lk; ngWk; Kjy; ,e;jpa
tk;rhtspiar; Nrh;e;jth; vd;w ngUikia utpghl;bah ngw;Ws;shh;. gphpk];
M];jpNuypah
njhiyj;njhlh;G epWtdj;jpd; epWtduhd utpghl;bah> ];tpk;gh;d; njhopy;El;gg; gy;fiyf; fofj;Jf;F
mspj;j rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;ig ghuhl;b ,e;j lhf;lh; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. IIb apy; gbj;jtuhd
utpghl;bah tpf;Nlhhpah khfhz ,e;jpa M];jpNuypa njhopy; $l;likg;gpd; jiyth; gjtp cs;gl
gy;NtW Kf;fpag; nghWg;Gfis tfpj;J tUfpwhh;.
Gjpa fUe;Jis fz;Lgpbg;G:
fUe;Jis (gpshf; N`hy;) vd;gJ mz;lntspapd; xU gFjpahFk;. ,it ,Ug;gij rpy
mwpFwpfspd; %yk; mwpayhk;. fUe;Jisfspd; vy;iyf;Fs; nry;Yk; xsp cs;spl;l vJTNk ntspNaw
Kbahj msTf;F mjPj <h;g;G rf;jpiaf; nfhz;lit ,tw;wpd; vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;J ghh;f;ff;$b xyp>
xsp kpd;fhe;j miyfs; $l ntspNawhJ. MfNt> ,f;fUj;Jisf;Fs; vd;d epfo;fpwJ vd;gJ
ntspapy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
,f;fUj;Jisfs; el;rj;jpu Njhw;wg; gphpkhzj;jpd; ,Wjpf; fl;lkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mjPj
epiwiaf; (kh];) nfhz;Ls;sjhy;> KbNtapy;yhj mlh;j;jpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. fd msNth
Nkw;gug;Ngh ,tw;Wf;Ff; fpilahJ. GtpapypUe;J 390 Nfhb xsp Mz;Lfs; njhiytpy; Mw;wy; kpf;f
Gjpa fUe;Jisia thdpayhsh;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. Mh;vf;];N[ 1532 ghy; ntsp kz;lyj;jpy; ,e;j
fUj;Jfis cs;sJ. kpfg;nghpa msTilajhf ,J cs;sJ vd thdpayhsh;fs; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
ehrhtpd; re;jpuh vf;]; fjph; fz;fhzpg;G njhiy Nehf;fp kw;Wk; ,ju njhiy Nehf;fpfisg;
gad;gLj;jp ,f;fUj;Jfis fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. msg;ghpa tbtikg;Gfis ,f;fUj;Jfis
cUthf;fpAs;sJld;. ntg;gthAr; #oypy; Vuhskhd el;rj;jpuq;fs; cUthtjpypUe;J ghJfhj;J
tUfpwJ vd Ma;thsh;fs; njhptpj;Js;sdh;. ,e;j fUj;Jfis ekJ #hpaid tpl Mapuk; yl;rk; Nfhb
(Mapuk; bhpy;ypad;) klq;F gpufhrkhdJ. ,f;fUj;Jisapd; ikaj;jpy; ntbg;G Vw;gl;ljw;fhd jlak;
vJTk; fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy.
nfl;Lg; Nghfhj ghk;gpd; tp\k;:
kUe;J fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F cjTk; ghk;gpd; tp\k; 80 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwFk; nflhky; caphpay;
hPjpahf nray;jpwd; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. cah; uj;j mOj;jj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTk; Nfg;Nlhgphpy;>
ePhpopT Nehia fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTk; gNal;lh kw;Wk; cly; gUkidf; Fiwf;f cjTk; kUe;Jfs;
jahhpg;gjpy; ghk;gpd; tp\k; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Kiwahf Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tp\j;ij mwptpay; hPjpahf gy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;j
KbAk;. tp\k; kw;Wk; er;R Mfpait kUe;J fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; Kf;fpa %yg;nghUshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
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cyfk; KOtJk; tp\ ghk;G ,dq;fs; mUfp tUtjhy;> ,dp tp\j;ij Nrfhpg;gJ fbdkhdjhf
,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> Vw;nfdNt Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tp\ khjphpfis Kiwahf Nrkpj;J itf;f Ntz;baJ
kpfTk; mtrpak;.
,iug;ig Gw;WNeha;
CWfha;> fUthL cs;spl;l cg;G mjpfk; fye;j czit mjpf mstpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjhYk;>
xU jlit gad;gLj;jpa vz;nzia jpUk;g jpUk;g gad;gLj;jp jahhpf;fg;gl;l czTfs;> ePz;l ehs;fs;
gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l czTfis cz;ZtjhYk;> Gifg;gpbj;jy;> kJ mUe;Jjy; Nghd;w gof;f tof;fq;fspd;
fhuzkhfTk; ,iug;ig Gw;WNeha; cUthf tha;g;G cs;sJ.
cyfpy; ngz;fistpl Mz;fNs ,iug;ig Gw;W Nehahy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh. ,jw;F
fhuzk; Mz;fspd; czTg; gof;fKk;> Gif> kJ Nghd;w jPa gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F mbikahtJ MFk;.
grpapd;ik> nky; tapw;wpy; typ> nfhQ;rk; rhg;gpl;lhYk; tapW epuk;gpaJ Nghd;w czh;T> tapw;wpy; fl;b>
fUg;G epwj;jpy; kyk; ntspNaw;wk; uj;j the;jp
vLj;jy; Nghd;wit ,iug;ig Gw;WNehapd;
mwpFwpfshFk;. Muk;g fhyj;jpNyNa vz;Nlh];Nfhgp my;l;uhrTz;l;l> rpb ];Nfd; Mfpa
ghpNrhjidfis nra;J ,iug;ig Gw;WNehia fz;lwpe;J mWitr; rpfpr;ir nra;J nfhz;lhy; Neha;
Fzkhf tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,y;iynadpy; Gw;WNeha; Fly; KOtJk; gutp capUf;F Mgj;jhfp tpLk;.
INDIA & ITS NEIGHBOURS
ntspehl;L rpiwfspy; 6>000 ,e;jpah;fs;:

