Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
5/3/16
5/3/16
Alber9:
The
Greco-Romans
believed
that
the
painted
and
the
sculptor
understood
and
portrayed
the
soul
when
they
reproduced
the
human
face
The
ar@st
had
to
be
able
to
reveal
the
emo@ons
and
passions
of
the
gures
he
depicted
5/3/16
II.
The
inven@on
of
the
prin@ng
press
promoted
the
dissemina@on
of
new
ideas.
Led
to
vernacular
languages
and
eventually
na@onal
cultures
III.
The
visual
arts
incorporated
the
news
ideas
of
the
Renaissance
and
were
used
to
promote
personal,
poli@cal
and
religious
goals
Michelangelo
5/3/16
Raphael
Human-centered
naturalism
that
considered
individuals
and
everyday
life
appropriate
objects
of
ar@s@c
representa@on
El Greco
Mannerist
and
baroque
ar@sts
employed
distor@on,
drama,
and
illusion
in
works
commissioned
by
monarchies,
city-
states,
and
the
church
for
public
buildings
to
promote
their
stature
and
power
5/3/16
KC
1.2:
The
struggle
for
sovereignty
within
and
among
states
resulted
in
varying
degrees
of
poli=cal
centraliza=on
Three
trends
shaped
early
modern
poli@cal
development
1.
Decentralized
power
and
authority
to
centralized
2.
Poli@cal
elite
primarily
of
a
hereditary
landed
nobility
towards
one
open
to
men
dis@nguished
by
their
educa@on,
skills,
and
wealth
3.
Religious
towards
secular
norms
of
law
and
jus@ce
5/3/16
I.
The
new
concept
of
the
sovereign
state
and
secular
systems
of
law
plated
a
central
role
in
the
crea@on
of
new
poli@cal
ins@tu@ons
New
monarchs
established
a
monopoly
on
tax
collec@on,
military
force,
and
the
dispensing
of
jus@ce,
and
gaining
the
right
to
determine
the
religion
of
their
subjects
Peace
of
Augsburg(1555):
APempted
policy
of
religious
compromise
by
Charles
V
in
an
aPempt
to
prevent
religious
warfare
in
the
HRE.
The
princes
in
the
HRE
could
decide
if
their
people
would
be
Catholic
or
Lutheran(no
acknowledgement
for
Calvinist
or
other
Protestants)
Edict
of
Nantes(1598):
Aeempted
policy
of
religious
compromise
by
Henry
IV(poli@que).
This
ocially
made
Catholicism
the
state
religion
of
France,
but
allowed
Huguenots
the
right
to
prac@ce
their
religion.
5/3/16
II.
The
compe@@ve
state
system
led
to
new
paeerns
of
diplomacy
and
new
forms
of
warfare
Balance
of
power
played
an
important
role
in
diploma@c
and
military
objec@ves
aYer
the
Peace
of
Westphalia
Advances
in
military
favored
the
state
France
created
a
massive
state
army,
using
taxes
on
the
middle
class
to
generate
the
necessary
money
III.
The
compe@@on
for
power
between
monarchs
and
corporate
groups
produced
dierent
distribu@ons
of
government
authority
in
European
states
English
Civil
War,
conict
between
the
monarchy
and
Parliament
exemplied
this
compe@@on
James
I:
Wanted
to
rule
as
a
divine-right
monarchy.
Parliament
resisted
this
by
refusing
his
requests
for
addi9onal
money.
This
conict
became
worse
under
Charles
I
and
led
to
the
English
Civil
War
The
Fronde
in
France:
Revolts
of
the
French
nobles
that
were
trying
to
resist
the
centralized
power
of
the
monarchs,
but
these
were
crushed
and
many
concluded
that
best
hope
for
stability
in
France
was
the
monarch
Indulgences:
The
Catholic
Church
was
selling
a
free
pass
to
salva9on.
