PHILOSOPHY

FEELINGS.

MORAL

John

AUTHOR

OF

"inquiries

THE

WITH

SECOND

THE

NEW-

NO.

82

EITITIOIf.

EXAMINATION

YORK

HARPER

BY

PUBLISHED

"C.

EDINBURGH

FOR

QUESTIONS

CLIFF-STREET.

1835.

f.r.s.e.

TNTELLfiCTUAIt

THE

CONCERNING

POWERS,"
FROM

d.

m.

abercrombie,

OF

STtJDKNTS.

"

BROTHERS,

nO'

^t

Enterod,

In

the

Clerk's

according

to

By

Harper

Office

of

Act

of
"

the

Congress,

the

year

1834,

Brothers,

Southern

^S"UCATlON

in

District

DfiFi;

of

New-York.

S'

PUBLISHER

In

issuing

Abercrombie

for the

with

meet

public

similar

supplying

these

works

kind,

to

with

was

render

of

academic

to

afford

service, they have

of

accompanied
leges,
and Col-

Schools

of

the

Moral

Feelings,
object in

Their

apparatus

an

ing
giv-

of

this

better

adapted to the purposes

collegiate study, and especially

useful

duties

the

of

the intention,should

on

with

and

Powers,

appendage.

them

edition

new

encouragement,

the work

enriched

use

sufficient

of

publishersannounced

the

to

since

Intellectual

Questions

the

plan

months

the

on

with

the

few

ADVERTISEMENT.

aid
the

in discharging

teacher

This

recitation-room.
to

reason

every

the

to

believe, has

met

less than
from
general approbation. In no
fifteen literary institutions
of the
twelve
first
to
has it already been
book
adopted as a textrespectability,
it treats, and
in the department of which
in
several
others they learn it is now
under
tion
considerawith
view
to its adoption.
a
How
far the furnishing the work
with
questions
with

may

have

merit,

contributed,
the

to

Treatise

on

to

say

easy

above
and

almost

but

unprecedented
the

mentioned
the

addition

Intellectual

the
;

in

to

experiment
A2

5442G3

have
so

intrinsic

popularity of

Powers,

publishers

its

to

it may

consider
been

so

entirelyto

not

the

amply
have

the
be
dition
con-

filled,
fulsue-

*^^

AbVERTISEMENT.

that

ceeded,
redeem

to

they

pledge

the

forth

send

given

the

further

without

induced,

are

the

to

and

public,

work

present

delay,
ingly
accord-

endowed

like

its

predecessor.
From
in

it

doubt

is

as

that

of

In

the

superior

the

cheerfully

in

to

in

of

the

any

the

consign

that

one

to

the

of
hands

the

this
to

ume,
vol-

of

other

rank

as

moral

the

they

which

edition

of

at

it

present

to

to

department
it

the

it

manner

themselves

supplement

former

cannot

awaits

hand

same

already

they

special

availed

the

have

classes,

whom

have

philosophy

favourable

confidence

strong
claims

their

preparation

of
for

classic

they

for

moral

learning,

equally

publishers

indebted

under

for

those

services

were

of

manual

of

chairs

seminaries

designed.

valuable

the

reception

hands

the

that

of

number

adopted

the

fact

the

and
has

manent
per-

science,
its

readers.

PREFACE.

In
to

the

former

delineate, in

and

ought
Truth.
to

the

to

these

investigate, in

and
our

the

Moral

the

and

investigation

happen

assumed

the

former

evidence

and,

that, in

are

as

were

by
["

No.

of

which

XXXVII

the

The

in

the

in

it is

admitted
stated

they
of the

regulate

moral

or

at
are

and

it may

work,

often

principles

proved,

which

length,

with

supported.

Family

of

closely

respects,

present

ner,
man-

branches

two

to

Mind,

to

as

many

A2

sequel

Human

this account,

on

as

ought

of

oflfers

now

object

conduct

our

are,

which

unpretending

which

responsible beings.

connected

his

Feelings

volitions

he

is intended

same

principles

Intellectual

Investigation

the

and

Inquiries ;

form,

principles

which

attention

public

the

in

us

volume

The

popular
the

the

trace

endeavoured

and

relating to

to

guide

to

author

simple

facts

leading

Powers,

the

work,*

Library.]

in
the

CONTENTS.

PRELIMINARY

OBSERVATIONS.

I.

SECTION

NATURE

IMPORTANCE

AND

Division

Powers

Mental

the

of

FEELINGS.

MORAL

THE

OF

SCIENCE

THE

OF

into

Intellectual

and
15

Moral

ought

which

Harmony
Causes

of

means

Interest

of

Peculiar

exist

Science

the

of

light of

of

is

Conscience,

IN
MORAL

of

First

between

Analogy

Belief, in

Classification
1.

of

Feelings

bearing

Impression

"

18

from

Revelation

20

II.

THE

OF

SCIENCE

THE

FEELINGS.

Truths,

Truths

of

16

and

"

it,

upon

Divine

and

"

Intellectual
First

interrupted,

17

Moral

the

Knowledge

TRUTHS

classes

them

SECTION

FIRST

these

between

harmony

counteracting

sources

the

this

which

by

to

Future

or

and
in

Intuitive
in

Moral
oral

Existence.

Principles
Science

Science

22

26

via

CONTENTS.

2.

Belief

in the

Great

First

3. Conviction
other

4.

existence

Cause,

and

duties

of

and

attributes of

Moral

which

Governor.
a

man

to

owes

men.

Impressionof Moral ResponsibiHty.

Importance of these convictions,as intuitive
articles of belief

THE

PHILOSOPHY
MORAL

Analysisof

---------28

Man

as

Desires

I. The

OF

THE

FEELINGS.

Moral

Being

The

"

35

Affections

"

and

Self-

love.

Will.

II. The
III. The

Moral

The

Moral

IV.

the

Principle,
Relation

Conscience.

of

Man

towards

Deity,

PART

THE

or

DESIRES

I.

AFFECTIONS

THE

"

AND

"

SELF-LOVE.

SECTION

THE

I.

DESIRES

1. Desire

of the Animal

JJ. Desire

of Wealth

"

48

Propensities
-

Avarice

44
44

IX

CONTENTS.

Page

3.

Desire

of Power

4.

Desire

of

Superiority Emulation

6.

Desire

of

Society

of Esteem

7. Desire

of

Desire

of

Desire

of Action

"

45

"

6. Desire

8.

Ambition

"

Approbation

or

46

47

50
51

-----

---------62

due

Regulationof

SECTION

THE

47

Knowledge
Moral
Improvement

Importanceof

the Desires

53

II.

AFFECTIONS

56

...

I. Justice

57

1. Justice to the Interests

2.

Justice

to

3.

Justice

to the

4.

Justice in

of others
of Action

the Freedom

5. Justice

to the

6. Justice

to the

Opinions of
Feelingsof

and

others

"

others

Condition

Benevolence

towards

the

3. Benevolence

towards

the Character

60

and

acter
Char-

Candour
-

62

63
64

65

the Distresses

of others

67

others

68

Reputationof
and

duct
Con-

others, ^includingForgivenessof
"

Injuries
4. Benevolence

-----------68
towards

Feelingsof others
improving the Moral

of others

--------70

the

towards

5. Benevolence

Condition

III. Veracity
Love

60

-----

Benevolence

1. The

of others

towards

of

1. Benevolence
2.

---------61

7. Justice to the Moral

II. Compassion

60

of others

Reputationof others
estimatingthe Conduct

of others

Integrity

"

70

-----

of Truth

"

in the

receptionof

69

it

71

3f

CONTENTS.

Veracity in delivering statements,

^including
Sincerity
Truth
of
Fulfilment
of
correct
Purpose, or

2.

"

3.

Promises

IV.

76

Friendship,

V.

Love,

Gratitude

and

Patriotism

VI.

The

The

76

-----77

Domestic

Affections

Defensive

78

------

Affections,

Resentment

Important

73

Angee,

Jealousy,

----------81

Influence

produced

Exercise

the

upon

of the

Affections,

By
By
Feeling
of

Attention

83

Habit

86

Moral

of

the

Affections

Happiness
"

Approbation

attached

the

to

Exercise

-----------89

arising

from

Influence

of

due

Temper

of

Exercise

tions
Affec-

the

--------92

SECTION

III.

SELF-LOVE

Sense

in which

Tendency
Morbid

of

the
a

Exercise

disinterested

True
of

Conduct

is

term

it,
"

employed

Rational

and

96

Self-love

Selfishness
and

96

------

Self-denial

97

100

------

...

101

XI

CONTENTS

PART

^itsOriginfrom

Simple Volition,
"

Affections

Operation of

of the

one

Desires,
103

-------------

Causes

Moral

of these

Nature

Page
103

WILL

THE

OF

or

11.

on

Causes, and

the Will
Source

104

-----

Diversity

of the

Operationin different Individuals

Circumstances
required for the Uniformity of
Operation:
of their

108

their

"

1.

109

Knowledge
and

Truths of Natural
2. Attention
Its Influence
3. Moral Habits

Origin

of

Practical Conclusions
Influence

of Moral

of Habits

Habits

of

upon

Derangemeat
Character

Divine

Aid

in

118

-121
-125

Operationcalled Faith

PART
THE

of

correcting

Derangement

Influence of the Mental

OF

112

correcting
InjuriousMoral Habits 120
from these Principles.
Important

of
Necessityand Probability
Moral

116

Progress
Harmony.

Influence

Decisions.

Moral

on

Religion.
-

and

Moral
Means

Revealed

MORAL

126

III.
OR

PRINCIPLE,

SCIENCE
CON129

Proofs

of the Existence

of
Principle

Natuie

of

Conscience

as

distinct

the Mind

of its Operationas

129

the

regulating
Principle
-

13^

Kli

CONTENTS.

Analogy

between

Its Influence

in

Attributes

of

Knowledge

from

the

of

the

Mental

---------134

this

Source

135

------

with

Attributes

the

Actual
137

Christian
Process

Influence
to

Influence

this

Moral

Comparison

Of

Power

Regulating

lost

or

only
---139

the

Condition

of
141

-------

the

upon

in

Judgment

gard
re-

144

Truth

of Attention

Distinctions

Origin
System

Theories

Idea

of

of

of Mandeville

and

Moral
-

Vice

140

151

Wollaston

154

Utility
Selfish System
v-System of Paley
of these Systems, in not ing
acknowledgDefect
the Supreme
Authority of Conscience
System of Dr. Smith, or Theory of Sympathy
System

Province

^ 11,

"

Of

the

of

of Reason

Harmony

op

of

Consistency

Harmony,
which

"

it is

Defects

opposed

arisingfrom
of

154
155

157

160
162
1 63

167

Fbelinos

Moral

Character
^and

Decisions

in Moral

the

14"

-------153?

and

of Clarke

op

Morals

Virtue

III.

Immutability

and

our

PART

TO

and

of

Decisions

in Moral

Origin

the

removed

Revelation

by which
impaired

is

of

this

APPENDIX

"

the Moral

of

Impression

an

Divine

arisingfrom

Conscience

^I.

131

of Man

Difficulties

by

Reason

conveying
the Deity

derived

Comparison
State

it and

this

Ctt"^iacter

to

171

Xm

CONTENTS.

PART

OF

THE

IV.

MORAL

THE

TOWARDS

View

of

the

Divine

Character

MAN

OF

RELATION
DEITY

in

175

...

reference

^^

to

lation
Re-

this

175

Regulation
of

of

Moral

which

Feelings

ought

to

arise

out

it:"

Habitual

1.

Effort

Presence,

Feelings
2.

Submission

3.

Sense

of

and

and

the

to

Moral

and

Conduct

Moral

of the

Means

of

Imperfection

and

with

Mercy,

Gratitude,

Character

176

Providence

181

and

Guilt,

Reliance

on

arising

18J.'

Condition

this

of

out

Love

and

Affection,

Feelings

184

it

18S

cultivating
and
Operation
of Faith

Province

of

for

ISf;

of

Nature

Appointments

Moral

the

Aid

Sense

4.

it

by

vine
Di-

of the

sense

regulate

to

Character

Supplication
Divine

cultivate

to

176

Faith

of

in the

of

Philosophy

tne

Moral

IdO

ings
Feel190

Truths
Its

Province

Influence
of
Errors

Certain

Harmony
the

which

Moral

of

Faith

its

are
on

in

the
the

regarding
Christian

Feelings

immediate

more

Condition

Moral

Scheme
Faith
Truth

of
-

with

Object
-

Christianity
-

the

Philosophy
-

...

197
199
203

206

of
208

OBSERVATIONS.

PRELIMINARY

I.

SECTION

AND

NATURE

is to

Man

moral

as

the

of

to

not

exert

condition

other

sentient

eminent

degree
and

the

selfish

over

him.
But

new

of

feels

individual,

of

relations

we

contemplate
open

on

our

man

view,

wants

is

moral

which

in

for

only
that

to

the

on

exist

personal

as

is,

relations

his

may

hour

the

that

"

on

lives

the

beyond

enjoyments

when

who

man

directed

either

or

arise

however,

be

may

kind,

They

beings.

their

which

influence

any

in the

observes

operations,

extrinsic

he

powers,

conclusions

cultivation,

an

of the

little

facts,

mental
of

state

truths

do

as

moral
to

high

entirely
such

These

them.

in

even

the

traces

intellectual, and

an

intellectual

of

knowledge
and

connexions,

as

his

By

being.

acquires

out

contemplated

be

OP

FEELINGS.