tprh tpjpKiw kPwy;> KiwNflhf FbNawpaJ> nfhs;is cs;spl;l Fw;wq;fSf;fhf ntspehl;L
rpiwapy; 6>101 ,e;jpah;fs; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf kf;fsitapy; Gjd;fpoik njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fsitapy; Nfs;tpnahd;Wf;F gjpy; mspj;j ntspAwT ,iz mikr;rh; gphpdPj; nfsh;
Nkw;fz;lthW njhptpj;jhh;. mg;NghJ gjpy; mspj;j ntspAwT mikr;rh; ry;khd; Fh;\pj;> mjpfgl;rkhf
rT+jp mNugpahtpy; 1>400 Ngh; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;bdhh;.
If;fpa muG mkPufj;jpy; 996 NgUk;> mnkhpf;fhtpy; 637 NgUk;> ghfp];jhdpy; 443 NgUk;
milf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. jz;lidf; fhyk; Kbtile;j gpd;Gk; ghfp];jhd; rpiwapy; 99 ,e;jpah;fs;
milf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;Wk; Fh;\pj; njhptpj;jhh;.
,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; mZ MAjg; Nghh; %z;lhy; 200 Nfhb Ngh; nfhy;yg;gLth;
rh;tNjr kUj;Jth;fspd; mZMAj Nghh; jLg;G $l;likg;gpd; (I.gp.gp.vd;.lgps;A+)
,izj;jiyth;
uhn`y;gd;l;>
mnkhpf;f
jiyefh;
th\pq;ldpy;
ntspapl;l
mwpf;ifapy;
$wpapUg;gjhtJ: 1947-k; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jpahTk; ghfp];jhDk; 3 Kiw fLk; Nghh;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sd.
,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa mZ MAj Nghh; %z;lhy; Nghpog;Gfs; Vw;gLk;. cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; 3-y;
xU gq;F kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gLthh;fs;. mjhtJ Rkhh; 200 Nfhbf;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gLk;
mghak; cs;sJ.
mZFz;L fjph;tPrr
; hy; Rkhh; 100 Nfhb Ngh; nfhy;yg;gl;lhy;> mjd;gpd; me;j Rw;Wtl;lhu
gFjpfspy; Vw;gLk; czTg; gQ;rj;jhy; NkYk; 100 Nfhb Ngh; ghjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. [g;ghdpd; `pNuh\pkh>
ehfrhfp efuq;fs; kPJ mnkhpf;fh tPrpa mZFz;Lfshy; 2 yl;rk; Ngh; caphpoe;jdh;. mijtpl mjpf
rf;jp tha;e;j mZFz;Lfs; cyf ehLfsplk; ,g;NghJ cs;sd. ,jdhy; caphpog;Gfs; kpf mjpfkhf
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,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Nguhgj;ij jLf;f cyfk; KOtJk; mZMAjq;fis KOikahf mopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
uhn`y;gd;l; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Js;shh;.
[khj; , ,];yhkp jiytiu J}f;fpypl ePjpkd;wk; jil
tq;fNjrj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa ,];yhkpa fl;rpahd [khj; , ,];yhkpapd; jiyth; mg;Jy; fhjh;
Ky;yhTf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l J}f;F jz;liia me;ehl;L cr;r ePjpkd;wk; New;W Kd;jpdk; filrp Neuj;jpy;
epWj;jp itj;jJ. 1971y; eilngw;w tq;fNjr tpLjiyg; Nghhpy;> ghfp];jhd; uhZtj;Jld; Nrh;e;J Nghh;f;
Fw;wq;fspy; <Lgl;lhh; vd;gJ mg;Jy; fhjh; Ky;yh kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;L. ,jid tprhhpj;j Nghh;f;
Fw;wq;fs; jPhg
; ;ghak; Ky;yhTf;F fle;j gpg;uthp 5k; Njjp MAs; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ. ,j; jPhg
; ;gpd;
Nky;KiwaPl;L kDit tprhhpj;j tq;fNjr cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> fle;j nrg;lk;gh; 17k; Njjp ,j; jz;lidia
kuz jz;lidahf cah;jj
; paJ. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J Nghh;f; Fw;wq;fs; jPh;g;ghak; rhh;gpy; Ky;yhit