This
policy
created
a
lot
of
cri9cism
and
was
a
spark
of
the
Protestant
Reforma9on
Catholic
Reforma@on,
exemplied
by
the
Jesuit
Order
and
the
Council
of
Trent,
revived
the
church
but
cemented
the
division
within
Chris@anity
Index
of
Prohibited
Books:
A
list
of
books
that
Catholics
were
not
allowed
to
read
5/3/16
Monarchs
and
princes,
such
as
Henry
VIII
and
Elizabeth
I,
ini@ated
religious
reform
from
the
top
down
to
exercise
greater
control
over
religious
life
Book
of
Common
Prayer:
This
prayer
book
reected
the
religious
changes
in
England
and
divide
with
the
Catholic
Church
Huguenots:
Challenged
the
authority
of
the
French
monarch
by
resis9ng
their
control.
Huguenots
aPempted
to
create
their
own
laws
and
resisted
taxa9on
from
the
crown.
Religious
warfare
con@nued,
but
was
nally
stopped
when
Henry
of
Navarre
took
the
throne
and
issued
the
Edict
of
Nantes
5/3/16
Manny
new
crops
went
to
Europe:
Tomatoes,
Potatoes,
Squash,
Corn,
Tobacco,
Turkeys
Syphilis
was
only
disease
10
5/3/16
11
5/3/16
12
5/3/16
IV.
The
family
remained
the
primary
social
and
economic
ins@tu@on
of
early
modern
Europe
and
took
several
forms,
including
the
nuclear
family
Rural
and
urban
households
worked
as
units
Renaissance
and
Reforma@on
raised
debates
about
female
roles
in
the
family
La
Querelle
des
Femmes:
The
debate
about
whether
women
should
be
able
to
study
in
universi9es
and
the
overall
role
they
should
play
From
the
late
16th,
economic
changes
delayed
marriage,
which
slowed
popula@on
growth
and
improved
economic
condi@ons
13
5/3/16
14
5/3/16
Inability
of
Polish
monarchy
to
consolidate
power
over
the
nobility
led
to
weakness
and
eventual
loss
all
land
to
Austria,
Prussia,
and
Russia
15
5/3/16
The
Dutch
Republic
developed
an
oligarchy
of
urban
gentry
and
rural
landholders
to
promote
trade
and
protect
tradi@onal
rights
III.
AYer
1648,
dynas@c
and
state
interests,
along
with
Europes
expanding
colonial
empires,
inuenced
the
diplomacy
of
European
states
and
frequently
led
to
war
AYer
30
Years
War
the
HRE
had
limited
power,
Prussia
rose
to
power
and
the
Habsburgs,
centered
in
Austria,
shiYed
their
empire
eastward
Maria
Theresa
of
Austria(1740-1780):
Reorganized
Austria
society
by
curtailing
the
power
of
the
ruling
diets.
Clergy
and
nobles
were
required
to
pay
taxes
directly
to
royal
ocials.
Austrians
and
Bohemian
lands
were
divided
into
ten
provinces;
administra9on
was
centralized
and
armed
forces
were
expanded.
This
centraliza9on
and
expansion
were
in
prepara9on
for
a
war
with
Prussia.
Austria
defeat
the
Turks
in
1683
and
Louis
XIV
undertook
nearly
con@nuous
wars
War
of
the
Spanish
Succession(1702-1713):
Charles
II,
king
of
Spain,
leJ
his
throne
to
the
grandson
of
Louis
XIV.
Coali9on
of
England,
the
United
Provinces,
Habsburg
Austria,
and
German
states
waged
war
to
prevent
France
from
combining
the
two
kingdoms.
Peace
of
Utrecht(1713)
conrmed
Philip
V
as
king
of
Spain
and
kept
thrones
divided.
Con@nued
warfare
between
Britain
and
France;
7
Years
War
would
end
with
Britain
supplan@ng
France
as
the
greatest
European
power
16
5/3/16
Civil
Cons9tu9on
of
the
Clergy:
Both
bishops
and
priests
were
to
be
elected
by
the
people
and
paid
by
the
church.
All
clergy
were
required
to
swear
an
oath
of
allegiance
to
the
state
Cons9tu9on,
which
was
forbidden
by
the
church
AYer
execu@on
of
Louis
XVI,
radical
Jacobin
Republic
led
by
Robespierre
ins@tuted
Reign
of
Terror,
xing
prices
and
wages,
and
pursued
a
policy
de-Chris@aniza@on
CommiPee
of
Public
Safety:
Courts
were
established
to
protect
the
revolu9on
from
enemies
at
home;
created
the
republic
of
virtue
Declara9on
of
Rights
of
Man
and
Ci9zen
New
military
tac@cs
allow
him
to
exert
direct
or
indirect
control
over
much
of
Europe,
spreading
ideals
of
the
French
Revolu@on
Napoleons
expanding
empire
created
na@onalist
responses
throughout
Europe
AYer
the
defeat
of
Napoleon
by
a
coali@on
of
French
powers,
the
Congress
of
Vienna(1814-1815)
aeempted
to
restore
the
balance
of
power
and
contain
the
danger
of
revolu@onary
or
na@onalis@c
upheavals
in
the
future.