MORAL

THE

SCIENCE

THE

OF

IMPORTANCE

an

self,
himor

passing

being,
present

i0

PRELIMINARY

OBSERVATIONS.

rcaslder"tiop.scif.mightierimport.

occupyinga placein
high duties

to

in certain relations to

perform.

We

find him

placed
Governor, who

great moral
this system of things,
and

presidesover
for which
state of being,
him.

to prepare

find him

great system of moral government,

he has an
important station to

in which

filland

We

We

to

future

the

is intended
present scene
find him possessed of powers
feel these relations,and of

qualifyhim to
calculated to guide him throughthe solemn
principles
which attend his state of moral discipline.
responsibilities

which

These

two

parts of his mental

constitution

we

remarkablydistinct from each other.

former may
in him
The
be in vigorous exercise
has littlefeeling
of his moral
who
condition; and
the latter may
be in a high state of culture in the
man
who, in point of intellectual acquirement,
knows
little beyond the truths which
it most
cerns
conhim to know,
those great but simpleprinciples
which
a
as
responsible
guide his conduct
being.
In a well-regulated
mind, these two departments
perceiveto

be

"

of

the

mental

with

must
economy
other.
each

harmonize

and

operate
co-

Knowledge, received
of sensation
and
tellect
through the powers
simple inwhether
relatmg to external things or to
mental
phenomena, and conclusions derived from
these throughthe powers
of reasoning,
ought all to
contribute to that which is the highest
state of man,
his purityas a moral being. They ought all to lend
their aid towards the cultivation of those principles
"

"

18

PRELIMINARY

OBSERVATIONS.

moral

historylong past,

Hence

the benefit of retirement

and

of every

thingthat

perhaps forgotten.

and

tends

and
to

calm

reflection,

withdraw

us

from

the

and that leads us

of sensible objects,
impression
of things
which are not seen.
to feel the superiority
Under such influence,the mind
ishing
displaysan astonthe past and graspingthe
power of recalling
tions
future, and of viewingobjectsin their true rela"

to

indeed,

and
itself,
we

from

by

causes

another

each other.

in
exemplified

see

the mind

which

to

in
oflf,

is cut

its intercourse

actingupon
work

have

the

The
many

firstof these,

affections,in

greateror
the external

with

less degree,

world,

bodilyorganization.In

described

many

remarkable

examples of the mind, in this condition, recalling

its old impressionsrespecting
thingslong past and
and the facts there stated call our
:
entirely
forgotten
attention in

to its inherent
manner
very striking
its inde{"endent
existence.
a

and
powers
This subjectis

one

reflections of

of
the

interest,and suggests
specting
important kind, re-

intense
most

and
of the
the powers
properties
it leads us
to
principle.In particular,

thinking
a
period
which
duction
even
we
are
by the intaughtto anticipate
of intellectual science, when, the bodily
frame
and reasoning
being dissolved,the thinking
shall exercise its peculiarfaculties in a
essence
higherstate of being. There are facts in the mental
phenomena which give a high degree of probability
to the conjecture,
that the whole transactions of life,
with the motives
vidual,
and
moral
historyof each indibe recalled by a process of the mind
may

OF

PHILOSOPHY

and
itself,

placed,as
Were

him.

before

at

MORAL

19

FEELINGS.

singleglance,distinctl

realize such

to

we

should

condition, we

THE

mental

fail to

contemplatethe
feelings
very different

not

recalled, with
so
impressions
from those by which we
are
.aptto

be misled

amid

the influence of present and external things. The

tumult
of life is over;
and
pursuits,principles,

l^otives, which
viewed

are

value.

bore

once

aspect of importance,

with

more
adaptedto their true
feelings
that authority,
moral principle
recovers
the contests of passion,had been obscured

The

which, amid

lost ; each

or

an

act

and each

emotion

is

seen

in its relations to the great dictates of truth,and each

pursuitof life in its real bearingon the great concerns
of

moral

character of

new

in relation

to

then

being;

the whole

and

and wondrous

when
import,
One,
Incomprehensible

that

disclosed in all his attributes

Time

past is contracted

that the

are

the

views

which

to

come

would

inquireinto the essence

rational and
a
as
distinguished
with it,what
"

-what is all the

fallof

These

empires,
"

are

all the

of
history
or

"

the world,
"

the fate of those who

of all human

ever.

be considered

pursuitswhich

is

is

him

seen

who

the rise and

rule them.

local and transient

is to exist for

therefore,must

who

is
by which man
pared
moral being. Comphenomena of nature,

derive their interest from

relations,but this

on

open

viewed

governor.
point,and

into

"

moral

as

infancyof being; time

expandinginto eternal existence.
Such

assumes

That

the

ence,
sci-

highest
contemplatesman in
as

20

"preliminary

observations.

things. With

his relation to eternal

its importance,

feel its difficulties; and, did

we

must

the

to the
investigation

of
principles

mere

natural

mountable.
feel these difficultiesto be insur-

should

science,we

confine

we

have

But, in this great inquiry,

we

and which

gous
knowledge,to which nothinganaloof phy^ical
be found in the history
science,
will prove infallible guides,if we
resign

ourselves

to

two

of

sources

is to

their direction with

the truth.

discover

and

the

These

are

lightof

making

this statement,

delicate

ground,
"

and

the

"

divine
am

that

sincere

desire to

of
light

revelation.

In

that I tread

aware

will consider

some

science,
con-

on
an

from the
a departure
as
writings
of philosophical
strict course
inquiry.This opinion,
with truth ;
is entirely
I am
at variance
satisfied,
take the induction
if we
and, in every moral investigation,
of sound philosophy,
alongwith the dictates
of conscience
and the lightof revealed truth,we
the sacred

appealto

shall find them

to constitute

whole, the various

remarkable
other.

manner,

one

parts

uniform
of

which

to establish and

If, indeed, in any

and

nious
harmo-

tend, in

illustrateeach

in
investigation

moral

disregardthe lightwhich is furnished

resemble
astronomer
an
we
by the sacred writings,
his unaided sight,
and
who should rely entirely
on
extend so reinventions which
markably
rejectthose optical
science, we

the field of his vision,as

to

be to him

the

Could we
a
thingsnot seen.
suppose
the knowledge
doubts respecting
person thus entertaining
suppHedby the telescope,yet proceedingin a
its truth,he would
candid manner
to investigate
revelation of

PHILOSOPHY

OF

MORAL

THE

FEELINGS.

2.

observations themselves
perceivein the telescopic
developedwhich are calculated to remove
principles
his suspicions. For, in the limited knowledge
which is furnished by vision alone, he finds difficulties
which
he cannot
explain,
apparent inconsistencies
which

he
the

reconcile,and insulated facts which

refer to any known
principle.But, in

he cannot

cannot

knowledge which the telescope

difficultiesdisappear;facts are brought

extended

more

these
yields,
which
together
and

the

seemed

universe

unconnected

appears

discordant ;
beautiful system of

one

or

order and

in the expeconsistency.It is the same

rience
of the moral inquirer,
he extends his
when
views beyond the inductions of reason,
and corrects
his conclusions
liisby the testimonyof God.
cordant principles
are
broughttogether
; doubts and
mony
difficultiesdisappear
beauty, order, and har; and
to pervadethe government of the
are
seen
there also arises a species
Deity. In this manner
of evidence

for the doctrines

of revelation,which

of the external proofsof its

entirely
independent
divine origin
; and which, to the candid mind, invests
it with all the characters of authenticity
and truth.
From
these combined
of knowledge,thus
sources
and confirmingeach other, we
are
abled
enillustrating
to attain,in moral
tainty
a degree of cerinquiries,
adaptedto their highimportance. We do so
is

when, with sincere desire

to

within,aided

it is

shines upon
on

discover

the truth,we

which is
guidanceof the light
by that hghtfrom heaven which

the

resignourselves
as

to

tivated
pathof the humble inquirer.Culthe science is fittedto
these principles,
the

22

PRELIMINARY

the most

OBSERVATIONS.

while it will

impart
understanding.It
strengthto the most common
terminates
barren
but tends
in no
speculations,
to promote peace on
earth, and good-will
directly
It is calculated both to enlargethe
men.
among
and to elevate and purify
ings,
the feelunderstanding,
and thus to cultivate the moral being for the
life which is to come.
It spreadsforth to the view
and brighter
becomes
which
smoother
a course
as
the farther it is pursued; and the rays which illuminate
who is
the pathconverge
in the throne of Him
engage

powerfulmind,

eternal.

SECTION

OP

FIRST

IN

TRUTHS

II.

THE

MORAL

The

knowledge

intellectual
These

may

of

receive

we

is referable to
powers
be distinguished
by the

articles of belief.
use

OF

our

THE

FEELINGS.

which

knowledge,
active

PHILOSOPHY

and

The

mental

intuitive
former

or

through our
two
names

classes.

of

quired
ac-

fundamental

procured by the
in collecting
facts,

is

powers,

the deductions
tracingtheir relations,and obsei-ving
\vhich arise out of particular
combinations
of them.
These constitute the operations
which I have referred
to in another

work,

and
investigation,

under

the heads

processes

of

of processes

reasoning.

of
The

FIRST

TRUTHS

MORAL

IN

23

SCIENCE.

fullexercise of them

a certain culture of the

requires
and consequently
is confined to a
mental faculties,
of men.
We
small number
perceive,
comparatively

however, that such culture is not essential to every

individual, ^for many are very deficient in it who
"

considered

mind, and
persons of sound
their duties in various situations
capableof discharging

yet

are

of lifein

But
other
to

the

creditable and

knowledge

of every

useful

which

is of immediate

source

men

as

we

derive

and essential

degree; and,

could engage,

manner.

from

the

importance

without it,no

vidual
indi-

with

confidence,in any of the

transactions of life,
make
or
common
any provision
for his protection
for the conor
comfort, or even
tinuance
of his existence.
also treated of, in
of First Truths.

These

former

They

are

are

the

work, under
not, like

our

principles
the

name

knowledge

of the other kind, the result of any process either of

of reasoning
or
investigation
; and for the possession
of them

no

man

either

observation

or

They

part of his mental

with

are

has

dependsupon
to

recourse

his

that of other

own

men.

constitution,
arising,

in every sound
certainty,
mind ; and, while they admit of no
proof by prof cesses
of reasoning,
brought
objections
sophistical
againstthem can be combated onlyby an appealto
a

of
feeling

absolute

the consciousness

of every man,
and to the absolute
conviction which forces itself upon the whole mass

of mankind.

If the Creator has thus

man

implantedin

to guide him
principles

the mind of

in his intellectual
and

24

PRELIMINARY

OBSERVATIONS.

of any acquired
physicalrelations,independently
knowledge,we might naturallyexpect to find him
with principles
endowed, in the same
manner,
adapted
to his more
importantrelations as a moral being.
We
cerns,
expect, that,in these highconmight naturally
he would

own

be

left to the chance

of knowledge

he

receive either through

mightcasually
or
oi
reasoning,
powers of investigation

which
his

not

pression
Imthroughinstruction received from other men.
ingly
adaptedto this importantend we accordfind developedin a remarkable
-and
manner,
they are referable to that part of our constitution
which holds so important
a
place in the philosophy
of the mind, by which we
perceivedifferences in the
moral aspectof actions, and approve or disapprove
The
convictions deof them as rightor wrong.
rived
"

from

this

the
occupy
placein the moral system, that firsttruths,or
articles of belief, do in the intellectual.
source

to

seem

them, also, they admit of

same

tive
intui-

Like

direct

proofsby processes
of reasoning; and when
sophistical
ments
arguthem, the onlytrue answer
are
broughtagainst
consists in an appealto the conscience of every uncontaminated
utmost

mind.

This

no

is

importance;
practical

appear that many

well

consideration
and

it will

of the

probably

intended

ing
arguments, respectthe first principles
of moral
truth,have been
manner
as
were
inconclusive,in the same
attempts
to establish firsttruths

by processes of reasoning,"
because the line of argument adopted in regardto
them
of which they are
not susceptible.
was
one
The force of this analogyis in no degreeweakened

26

PRELIMINARY

OBSERVATIONS.

arisingfrom this diversity

is one
of the
and distortion of moral
perception,
of it there is
objectsof divine revelation. By means
To

remedy

introduced

the evils

and

fixed

uniform

of moral

standard

it is of

importanceto remark, that, for

of this,an appealis made
to principles
the authority
and that every part of itchallenges
in the mind itself,
truth ; but

the assent of the

in the mental

lost its power

Keeping
been

in whom

man

in view

the

conscience

has not

economy

distinction which

has

now

ciples
appear, that the firstprintruth,which are impressedupon the

referred to, it would

of moral

arise in
or
constitution,
part of its original
it by the most simpleprocess of reflection,
are
chiefly

mind

as

following.
I. A deep impressionof eontmued
existence,
of a state of beingbeyond the present life, and

the

"

or

"

of that

as

II. A

The

beingof
we

infinite

have

from
reasoning,

^en
event

in connexion
must

of his moral

have

retribution.

of the existence

great moral

belief in this

arises,
as
of

of moral

conviction
of

"

state

Governor

and

tendence
superin-

of the universe,
infinite purity.

and
perfection

Being, as the great first cause,

formerlyseen, by a simplestep
a

survey of the works of nature,

with the First Truth, that every

an

Our

adequatecause.

attributes is fixed,with

sense

conviction of

moral feelings.
or
equalcertainty,
upon the conscience
The
indeed, of the existence
impression,
of one
is found in
and rulingintelligence
supreme

every age of the world, and

among

every class c"

Of

mankind.