J}f;fptpl cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy; cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp iraJ KfkJ cNrid mtuJ ,y;yj;jpy; mZfpa Ky;yh
toqf;fwpQh;fs;> J}f;F jz;lidia epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,ilf;fhy jil ngw;wdh;. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J
Ky;yh J}f;fpyplg;gLtjw;F 2 kzp Neuk; Kd;djhf jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fh];l;NuhTld; xghkh ifFYf;fpaJ jw;nrayhdJ
fpA+gh mjpgh; uTy; fh];l;NuhTld; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; xghkh ifFYf;fpaJ jw;nrayhdJ.
jpl;lkpl;l epfo;T my;y vd;W nts;is khspif tpsf;fkspj;Js;sJ. ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; kiwTf;F
mQ;ryp nrYj;j njd;dhg;gphpf;fh nrd;wpUe;j xghkh> mq;F te;jpUe;j uTy; fh];l;Nuhtplk; jhkhfNt
nrd;W ifFYf;fpdhh;. mnkhpf;fhTf;F Ntz;lg;glhj ehLfspd; gl;baypy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpy; cs;s
fpA+gh mjpghplk; xghkh jpBnud el;G ghuhl;b ifFYf;fpaJ rh;tNjr mstpy; ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk;
epfo;thf mike;jJ.
rpq;fg;G+h; fytu tof;F
rpq;fg;G+hpy; fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;lJ njhlh;ghd Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Nghpy; NkYk; 3 ,e;jpah;fis
NghyPrhh; ifJ nra;jdh;. rpq;fg;G+hpy; cs;s ypl;by; ,e;jpah gFjpfspy; jdpahh; g]; Nkhjp rf;jpNty;
FkhuNtY (33) vd;w jkpoh; caphpoe;jhh;. mijj; njhlh;e;J mg;gFjpapy; fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ. njw;fhrpa
njhopyhsh;fs; 400-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh; thfdq;fSf;F jPitj;J fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,jpy; NghyPrhh;
cs;gl 39 thfdq;fs; Nrjkile;jd.
fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhf 24 ,e;jpah;fs; kPJ NghyPrhh; tof;Fg; gjpT nra;jdh;. mth;fs;
midtUk; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. tof;fpd; tprhuiz brk;gh; 17-k; Njjp eilngwTs;sJ.
jkpofk; Nehf;fp efUfpwJ khjp Gay;
tq;ff; flypy; cUthd khjp Gay; jkpofj;ij Nehf;fp efh;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;
mLj;j 48 kzp Neuj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; kio nga;a tha;g;Gs;sJ vd nrd;id thdpiy Ma;T ikak;
njhptpj;Js;sJ. khjp Gay; jw;NghJ tYtpoe;J jPtpu fhw;wOj;j jho;T kz;lykhf nrd;idf;F fpof;F tlfpof;F jpirapy; 400 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; epiy nfhz;Ls;sJ. mLj;j 24 kzp Neuj;jpy; ,J njd;Nkw;F
jpirapy; efh;e;J fhw;wOj;j jho;T kz;lykhf NkYk; tYtpof;Fk;.
,yq;if jkpoh;fSf;F 10>000 tPLfs; fl;b nfhLj;Js;sJ ,e;jpah:
,yq;fiapy; Nghhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jkpoh;fSf;F tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; 10>000
tPLfis ,e;jpah fl;bj; je;Js;sJ. mLj;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; NkYk; 33>000 tPLfs; fl;lg;gl
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cs;sd. 2014-Mk; Mz;by; 16>000 tPLfSk;> 2015-Mk; Mz;by; 17>000 tPLfSk; fl;lg;gl cs;sd.
%d;whtJ fl;lkhf> ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa kw;Wk; Ath khfhzq;fspy; cs;s v];Nll;fspy; gzpGhpAk;
,e;jpa tk;rhtspiar; Nrh;e;j njhopyhsh;fSf;F 4>000 tPLfs; fl;Lk; gzp 2014 Vg;uypy; njhlq;f
cs;sJ.
