QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

PART A
TITRATIONS

TITRATION TECHNIQUES
Key points:
Read the burette from TOP to BOTTOM
Rinse excess drops from inside of the flask
with distilled water
DO NOT leave the funnel in the burette when
titrating
Carry out a ROUGH titration first (eg 11 mL).
Then your next one can go FAST up to, say, 9
mL and the last 2 mL can be added
DROPWISE for accuracy
The pink colour should be PERMANENT when
the endpoint is reached swirl the flask and it
should persist for 5-10 seconds
If you are unsure if the endpoint has been
reached note the volume on the burette and
then add 1 more drop
2

TITRATION EQUIPMENT
The ENDPOINT is the point at which the
PERMANENT COLOUR CHANGE occurs
The EQUIVALENCE POINT is the point at
which the n (acid) = the n(base) according
to the stoichiometry
If the indicator has been chosen correctly,
the ENDPOINT = the EQUIVALENCE point (if
not, your answer is wrong )

Water
would
dilute =
errors
= of
the
smallest
graduatio
n
Excess
water
does not
matter
here!
Be
consistent
!
Calculate
the titre
as you go
to check
your
concordan

TITRATION POSTER:

LAST MINUTE TIPS BEFORE DOING THE

TITRATION ASSESSMENT (PART A)
Always remove the funnel after filling burette sit it in the
big beaker you use to fill from and USE GOGGLES WHEN
POURING
Use white paper under your flask and behind burette when
reading it
When pipetting the 20mL make sure to touch the tip to the
surface of the liquid in the flask at the end
Record your results in a clear table with units (mL) and do a
rough titre first
Select 3 concordant results which are within 0.2mL of each
other (for Excellence) ONLY use these for your average
Convert mL to L in the titration calculation (divide by 1000)
Show all the units in your calculation

CALCULATING CONCENTRATION:

Moles are usually used to calculate concentrations of solutions in chemistry. This can
be done by using the following formula:
c=n/V (put into a triangle)
Wherec = concentration in moles per litre (molL-1)
n = number of moles (mol)
V = volume in Litres (L)
eg: what concentration is a solution when 2 moles of HCl is dissolved in 50mL of
water?
First you need to convert mL to L, by dividing by 1000 (or moving the decimal
place three to the left) so 50mL is 0.05L
So we know: n=2 mol, V = 0.050 L so:
c= n/V = 2/0.05 = 40 molL-1

CALCULATE THE CONCENTRATION:

1
2
3
4.

0.5 moles of SiCl4 in 500 mL of water?

3 moles of I2 in 23mL of water?
2 moles of ZnCO3 in 2000mL of water?
5 moles of KMnO4 in 10mL of water?

You could be asked to convert grams into moles before doing the calculation.
eg: what concentration is a solution when 2 grams of HCl is dissolved in 50mL
of water.
First convert grams into moles using n=m/M
n= 2/ 36.5 = 0.0548 mol
Then used the c=n/V
c = 0.0548 mol / 0.05 L
= 1.10 molL-1

THREE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:

All chemistry calculations need to be reported to 3 significant figures (3sf) in order to get
excellence.
This means that there needs to be THREE numbers shown A ZERO IS NOT SIGNIFICANT AS
THE FIRST NUMBER
Eg: 0.02367443 is 0.0237 in 3sf
0.4502222 is 0.450 in 3sf
Put these into 3sf:
0.0033487

0.1000456

102.0333

23.096

240.9

2510001

SHOWING YOUR WORKING

The marker needs to be clear about all your working and what all the
numbers are that you are using. You are best to use the following format:
What is the amount of moles in 36g of water?
M(H O) = 18 gmol-1
2

m(H O) = 36g
2

n(H O) = m/M = 36/18 = 2 mol

2

A Do these showing your working:

Find how many moles in the following
1
In 10g of SiCl4 (M=170 gmol-1)
2
In 25 g of I2
(M=254 gmol-1)
3
In 50 g of ZnCO3 (M=125 gmol-1)
4
In 75g of KMnO4 (M=158 gmol-1)