IN

TRUTHS

FIRST

the

"

the same,

"

sublime

of God

he

as

is

of truth, certain

essential

infinite power

wisdom,

The

eternal existence.

and

illud atque etemum"

summum

revealed in the oracles

27

SCIENCE.

and
philosophy,

of the ancient

attributes are

MORAL

and

ancient

to
sages rose
of his nature, while theyfeltthe
conceptions

of their knowledge,and longedafter a

imperfection
lightwhich might guidethem to himself; and it is
in a very different
to remark
a similar feeling
striking
I believe,"said
in our own
state of society,
day.
"

an

African

chief to

of the

one

there is a God

who

"

all things, who

made

sickness,and
prosperity,

missionaries, I
"

lieve
be-

gives

death ; but I do not know

him."
III. A conviction
and

benevolence, which

his fellow-men
and

nature

of certain duties of

and

an

qualityof

Every

man,

in

his

depende
rightor wrong, infrom
resulting
consequences

case,

to other

or

men.

again,expects the
this reciprocity
on

founded

the precept which is felt to be

of universal application,
to do to others as we

is
feeling

one

own

others ; and

offices from

same

to

owes

as

eitherto the individual himself

them

man

intuitive perception
of the

actions

of all the

of

every

veracity,
justice,

would

"

that

they should do to us.

IV.
An
or
impression of moral responsibility,
a conviction,that,for the due performanceof these
is responsible
to the moral Governor
offices,man
of the universe

and

further,that

to

Being he
homage of the

certain
a
immediately,
distinct from
moral feelings,
entirely
which he owes
relative morality
to his
owes,

more

this

the duties of
fellow-men.

28

PRELIMINARY

The

OBSERVATIONS.

consideration

of these

belief will afterward

of
to

important
objectsof

to

occur

us

in various

parts

inquiry.They are stated here in reference

the placewhich they hold as First Truths, or intuitive
articles of moral
tion
belief,lyingat the foundawhich
of those principles
fixed in the
are
our

conscience

of the

of them

not
appeal,

we

of mankind.

mass

the truth

any process of reasoning,

which forces itself upon
every

but to the conviction

to

Neither do

regulatedmind.

For

go abroad
among
inquirewhether the impression
we

nations to
savage
of them be universal-;for this may
be obscured
communities, as it is in individuals,
by a course

degradation.We

moral

whether, in the calm

in
of

the casuist himself,

appealto

of reflection,
he

moment

divest himself of their power.

the feelings
of the man
who, under
can

We

appealto

the consciousness

shrinks from the dread of a present

guilt,
of a future reckoning.
Deity,and the anticipation
But chiefly
we
appeal to the conviction of him in
retains its rightful
whom
conscience
and
supremacy,
who
cherishes these momentous
truths,
habitually
his guidesin this lifein its relation to the life that
as
of

is to

come.

It appears

to

be

pointof

the utmost

practical

importance,that we should consider these articles

moral constitution,
in our
of belief as implanted
or
as
simplestep of reasoningor
arising
by the most
which form a part of that
reflection out of principles
constitution.
It is in this way
only that we can
consider

them

of mankind.

as

calculated

For, if we

do

to

influence

not

believe

the

mass

them

to

FIRST

arise,in this

TRUTHS

IN

29

SCIENCE.

MORAL

by the spontaneousexercise
of every incorrupted
mind, there are onlytwo methods
by which we can suppose them to originate
;
the one
is a direct revelation from the Deity,
the other is a process of reasoning
or of investigation,
to that by which
called,analogous
so
properly
in natural
we
acquirethe knowledgeof any principle
We
science.
believe that theyare derived
cannot
from revelation,
find the belief
because
we
entirely
where no revelation is known, and because
existing
find the sacred writers appealing
to them
we
as
in the mental constiof conviction existing
tution
sources
manner,

"

of every

There

man.

is

an

obvious

ity,
absurd-

which are
again,in supposingthat principles,
to regulate
the conduct of responsible
should
beings,
be leftto the chance of beingunfolded by processes
of reasoning,
in which different m'^ds may
arrive
and in regardto which many
at differentconclusions,
of following
are
incapable
put any argument at all.
What
is called the argument a prio.
for the existence
7
and attributes of the Deity,foi mstance, conveys
littlethat is conclusive
is

to most

minds, and

to

servatio
obincomprehensible.The same
entirely
to those well-intended and
may be applied
able arguments, by which the probability
of a future
tion
state is shoNvn from analogyand from the constituof the mind.
founded
These
on
are
chiefly
three considerations,the tendencyof virtue to produce
happiness,and of vice to be followed by
misery, the unequaldistribution of good and evil
in the present life,and the adaptation
of our moral
facultiesto a state of being very differentfrom that

many

"

"

C2

30

PRELIMINARY

OBSERVATIONS.

in which

we

in these

arguments calculated

at

are

of

condition

our

there

and

to

elevate

moral

as

that future state of existence

;

is much

present placed. There

scope

ceptions
con-

of

beings,and

for which

is much

our

we

are

for the

tined
des-

highest

of
of reasoning,in showing the accordance
powers
these truths with the soundest
inductions
of true
all their truth and
philosophy.But, notwithstanding
all their utility,
it may be doubted whether theyare
to any

of

state

foundation

the

one

being.

It must

be

of his faith in another

admitted, at least,that

their force is felt

been
and

by those onlywhose minds have

in some
degree trained to habits of reasoning,
that theyare therefore not adapted to the mass

of mankind.
to

But

estabUsh

every

the truths which

of eternal

are

degree,and

we

aim

to

therefore

intended
of

men

expect them

finds its way with unerring

The
hearts of the unlearned.

evidence

to rest upon

should

theyare
importance to

the

which

of Butler never
reached the
reasonings
of the gray-haired
ear
piouspeasant ; but he needs
and certain
not their powerfulaid to establish his sure
hope of a blessed immortality.It is no induction of
logicthat has transfixed the heart of the victim of
deep remorse, when he withers beneath an influence
pation
unseen
by human eye, and shrinks from the anticiof a reckoningto come.
In both, the evidence
is within, a part of the original
constitution
of every rational mind, plantedtliere by Him
who
unanswerable

"

framed

the wondrous

conscience

put away

This

is the power

which
authority
him, it pleadsat once

with

from

fabric.
an

no

man

for his

of
can

own

future existence,and

omnipotentand

MORAL

IN

TRUTHS

FIRST

31

SCIENCE.

for the moral

attributes of

ever-present Deity. In

an

healthy
the man
its
state of the mored
feelings,
recognises
dominion.
Amid
the degradation
claim to supreme
it stillraises its voice, and asserts its right
of guilt,
to govern the whole man
; and, thoughits warnings
its claims

and
disregarded,

are

his inmost

within

that cannot

accuser

of
or the conviction
distinctions,

conduct

There

be

an

Similar

of

an

disallowed,it proves

that never
is quenched.
avengingspirit
observations apply to the uniformity
of

and
stilled,

moral

soul

have

which

man

his fellow-men.

to

owes

certain line

controversies and various

many
contendingsystems in reference to this subject; but
I submit
same

been

that the

manner

fixed and
to be

as

the

one

of
principles
recognisedby the consent

defined

conviction

that

as

been

series of

lengthbrought into
him to the knowledgeor
at

expects from

men,

duty

of mankind,

which

hardened

appear
as
as

an

solute
ab-

recognised

are

criminal,whose

and fraud, when

injustice

circumstances

which

exposf"

the retribution of his fellow

them

oi
veracityand justice,

He
himself upon their mercy.
recognisessuch principlesas a part of the
throws

perhapseven
thus

relative

in the

Certain

constitution,by

by

The
bodilyqualities.

life has

disposedof

mentioned.

now

essential part of their moral

our

be

questionmay

he
the blind man,
when
has missed his way, asks direction of the firstson
perhe meets,
presumingupon the latterpossessing
moral

constitution,
just as

"

as

sense

which, though lost

belongingto

every

to

sound

him, he stillconsiders
man.

In

defending

32

OBSERVATIONS.

PRELIMINARY

himself,also, the criminal shows

For

his

objectis

to

frame

excuses

facts,or

nition.
recog-

same

disprovethe alleged

to

for

his conduct;

he

attempts to questionthose universal principles

never

which

by

the

he

feels that his actions

be

must

demned,
con-

out
proved againsthim. Withindeed, thus universally
principles,
nised,
recog-

if the facts
such

are

it is evident that the whole

system of human

thingswould
laws

Human
go into confusion and ruin.
restrain or punishgross acts of violence

may

and

injustice
; but theycan
methods
by which
neighbour,or promote his
of others.

There

berless
providefor numinjurehis
may

never
a
own

man

interest at the
in fact, but

pense
ex-

very
few cases
for by any human
which
be provided
can
institution ; it is a principle
within that regulates
the
whole moral
In its extent and importance,
economy.
when
it may

be

guide

the

of man,
which
likened to those great principles
of the universe, contrasted
movements

results

or

by

for their

own

expect to

move

well

propel a

comet

by

preserve

the semblance

without

those

which
every

form

the

as

all the

which

men

devices

cular
produce parti-

convenience
a

and

planetby machinery,

of steam,
power
of order in the moral

the

fundamental

part of the

one

of
principles

as

to

world,

rectitude

constitution
original

of

being.
each

man

has

the consciousness

ot

in himself, he has the conviction

principles
Hence
similar principles
arises
exist in others.
that, as he judges of their conduct
impression,

these
that

rational

Further,

with

compared

with the contrivances

might as

are,

PHILOSOPHY

OF

THE

When

MORAL

directed

by

which

every

motives

we

consider

^to

the

they

I.

II.

His

In

seem

the

from

of

different
of

these

moral

his

actions

resolve

same

estimating
form

we

condition

of

alone.

elements

the

When

which

themselves

It is

motives,

that

intelligentand

an

to

the

that

the

the

phenomena

means

is from

is first

principles.

very

have

separately

economy

internal

from

respecting
not

extemd

however,

one,

we

and

mdividual,

following:

his

guish
distin-

attention

our

the

as

principles,it

oi

judgment

agent,

of

proceed

may

that, when

and

being,

actions,

judge

we

to

action

moral

his

to

famiUar

our

as

principles which

the

analyze

we
man

FEELINGS.

enter

responsible
into

the

"

actual

conduct,

determining

principleis

his

will,

ot

or

his

actions.

conduct,

the

simple volition.

immediate
He

wills

56

ANALYSIS

"

MORAL

THE

FEELINGS.

unless it

the act follows of course,

restraint from without, or

and

act,

some

OF

be

by physical
preventedby
it. These alone can
fere
interto perform
inability
the determination of his
with a man
following
will,or simplevolition.

objectsof

III. The
referable

two

to

actions

and

to

simple volition are

classes
objectsto be obtained,
be performedto others ; and these
or

"

with

connected

are

will

two

distinct mental

conditions,

In
to the act of voUtion.
previously
tion
regardto objectsto be obtained, this mental condiIn regardto actions towards others,
is Desire,
The
desires and affections,
therefore,
it is Jiffection,
hold a place in the mind
previousto volition.
the mental
of them
From
state
one
originates
leads to volition,
which, under certain regulations,
The
a certain act.
or
to our
act, which is
willing

exist

which

then

in certain conduct

of

affections

our

The

desires and
as

which
them
which

volition,consists either in

the objectdesired,
attaining
towards other men,
out
arising
mental
towards them.
feelings

efforts towards

certain
or

result of the

the

our
we

has

or

affections,
therefore,may

be

sidered
con-

the

primary or moving powers, from

actions proceed. In connexion
with
have to keep in view another principle,
an

extensive

influence

on

our

conduct

in

This is
regardto both these classes of emotions.
which
leads us
to seek
our
own
Self-love;
tection,
procomfort, and advantage. It is a sound and
of action when kept in itsproper
principle
legitimate
place;when allowed to usurp an undue influence,

THE

OF

ANALYSIS

37

FEELINGS.

MORAL

into selfishness ; and itthen

It degenerates
in

degreewith

material

IV.

We

have

next

desire is not

every

the exercise of the affections,

in other words, with

or,

interferes

attend

to

followed

by

other

duty to

our

to

men.

the fact,that

actual

voHtion

wards
to-

and that every affection

lead to the conduct which might flow from

the object
;
obtaining
does

not

feel a desire which, afler

Thus, a man
may
other
consideration,he determines not to gratify.Anand not act upon
affection,
an
may experience
it i he may feel benevolence
and yet
or
friendship,

it.

act, in the
or

we

with cold selfishness ;

particular
case,
feel the impulseof anger, and yet conduct

he may
himself

with

go another

the determination

to
according

present

to the

bringsus

to
;

the desire

mind,

of

principles
is actually
decided,

or

is

to it. This
opposition
the utmost
portance
impractical

which
principles
the

affection which

in

or

subjectof

and the

determination

therefore,

attention is directed to certain

by which
either

When,

in the chain of moral

step backwards

our

sequences,

forbearance.

mind

are

thus

decide the

referable

to

two

heads.