Ie;jhtJ fl;lkhf Nghhpdhy; mjpfkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l fpof;F kw;Wk; tlf;F khfhzq;fspy;
tPLfs; fl;Lk; jpl;lk; eilngWk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf> ,e;jpa muR &.1>372 Nfhb epjp xJf;fpAs;sJ.
,e;jpa Jiz J}jh; ifJ:
,e;jpa Jizj; J}jh; Njtahdp Nfhg;ufNl ifJ nra;ag;gl;l #o;epiy Fwpj;J tUe;Jtjhf
,e;jpahTf;fhd mnkhpf;f J}jh; ehd;rp ghnty; $wpAs;shh;. gy;NtW Jiwfspy; ,e;jpa-mnkhpf;fh
,ilNaahd cwT Nkk;ghl;L tUk; epiyapy;> J}juf mjpfhhp ifJ tptfhuk; me;j Kd;Ndw;wg;
ghijapy; jlq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,U ehLfspYk; Ntiytha;g;ig mjpfg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf th;jj
; fk;
kw;Wk; KjyPl;il mjpfg;gLj;jTk;> mZrf;jp jpl;lq;fspy; xj;Jiog;G ey;fTk; mnkhpf;fh Nehf;fk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W ehd;rp $wpAs;shh;.
rpq;fg;G+h; rl;lk;:
rpq;fg;G+h; rl;lq;fisAk;> r%f tpjpfisAk; ntspehl;Lg; gzpahsh;fs; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
me;ehl;Lg; gpujkh; yP rpad; Y}q; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;shh;. ntspehl;Lg; gzpahsh;fis njhlh;e;J
ed;whf elj;j tpUk;GfpNwhk;. mjw;fhf vq;fs; rl;lq;fisAk;> r%f tpjpfisAk; mth;fs; kjpj;J elf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fpNwhk;.
tq;fNjr ehlhSkd;w Njh;jy;:;
tq;fNjr ehlhSkd;w Njh;jypy; N\f; `rPdh jiyikapyhd MSk; mthkp yPf; fl;rp ntw;wp
ngw;Ws;sJ. Njh;jy; eilngw;w 147 njhFjpfspy; 95 ,lq;fspy; mf;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;Ws;sJ. tq;fNjr
ehlhSkd;w nghJj; Njh;jiy gpujhd vjph;f;fl;rpahd tq;fNjr Njrpa fl;rp Gwf;fzpj;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; fhzpf;ifahf nrYj;jg;gl;l ehzaq;fis kPl;f ,yq;if tpUg;gk;:
,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j Mapuf;fzf;fhd gf;jh;fs; mt;tg;NghJ ,e;jpah te;J> Gj;jh;
Nfhtpy;fspYk;> `pe;Jf; Nfhtpy;fspYk; topghL elj;Jfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; ehl;L ehzaq;fis
,e;jf; Nfhtpy;fspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s cz;bay;fspy; fhzpf;ifahf nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,J Fwpj;J
,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; fth;dh; m[Pj; fg;uhy; $Wifapy;> ,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j gf;jh;fs; ,e;jpaf;
Nfhtpy;fspy; fhzpf;ifahfr; nrYj;jpa ehzaq;fspd; vil 20 ld; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W cj;Njrkhf
kjpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;. ,tw;iw kPz;Lk; jha;ehl;Lf;Ff; nfhz;L tu tpUk;GfpNwhk;. mt;thW nfhz;L
tug;gl;lhy; ,e;j ehzaq;fis kPz;Lk; Gof;fj;jpy; tpl KbAk;. Vnddpy; ,tw;Wf; gjpyhf Gjpa
ehzaq;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F nryT mjpfkhFk; vd;whh;.
jha;yhe;jpy; 7.5 fp.kP. ePsj;Jf;F Nguzp:
jha;yhe;jpy; gpujkh; apq;yf; \pdtj;uh gjtp tpyff; Nfhhp muR vjph;g;ghsh;fs; jiyefh;
ghq;fhf;fpy; Nguzp elj;jpdh;. Nguzp Rkhh; 7.5 fpNyh kPl;lh; ePsj;Jf;F ePbj;jJ. fle;j 2011-y; gpujkuhf
apq;yf;> jdJ rNfhjuUk; Coy; Fw;wr;rhl;L fhuzkhf ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawp Jghapy; trpj;J
tUgtUkhd j~pd; \pdtj;uhtpd; ifg;ghitahf nray;gLtjhff; $wp Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;W
tUfpwJ.
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cyfpy; kpfg; nghpa ePh;kpd; jpl;lk; ,J.

