Dr. Ir.

Dedy Kristanto,
M.Sc

MUD LOGGING

Definition of Mud Logging

Is an activities that conducted to monitor, recording
and analyze of drilling parameter data's, circulating
parameter and also gas detection in real time during
drilling processes.

DK - 2 -

Mud Logging
First information during drilling
- Mud weight
- Rotary speed
- Weight on bit
- Cuttings analysis
- Gas content
- pH
- Mud salinity

DK - 3 -

Two Events
Real-time events
- Fluid volumes, ROP, WOB, RPM, SPM
Time-lapsed events:
- Rock chips, gas/oil shows, fluids & chemical,
temperature

DK - 4 -

Objectives Mud Logging

Be able to convert from one set of hydrostatic
units to another
Be able to estimate stress gradient and
formation pressure
Be able to calculate amount of gas show

M
U

Drilling Parameters
and Mud

D
L

Sensor

O
G
G

Geology Datas

I
N
G

Masterlog
DK - 6 -

Mud Logging Sensor

Drilling Sensor
- Draw work sensor (measure: Depth, WOB & ROP)
- Heave Sensor (Depth correction sensor on floating rigs)
- Pressure Sensor (measure: SPP & WHP)
- Rotary Torque Sensor (measure: TRQ)
- Proximity Sensor (measure: RPM & SPM, type: Fixed & Movable)
- Mud Flow Paddle (measure: Mud flow in the flow line)

Mud Sensor
- Pit Level Sensor (measure: Mud Pit Level, type: Floater & Sonic)
- Electromagnetic Flowmeter (measure: Mud Flow in & out)
- Temperature Sensor (measure: Mud Temperature in & out)
- Density Sensor (measure: Mud Density)
- Resistivity Sensor (measure: Mud Resistivity)
DK - 7 -

Mud Logging Sensor Location

DK - 8 -

Mud Logging Workflow

Drilling
Parameter
- Depth
- ROP
- SPM
- RPM

Digital
Sensor

- SPP
-

CSP
Hook load
Torque
WOB
Pit Levels

Analog
Sensor

Mud Parameter
- C 1, C 2, C 3,
iC4, nC4, iC5,
nC5, CO2
- Total Gas

Gas
Sensor

Temperatur
Density
Res/Cond
Flow rate

Analog
Sensor

Data Analysis + Cutting Data

MASTERLOG

DK - 9 -

Master Log
Once of important documents for final report in mud
logging that usage for:
Analyzing the next drilling plan
Layer correlation which required to give the strengthen
of drilling main plan that existed
Anomaly detection during drilling
Identification of HC contents
Comparing with logging results

Master Log Results

The main parameters resulted from Master Log,
are :
ROP ( Rate Of Penetration )
Cutting Description
Gas Composition

DK - 11 -

Ideal Master Log

REALTIME DATA
- RATE OF PENETRATION

LITHOLOGY
INTERPRETATION AND
DESCRIPTION

- ROTATION PER MINUTE

- WEIGHT ON BIT + WEIGHT ON HOOK
- STAND PIPE PRESSURE
- FLOW RATE
- TORQUE
- MUD WEIGHT IN
- MUD TEMP IN

LAGTIME DATA
- GAS
- CUTTINGS
- MUD WEIGHT OUT
- MUD TEMP OUT
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20 15 10 5

Cuttings
Lithology

Continuous Total
Gas in air %
1

10

Hydrocarbon Analysis
Chromotograph PPM
Analysis
Methane--- Ethane--Propane--- Butane--Pentane---

PPM 1 K

Interpreted
Lithology

Depth (m)

Drilling Rate
M. per Hr.

Visual Porosity

Mudlog

Remarks

10 K
LS: wht, dk, br, vf, xin, cin, hd
w tr foss
SH: dk gy, gy, frm, occ sft,
occ sity

SS: lt gy, cir, xin, sb ang, sb,

rnd, m grn, oil stn, bri yel
flour, bri gid stng cut

SH: dk gy, gy, frm, occ sft,

occ sity
SS: lt gy, cir, xin, sb ang, sb,
rnd, m grn, oil stn, bri yel
flour, bri gid stng cut
SH: dk gy, gy, frm, occ sft,
occ sity
DK - 13 -