(1.)The
of

determination

or

decision may

arise out

certain state

of arrangement of the moving

of which some
themselves, in consequence

powers
of them
one

influence
a predominating
acquired
in the moral
system. This usuallyresults from
shall see in a
as
habit,or frequentindulgence,
we
ample,
subsequentpart of our inquiry.A man, for exthat the
but perceive
may desire an object,
has

38

ANALYSIS

MORAL

THE

OF

FEELINGS.

requirea degree of exertion

greater than he is disposedto devote to it : this is
love of ease,
branch of selfthe preponderating
a
Another
love.
perceivethat the gratificatio
may
the estimation in
would
or
impair his good name,
would

attEimment

which
men

this is the

or

in the eyes
love of
predominating

is anxious

he

regardto

to

stand

character.

In the

same

of other

tion,
approbamanner,

interfere with his

third may
feel that it would
schemes
of avarice or ambition ; and so in regard
On a similar principle,
to the other desires.
a man
a

experiencea strong impulseof

may

by

not

but

ceive
per-

it,or
dangerin gratifying
would
or his interest
promote his reputation
nevolen
actingupon it ; he may experiencea bebe

that .here would

that he

anger,

but
affection,

interfere too

much

feel that the exercise would

with

his

personalinterest

or

comfort.

(2.) The
of

duty,or

may arise from a sense

impressionof moral rectitude,apart

determination
an

from

nature.
every consideration of a personal
is the JVLoral Principle,
Conscience : in
or

mind

in

state

of moral

health, it is the

This
every

supreme

the
preservingamong
regulatingprinciple,
moving powers a certain harmony to each other,and
to the principles
of moral rectitude. It often excites
which
to conduct
requiresa sacrifice of self-love,
with
from interfering
and so prevents this principle
the sound
It regulates
exercise of the affections.
the desires,and restrains them by the simplerule of
the affections in th
: it directs and
purity
regulates
same
manner
by the highsense of moral response
and

OF

ANALYSIS

moral

the whole

maintains

it thus

: and
bilitj

39

FEELINGS.

MORAL

THE

order and

harmony

system.
character,

of the chief diversities of human

One

in

indeed, arises from

of

the circumstance

one

man

by the simple and

principleof duty, and another
straight-forward
desires and
merely by a kind of contest between
being habituallyinfluenced

inferior

of

also

acquirea knowledge of

we

very

or

the moral

measures

viduals
excite three indi-

for example, to
endeavouring,
to

know,

that in

of

act

some
one

usefulness,

have

we

appear
V.
heads

to bear

The
are

of
another

with

man

there is

But

his fellow-men.

though,in

the moral

of the

in connexion

in
feelings,
to

be

inquirydevoted

emotions

Deity.

reference

considered
to

conscience.

we

obtain from

The

to this

in

themselves,

with the views of the character

attributes of God, which

and

are, the

These

come

distinct

point of view,
practical

of his relation to the

relation,will therefore

department

connected.

arise out

of
regulation

reason

it

his interest.

class of emotions, in their nature

these ;
theyare much

and

make

can

we

referred to under the preceding

principles
nexion
chieflythose which regulatethe con-

from

which

upon

to

come

we

only to appealto his

his vanityor love of
no
hope of making

duty ; in another to
have
approbation; while we
the third,unless
any impressionon
of

sense

ment
tempera-

learn
to adapt our
different men,
and
in our transactions with them.
accordingly

of

In

Thus

selfish nature.

motives

the

and

of
light

40

ANALYSIS

OF

THE

MORAL

FEELINGS.

This
the

of the principles
which constitute
analysis
indicates the further division of
moral
feelings

our

inquiryin

manner
following

"

Desires, the Affections, and Self-love.

I. The

"

"

Will.

II. The

Moral

III. The
The

IV.

the

or Conscience.
Principle,

moral

relation of

towards

man

the

Deity.
These

constitute what

of man,
principles
decide

be
may
those which

or

his conduct

as

moral

being.

In connexion

class of

which
feelings,

with

called the active

calculated to

are

and

responsible

them, there is another

be

may

called

passiveor

They exert a considerable

connectingemotions.
influence of a secondary kind ; but, in an
Essay
which is meant
it perhaps
to be essentially
practical,
will not

be

necessary

in such

them

to the active

When

which
have

an

to

one
confidence,

which

we

call

it,we
attaining
us

When

to

abandon
we

their relation

pointout

it,we

feel desire.

no

If

of
we

reach,we

our

the effect of this is to encourage

If we
arrive at such a conviction

doubt of the attainment,this is

of the

forms

of that

state

of mind

faith. If we see no prospect of

and this leads
giveway to despair,
all exertion

for the

attainment.

obtain the

joy; if we are
again^we have
or

than enumerate

think that it is within

leaves

as

to

more

principles.
account
on
objectpresents qualities

exertions.

our

as

wish to obtain

we

reason

in

do

manner

hope;and
experience
us

to

object,we experience
pleasure
feel regret. If
we
disappointed,

the prospect of

some

evil which

PART

OF

THE

DESIRES,

AFFECTIONS,

THE

AND

SELF-LOVE.

SECTION

DESIRES.

THE

Desire
mind
on

immediate

is the

towards

movement

object which

an

which

of

account

I.

we

presents

wish

to

of the

act

or

quality

some

it.

obtain

The

all those attainments

objects of desire, therefore, embrace
which
mankind
and
consider
gratifications
The
object pursued
worthy of being sought after.
in each

is determined
by the views,
particularcase
In
habits, and moral
dispositionsof the individual.
this manner,
one
regard an
object as
may
person
above
to

every

another

other
appears

principleswhich
form

worthy being sought after, which

worthless.
or
insignificant
regulate these diversities, and

character, belong
In
be

forming

of the

one

to

are

subsequent part

desired.

our

of the desires,

the nature

Those

of

of the various

which

may

sequently
con-

in human

great differences

classification

guided simply by

which

The

be

inquiry.
we

must

objects

specified

44

DESIRES.

the most

as

and
prevalent,

the most

be distinguish

be referred to the following

separate,may

as

to
clearly

heads.

I. The

of the animal propensities

gratification
commonly called the Appetites. These, which we
"

in

possess

with the lower

common

animals, are

planted
im-

quire
importantpurposes ; but theyreto be
kept under the most rigidcontrol,both
of reason
and the moral
principle.When they are
allowed to break throughthese restraints,
and become
of action, they form a character
leading
principles

in

for

us

the lowest
and

moral;

in the scale,whether

it is

intellectual

impossibleto contemplatea

degraded condition

of

moral

rational and

oi

more

being.

The

also of the most

to society
are
consequences
baneful nature.
Without
to the glutton
or
alluding
to

the drunkard, what

and

accumulated

wretchedness

follow the

tion,
degradaguilt,

course

of the libertine,

whatever
within the reach of
comes
blasting
influence,and extendinga demoralizing
power
"

his

alike to him
wrong.
which

Thus
human

no

and
and

as

which

inflicts and

law

This is

take

to

desire of Wealth,

morbid

our

be

suffer the

of evils,of

adequatecognizance,
views, in

Supreme

commonly
is perhapsjustly
to

excess

to
properly

class

any

therefore raise

thoughavarice

the

can

those who

to

is constituted

peculiar
manner,

II. The
;

who

Moral

cial
spe-

ernor.
Gov-

called Avarice
be

regarded
of the propensity.
abuse
or
in
considered as originating

PROPENSITIES

ANIMAL

the desii'e to

WEALTH

the

possess

of

means

45

POWER.

"

procuringother

the influence of habit, the

But, by
gratifications.

desire is transferred to the

thingitself;and

it often

kind of mania, in which

there is the pure

love of gain,without the appUcationof it to any other
becomes

kind of
in

enjoyment.

remarkable

It is

which
propensity

may,
ter,
charac-

engross the whole

continuance ; and itis then

manner,

strength
acquiring
by
generally
accompanied by a
which considers
nothing as

contracted

selfishness,

unworthy that
be made
to the rulingpassion.
to contribute
can
This may be the case
the propensity
when
is
even
regulatedby the rules of justice
; ifitbreak through
mean

or

it leads to fraud,extortion,deceit,and
this restraint,

injustice,and, under another form, to theft or rob

bery. It is therefore alwaysin danger of beingopposed
"

to

leadinga
the

the exercise

to live for

man

calculated

means

III. The

the love of
more

of the

to

himself,and

promote his

desire of Power,
"

less extensive.

studyonly

to

interest.

own

Ambition.

or

ruling, of givingthe
or

affections,

benevolent

law to

When

This is

circle whether

it becomes

the

the strongest principles

of
governing propensity,
human
those of pernature give way before it, even
sonal
"

comfort
who

and

braves

queror,
safety. This we see in the conand privation,
difficulty,
every danger,

for the attainment

of power
sacrifices for it every

and in the statesman,

personalcomfort,
The principle,
however,
perhapshealth and peace.
tion,
another form, which, according
to its direcassumes
may aim at a higherobject.Such is the desire
who

46

DESIRES.

of

exercising
power
of usefulness

oppressed;

; of

of

power

of

others,and

mind, and

one

or

eloquence,to

far to

calculated

into sound
is
an

sentiments

speciesof

exalted and

to carry

power,

virtuous

benefit to others

itis exerted.

wherever

IV.

This

gratifying
by

; of persuading

men

of the
pleadingthe cause
the opinionsof
influencing

guidingthem

and virtuous conduct.

the most

of

multitude,by arguments

deeds

the minds

over

The

desire

of

Emulation.
or
Superiority,

This is allied to the former, except that it does not

include any direct wish to rule, but aims simply at
the

It is a propensity
acquirementof superiority.
of extensive influence,and not easily
confined within
the bounds of correct principle.It is apt to lead to
for the accomplishment
of its object;
undue
means
and every real or imagined failure tends to excite
it requires
hatred and envy.
Hence
the most careful
and, when much encouraged in the
regulation,
lignant
mayoung, is not free from the dangerof generating
passions. Its influence and tendency,as in
jects
other desires,depend in a great measure
the obon
it is directed.

It may be seen
in the
who seeks to excel his associates in the gayety
man
of his apparel,
the splendourof his equipage,or the
to which

luxuryof

his table.

It is found

distinction is to be the most

or

fox-hunt,
"

or

in him

whose

fearless rider at
to

perform some

proud
a

ple-chase
stee-

other

the only claim of which to admiration consists

exploit,
in its never
havingbeen performedbefore. The
directed to more
same
worthy objects,
principle,

seeks to be

who

influence him

may

high pursuit,calculated

some

his country

benefit upon

V.

The

desire of

to

in
distinguished
confer a lasting

human

on

or

47

ESTEEM.

SOCIETY

SUPERIORITY

Society.

kind.

This has been

sidered
con-

nent
by most writers on the subjectas a promiof human
nature, showing itselfat all
principle
periodsof life,and in all conditions of civilization.
In persons shut up from
it has manifested
men,
to animals

exist without

itself in the closest attachment

if the human

as

object on

some

intended
feelings

intercourse with their fellow-

to

found in the union

bind

of

intercourse, in the
"

which

could

not

exercise the

to

his fellows.

It is

in civil society
and

social

to

man

men

mind

ties of

and
friendship,

closer union

of the domestic

weaknesses

require the presence

be no
enjoymentof

the still

circle.

It is necessary
for the exercise of all the affections ; and even
our
There

would

if there

were

none

to

admire

; and

of

other

men.

rank

or

even

the misanthrope

requiresthe presence of another

spleenmay be uttered. The abuse of
leads to the contracted spirit
of party.

wealth,

to whom

his

this principle

YI.

The

This is a
is in many

desire

of

of
principle

Esteem

extensive

most

Approbation.
influence,and

worthyand useful
of human
character.
displays
Though inferior to
the highsense
itmay yet be conof moral obligation,
sidered
seeks
a laudable
principle,as when a man
the approbation
of others by deeds of benevolence,
or patriotism,
publicspirit,
by actions calculated to
instances

the

and

of

source

"

"

48

DESIRES.

promote the advantageor the comfort either of

individuals.

munities
com-

In the

healthyexercise of
desires the approbationof the good ; in
it,a man
of it,he seeks merelythe praise
the distorted use
of
a
by deeds of a frivolous or even
party, perhaps,
vicious character,aims at the applauseof associates
whose praiseis worthless.
Accordingto the object
or

"

to which

itis directed,therefore,
the desire of bation
appromay be the attribute either of a virtuous or a

But it is a principle
which, in
pervertedmind.
in every well
general,we expect to find operating,
regulatedmind, under certain restrictions. Thus, a
who is totally
of character, that is,
man
regardless
of the opinion of all others respecting
his conduct,
we
commonly consider as a person lost to correct
"

virtuous

feeling.On

the other

hand, however, there

may be instances in which it is the

of the greatestmind to pursue some
from

adequate motives, he has

alike of the praiseor
regardless
of other

men.

The

character

of
quality
to

course

man

which,

devoted
the

himself,
disapprobation

in which

the love of

is therefore modified
approbationis a ruling
principle
by the direction of it. To desire the approbation
of the virtuous leads to conduct

of

corresponding
in such conduct.
kind, and to steadiness and consistency
of the vicious,leads,
To seek the approbation
But there is
of course,
to an
oppositecharacter.
third modification, presenting
a
a
subjectof some
of the man
interest,in which the prevailing
principle
without any discrimination
is a generallove of approbation,
of the characters of those whose
praiseis
account
on
sought,or of the value of the qualities
a

50

DESIRES.

which
discrimination,
throughthe relations of society
referable to this principle
are
tions
ac; or, by how
many
which are not really
a man
wrong
may render
teem
despisedand ridiculous. The love of esis also of extensive influence
and approbation

himself

both in the conduct of education and

in the young,
the cultivation of generalcharacter ; and it is not
"

liable to the

formerlyreferred to, which

objections,
of Emulation.
It leads also
apply to the principle
to those numerous
expedientsby which persons of
various character seek for themselves
or
a
notoriety
desire to leave a reputation
behind
them
or
name,
This is the love of posthuwhen
theyare no more.
mous
which has afforded an
sive
extenfame, a subject
and the hutheme
both for the philosopher
morist.