rPdhtpd; %d;W gs;sq;fs; vd;W ngahplg;gl;l miz> ahq;l;N] ejpiaj; jLj;J
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j mizapdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;rhuk; 22>500 nkfh thl;Lfs;. ,J
,e;jpahtpy; vy;yh ePhk
; pd; jpl;lq;fspypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpy; ghjp gq;Ff;Fk; Nky;. jkpo;ehl;by;
epWtg;gl;bUf;Fk; vy;yh kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fSk; nfhLf;Fk; kpd;rhuj;ijtpl ,J mjpfk;.
fypNghh;dpah MSeh; gjtpf;fhd Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpa mnkhpf;fh;:
mnkhpf;fhtpd; fypNghh;dpah khfhz MSeh; gjtpf;fhd Nghl;bapy; ePy; f\;fhhp (40) vd;w
,e;jpa mnkhpf;fh;> FbauRf; fl;rpapd; rhh;gpy; Nghl;bapLfpwhh;. jw;NghJ me;j khfhz MSeuhf gjtp
tfpj;J tUk; [dehaf; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j n[h;hp gpnusDf;F vjpuhf mth; Nghl;bapLfpwhh;. Vw;nfdNt
FbauRf; fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j ghgp [pz;lhy;> epf;fp `hNy vd;w ,uz;L ,e;jpa mnkhpf;fh;fs; KiwNa
Y}rpahdh kw;Wk; njw;F fypNghh;dpah MSeuhf gjtp tfpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. f\;fhhp ntw;wp ngw;why;>
,e;jpa mnkhpf;f MSeh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 3 Mf caUk;.
n[dPth khehL:
];tpl;rh;yhe;jpy; cs;s khd;bhpf;]; efhpy; Gjd;fpoik rphpah mikjpg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij
njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j mikjpg; Ngr;R thh;ji
; j eilngw toptFf;Fk; Kjy; eltbf;if MFk;. Nkw;fj;jpa
ehLfspd; neUf;FjYf;F mbgzpe;J <uhd; Nghd;w ehLfSf;F miog;G tpLf;f I.eh. kWj;Jtpl;lJ
vdg;gLfpwJ. mjpgh; g\hh; my; m]hj;jpd; vjph;fhyk; Fwpj;j tptfhuj;jpy; ve;jtpjkhd rkurKk; nra;J
nfhs;s KbahJ. mjpgh; gjtp Fwpj;J Ngr;Rthh;ji
; japy; tpthjpf;f ,ayhJ vd $wg;gLfpwJ.
n[dPth mikjpg; Ngr;R thh;ji
; japy; gq;Nfw;f thbfDk; mjpfhhpfs; FOit mDg;gpAs;sJ.
rphpahtpy; Nghh; epWj;jk; nra;J gpur;ridf;F mikjpg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij %yk; jPhT
; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nghg; gpuhd;rp]; gyKiw typAWj;jpAs;shh;. mikjpg; Ngr;Rthh;ji
; japy; gq;Nfw;FkhW <uhDf;F tpLj;j
miog;ig I.eh. jpUk;gg; ngw;wij mLj;J rphpah vjph;f;fl;rpfSk; khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
Ml;rp eph;thfj;Jf;F FWf;fPlhf epw;fpwJ uhZtk;:
,yq;if tlf;F khfhz Kjy;th; tpf;Nd];tud; Gfhh;
tlf;F khfhzj;jpy; [dehafk; kyur;nra;jy; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ahog;ghzj;jpy; nts;spf;fpoik
khehL eilngw;wJ. nfhOk;igr; Nrh;e;j rh;tNjr ,d Ma;tpay; ikak; Vw;ghL nra;j ,e;j khehl;by;
gq;Nfw;W ,yq;if cr;rePjpkd;w Kd;dhs; ePjpgjpahd Kjy;th; tpf;Nd];tud; NgrpajhtJ.
khfhz eph;thfj;Jf;F FWf;fPlhf ,Ug;gJ uhZtk; jhd;. tlf;F khfhzkhdJ uhZt
Kfhk;fs; epiwe;j gFjpahfp tpl;lJ. cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpd; NghJ ,lk;ngah;e;j gy FLk;gq;fs; ,d;Dk;
nrhe;j ,lk;
jpUk;g Kbahky; jtpf;fpd;wd. jdpahh; epyq;fisAk; rpy ,lq;fspy;
tptrha
epyq;fisAk; ,yq;if uhZtk; ifafg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. epyk; jkf;Nf nrhe;jkhdjhf
,Ue;jhYk; mjpy; Kfhkpl;Ls;s uhZtj;jpdh; gaphpLk; tpis nghUs;fis cs;@h; gFjp tptrhapfs;
tpiy nfhLj;J thq;f Ntz;ba
eph;g;ge;j epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ngz;fSk; Foe;ijfSk;
mt;tg;NghJ uhZtj;jpdhpd; kpul;lYf;F cs;shfp Ntjidg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
Vw;wj;jho;T epiyik r%fj;Jf;F ngUk; rthy; kpf;fjhfptpl;lJ tlf;F khfhzj;jpypUe;J
gbj;jth;fSk; ty;Yeh;fSk; ntspNawp tpl;ljhy; epiyikia khw;wpl ,e;j gFjpf;F njhopy;
ty;Yeh;fSf;fhd Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. tlf;F khfhzj;jpypUe;J NtW ehLfSf;F nrd;W tpl;l
kf;fs; kPz;Lk; jpUk;g cjTk;gb typAWj;jp ,yq;if muRld; Ngrp tUfpNwhk;.
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mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpy; rPf;fpa tPuh;fs; lh;gd; mzpe;J gzpahw;wyhk;:

mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpy; rPf;fpa tPuh;fs; lh;gd; mzpe;J gzpahw;wyhk; vd;W me;j ehl;L uhZtj;
jiyikafkhd ngd;lfd; njhptpj;Js;sJ. ,J Fwpj;J ngd;lfd; nra;jpj; njhlh;ghsh; [hd; nfh;gp
$wpahjtJ. ,J nghJthd tpjp my;y. xt;nthU jdpegh;fspd; Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; Ma;T nra;J
#o;epiyf;Nfw;g kl;LNk tpjptpyf;Ffs; mspf;fg;gLk;.
mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpd; mwptpg;ig mnkhpf;f tho; rPf;fpah; $l;likg;G tuNtw;Ws;sJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpy; ,dpNky; rPf;fpah;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,izthh;fs; vd;W me;j
mikg;G $wpAs;sJ. rPf;fpa kj tof;fj;jpd;gb flh vdg;gLk; ,Uk;gpyhd ifazp> fq;fh vdg;gLk;
kuj;jpyhd rPg;G Mfpatw;iw itj;jpUf;f mnkhpf;f uhZtk; mDkjp mspf;ftpy;iy. ,J Fwpj;J
rPf;fpah; $l;likg;G mjpUg;jp njhptpj;Js;sJ.
uhd;ghf;]p kUe;J ,wf;Fkjpf;F mnkhpf;fh jil:
uhd;ghf;]p epWtdj;jpd; 4tJ njhopw;rhiyapy; jahuhFk; kUe;Jfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;a
mnkhpf;fh jil tpjpj;jJ. ,e;jj; jil fhuzkhf ,e;epWtdj;jpd; midj;J jahhpg;GfSk;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Vw;Wkjp nra;tJ epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cw;gj;jp tpjpKiwfis kPwpajhff; $wp uhd;ghf;]p
epWtdj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd mnkhpf;fhtpd; epA+ n[h;rpapy; cs;s Xk; Nyghuhl;l]py; jahhpf;fg;gl;l
kUe;J cl;gl gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; cs;s Nlhd;rh njhopw;rhiyapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l kUe;JfSf;F
mnkhpf;f czT kw;Wk; kUe;J eph;thf mikg;G (Av];vg;bV) jil tpjpj;Js;sJ.
tdj;Jiwapd; Kjy; Mspy;yh tpkhdk; gwe;jJ
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Kiwahf tdg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhTk; tdf;Fw;wq;fis jLf;fTk; kj;jpag;
gpuNjrj;jpd; gd;dh Gypfs; ruzhyaj;jpy; ,uz;L Mspy;yh tpkhdq;fs; Vtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa
tdj;Jiwapy; ,J xU iky; fy;yhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;ghsuhd ,e;jpa td
caphp Muha;r;rp epiyaj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdp uNk\; $Wifapy;> Vw;fdNt khrh tif tpkhdj;jpd; tif
tpkhdj;ijjhd; Vt jpl;lkpl;bUe;Njhk;. Mdhy;> jw;NghJ mijtpl Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwd; nfhz;l
Ntd;Fthh;L (Vanguard) tpkhdk; xd;Wk;> ifg;gp (Caipy) tpkhdk; xd;Wk; vd ,U tpkhdq;fs;
Vtg;gl;ld. ,it mnkhpf;fhtpd; fd;rh;Nt\d; bNuhd;]; epWtdk; kw;Wk; ];tpl;rh;yhe;jpd; njhopy;
El;gj;jpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. xU kPl;lh; ePsk; nfhz;l ,e;j tpkhdq;fspy; Ntd;Fthh;L 40 fp.kPl;lUk;>
ifg;gp 20 fp.kPl;lUk; njhlh;e;J thdpy; gwf;ff;$bait. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; &. Ie;J yl;rk; kjpg;G
nfhz;lit.
Njrpa Gypfs; ghJfhg;G Mizaj;jpd; $Ljy; b.I.[p-ahd v];.gp.ahjt;> kj;jpa gpuNjr tdk;
kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Kjd;ik nrayhsh; gp.gp.rpq;> Kjd;ik tdg;ghJfhtyh; eNue;jpuFkhh;>
,aw;iff;fhd cyfshtpa epjpak; (Worldwide fund for nature) mikg;gpd; fpwp];b tpy;ypak;];>
fd;rh;Nt\d; bNuhd;]; mikg;gpd; Nyad; gpd;> gd;dh Gypfs; fhg;gfj;jpd; fs ,af;Feuhd
];hd
P pthr%h;jj
; p MfpNahh; Kd;dpiyapy; tpkhdq;fs; gwf;ftplg;gl;ld.
kdpjh;fs; Gf Kbahj fhLfis Ma;T nra;jy;> re;jdf; fl;ilfs;> nrk;kuf; fl;il cs;spl;l
tdf; nfhs;isiaj; jLj;jy;> Ntl;ilj; jLg;G> fhl;Lj; jP jLg;G> Radio frequency identification
njhopy;El;gk; %yk; tdtpyq;Ffis fz;fhzpj;jy;> ePh; epiyfis fz;fhzpj;jy;> tdq;fs; Fwpj;j
tiuglq;fis jahhpj;jy;> tdq;fs; tphpthf;fk; kw;Wk; mopTfspd;NghJ mtw;iw mstpLjy;> mopAk;
jUthapy; cs;s td caphpdq;fs;; kw;Wk; kuk;> jhtuq;fis fz;lwpe;J ghJfhj;jy;> td tpyq;F
fzf;nfLg;G> mtw;wpd; gof;f tof;fq;fis fz;fhzpj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfs; ,tw;wpd; %yk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
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,e;jpahTf;F kpfTk; Ntz;lg;gl;l ehL me;j];J toq;f ghfp];jhd; Maj;jk;