Mud Logging
Example

008) Example of a mud log

ROP
VCL OIL
160.0
ft/hr
0
01 05

VCL OIL
0 1 0 5

VCL OIL

DENSH
g/c3
TRI

2.3

TGAS
units

320

18
TRI

MW-10.5 CHL-2000
Sd-lsely cons, lt gry,
vfg-fg

chk flow

8100
9-13-77

Sh-mod firm, lt gry,

silty, sdy

8200
NB No.6 OSC-3J

MW-10.5 CHL-2000
chk flow

Sd-soft, lt gry, vfg-fg,

sli calc

8300
Survey at 8330'
TVD-8126
14o N 35 E

9-14-77

Sh-mod firm, gry, sdy

MW-10.5 CHL-2000

chk flow

NB N0.9 OSC-3J

8400
Show No.1

MW Cut to 8.8 CHL-2000

CO
9-15-77

Sd-mod cons, lt gry,

vfg-fg, sli calc,
bright yellow fluo,
streaming cut

MW-10.3 CHL-2000

8500

MW-10.7 CHL-2000
Sh-firm, gry, flky,
sli calc, tr pyrite
MW-11.3 CHL-2100
Sh-firm, dry-drk gry,
brittle, flky

8600

NB No.10 X-1G(8 1/2) 9-16-77 CO-E LOG

9-20-77

8700

MW-12.3 CHL-2200
MW-12.5 CHL-2200
Sd-sort, lt gry, vfg

chk flow

Survey at 8785'
TVD-8421
18o N 34 E

est 9 5/6" csg at 8680

8800
9-21-77

8900

Sd-firm, lt gry, calc,

fg
MW-12.8 CHL-2200
Sh-firm, drk gry, sli
calc, v flky

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Mud Types
Water-based systems
Oil-based systems
- IEM or OBM
Air, gas, mist systems

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Drilling Breaks
A drilling break is an improvement in ROP
Causes
- Porosity increase
- Formation pressure increase
- Changing: WOB, RPM, SPM, FFR
- Lithology change

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Gas Shows

A gas show is the presence (or increase) of gas in

the mud system
- Pore space
- Gas flow

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Hydrostatics
To balance the density of the fluid column with the
formation pressure gradient
Expressions of the density of the fluid column
water

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Unit of ppg and psi/ft

ppg

psi/ft

lb
62.38 3
lb / in 2
ft
0.433
0.433 psi / ft
2
in
ft
144 2
ft
DK - 19 -

Conversion factor ppg to psi/ft

CF lb / gal psi / ft
0.433
psi / ft
CF
0.052
8.339
ppg
Bottomhole pressure calculation

psi / ft
BHP 16.9 x 0.052
x 12,000 ft
ppg
BHP 10,530 psi
DK - 20 -

Formation Stress Gradient

Two primary forces that work together to produce

formation stress

Sv
(overburden)

Pf
(formation
pressure)

Sm
(matrix
stress)

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Formation Stress Gradient

The stresses are often expressed as
gradients (psi/ft)

Sv Pf Sm

D
D
D

Pf Sh Sv
DK - 22 -

Fracturing Exercise
You are drilling at 12,000 ft with 16.9 ppg mud
and you encounter a sandstone which has a
formation pressure of 6,000 psi
Do you have a problem? Why or why not?

DK - 23 -

Exercise - Calculate Gas Show

Bit diameter is 9 in.; circulation rate is 200
gal/min, ROP is 1 min/ft, depth is 10,000 ft,
porosity is 30%, water saturation is 50%.
Calculate the amount of gas show in units.

DK - 24 -

Gas Show Calculations

Volume of gas drilled

Correct for spurt loss
Concentration in mud
Gas expansion factor
Gas detected by trap
Sensitivity of system

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Fracture pressure for a sandstone

Sh p f

1
ko
Sv p f
3

1
S h Sv p f p f
3
S v 1.0 psi / ft x 12,000 ft 12,000 psi
p f 6,000 psi
1
S h 12,000 6,000 6,000 8,000 psi
3
DK - 26 -

Hydrostatic pressure at sandface

psi / ft
16.9 ppg x .052
x 12,000 ft 10,530 psi
ppg
Do you have a problem? Yes
Why? - Sandstone will fracture. Mud will enter
fracture until a balance is reached between Sh and
BHP. Any sandstones above with a higher
pressure gradient will then blow out.