The

desire of

Knowledge,or of Intellectual
of Curiosity.
the principle
Acquirement, including
The tendencyof this highprinciple
must
depend,as
VII.

"

in the former
to which

cases,

its regulation,
and

on

it is directed.

These

the objects

vary from
attainments
the idle tattle of the day,to the highest
in literature or

The

science.

may

principle
may

be

plied
ap-

of a frivolous or useless kind, and

pursuits
to such
acquirementsas lead only to pedantryor
sophism; or it may be directed to a desultory
plicatio
apwhich leads to a superficial
acquaintance
ledge
knowof subjects,
without a correct
with a variety
to

of any
of

On

of them.

knowledge may
duties which
important

be
we

the other hand, the suit

purallowed to interferewith
owe

to

others,in the par-

KNOWLEDGE

MORAL

"

ticular situation in which

we

are

placed. A
to
propensity

regulated
judgment conducts the
directs it in such
objects
; and
it most

make

useful

51

IMPROVEMENT.

thy
wor-

to

as

With

others.

to

manner

well-

such

due

the principle
vated
cultiregulations,
ought to be carefully
in the young.
It is closely
with
connected
of mind which seeks for knowledge on
that activity
that comes
within its reach, and which
every subject
its knowledge more
is ever
the watch
to make
on
and

correct

YIII.

more

The

leads to the

extensive

desire of Moral

higheststate

of

Improvement.
man

and

character,that itis adaptedto

peculiar
scale of society,
and tends to diffuse a
the circle with which

around
is connected.

The

the

and

he who

succeeds

The

desire

be misdirected

Even

the

the thirst for

to

knowledge may

he

to

his species.

praisemay
lent
leadingto inso-

hand, and envy

one

few

misanthrope
;

manner,

same

exist in

scourge
of superiority
or of

in the

triumph on

be

may

individual

may

discontented

this

in every
beneficial influence

desire

become

it bears
men

of power
its gratification
is limited

but
many,
who fails may

This

be

the other.

on

abused, and

are
placedin circumstances in which it cannot
many
But the desire of moral improvement
be gratified.

itself to every class of society,

and its
tensity
to its inobjectis attainable by all. In proportion
commends

and
both
him

its steadiness,it tends to

a

happierand

the instrument

usefulness to all who

of

come

make

better man,

and

the possessor
to

der
ren-

diffusing
happinessand
within the reach of his

52

DESIRES.

influence.

If he be in

will be felt more

humble

sphere,theymay

station,these results
superior
extensively
; if he be in an
a

limited ; but their

their tendency is equally
to
be

is the same,
and
elevate the character of

nature

consists,as

shall afterward

we

whole

intellectual and

moral

effort to have

every
moral

regulatedby

the

of the Divine

will.

which
to

occasion

in

system, and

desire and

It leads to

never

conduct

Emotions

of
uniformity

acter
char-

flow from

the

which have

to include

the

of
practice

been

the most

tioned
menbriefly
importantof those

more

now

referable to the class of desires.

are

bitual
ha-

an

any lower source,

charge
distinguished
by the anxious dis-

can

seem

which

have

dition
con-

every affection
and
principle
by a sense

of every duty,and
active benevolence.

The

mental

more

the

and

This

man.

in an habitual recognition
particularly,
of conscience
the
over
authority
supreme

to show

of

more

There

which
principle
ought to be
of human
leadingpeculiarity
nature,

is, however, another

mentioned

as

though it

be somewhat
difficult to determine
may
the class to which it belongs. This is the Desire

of Action,
"

it to

requiresome

be exercised,and
and
to

becomes

person
longsfor ease and

comphshed

without

miserable.

explainseveral
A

of mind, which
activity
objecton which its powers

the restless

must

which
On

facts which

it preys upon itself,

this principle
we
are
of

are

accustomed

to

observation.
frequent
life of activity

retirement, and when

his purpose,

leads

finds

himself

he has

ac-

wretched.

ACTION

"

REGULATION

OF

53

DESIRES.

frivolous engagements of the

unoccupiedare
referable to the same
principle.They arise,not
such occupationsreally
from any interest which
ment,
possess, but simplyfrom the desire of mental excitethe felicity
of havingsomethingto do. The
to those
pleasureof relaxation,indeed, is known
and interesting
employment.
only who have regular
The

"

relaxation

Continued

soon

becomes

weariness

assert, that
ground,we may safely
not to
greatestdegreeof real enjoymentbelongs,

and,

this

on

luxurious

the

the Hstless votary of

classes of society,
who,

to the middle

alongwith the comforts of life,have

occupation.
important
The

the

of wealth, or

man

fashion,but

condition which

mental
to lie in

great measure

we

constant

and

call Desire

appears
at the foundation of

moral condition,it is
character ; and, for a sound
jects
requiredthat the desires be directed to worthyob;

and

that the

be accommodated
each

of these

of
degree or strength
to

objects. If

worthyconduct
steadyand
break

from

the true and

uniform

relative value of

the desires

will be

manner.

these restraints of

are

to
likely
If theyare

reason

the desire

thus directed

follow in

allowed to

and the moral

the man
is left at the mercy of unhallowed
principle,
which
and is hable to those irregularities
passion,
result from such a derangement of the
naturally
moral feelings.
If,indeed,we would see the evils produced
have
we
by desire,when not thus controlled,
onlyto look at the whole historyof humEmi kind.

What

accumulated

miseries arise from the want

E2

of

54

DESIRES.

in the
propensities,
various forms in which it degradesthe character of
evils springfrom
rational and moral beings. What
due

of
regulation

the

the love of money,

the contests
from

party, what

from

the desire of power ;

of
rivals,and the tumults

and
hatred, malignity

wretchedness
complicated

What

follows

revenge.

the train of

contempt of human

ambition,
"

countries
suffering,
Such
delugedwith blood.

fields

and
depopulated,

the

of

envy,

"

are

and

animal

the results of desire,when

worthyof
rigidcontrol

laws of

moral

forms, a

sensual

moral

directed

not

being,and

not

of conscience, and

to

jects
ob-

kept under

the immutable

in any of these
is allowed
selfish propensity
to

rectitude.
or

When,

son
pass the due boundary,which is fixed for it by reathe mental
and the moral principle,
harmony is

and
the judgment itself comes
even
destroyed,
of all
be impaired and distorted in that highest

after moral

the search
The

desires,indeed,

state, while the conduct

such
principles,
to

character,or

even

exist in

ill-regulated
yet restrained by various
a

to

contendingwith
morallyright,
be
pie within. But this cannot
of

moral

the desire itself is sound

is in moral

health.

This,

an

human

laws, a

gard
re-

of what
feeling
the vitiated princi

certain

is

healthycondition

quiries
in-

truth.

submission

as

"

may
is

to

considered

as

the

being. It is only when

that

say the man

is the great
accordingly,
we

can

enforced
in the
often and so strikingly
so
principle
sacred writings, Keep thyheart v/ith all diligence,
"

because
are

out

of it are

the pure in

the issues

of life."

"

heart,for theyshall see God."

Blessed

Thus,

REGULATION

there

which

their

objects

purity
and

state,

is

of

moral

of

life, when

us

to

of

that

from
efforts

heart.

fully
are

high,

cannot

conviction

disclosed
there

is

capable

accomplish,

of

the
to

relation

in

thus

that

to

the

utmost

the

unfolding
forced

upon

this

and

light
look

object

however,

and

effecting
the

"

perfection
great

necessary,

by
taught

the

within,

"

failed

have

transient
unaided

attainment,

inadequacy,

is

Perfect

warfare

its

full

our

own

the

be

in

this

influence

higher

We
on

The

his

that

to

of

this

after

viewed

reason

aid.

is
truth.

total

human

is

For
his

felt

is

life

come.

feel

must

requisite

which

in

by

desire

though

being.

man

it is

to

reach

of

attained

be

habitual

this

of

lot

which

nature,

the

state

subservient

being,

is

efforts

to

and

earnest

which

the

not

moral

beyond

present

not

But,

efforts.

be

the
is

the

be

not

desires

are

sires
de-

are

should

they

there

and

elevate

should
in

attainment
moral

and

purify

to

though

even

there

and

folly,

are

by indulgence

tend

man

vice,

are

followed

that

which

desires

are

55

DESIRES.

OF

of

for

fluence
in-

revealed
a

what

purification

power

human

of

the

56

AFFECTIONS.

SECTION

THE

As

the Desires

AFFECTIONS.

calculated to

are

relations to other men,

which

and

to

tificatio
grato

certain line of

of
original
principles

as

us

of these relations.

arises out

viewed

plantedin

bringsome

ourselves,the Affections lead

to

to be

II.

duct
con-

They
our

our

are

nature,

of
for wise purposes,
and the operation
is to be considered as distinct both from that of

them

us

the moral

that is,from any

and of reason,
principle
of duty or the moral
rectitude of the conduct
sense
to which theylead,and from
any calculation of its
votes
and utility.
Thus, when the mother depropriety
her attention by day and nightto her infant,
if
from sickness or helplessness
in want of her special
in doingso, with total disregard
care, and perseveres
to her

own

"

ease,

either
of the

by

enced
health,or comfort,she is not influa

sense

of her
utility

within,which
and
course

of

duty,or by

any

feeling

she acts upon an

she feels to be a partof her

which

of anxious

conduct

carries her forward

and

pulse
im-

in

stitution,
con-

lar
particu-

exertion by
protracted

the

This distinction appears to

power of itself alone.
be of the utmost practical
importance,and we shsdl

have occasion

sequel.

to

refer to it more

in the
particularly

58

AFFECTIONS,

tion of

an

is matter

affection and

the moral

of

principle
; but this
The
sideration
importantcon-

alone.
speculation
to it is, that,in whatever
ner
manrelating
of justice
is a primaryand
it arises,the sense
moral
essential part of our
constitution,conveying
which
the distinct impressionof certain conduct
a
without regard to any
to his fellow-men,'
owes
man
considerations of a personalnature, and apart from
man.
all positive
enactments
or
laws, either divine or huThe
requirementsof justiceembrace certain
has an absolute right,
and
pointsin which every man
it is the absolute duty of every
in regard to which
These
other man
not to interfere with him.
rights
divided into three classes ; what
have usually
been
has any
I have a right
to possess, and what no
man
what I have a rightto do,
rightto take from me,
"

and

what

doing,
"

men,

no

what

and

has

man

what

I have
it is

any

title to

prevent

me

from

rightto expect from other

their absolute duty to perform.
a

the basis of what is called

form
principles
riving
Natural Jurisprudence,
code of relative duty dea
which are found
from impressions
its authority
of all mankind, without regard
in the moral feelings
of any particular
civil society.In
to the enactments

These

the actual

arrangements

of civil communities, these

of justiceare
great principles

combined

with others

or expecftency
merely from utility
calculated to promote the peace or the advantage
as
differ in different
These
of the community.
may
the
to be bindingwhen
countries, and they cease
which they rest are
enactments
on
abrogatedor

which

are

derived

59

JUSTICE.

changed.
laws

no

But

difference of

no

the
destroy,

can

placecan alter,and
essential requirementsof

justice.
In

observations, it will be remarked, the

these
Justice

word

is used

individual character

as

and

of
expressinga principle
it is in this

sense

that itis

classed with the affections. The term

properly
is employed in another
tributiv
namely, that of dissense,
which
and corrective justice,
regulatesthe
claims of individuals in a community, requires
restitution
or
compensation for any deviation from such
claims, or punishesthose who have violated them.
that justiceis properlyto
It is in the former sense
branch of the philosophy
be considered
of the
as
a
moral
feelings
general principles
; but the same
applyto both.
of justice,
consists in a feelThe sense
ing
therefore,
experiencedby every man, of a certain line of
cumstanc
conduct
which he owes
in givencirto other men
to be

and

heads
following
with
interfering
their

this
"

seems

to

to
attending

their freedom

be referable

to the

their interest,"not

of action,
"

preserving

their character and motives,

reputation, estimating
judgingof their opinions, consultingtheir
feelings,and preservingor improving their moral
condition.
As a guide for his conduct
in parbtcular
of
has usually
instances,a man
a distinct impression
what he thinks due by other men
towards himself;
extend
that he rigidly
to others the
justice
requires
same
feelingsand conduct which, in similar ciicumstances, he expects from them.
"

"

"

"

60

AFFECTIONS.

(1.)Justice

is due

interests of others.

to

the persons,

This

and
property,

constitutes

or
Integrity
from
impliesabstaining
a conscientious
preserving

Honesty. It, of course,

and
every kind of injury,
regardto their rights. In this last respect,itallows
to exercise a prudentattention to our
est,
interus
own
be fair and honourable, and
providedthe means
abstain from injuring
that we
others by the
carefully
The great
measures
we
employ for this purpose.
rule for our guidancein all such cases
is found in
the immutable
of moral rectitude ; the test
principles
of our conduct in regard to individual instances is,
thai it be such
we

were

as,

our

should think fair and

of action of others.

is liable to

of action to

the

men.

interfere with the

This

certain restrictions :

his freedom

of other

to

constitutes

in all civil communities

liberty
; but
uses

not

concerned,

in other

honourable

us
(2.) Justice requires

freedom

interest

own

as

when

the
a

sonal
per-

right
man

danger or injury

of justice
also
principles
may
to a certain extent,
a man's
surrendering,
recognise
his personalUberty,
pact,
by mutual and voluntarycomof servants, apprentices,
in the case
as
soldiers,
"c. ; but theyare opposedto slavery,
in which the
men.