Rkhh; 300 ghfp];jhd; nghUs;fSf;F Rq;f thpia Fiwj;jhy;> ,e;jpahTf;F mLj;j khjk; Kjy;
kpfTk; Ntz;lg;gl;l ehL toq;f me;ehL jahuhf ,Ug;gjhf nra;jp ntspahfpAs;sJ.
njw;F #lhdpy; Nghh;epWj;j cld;gbf;if
muRj; jug;Gf;Fk; fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; jug;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa Mg;gphpf;f ehLfspd; kj;jpa];jh;fs;
jiytikapy; vj;jpNahg;gpahtpd; jiyefh; mb]; mghghtpy; ,k;khj njhlf;fj;jpy; Ngr;R thh;;ji
; j
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Ngr;Rth;hj;ijapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;ljd; tpisthf ,U jug;gpdUk; Nghiu
iftpLtjhf mwptj;jNjhL> Nghh; epWj;j cld;gbf;ifapYk; nts;spf;fpoik ifnaOj;jpl;ldh; ,e;j
Nghh; epWj;j cld;gbf;if rdpf;fpoik ifnaOj;jpl;ldh;. ,e;j Nghh; epWj;j cld;gbf;if rdpf;fpoik
mkYf;F te;jJ vd njw;F #lhd; mjpgh; ry;th fPh; $wpdhh;.
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TNPSC Current Affairs January 2014