17
5/3/16
I.
Early
modern
Europe
developed
a
market
economy
that
provided
the
founda@on
for
its
global
role
Labor
and
trade
in
commodi@es
were
increasingly
freedom
from
tradi@onal
governmental
restric@ons
Le
Chapelier
Laws:
To
prevent
con9nued
associa9ons
of
workers
based
on
such
economic
interests,
Le
Chapelier
introduced
a
measure
(passed
into
law
on
14
June
1791)
that
historians
remember
by
his
name,
the
"Le
Chapelier
law."
It
barred
craJ
guilds
and
would
bar
trade
unions
un9l
1884.
The
Agricultural
Revolu@on
raised
produc@vity
and
increased
the
supply
of
food
Coeage
industry,
or
puung-out
system,
expanded
Bank
of
England:
The
Bank
of
England
was
founded
in
1694
to
act
as
the
Government's
banker
and
debt-manager.
Since
then
its
role
has
developed
and
evolved,
centered
on
the
management
of
the
na9on's
currency
and
its
posi9on
at
the
center
of
the
UK's
nancial
system.
18
5/3/16
19
5/3/16
II.
New
public
venues
and
print
media
popularized
Enlightenment
ideas
Salons
explored
and
disseminated
Enlightenment
culture
Coeehouses:
This
became
a
place
where
people
from
all
walks
of
life
would
gather
and
mingle,
exchanging
news
and
having
discusses
and
debates
Newspapers:
Despite
censorship,
newspapers
served
a
growing
literate
public
and
led
to
the
development
of
public
opinion
Locke:
The
state
originated
in
the
consent
of
the
governed(the
social
contract)
rather
than
in
divine
right
or
tradi@on
Mercan@list
theory
and
prac@ces
were
challenged
by
people
like
Adam
Smith,
arguing
for
free
trade
and
a
free
market
Physiocrats:
They
believe
that
land,
rather
than
gold
and
silver,
was
the
real
source
of
wealth
and
that
the
natural
market
forces
of
supply
and
demand
should
not
be
manipulated
by
the
government,
rather
the
government
should
apply
laissez-faire
IV.
During
the
Enlightenment,
the
ra@onal
analysis
of
religious
prac@ces
led
to
natural
religion
and
the
demand
for
religious
tolera@on
Intellectuals,
including
Voltaire
and
Diderot,
develop
new
philosophies
of
deism,
skep@cism,
and
atheism
Hume:.
He
argued
that
observa9on
and
reec9on,
grounded
in
systema9zed
common
sense
made
conceivable
a
science
of
man.
Careful
examina9on
of
the
experiences
that
cons9tuted
human
life
would
lead
to
the
knowledge
of
human
nature
Religion
was
increasingly
view
as
a
private
maeer
rather
than
public
and
tolera@on
extended
to
Chris@an
minori@es
and,
in
some
states,
civil
equality
to
Jews
20
5/3/16
V. The arts moved from the celebraCon of religious themes and royal
power to an emphasis on private life and the public good
Un@l
1750,
Baroque
art
and
music
promoted
religious
feeling
and
was
employed
by
monarchs
to
glorify
state
power
Velasquez:
Spanish
painter
who
was
the
leading
ar@st
in
the
court
of
King
Philip
IV.
He
was
important
as
a
portrait
ar@st.
In
addi@on
to
numerous
rendi@ons
of
scenes
of
historical
and
cultural
signicance,
he
painted
scores
of
portraits
of
the
Spanish
royal
family,
other
notable
European
gures,
and
commoners,
culmina@ng
in
the
produc@on
of
his
masterpiece
Las
Meninas
(1656).
