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Biological Comparison

of Kiwis and Humans


Zach Dority

Kiwis

Native to New Zealand

Five different species

Flightless ratites

Endangered

General Comparison

Feathers vs. hair

Both flightless

Beaks and whiskers

Both bipedal

Eggs vs. Birth

Order Trees

Levels and Morphological


Differences

Clade: Amniotes

Clade: Synapsids/Therapsids
vs Diapsids

Clade: Archosaurs

Saurischians

Class: Aves vs Mammals

Order: Apterygiformes/
Struthioniformes vs Primates

Family: Apterygidae vs Hominidae

Genus: Apteryx vs Homo

Further Speciation

Integumentary System

Hair-like feathers vs. hair

Both have thicker skin

Long beak vs. nose

Claws vs. nails

Skeletal System
(Comprehensive Analysis)

Ribs attached at sternum with more floating ribs

Mandibular, antorbital, and two temporal


fenestra vs. one temporal fenestra

Connected pelvic structure vs. outward pelvic


structure

Tarsometatarsus connected to the tibia

Five toes vs. four

Wing structure with one claw vs. hands with five


fingers

Both have upper and lower maxilla

Pygostyle vs. coccyx

Both have eye sockets separated by nasal


cavities

The Kiwi Skeletal System


and the Egg

Structure influenced by egg?

20% of the mothers body

Contains 65% yolk

The Kiwi Skeletal System


and the Wing

Developed these flightless


wings

Walking saves energy

Carpometacarpus

Skeletal Composition

Both have dense marrow-filled


bones

Muscular System

Both have very muscular legs

Legs are 1/3 of body weight


vs.1/5 of body weight

Both have high pectoral mass

Nervous System

Both have central and peripheral systems

Rely heavily on smell vs. sight

Both rely heavily on hearing

Lacks cerebral cortex found in humans

Endocrine System

Both have pituitary glands that produce many


hormones

Both have two ovaries

Adrenal glands have same functions

Cardiovascular System

Both warm blooded

Both have four chambered hearts

Low energy metabolism

100~ F vs. 98.6 F

Lymphatic System

Adaptive immune system

T and B cells function the same

Respiratory System

Nostrils found at the tips of beaks

Lungs are more complex

Pressure changes vs. diaphragm

Digestive System

Small stones and contractions vs. teeth

both have complete digestive tract

Both are omnivorous

Urinary System

Uric acid and feces excreted together

Both have kidneys with two types of nephrons

Reproductive System

Eggs vs. birth

Independent offspring vs. dependent offspring

20% of body vs 5% of body

Cloaca for multiple uses

Gamete to Adult

Both start at fertilization

Inside the egg vs. inside the uterus

Embryo similarities

Blood vessels in yolk vs. umbilical cord in


uterine wall

Mating and Fitness

Persistent grunting vs. variety of attributes

Both are monogamous

100 eggs vs. record of 69 births

High mortality rate

Cellular Structure

Similar cellular structure

Macronutrients and
Micronutrients

Both require proteins, fats, carbohydrates,


vitamins

Pregnancy: protein, calories, carbohydrates,


healthy fats, vitamins and minerals

Understanding these similarities helps us realize


our distant but common ancestry

Kiwi DNA

Inactivated color vision genes and diverse


odorant receptors

Reflect adaptations for nocturnal life

Little genetic variability

Kiwi Habitat

Wide variety of environments

Preferences reflect eating habits

Disadvantageous farmland

Kiwi Evolution and Their


Environment

Developed outside of New Zealand

Speciation due to isolation

Beaks probe into dirt

Nostrils at the end of the beak

Diseases

Complex MHC structure, but variation among


the species is extremely low

Risk of coccidia

Avian diseases and parasites

References
IllustraMedia. "FLIGHT: The Genius of Birds - Embryonic Development." YouTube. 2013. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ah-gT0hTto.
McNab, Brian K.. 1996. Metabolism and Temperature Regulation of Kiwis (apterygidae). The Auk 113 (3). American Ornithologists' Union: 68792. doi:10.2307/4088996.
Miller, Hilary, et al. "Characterisation of class II B MHC genes from a ratite bird, the little spotted kiwi ( Apteryx owenii)."Immunogenetics63, no. 4 (April 2011):
223-233.Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed April 9, 2016).