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TNPSC

CURRENT AFFAIRS - JANUARY

Eminent Persons & Appointments

cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp [p.v];. rpq;tp (65) Gjd;fpoik Xa;T

F[uhj; Nyhf; MAf;jhthf Kd;dhs; ePjpgjp Gr; gjtpNaw;G:

F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; Nyhf; MAf;jhthf (Coy; Gfhh;fis tprhhpf;Fk; mikg;gpd;

ik#iu Mz;l cilahh; rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; filrp kfuh[hthd = fz;ljj;j

kfhj;kh fhe;jpf;Fg; gpwF> khh;l;bd; Y}jh; fpq;Ff;Fg; gpwF mwg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

CURRENT AFFAIRS - JANUARY

rl;lg;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F Gjpa JizNte;jh;: ,d;W nghWg;Ngw;G:

jkpo;ehL lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fh;

,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fTd;rpy;: %d;W cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;T:

,e;jpa kUj;Jtf; fTd;rpypd; (vk;.rp.I) jkpofg; gpujpepjpfshf lhf;lh; b.rhe;jhuhk;>

md;id njnurhtpd; rig 133 ehLfspy; 4500 rNfhjhpfshy; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ. va;l;];>

1948-k; tU\k; ,];Nuy; vd;w Njrk; cjakhdJ Kjy; ,];Nuypa uhZtj;jpy;

gok;ngUk; njYq;F ebfh; ehNf];tuuht; kiwT:

gok;ngUk; njYq;F ebfh; mf;fpNddp ehNf];tuuht; (91) Gjd;fpoik mjpfhiy

fpj;kj;fh; (,iwtdpd; njhz;lh;fs;) vd;w ,af;fj;ij mikj;jhh;. ,e;jpa gphptpidia

ftpQh; jQ;irthzd; (76) fhykhdhh;. ebfh; rpth[pfNzhrDf;F gy Nkil

Sports & Games

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Awards & Honours

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