10/30/2015

Article:Comparisonofgrades316(1.4401)and316L(1.4404/1.4432)to316Ti(1.4571)

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Comparisonofgrades316(1.4401)and316L(1.4404/1.4432)to
316Ti(1.4571)
Whatisgrade316Ti(1.4571)?
Grade316TistainlesssteelhasbeentraditionallyspecifiedbyGermanengineersanduserswiththeWerkstoffnumber
1.4571.TheformersteelgradeintheUKwas320S31.
Thisgradeisessentiallyastandardcarbon316typewithtitaniumstabilisationandissimilarinprincipletothetitanium
stabilisationofthe304(1.4301)typetoproduce321(1.4541).Theadditionoftitaniumismadetoreducetheriskof
intergranularcorrosion(IC)followingheatinginthetemperaturerange425815C.

Intergranularcorrosion
Whenausteniticstainlesssteelsaresubjecttoprolongedheatinginthetemperaturerange425815C,thecarboninthe
steeldiffusestothegrainboundariesandprecipitateschromiumcarbide.Thisremoveschromiumfromthesolidsolution
andleavesalowerchromiumcontentadjacenttothegrainboundaries.Steelsinthisconditionaretermed'sensitised'.The
grainboundariesbecomepronetopreferentialatackonsubsequentexposuretoacorrosiveenvironment.Thistypeof
corrosionisknownasintergranularcorrosion(IC),alsoknowninthepastas'welddecay'.
TheadditionoftitaniumreducestheriskofICsincetitaniumcarbonitridesareformedinpreferencetochromiumcarbides
whichhastheeffectofmaintainingthecorrectdistributionofchromiumthroughoutthestructureofthesteel.
Theresultisthatareasadjacenttograinboundaries,wherethecarbonitridesform,isnotdepletedofchromiumtoalevel
atwhichlocalisedcorrosioncanoccurinthegrainboundaryarea.
ThealternativeapproachtoreducingtheriskofICattackistoreducethecarbonleveltobelow0.03%.Inthiswayagrade
of316isproducedwith,inpractice,thesameresistancetoICas316Ti(320S31/1.4571).Thisisthebasisofthe316L
types(316S11/1.4404and316S13/1.4432).

Is316Tiinterchangeablewith316L?
Undermostconditionsitcanbetakenthatthetwogradesareinterchangeable,316L(316S11/1.4404)beingsuitablefor
applicationswhere316Ti(320S31/1.4571)isspecified.Inaqueouscorrosionmediaorenvironmentsatambient
temperatures,thereisnopracticaladvantageinspecifyingthe316Titypeinpreferencetothe316L.Insome
circumstancesthe316L(1.4404/1.4432)gradesmaybebetterchoices.
MechanicalProperties
Thepresenceoftitaniumto1.4571does,however,givesomeimprovementstomechanicalstrength,especially,at
elevatedtemperaturesaboveabout600C.andcaremustthereforebeexercisedinselecting1.4404asasubstituteunder
theseconditions.The1.4571mayhoweverhaveinferiorimpactpropertiesatambienttemperatures,comparedtothe
1.4404/1.4432types.
Machinability
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10/30/2015

Article:Comparisonofgrades316(1.4401)and316L(1.4404/1.4432)to316Ti(1.4571)

Themachinabilityof1.4571canalsobeanissueasthetitaniumcarbonitridesparticlescanresultinhighertoolwearand
maynotcoldformorcoldheadasreadilyasthe1.4404/1.4432types.
Polishing
Thetitaniumcarbonitridesin1.4571canalsoresultinproblemswherehighstandardsofpolishedsurfacefinishare
required.Thetitaniumcarbonitridesparticlescanresultin'comettail'streaksonthepolishedsurfaceastheyaredragged
outduringpolishing.Thisissimilartothe1.4541(321)grade,whichwasnotrecommendedfora'No8'brightmechanical
polishinnowobsoleteBS1449Pt2(nowreplacedbyBSEN10088:21995finish1P/2P).
CorrosionResistance
Thereisalsosomeevidencethatthe1.4571typemayhaveinferiorpittingandstresscorrosioncrackingresistance,
comparedtothe1.4404/1.4432types,althoughthegeneralcorrosionresistancecanbeassumedtobegenerallysimilar.
Thetitaniumstabilised1.4571grademayalsobeproneto'knifelineattack'intheheataffectedzonesofwelds,veryclose
tothefusionzonewherethecarbonitrideshaveredissolvedinthesolidsteelmatrix.
Weldability
Theweldabilityofthe1.4571and1.4404/1.4432canbeassumedtobesimilar.Neitherofthegradescanbeexpectedto
weld'easier'or'better'thantheother.Niobiumstabilisedfillers(weldingconsumables)shouldbeusedforweldingthe
1.4571,especiallywhereelevatedtemperatureweldstrengthmaybeimportant.Inothercircumstancesa'316L'filler
shouldgiveamatchingweldmetalaqueouscorrosionresistancetothatofthe'parent'1.4571'316Ti'material.
FurtherInformation
ThereisalsoarelevantarticleonthecomparisonbetweenthesegradesontheEuroInoxwebsite.(http://www.euro
inox.org/pdf/map/Stabilised_LowCarbonAust_EN.pdf)

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