Morgan, Kerri J., et al. "Extra-intestinal coccidiosis in the kiwi ( Apteryx spp.)."Avian Pathology42, no. 2 (April 2013): 137-146.Academic Search Premier,
EBSCOhost(accessed April 9, 2016).

Rose, M. E. (1979). The immune system in birds. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 72(9), 701705.

Stoner, Dayton. 1923. A Flightless New Zealand Bird. The Scientific Monthly 17 (2). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 18284. http://
www.jstor.org.libprox1.slcc.edu/stable/3693033.

"North Island Brown Kiwi Videos, Photos and Facts." ARKive. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.arkive.org/north-island-brown-kiwi/apteryx-mantelli/.
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vertebrates-29/reptiles-174/evolution-of-amniotes-671-11893/.
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"Great Spotted Kiwi." Classification. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/reiland_lian/Classification.html.
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Carr Studio, Inc. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.karencarr.com/portfolio-images/Dinosaurs-and-ancient-life/Triassic/The-Teaching-Company/Comparison-betweensynapsid-and-diapsid-skulls/505.
"Diet and Nutrition." Diet and Nutrition. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Diet_and_Nutrition.html.
"Difference Between Mammals and Birds." Difference Between. 2011. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-betweenmammals-and-birds/.

References
"Birds - Aves - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life." Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://eol.org/pages/695/overview.
"Endocrine Hormone Systems in Birds." Endocrine Hormone Systems in Birds. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://animals.mom.me/endocrine-hormone-systems-birds-9771.html.
"Kiwi Genomes Explain the Unusual Characteristics of an Endangered Bird." EurekAlert! Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/bckge072015.php.
"Most Prolific Mother Ever." Guinness World Records. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-prolific-mother-ever.
"Introduction to the Palaeognathae." Introduction to the Palaeognathae. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/palaeognathae.html.
"Birds | Kiwi." Kiwi. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/kiwi.
"Facts about Kiwi." Kiwi Facts. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.rainbowsprings.co.nz/kiwi-conservation/kiwi-facts/.
"Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced." Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://phys.org/news/2015-07-kiwi-bird-genome-sequenced.html.
"Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced." Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.mpg.de/research/kiwi-bird-genome-sequenced.
"Phylogenomic Evidence for Multiple Losses of Flight in Ratite Birds." Phylogenomic Evidence for Multiple Losses of Flight in Ratite Birds. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://
www.pnas.org/content/105/36/13462.full.
"Investigation." Primate Features. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3029.
"How Do We Choose Our Mates?" Psychology Today. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/homo-consumericus/201404/how-do-we-choose-our-mates.
"Science Explorations." Science Explorations. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/libraryarticle.asp?ItemID=270.
"Kiwi Decline." TerraNature. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://terranature.org/kiwi1.htm.
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Glossary
ratite: havingaflat,unkeeledsternum,asanostrich,cassowary,emu,ormoa

species: a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities; distinct sort or kind

endangered: threatened with extinction

bipedal: walking on two feet

amniotes:anyvertebrateofthegroupAmniota,comprisingthereptiles,birds, andmammals,characterizedbyhavinganamnionduringtheembryonicstage

gondwana: a hypothetical landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that separated toward the end of the Paleozoic Era to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, and
Australia

speciation: the formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from
breeding with each other

synapsids: a reptile with one temporal opening on each side of the skull

therapsids: any of various groups of mammallike reptiles of the extinct order Therapsida

diapsids: having two openings in the skull behind each eye

fenestra: a small opening or perforation, as in a bone, especially between the middle and inner ear

archosaur: any reptile of the subclass Archosauria, including the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodilians and characterized by two pairs of openings in the temporal region
of the skull

saurischian: any herbivorous or carnivorous dinosaur of the order Saurischia, having a three-pronged pelvis resembling that of a crocodile

trochanter: either of two knobs at the top of the femur, the greater on the outside and the lesser on the inside, serving for the attachment of muscles between the thigh and
pelvis

aves: a class of vertebrates comprising the birds

mammals: any vertebrate of the class Mammalia, having the body more or less covered with hair, nourishing the young with milk from the mammary glands, and, with the
exception of the egg-laying monotremes, giving birth to live young.