The

individual concerned

is not

party to the arrangement.

of
to the reputation
a regard
(3.)Justice enjoins
others.
This consists in avoidingevery thingthat
could be injurious
either by direct
to their good name,
or such insinuations as mightgive
evil-speaking,

61

JUSTICE.

them.
It must
or prejudice
against
suspicion
of such insinuations
extend a/so to the counteracting
in circumstanc
hear them made by others,especially
when
we
has no
in which
the individual injured
himself. It includes,further,
of defending
opportunity
do not deny to others, even
to rivals,
that we
any
due to them.
There
praiseor credit which is justly
consistent with
is,however, one modification,equally
the former of these rules is liable ;
to which
justice,
to
namely,that,in certain cases, we may be required
when
to an individual,
make
a statement
prejudicial
bent
duty to a third party or to the publicmakes itincumIn such a case, a person guided
to do so.
on
us
will go no farther than is actually
by the rules of justice
by the circumstances ; and will at all
required
of propagating
beware
times
to
a
report injurious
another,thoughhe should know it to be strictly
true,
unless he is called upon by special
nicate
duty to commurise to

it.

us
(4.)Justice requires
an

not

individual in the estimation

exercise the

fairness in

onlyto

avoid

of other men,

but to

opinion
of his character,without
biased by
or
his
passionor prejudice.This consists in estimating
conduct and motives with calmness
and impartiality
;
in regardto particular
ance
instances,making full allowfor the circumstances
in which he was
placed,
and the feelings
by which he was, or might be, at the
When
action admits
influenced.
time, naturally
an
of beingreferred to different motives,justice
consists
in takingthe more
favourable view, if we can do so
same

formingour
beingmisled

injuring

own

62

AFFECTIONS.

regard to truth,instead of harshlyand

which is unworthy. Such
a motive
gissigning
hastily
in regardto character and motives we require
justice
the conduct reto exercise with peculiar
ferred
care, when
in any way
to has been
opposed to our own
In these cases
be especially
self-love.
must
we
on
our
ple,
guard againstthe influence of the selfish princiand distorted views
which mightlead to partial
with strict

of actions and motives, less favourable

favourable

more

When

viewed

to

others,and

ourselves, than justicewarrants.

in this manner,
which

to

we

may

often

rise to emotions

perceive,

of

displeasure,
warranted by some
to us, was
as
fully
injurious
conduct on our
own
required
by some
part,or was
higherduty which the individual owed to another.
that conduct

(5.) Justice
and
opinions

gave

is to be exercised in

statements

of others.

judgingof
This

the

constitutes

givinga fair and deliberate

statements, and arguments,
hearingto their opinions,
and honestlytheir tendency. It
and weighingfairly
blind attachment
is,therefore,opposedto prejudice,
and that narrow
to preconceived
tious
disputaopinions,
in captiouscriticism,
and
which delights
spirit
with calmness
that is opposed to its
will hear nothing
the senviews ; which distorts or misrepresents
timents
own
them to unworthy
of its opponents, ascribing
motives, or deducing from them conclusions which
Candour, accordingly,
theydo not warrant.
may be
and the love of
considered as a compound of justice
It leads us to givedue attention to the opintruth.
ions
Candour.

and

It consists in

statements

of others, in all
"

cases

to be

6^

JUSTICE.

solicitous to
l;^
chiefly
of

discover truth,and in statements

containing
perhapsmuch error
anxiouslyto discover and separate what
fallacy,
character,

mixed

and

been
remarked, that a
accordingly
and minute and rigid
criticism,
disputation,

It has

is true.

for acute

turn

is often the characteristic of

contracted

and

understandings
mind ; and that the most enlarged
prejudiced
ments
are
always the most indulgentto the statecover
of others, their leadingobjectbeingto dis"

truth.

of others ; and
(6.) Justice is due to the feelings
which do not affect
circumstances
this applies
to many
either their interest
them
injuring

of these respects,or in our own

ner
may behave to them in such a mantheir feelings.There
minds
are

in any

we
good opinion,

to wound

as

of

extreme

an

their reputation.Without

or

delicacy,which,

in this respect,are

sensitive; towards such, a person

peculiarly
himself with
strives to conduct
feelings
We

tenderness.
honest
least

and

find,however,

uprightminds,

approachto
attention

may

who

of

rect
cor-

suitable

persons

of

shrink from the

would

but yet neglect

the necessary
injury,
the feelings
fer
con; and may even

real
to

real benefit in such

manner

as

to

wound

the

lower

The
they intended kindness.
to what is called
pertain
degreesof this principle

mere

which
good-breeding,

individual

to

whom

has

the

been

nevolence
defined "be-

higherdegrees may
restrain from conduct which, without any real injury,
inflictspermanent pain. To this head we may perhaps
also refer a due regardto the estimate which we
in trifles;" but

64

AFFECTIONS.

lead

on
flattery

indeed

of himself.

to form

man

This is

opposedto

the other to any unnecessary

of his character.
Flattery
depreciation

the

one

hand,

is also to

be

and

on

considered

as

violation of

veracity.
(7.) While, upon

the

which have been

principles
referred to,we abstain from injuring
the interests,
the
the feelings
of others,there is another
or
reputation,
of stillhighermagnitude,which the
class of injuries,
conscientious mind will avoid with peculiar
anxiety,
done to the moral principles
of other
namely, injuries
These

men.

human
know

form

class of offences of which

no

law takes any adequatecognizance; but we

that they possess a character of the deepest

attaches to the man

who, by
malignity. Deep guilt
has unhingedthe moral feelings
ridicule,
or
persuasion
of leading
of another,or has been the means
him
astray from the paths of virtue. Of equal or even
is the aspect of the wiiter whose
greater malignity
works have contributed to violate the principles
of
the imagination,
truth and rectitude, to pollute
or
Inferior offenders are promptly
corrupt the heart.
and
suffer the award of
seized by publicauthority,
of the moral being
publicjustice
; but the destroyer
often walks securely
throughhis own scene of moral
if no power
could reach the measure
as
discipline,
of his guilt
but the hand of the Eternal.
To the same
head we
to assignthe extensive
are
and important
influence of exEimple. There are few
"

men

who

have

more
belongs

not in this respectsome

to persons
particularly

power,

but it

in situations of

66

AFFECTIONS.

degreesof suffering,
theytend continually
is but the infancy
that the present scene
to remind
us
thus conof our existence," that the beingswhom
template
we
the children of the same
are
Almighty
the same
Father with ourselves, inheriting
nature,
and
to enter
soon
feelings,
possessedof the same
forms and

upon

tions
another state of existence, when allthe distincwhich are to be found in this world shall cease

They

for ever.

tend thus to withdraw

of self-love,and

power

us

the

from

the

deludinginfluence
views
to raise our
habitually

; and
present things

of
to

that future lifefor which

pare

The

us.

the presentis intended to pre^

fections
cultivation of the benevolent af-

due

considered
to be
properly
of moral approbation,
but rather as a proas a source
cess
of moral culture.
They may enable us in some
degreeto benefit others, but their chief benefit is to
ourselves.
them, we both incur much
By neglecting
of
ourselves of an important
and deprive
means
guilt,
sides
improvement. The diligentexercise of them, beis accomof moral advantage,
panied
beinga source
with a degree of mental enjoyment which

therefore,is not

carries with it its own

the correct

view

which

we

an

occasion
The

of merit.
to refer

in this part of

Creator

kind,which
important

exercise of the benevolent

character

appears to be
take of the arrangement

It is calculated to correct

constitution.
of

ought to

by the

established
our

Such

reward.

more

To

affectionsas
this

conceptio
mis-

considers the
a
possessing

subjectwe

shall have

in the sequel.
particularly

exercise of the benevolent

treated of,under
briefly

affections may

nearly the

same

heads

be
as

COMPASSION

AND

67

BENEVOLENCE.

referred to when

those

justice
; keeping in

the principle
of
considering
mind
that theylead to greater

exertion for the benefit of others, and

a

greatersacrifice of self-love

the

often demand

than is included

requirementsof justice. On

mere

hand, benevolence

is not

the

exercised

to be

under

other

the

at

pense
ex-

of

be the case
if a man
justice
; as would
found
distress by expedients
which
were
relieving
of withholding
involve the necessity
the payment of
of
justdebts, or imply the neglector infringement
to another.
some
duty which he owes

(1.) Compassion and benevolent exertion are

the distresses of others.
due
towards
alleviating
This
a

of them, in many

exercise

instances,calls for
personal interest,and, in

sacrifice of

decided

others, for considerable

feel

by

personalexertion.

mental

way

exercise which

others,and, by
of the conduct

into

us

due

any,

The

degreemuch

sacrifice

useful to others,

kindness.

in

them

extensive

form

those

of

subjectwould

for

our

who

in which

that which

respective

our

often

present
have

The

the

benevolence

requiresthe

personalcomfort

or

affection may
be exercised
higherin itself,and oflen much

same

that

in the situation of

details of this

easy

and
gratified,

least,if
love.

to

us

field too

is the most

means,

be

placesus

Pecuniary aid, by

purpose.

can

by

The
a

duty, alongwith

kind of reflected self-love,

judges

circumstances.

lead

of these sacrifices,

to the

proper measure
of moral
the highprinciple
our

We

selfin

more

by personalexertion and personal

former, compared with the means

68

AFFECTIONS.

of the individual,may

mockery of

present a mere
in the
latter,even

; while the
mercy
of life,often exhibit the

usefulness

that

seeks

; but

themselves
and

the

human

high and pure benevolence

when
with
willingness,

This

deprivedof

when

out

an

character.

only

not

active

occasions

is dispensed

present

for itself,
opportunities

of its natural

feels in want

waiks

of
brightest
displays

adorn

can

lowest

and

objecton

cise
healthyexer-

which

it may

be

bestowed.

(2.) Benevolence

is to be exercised

towards

the

of others.
This consists, not only in
reputation
tions
avoidingany injuryto their characters,but in exerof others,
the injustice
to protectthem against
the course
to check
to correct misrepresentations,
"

"

of slander,
"

and

to obviate

poison the confidence

harmony of society.To

would
the

even

and
who

the efforts of those who

of friends,or
this

disturb

fore,
theredepartment,

belongs the high character of the peacemaker,

whose
delightit is to allayangry feehngs
when he is in no degree personally
interested,
friends and brethren those
to bringtogetheras
have

assumed

(3.) Benevolence
character
these have

and
been

the

is to be exercised

conduct
in

attitude of hatred

of others ;

to
opposition

towards

venge*
re-

the

when
especially
personalinterest

duct
viewingtheir conand forbearance, assigning
with indulgence
the
jaoLQstfavourable motives, and making every allowor

self-love.

This

consists

our

and

in

COMPASSION

69

BENEVOLENCE.

AND

and the circumstances

in
feelings,
which theywere
placed. It leads us also to avoid
which
and jealousies
not clearly
all suspicions
are
justified
by fact ; and to abstain to the utmost from
taking offence, by puttingupon the conduct of
others the best construction of which it will possibly
It extends stillfarther to the actual forgiveadmit.
ness
of evil with good,
of injuries,
and the repaying
conduct
a
as
representedin the sacred writings
the humem
attainments
character
of the highest
one
can
reach, in so far as regardsits relation to other
for their

ance

"

men.

(4.) Benevolence

feeUngsof

others ; and

in which

to
applies

It includes

kindlyaffections

influence

this

exercised

neither their interest

is concerned.
the

is to be

which

for any description

to
impossible
all

our

those

produce

in all the relations of

social and

nor

so

towards

the

tions
situamany
their character
exercises

of

powerfulan

life,but which
delineate.

it is

It comprehends

civil connexions, but

intercourse with
to belong to our
peculiarly
anxious
inferiors and dependants. Its must
cise
exerbut it extends
may often relate merely to trifles,
seems

to innumerable

circumstances

in which

we

may

render
sur-

of others, and our

to those
feelings
It implies
convenience
to theirs.
or
own
gratification
solicitude to avoid wounding the feelings
by
putatio
imselfishness,
or fretfulness, by suspicions,
pride,
and jealousies,
or
cant
by allowinginsignifithingsto ruffle the temper, and derange the
social comfort.
Many, who are not deficient in what
our

own

"

"

70

AFFECTIONS.

usuallycall deeds of benevolence, are too apt tc

that a most importantexercise of true benevolence
forget,
we

consists

the habitual cultivation of

and
kindness
gentleness,
often depends our

and

that

these

on

influence upon

and

of others,in
happiness

any

deeds

courtesy,

sitions
dispo-

the comfort

greater degreethan

on

of actual beneficence.

(5.) Benevolence is to be exercised in regard to

the moral
degradationof others, includingtheir
and
ignorance

vice.