B. showing your working find the concentration:

1
0.1 moles of SiCl4 in 600 mL of water
2

2 moles of I2 in 20 mL of water

0.6 moles of ZnCO3 in 2L of water

4. 2 moles of KMnO4 in 100mL of water

TITRATION CALCULATIONS:
If you use this simple structure you will be able to calculate the amount of unknown in a
titration: (Purple is the memory jog)

c (molL-1)
chocolates
v (L)
make mL into L
(divide by 1000)
Very
n (mol)
nice
mole ratio (from
balanced equation)

KNOWN

UNKNOWN

(Mole Ratio (From equation)

10

DILUTION FACTORS (EXTRA FOR EXPERTS):

If the original solution was diluted before the titration, you could have to
work out the concentration of the original by multiplying your result
by the dilution factor.
eg: if the original solution was diluted 1 in 10 (parts water) then you would
multiply your answer by 10.

Titration calculations
1 25.0 mL samples of 0.442 molL-1 HNO3 required an average of 31.82 mL of KOH to
neutralise. What is the concentration of the KOH solution?
HNO3 + KOH

KNO3 + H2O

1.b If the HNO3 was dilute 1 in 20 what was the original concentration?
11

TITRATION CALCULATIONS: CONTD

2

What is the concentration of H2SO4 if 10.0 mL samples of the acid require an

average of 21.76 mL of 0.0250 molL-1 NaOH to neutralise?
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

In a titration to find the concentration of calcium hydroxide in a solution of

limewater, a student titrated 20.0 mL portions of 0.0134 molL -1 HCl against the
limewater (Ca(OH)2 ) solution and got the following titres:
15.76 mL

14.82 mL
14.52 mL
14.78 mL
14.80 mL
Calculate the concentration of the limewater.
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H O
2

3b If the limewater was diluted in a 1:10 dilution, what was the original concentration
of the limewater solution?
12

13

14

Slide 7 Ans:
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.00 molL-1
130 molL-1
1.00 molL-1
500 molL-1

ANSWERS
Slide 8: Put these into 3sf:
0.0033487
0.1000456
102.0333
240.9
2510001
0.00335
0.100
102
2510000

23.096
23.1

241

Slide 9
A Answers:
1. 0.588 mol
2. 0.0984
3. 0.400
4. 0.475
B Answers:
1. 0.167 molL-1
2. 100 molL-1
3. 0.300 molL-1
4. 20.0 molL-1

15

SLIDE 11/12: ANSWERS TO TITRATION

PROBS
2. n(NaOH) = cv
= 0.02176 L x 0.025
-1
molL
= 5.44 x 10-4 mol
n(H2SO4) = n(NaOH) /2 = 2.72 x
10-4 mol
c(H2SO4) = n/v = 2.72x10-4 mol /
0.01 L
= 0.0272 molL-1

3b
Original solution is 10
times the titration
concentration:
0.0905 molL-1

16

Slide 13
Problem 1 average titre = (17.3+17.4+17.3)/3= 17.3mL

KNOWN K Na2CO3 UNKNOWN U

c (molL-1)
chocolates
c (molL-1)
chocolates
v (L)

2
4
KNOWN K Na2CO3 UNKNOWN
U
0.123
H SO

make mL into
litres

very
n (mol)
nice

H SO

0.123

0.0711
0.142 -1
molL

0.020

0.0173

0.00246
0.00246
Mole
Ratio
2:1
Ratio= 1:1

(0.00246/2)
0.00246
=0.00123

17

Slide 14
Problem 2 average titre=(25.25+25.10+25.05)/3= 25.1

KNOWN K CH3COOH

UNKNOWN U K2CO3

c (molL-1)
chocolates

0.154

0.0772
molL-1

0.0251

0.025

0.00387

(0.00387/2)
=0.00193

(L)

make mL into litres

very
n (mol)
nice

Mole
Ratio

2:1

18