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Discussion of Calculations

OGIP - Original gas in place = Vol rockporosity-hydrocarbon saturation

Spurt loss - amount of the gas flushed by
the mud filtrate upon bit penetration.
Gas volume factor can be calculated

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Parameter Dari Mud Logging

Hole Depth ( m ), yaitu kedalaman lubang yang sedang dibuat atau

telah dibuat

Bit Depth ( m ), yaitu kedalaman pahat saat ini

Ream Depth ( m ), yaitu kedalaman pengulangan bor yang sudah ada

(bila bit dicabut lalu dipasang kembali tetapi tidak dapat mencapai
dasar, dikarenakan ada cutting yang masih menumpuk di sisi lubang)

Hook Position ( m ), yaitu posisi hook dari rig floor

Hook Load ( Klbs ), yaitu total beban hook dan beban di bawah hook

WOB ( Klbs ), yaitu beban yang diderita atau ditahan oleh bit (Weight
On Bit)

RPM ( / min ), yaitu kecepatan rotasi pipa dalam proses pemboran

Table RPM ( / min ), yaitu kecepatan rotasi rotary table dalam proses
pemboran (bila menggunakan sistem putar konvensional)

Mud Motor RPM ( / min ), yaitu kecepatan rotasi motor pompa lumpur

Torque ( ft lbs ), yaitu daya puntir yang berlawanan dari arah yang
sebenarnya

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Parameter Dari Mud Logging

SPP ( psi ), yaitu tekanan pemompaan lumpur pada standing pipe
(Standing Pipe Pressure)
Casing Pressure ( psi ), yaitu tekanan pengukuran casing
SPM 1 ( / min ), yaitu pergerakan daya dorong pompa 1
SPM 2 ( / min ), yaitu pergerakan daya dorong pompa 2
SPM 3 ( / min ), yaitu pergerakan daya dorong pompa 3
SPM 4 ( / min ), yaitu pergerakan daya dorong pompa 4
Total Stroke, yaitu total keseluruhan daya dorong pemompaan
Down Time ( min ), yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan dari ujung
rangkaian hingga ujung pahat
The Lag Time ( min ), yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan dari ujung
pahat hingga flow line
Down Stroke, yaitu banyaknya stroke yang dibutuhkan dari
jumlah volume yang mengisi rangkaian hingga ujung pahat
DK - 30 -

Parameter Dari Mud Logging

Lag Stroke, yaitu banyaknya stroke yang diperlukan dari jumlah
volume yang mengisi ujung pahat hingga flow line
Bit on Bottom Time ( hours ), yaitu lamanya pahat yang
digunakan untuk proses pemboran
Rig Status ( drilling, off bottom, reaming ), yaitu kondisi rig
Slip Status ( in / out ), yaitu keadaan slip pada saat menahan
atau melepas casing / hook
TVD ( m ), kedalaman vertikal lubang bor ( True Vertical Depth )
ROP Instant ( min / m ), yaitu laju pemboran tiap 10 cm x 10 kali
dibuat
ROP ( min / m ), yaitu laju pemboran ( Rate Of Penetration )
Flow In ( gal / min ), yaitu jumlah volume lumpur yang masuk
dalam sistem pemboran
Flow Out ( gal / min ), yaitu jumlah volume lumpur yang keluar
dari sistem pemboran menuju mud tank
Pit Total ( bbls ), yaitu banyaknya volume lumpur di pit
DK - 31 -

Parameter Dari Mud Logging

Pit Gain Loss 1 ( bbls ), yaitu jumlah penambahan atau
pengurangan lumpur di mud tank
Mud In ( SG ), yaitu berat lumpur yang masuk
Mud Out ( SG ), yaitu berat lumpur yang keluar
Temperature In ( oC ), yaitu suhu lumpur yang masuk ke sistem
pemboran
Temperature Out ( oC ), yaitu suhu lumpur yang keluar dari
sistem pemboran
ECD ( SG ), yaitu Equivalent Circulating Density
d-Exp, yaitu untuk mengetahui tekanan formasi saat ini
Total Gas Chromatograph ( US unit ), yaitu jumlah gas yang
dihasilkan selama proses pemboran
Lag Depth ( m ), yaitu kedalaman dari cutting yang terangkat ke
permukaan
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