This prevents

satisfaction from

moral

contribute

advantage,as

from

to

our

the misconduct

also that

from

us

deriving

though it should
might often happen

evil, even

of rivals

highestspeciesof

enemies.

or

usefulness

It imphes

which

aims at

the moral condition of man,

raising
by instructing
the ignorant,
the
rescuingthe unwary, and reclaiming
"

vicious.
also seek

This

exalted
the

to extend

that sit in moral

benevolence
of
light

divine truth to nations

and

darkness;

will therefore

looks

anxiouslyfor

the

shall
periodwhen the knowledge of Christianity
and put an end to the horrors
dispelevery false faith,
of

superstition.
III.

In

our
we

which

we

VERACITY.

mental

city,
impressionsrelatingto verahave a striking
illustration of the manner
in
stincti
inas
relyon this class of moral feelings,
own

in the constitution
confidence
60

much

of the

in the

of the mind.

of
veracity

knowledge on

mankind

which

we

On

tain
cer-

is founded

constantly

71

VERACITY.

depend,that,without it,the whole system of human

It relates to all the
thingswould go into confusion.
which we
derive from any other source
intelligence
for example,
than our
own
personalobservation:
receive throughthe historian,
the traveller,
to all that we
the

the naturalist,or

regardto
often

we

the most

proceed on

of

events

common

confidence

in

Even

astronomer.
a

in the

singleday,
of
veracity

There
of individuals.
is,indeed, a
variety
natural tendencyto truth in all men,
unless when this
is overcome
principle
by some
strong selfish purpose
to be answered
by departingfrom it: and there is
an
equallystrong tendency to relyon the veracity
of others,until we
have learned certain cautions by
actual experience of mankind.
dren
Hence, chilour
and inexperienced
imposed
easily
persons are
and the most pracstatements
:
upon by unfounded
tised
he
of those whom
liar confides in the credulity
lectual
When
of the inteltreating
attempts to deceive.
a

great

the
in another work, I considered
powers
in human
which regulateour confidence
principles

testimony; and it is unnecessary to recur to them

in this place. Our present objectis briefly
to analyze
the elements which
essential to veracity,
are
when

view

we

it as

individual character.
in

correctness

them,

"

fulfilment of

moral

emotion, or

These

"

and

truth of purpose,

in

"

in

lating
re-

in the
fidelity

promises.

element
(1.) An important
ness

three,

accuracy
or

of

branch

to be

appear

facts,
ascertaining

facts.
ascertaining

of

is coiTcctveracity

This is essential

to

the

72

AFFECTIONS.

love

of truth.

anxious

we

true

as

requiresus

asserted is of

exercise the most

statement

and not to receive it as

satisfied that the

are

to

respectingevery

care

receive

It

nature

on

and that the statement

on
authority

which

we

can

which

we

such, until
which

it is

fully
rely,

contains all the facts to which

attention

oughtto be directed. It consequently

guards us againstthose limited views by which
or a love of favourite dogmas leads a man
party spirit
to receive the facts which favour a particular
opinion,
and neglectthose which
are
opposed to it. The
exercise of judgment, which
sound
is connected
our

with this love of truth,differs therefore from

of

and
disputation,
ingenious

at

variance
to

from

with it.

The

the truths which

same
are

the art

is often found

directly
is appliprinciple
cable

derived

as

deductions

reasoning. It is thus opposed to

all sophistical
arguments, and partialor distorted
strive to establish
by which disputants
reasonings,
particular
systems, instead of engaging in an honest
and simple inquiryafter truth.
The love of truth,
in the reception
of
therefore,is of equalimportance
it
facts, and in the formation of opinions
; and
includes also a readiness to relinquish
our
own
facts or arguments are
opinions,when new
sented
preprocesses

to

us

of

which

are

calculated to overturn

them.

dence
the evion
receptionof truth,especially
of testimony,we
acquireby experiencea
times
degreeof caution, arisingfrom having been someIn minds of a certain description,
deceived.
this may
be allowed to produce a suspicion
with
regard to all evidence, ^inother words, skepticism.
In the

"

74

AFFECTIONS,

occurred

only in

of

one

individual

an

for
the

in which

placed. Events

to be

time

togetherwhich

from

which

of course,

are,

of

sources

"

Several

be illustrated

of
venality

the

"

after

an

on

the

when

moment

true.
strictly

endeavours

have

minister

that
will

times, when

to

be resumed

that members

course,

that,
probable,

occurred

entered,

at

the

that the

so

"

to

the anecdote

false

the

will serve
he

meaning

"

connexion

certain
or

employed, connectingit with

minister

"

might,in pointof fact,be

The erroneous
which
he
impression
convey by it arises from three sources

which
fallacy

namely,

has resented
repof Commons

of the traveller

statement

of

ludicrous

general cry for

places"
cry of

It is very

their seats.

occasion,this may

some

to commence,

"

take

is

at

interval, meaning,of

to

were

about

was

the minister of the

that

It may be true
the house
round

places."

gone
business

by

the British House

such, that,whenever
the house, there
enters

has

clusions
con-

of these

the Continent

to be
crown

at

this fictitious connexion

traveller from

example.

seen

be connected

may

unfounded.

fallacy
may

single

happened

and
disjoined,
entirely

were

deduced

he

acter
char-

accounted

and
disposition,

the circumstances

by

known, might be

were

his real

opposedto

to be

from

be assumed

may

act, which, if the truth

The

instances.

two

or

as

cause
as

and

uniform

which

gives to
the

entrance

conduct

of

an

of the

and

instance.
In the same
particular
may
appear, that a false impression

the
respecting

the word

the
representing
in
happened to occur

effect,
"

to illustrate;

manner

it

conveyed
individual, by assignbe

"

75

VERACITY.

necting
imaginary, by coning motives which are entirely
which
have no relation, by
thingstogether
which
would
keeping out of view circumstances
afford an explanation
of his conduct,
or
palliation
different meaning
to his words
or
a
by attacliing
from tliat which
he intended
to convey
by them.
The
common
saying that there are two ways of
a
telling
story does not therefore refer to what is
called fabrication or falsehood ; but
to be
strictly
of circumstances
to those distortions or colourings
in themselves, have the effect
which, however slight
of essentially
of the whole.
changing the impression
To veracity,
also
under
this department,
are
we
of givingto others an honest and
to refer the rule
fair impressionof our views, motives, and intentions.
This is sincerity.
that
It is opposed to hypocrisy,
in which
character
a
unworthy displayof human
his real sentiments,and, on the contrary,
man
disguises
which he neither feels nor
principles
professes
of promotinghis
values, merely for the purpose
Such a character exhibits a singuselfish interests.
lar
of moral
combination
delinquencies.It is
"

"

"

"

founded

on

the

lowest

includes

and
selfishness,

and honesty. But besides,

departurefrom veracity
and of
it implies
a knowledge of virtuous
principles

their proper
tendencies,while there is a
is also
denial of their influence.
Sincerity
to

which tends to give a

flattery,
of our opinion,
and of our

him, and likewise leads him

of his

own
or

character.

to

It is

false

pressio
im-

towards
feelings

form

opposed

double-dealing,
by which

man

practical
opposed

false estimate
cerity
also to insin-

man,

for certain

76

AFFECTIONS.

towards
another
purposes, professessentiments
which he does not feel,or intentions which he does
not

entertain.
third element

(3.) The

is
veracity

of

Truth

of

in the fulfilment of promises.

Purpose,or fidelity
This is opposed to actual departure
from what was
promised; likewise to all those evasions
distinctly
excite
or
by which one may convey an impression,
the hope,of an intention which he does not mean
to
fulfil,or avoid the performanceof a real or implied
to
engagement on any other ground tlian inability
of
integrity
perform it. By this straight-forward
of
purpose, an individual gives a clear impression
what he honestly
intends to perform; and performs
to
have occurred
it, though circumstances
may
make
the fulfilment disagreeable
to
or even
injurious
"

himself
sacred

"
"

he sweareth

his

to

own

hurt," says

writer, and changethnot."

"

IV.

These

FRIENDSHIP,

AND

LOVE,

GRATITUDE.

nearlyalHed,that,in this
they may be taken together. They
slight
analysis,
consist in a personaland peculiarattachment to an
in
individual,founded either upon some
qualities
aflTectionsare

himself,or
or

on

some

and
feelings
with

benefits he

some
one

so

in whom

conduct
those

we

are

to which

referred

has conferred

to

interested.

on

us,

The

pond
theygiverise corresthe preceding
under

stances
inaffections,with this difference,that, in many
they lead to a much greater sacrifice of

77

PATRIOTISM.

interest and comfort,than usually

personal
proceeds
The
either from justiceor simplebenevolence.
exertions arising
out of them
directed,according
are
terest
to the division formerly
given, to promotingthe incomfort of the objectof our regard, preor
serving,
or
defending,
advancinghis reputation,
his feelings
with peculiar
tenderness, and
treating
his failings
with peculiar
his
indulgence,receiving
favour, and anxiously
endeavouring
opinionswith peculiar
to improvehis intellectualand moral condition.
This last consideration is justly
reckoned
it is to be regretted
the highest
office of friendship
:
is sometimes
that its operation
impeded by another
which leads us to be blind to the faihngs
feeling,
"

"

"

"

"

"

and deficiencies of those

whom

love.

we

In

ercising
ex-

in the
we
simplelove and friendship,
rejoice
advantageand happinessof the object, thoughthey
should be accomplished
by others, but,in exercising
"

"

we
gratitude,

in

are

V.

Patriotism
as

rather

as

distinct

properlyto

of
principle
a

nature;

our

by

sidered
con-

but

of the other

combination

us,

be

every
and the

means

in

our

of
promote the peace
prosperity
to the utmost
of
country, and to discourage,
whatever tends to the contrary. Every
ability,

power,

our

efiected

PATRIOTISM.

is, perhaps,not

It leads

theybe

ourselves.

the result of

affections.

our

satisfiedunless

by

measure

some

not

member

power

to

"

of the

community

in this respect. He

has

may
G2

something in
set

an

his

example,in

78

AFFECTIONS.

person, of dutiful and loyalrespectto the

of strict obedience
firstauthority,
to the laws and

his

own

submission
respectful
He

may

to

sow

to

the institutionsof his

try.
coun-

the attempts of factious individuals

the ignorant
content,
the seeds of dis-

oppose
among

tumult, or discord.

He

may

and
oppose
of the state ;

repress attempts to injurethe revenue

aid in the preservation
of publictranquillity,
may
of

in the execution

he
publicjustice. Finally,
the knowledge
may zealouslyexert himself in increasing
and improvingthe moral habits of the people,
of the most importantmeans
two
by which the
and

"

conscientious

in any

man,

conferringa high

and

rank

of life,
may
permanent benefit

aid in
on

his

country.
VI.

THE

DOMESTIC

AFFECTIONS.

In this extensive and

class are included,

interesting
conjugalaffection, the parental
erence,
feelingsfilialrev"

"

"

These

and

the

ties of

call forth,in

brothers

and

sisters.
"

still higherdegree,the feelings

ah-eadyreferred to, and a still

greater sacrifice of personalease, advantage,and
of the
comfort,in the anxious and diligent
discharge
In the conjugalrelafrom them.
duties resulting
tion,
they lead us to the tenderness,the confidence,
and

exertions

the mutual
who

forbearance,the united exertions of those

have one
and one
of
course
hope,one interest,

the highest
relation implies
duty. The parental
sible
poswhich studies the advantage
degreeof that feeling
of the objectof our care,
the promotionof his
"

DOMESTIC

THE

79

AFFECTIONS.

happiness,the improvementof
"

his mind, the culture

of his affections, the formation

of his habits ;
the development

"

in short, the anxious

watching over

of his character, both

an

as

intellectual and

being. The filialrelation requires,in an

submission, and
equal degree, respect, affection,
to parentalopinionand
confidence, a deference
control ; and an
impressionthat those parts of parental
which
often be disagreemanagement
able
may
are
guided by a sincere desire to promote the
highestinterests of the objectof this affectionate
regard.
of our
which have
nature
Among the feelings
moral

"

"

less of earth in them

bind

togetherthe

than

heaven,"

circle in the various pathies,

symduties which
belong to this

class of tender relations.

and

how

rightexercise

mutual

cultivation.

the

as,

son

It is beautiful also to observe

these affections arise out

the

of all

of his anxious

those which

domestic

and
affections,

how

are

The

of them

father

earthly
concerns,

care

and

of each

should

tends

other,
to

their

ought to consider
the highest
object
watch

over

the developme

of his intellectual character, and the culture

of his moral

feelings.In

the zealous

tion
prosecu-

of this great purpose, he should studyto convey

clear impression
that he is influenced purelyby a

of
feeling

solemn

and an anxious desire

responsibility,
to promote the highest
interests. When
parental
watchfulness
is thus mingled with confidence
and
learn to estimate alike
kindness,the son will naturally
the conduct
itself and the principles
from which it

sprang,

and

will look to the faithfulparent

as

his

80

AFFECTIONS.

safest

guide and counsellor, and

friend.