ArCsCc movement and literature also reected the outlook and values
of commercial and bourgeois as well as Enlightenment ideas of poliCcal
power and ciCzenship
Dutch
Pain9ng:
Although
Dutch
pain9ng
of
the
Golden
Age
comes
in
the
general
European
period
of
Baroque,
and
oJen
shows
many
of
its
characteris9cs,
most
lacks
the
idealiza9on
and
love
of
splendour
typical
of
much
Baroque
work.
Most
work,
including
that
for
which
the
period
is
best
known,
reects
the
tradi9ons
of
detailed
realism.
Image
to
the
right:
Johannes
Vermeer,
The
Milkmaid
(16581660)
21
5/3/16
Samuel Richardson
Richardsons
three
novels,
Pamela,
Clarissa,
and
The
History
of
Sir
Charles
Grandison
(1753-54),
are
epistolary;
that
is,
they
take
the
form
of
a
collec9on
of
lePers
wriPen
by
the
characters,
not
in
tranquil
recollec9on
aJer
the
fact,
but
to
the
moment,
while
the
narra9ve
is
unfolding.
Thus
the
form
of
the
novels
is
autobiographical
without
the
benet
or
hindrance
of
the
hindsight
that
most
autobiographies
assume.
Richardsons
rst
novel,
Pamela,
appears
to
have
be
wriPen
through
a
happy
accident:
two
other
printers
had
asked
Richardson,
who
was
known
for
his
interest
in
lePer-wri9ng,
to
compose
a
collec9on
of
model
lePers
for
various
occasions.
A
short
sequence
in
this
collec9on--Familiar
LePers
(1741)--comprised
lePers
from
a
serving
girl
seeking
her
parents
advice
aJer
her
master
had
made
improper
sexual
advances
upon
her.
These
lePers
seem
to
have
inspired
Richardson
to
develop
this
theme
into
a
drama9c
narra9ve,
Pamela,
which
recounts,
mostly
in
a
serving
girls
own
voice,
how
she
resists
such
advances
and
is
ul9mately
rewarded
by
a
proper
oer
of
marriage
and
her
ul9mate
acceptance
into
high
life.
Source:
hPp://enlightenment-revolu9on.org/index.php/Richardson,_Samuel
22
5/3/16
RomanCcism
Wandering Above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich, 1818
16th-century
popula@on
explosion,
which
roughly
doubled
the
European
popula@on,
leY
many
social
disrup@ons
and
demographic
disasters
The
European
marriage
paeern,
which
limited
family
size,
became
most
important
check
on
popula@on;
also
some
couples
adopted
birth
control
prac@ces
By
middle
18th
century,
things
were
geung
beeer
in
Europe,
because
of
beeer
weather
and
many
agricultural
and
hygiene
improvements
Autude
towards
children
began
to
shiY
in
the
18th
when
there
were
reduc@ons
in
child
mortality
and
increased
life
expectancy
in
infants
By
the
end
of
the
18th
century,
a
high
por@on
of
Europeans
were
beeer
fed
and
educated,
but
poverty
was
s@ll
a
huge
problem
that
strained
charitable
resources
23
5/3/16
II.
The
consumer
revolu@on
of
the
18th
century
was
shaped
by
a
new
concern
for
privacy,
encouraged
the
purchase
of
new
goods
and
homes,
and
created
new
venues
for
leisure
ac@vi@es.
New
concern
for
privacy:
Homes
were
built
to
include
private
retreats,
such
as
the
boudoir;
many
earlier
European
homes
did
not
have
private
bedrooms
or
spaces
specically
designed
as
a
retreat
New
consumer
goods
for
homes:
Porcelain
dishes
were
a
way
to
show
wealth,
imported
from
China
New
Leisure
venues:
Taverns:
People
were
going
to
taverns
to
drink,
but
also
to
meet-
up
for
discussions
and
the
sharing
of
informa9on
III.
By
the
18th
century,
family
and
private
life
reected
new
demographic
paeerns
and
the
eects
of
the
commercial
revolu@on
Although
the
rate
of
illegi@mate
births,
popula@on
growth
was
limited
by
the
European
marriage
paeern
by
early
birth
control
As
infant
and
child
mortality
decreased
and
commercial
wealth
increased,
families
dedicated
more
space
and
resources
to
children
and
child-rearing,
as
well
as
private
life
and
comfort
24
5/3/16
25