Glossary
apterygiformes: the order of the kiwi

primates: the order comprising the primates

eye orbits: cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated

apterygidae: the family of the kiwi

hominidae: any of the modern or extinct bipedal primates of the family Hominidae

apteryx: the genus of the kiwi

homos: the genus comprising the homos

integument: a natural covering, as a skin, shell, or rind

skeletal: of, relating to, or like a skeleton

sternum: a bone or series of bones extending along the middle line of the ventral portion of the body of most vertebrates

pelvic girdle: a bony or cartilaginous arch supporting the hind limbs or analogous parts.

pubis: that part of either innominate bone that, with the corresponding part of the other, forms the front of the pelvis

ischium: the lower portion of either innominate bone

femur: a bone in the human leg extending from the pelvis to the knee

tibia: the inner of the two bones of the leg

tarsometatarsus: the large bone in the lower leg of a bird with which the toe bones articulate

humerus: the long bone in the arm of humans extending from the shoulder to the elbow

radius: the bone of the forearm on the thumb side

maxilla: a jaw or jawbone, especially the upper

pygostyle: the bone at the posterior end of the spinal column in birds, formed by the fusion of several caudal vertebrae

Glossary
coccyx: a small triangular bone forming the lower extremity of the spinal column in humans

carpometacarpus: the bone of a bird's wing formed by fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bones.

pectoral: a pectoral part or organ

olfactory bulb: the enlarged terminal part of each olfactory lobe from which the olfactory nerve originates

cerebral cortex: the furrowed outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum of the brain

pituitary gland: gland aecting all hormonal functions in the body

hormones: any of various internally secreted compounds

thyroid gland: a two-lobed endocrine gland

adrenocorticotrophic: stimulating the adrenal cortex

ovaries: the female gonad or reproductive gland

adrenal gland: one of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys

adrenaline: a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla

metabolism: the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced

antibodies: any of numerous Y -shaped protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense

posterior: pertaining to or toward the rear or caudal end of the body

anterior: pertaining to or toward the front plane of the body

diaphragm: a muscular, membranous or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity

gizzard: a thick-walled, muscular pouch in the lower stomach of many birds and reptiles that grinds food

cloaca: the common cavity into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals open in birds

Glossary
omnivorous: eating both animal and plant foods

uric acid: nitrogenous component of the excrement of birds

nephrons: the filtering and excretory unit of the kidney

fertilization: the union of male and female gametic nuclei

uterus: the enlarged, muscular, expandable portion of the oviduct

embryo: the young of a viviparous animal, in the early stages of development

uterine wall: wall of the uterus

umbilical cord: a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother

monogamy: the practice of having only one mate

organelle: a specialized part of a cell having some specific function

nucleus: a specialized, usually spherical mass of protoplasm encased in a double membrane

ribosome: a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm

lysosomes: a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death

microfilaments: a minute, narrow tubelike cell structure

micronutrients: an essential nutrient, as a trace mineral or vitamin, that is required by an organism in minute amounts

macronutrients: any of the nutritional components of the diet that are required in relatively large amounts

protein: any of numerous, highly varied organic molecules constituting a large portion of the mass of every life form

carbohydrates: any of a class of organic compounds that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones important food for animals and people

vitamins: any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism

Glossary
minerals: any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

genes: the basic physical unit of heredity

odorant receptors: responsible for the detection of odor molecules

nocturnal: done, occurring, or active at night

passerine: comprising more than half of all birds and typically having the feet adapted for perching

coccidia: any sporozoan of the order Coccidia, often parasitic in the digestive tracts of certain animals and a cause of coccidiosis

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