If

relation

extend

we

the

between

the

earthly
principlesto the
the daughter,they

same

m.other

valued

most

and

with

equal, or even
greater force.
arrangements of society,these are thrown more
apply

into each

other's

company

be
superintendence may
exercised, which, along with
the intellectual and
cultivating
not

those

the

to

instruction

female
alone

actual

that, in such

by

great

habitually

being,neglects
which
belong peculiarly
It is not
by direct

moral

domestic

circle, the
nature

our

It is

of the young.

life which

every

is to

together by
from

were,

sanctuary

the

attention

proper

of mutual
the
tumults

wanderer

thus

affection

met

and

of
anticipation
of life

are

principlescan

these

the

over,

domestic

come.

haunts

where

When

enter.

are

the

by

themselves, and a
principles
recognitionof their supreme
importance ;
parental conduct, steadilymanifestingthe

acquirements, accomplishments, and the

of life,
the chief concern
of moral
beings
"bound

of

concern

of the

conviction, that, with

the

stantly
con-

ful
that watch-

more

of
feelings

best

in the minds

exhibition

uniform
it is

the

character.

and
highestprinciples

cultivated

still

delicacies

and

graces

and

the

In

of

men,

storms

and

of

the

togetherin
mutual

to

their

comforts
relates

to

society
it

retire,as

retreat

world

within

cannot

the

interchange
confidence, they present

period when, after

they shall meet again, "

that

lost,a familyin heaven.'-

the
no

82

AFFECTIONS,

for

candour

offered

to

we

ourselves,

and

led

proper
the circumstances

and

The

offence.

the

the

make

to

not

deeply injuries

too

feelingsof others,

for the

allowance

to feel

apt

are

higher
usually go
degrees, indeed, of these tendencies
together, they who are most susceptibleof ofl^ences,
irritable under them, being generallyleast
and
most
which

to

"

inchned

make

to

all cases,

for others.

allowances

Hence,

in

disapprobationof personalvengeance,

our

hands
taking the law into his own
; and
our
perfectsympathy with the protectors of the public
case
a
they dispassionatelyinvestigate
peace, when
to the real
of injury,
and calmly adapt their measures
of the
the protection
objectto be attained by them,
public.
or

of

man

"

defensive

The

affections
when

manner

exercised

are

they

in

an

allowed

are

warranted
un-

be

to

causes
they are, in degree,
by trifling
; when
disproportionedto the offence, or prolonged in a
it did not
which
they
manner
require; and when

excited

lead, in any

exercise

sound

which
irascibility

agent,
"

do

to

not

takes

fire

dispositionto
warrant

the

sequences

resentment

it, and,
"

passed

on

intentions

on

to

he

was

of

that

occasions

and

or

the

placed,
which

all occasions, to

the offence

over.

The

revenge.

trivial occasions,

in which

feelingafter

have

on

of the

the circumstances

or

or

them, therefore, is opposed

consideration

due

without

of

retaliation

to

measure,

all its

bouring
harcon-

83

ATTENTION.

OF

INFLUENCE

concludingthe subjectof the affections,

them which remain
there are three pointsrespecting
ence
to be mentioned
as
brieflyas possible,the influBefore

"

with

of Attention, combined

certain act of

mate
Imagination,the influence of Habit,^and the estiwhich the
of the feeliiig
of Moral Approbation
exercise of the affections is calculated to produce.
"

most
a
every exercise of the affections,
influence is produced by Attention,
aided
important

I. In

imagination.This consists in
and habitually
the mind intensely
to all the
directing
considerations
which ought to guide us in the particular

by

certain act of

the affection refers.

relation to which
us

with

their anxieties and

into their wants,

; and

which

is the exercise of

do

to

who

one

from

the affections,
but studies
which

searches

the

exercised,and

to be

their

with
feelings

who

show
when

before
which

want

no

an

them,
would

tions
emo-

to them.

to follow the

that

satisfied with

they
the
arise

which

the requireintensely
ments

situation,
particular
individuals towards whom
theyought

attach

out

us

he would

as

the duties

of
discharge

merely decent

wishes

is not

He

him.

due from

are

great rule of doing to others

should

their feel-

thus, in their place,to judge of the

and the conduct

Such

others,and,
to
selfish,
interest,

almost
personal,

kind of

enter

mgs

in the situation of

placeourselves

to

It leads

to

his

enters

minute
of

into their condition

and tender interest.

and
friendly

individual
are

"

case

is

benevolent

and

Many
tion,
affec-

stronglybrought

deficient in the kind

lead them, in this manner,

of exercise
to

find their

84

AFFECTIONS.

way

to that correct

of the affections which

exercise

of moral discipline.
Such
belongsto a scene
really
exercise is adaptedto every situation in life,
and
an
tends to guard a man, in his various relations,
against

which

the hinderances
inattention

are

apt to bringin the way

duties, and of his

"

to the

of
feelings

This

mental

the benevolent
called

as

and

them
discharging

peculiar

with due

exercise of extensive
affections constitutes
It is

regard

to
application
what is usually

of

composed
self-love,by which

it were,

act

an

of imagination

transfer

we

into the situation of other

towards

conduct

therebyregulateour

is however

of his

pure

others.

Sympathy.
and

and
indolence,self-love,

selves,
our-

men,

them.

It

of
keptin mind that the principle
thus brought into action, is the test, not
self-love,
This is a pointon which
the rule,of our conduct.
there has been much
;
vague and useless speculation
have
to the distinction,
and, from not attending
some
referred our
ideas of benevolence
entirelyto the
of selfishness. Such discussions are equally
principle
and are to be placedon a
and unprofitable,
unsound
with the speculations
of the scholastic logic,
footing
which we
look back upon merelyas matters
of
now
of self-love in
The application
historicalcuriosity.
which
the manner
has been
referred to is chiefly
useful in enabling
the facts of
to appreciate
us
fully
to be

the individual case,

interested.
distinct from

as

we

The

this,and

would
rule of

rests

on

do
our

if we

conduct

those

our

moral

constitution.

In

is

sonally
per-

quite

fundamental

of justice
and compassionwhich
principles

part of

were

the

form

practical

INTLUENCE

85

ATTENTION.

OF

of them, theyare very much aided by the

application
moral principle
conscience.
or
The man
who acts habitually
under the influence
of these rules learns to question
himself rigidly
the claims and duties which result from
respecting
his moral relations ; and the feelings
and circumstances
ofthose with whom
tact.
theybringhim into conWhat
(he asks himself)is the line of action
which belongsto me
in regardto that individual,
in his presentsituation ; what
what are his feelings
and conduct which he expects from
the feelings
are
"

me,

him

what

and

"

I would

I in his circumstances

were

It is not

those which

are

due

arises from

of the
regulation

this wholesome

It is

and

moral

expect from
he

in mine

affections alone that

state

of mental

culture to

the mind

pline.
disci-

itself,
important

which

with the most

may often be fraught
results.
For the man
who exercises it realizes to
himself the

of poverty, the agoniesof bereavemen

feelings
the impressions
of the bed of death ;
and thus,without the pain of suffering,
he may reap
a
portionof those importantmoral benefits which
is calculated to yield.
suffering
"

"

There

is another

derived
advantages
consists
under
may

the affections.

bringbefore

all the

When
the

taken

of the

which
discipline

relations included

exercised,it
habitually
stances
mind importantcircum-

which are apt to make

relations,
amid the distractionsof
inadequate
impression
in

an

from that mental

in attention to

often

stillto be

view

our

moral

present things. T\Tien the parent, for example,

looks around the objectsof his tender affection,
H

88

AFFECTIONS.

impulseis communicated
by the thotight
that the present Ufe is but the infancyof their being;
is to train
and
that his chief and
highestconcern
them
for immortaUty. A similar impulsemust
be
when
he considers
that
given to the philanthropist,
what

new

the individuals who

are,

like

share his

benevolent

himself, passingthrougha

attentions
of discipline,

scene

higherstate of existence,where theywill

in the
to their rank
assume
a
placecorresponding
scale of moral beings.The refined philanthropy
thus
while it neglectsno
arising,
proper attention to the
will seek chiefly
distresses of the present life,
to
with those greater evils which degrade the
contend
from its
moral nature, and sever
the immortal
spirit
who judgesupon
God.
He
this extended
ple
princito

will learn to form

of

Amid

man.

splendourof power,
to every
feelingof

estimate

new

the

pride of

of the condition

wealth

and

the

he may mourn
over
a beinglost
his highdestiny;and, by the

of the peasant, amid

discomfort
he may
contemplatewith interest

death-bed

and
a

fering,
suf-

purified

spirit
risingto immortality.
II. Next

the power of attention,

have to
we
notice the influence produced upon the affections by

Habit.

to

This

nature,

by

is founded

which

remarkable

the affections and

of them.

The

weaker
the
of

oftener

upon

of
principle

our

tween
relation exists be-

the actions which

tendencyof

all emotions

arise out
is to become

acutelyfelt
experienced.The tendency

to
or
by repetition,

they are
actions,again,as

I have

shown

be less

when

of
treating

mFLUENCE

easier

the IntellectualPowers, is to become

that those which

so

"

attention

continued

and almost
effort,
affection

87

HABIT.

OF

by repetition,-

close and
at firstrequire
to

come

be

performedwithout
Now

v/ithout consciousness.
of

consists
properly

leadingto

emotion

an

an

action ; and the natural progress of the mind, in

the proper exercise of the affection,
is,that the emotion
an

less

becomes

easier and

wretchedness,

or

an
inexperienced

life has

whose
and

acutely felt
familiar.

more

action

Thus,

comes
be-

of

scene

will producein the

tale of sorrow,
of emotion not feltby him
intensity
devoted

been

of the latter as

condition

the

observer
superficial

as

one

to

deeds

of mercy
;
consider the

is apt to
of insensibility,
duced
pro-

with scenes
of distress.
It is,
by familiarity
the contrary,that healtliy
and natural progress
on
is gradually
of the mind, in which the emotion
diminish
in force as it is followed by its proper
of feehngis
actions, that is,as the mere
intensity
exchanged for the habit of active benevolence.
But that this may
take place in the sound
and
the emotion must
lowed
folbe steadily
healthymanner,
by the action which belongsto it. If this be
the harmony of the moral
is
neglected,
process
and, as the emotion becomes
weakened,
destroyed,
itis succeeded
ness.
selfishor barren
by cold insensibility
"

This
are

two

is

subjectof

conclusions

much

which

importance, and there

arise out of it respecting
"

the cultivation of the benevolent

one

relates to the bad

sorrow,

as

affections.

The

effects of fictitiousscenes

on
represented

the stage,or in works

of

of

88

AFFECTIONS

fancy.

The

that which
is

evil

has

produced

been

these appears to be
referred to ; the emotion

the

correspondingaction, and

from
arising

now

without
is

the consequence

hkelyto

sentimentalism,instead
the
cultivating
we

of

affections.

benevolent

should

be

sound

The

benevolent
careful

be

cold

and

useless

cultivation of the

second

is, that, in
"

affections in the young,

observe
the process
so

to

pointedout by the philosophyof the moral

clearly
feelings.They should be familiarized with actual
of suffering,
but this ought to be accompascenes
nied
by deeds of minute and active kindness, so as
of the wants
to producea full and lively
impression
On this ground, also,
of the sufferer.
and feelings
I think

should

we

measure,

from

theywill

afterward

characters

of the

at

first

even

givingyoung
find

so

abstain, in
persons

the

great

cautions

the
requisite
respecting

objectsof their benevolence, and

the impositions
so
practisedby the poor.
frequently
of this kind might tend to interfere with
Suspicions
the importantmoral process which
ought to be our
firstobject, the necessary
cautions will afterward
be learned with littledifficulty.
The best mode
of contendingwith the evils of
of political
is
pauperism,on the principles
economy,
which I presume
not to enter.
a problem on
But,
the principles
of moral
on
science,a consideration
of the utmost
be forgotten,
importanceshould never
the great end to be answered
by the varieties of
"

"

human

condition in the cultivation of the benevolent

affections.

when

Political science passes itsproper boundary

in any degreeto interfere
itis permitted

90

AFFECTIONS

pose in

analogousto that which

The
physical
system.
a regular
example, ensures

moral

our

economy
in our

the

answer
appetites
of hunger, for
appetite
which
could
supplyof nourishment, in a manner
have been provided
for by any process of reasoning
never
exercise of reason
is stillapplicable
; though an
it a certain regulation
and
to preserving
over
control.
the various feelings
In the same
manner,

of

moral

our

have

nature

each

defined

to

purpose

both in respect to our mental

economy
relations to our
fellow-men ; and in the

answer,

and

our

due

exercise

they ought to be controlled and

regulatedby the moral principle.The violation of
these feelings,
below the level
therefore,placesman
of a moral being; but the performance
of them does
entitle him

not

is

of them

to

the claim

assume

merely bearinghis part in

of merit.

He

certain arrangement,
he is himself to derive benefit,as a being

from which

holdinga placein that system of thingswhich these

intended to keep togetherin harmony
are
feelings
and
of
order.
In regard to the great principles
and justice,
perceivesthis to be
veracity
every otie
true ; but it appliesequallyto the affections more
bitual
who lives in the habenevolent.
The man
strictly
exercise
which
has

seeks

and

some

to

own

such

and

his

punishmentin

with which

Much
a

barren

selfishness,
interest,
or
gratification

sense,

aversion

his fellow-men.
attaches

cold

only his

indeed,in

contempt

of

more

principles
given him

for his

order ; he has fallen from

he is viewed

than

character ; he

by

this,however,

has

violated

guidance in

his sound

the

the

the social

condition

as

MORAL

moral

APPROBATION

DUE

and incurs actual

being ;

Governor,
righteous

whose

is intended

lower

world

means

follows,that the
the

manner

TO

in
guilt

the eye of a
order of this

will the

But

obey.

to

91

THEM.

it

by

no

tain
performsin a cerand
friendship,
justice,

who

man

relations of

compassionis therebyentitled to claim merit in the

He
of the universe.
view of the AlmightyGovernor
merely acts his part in the present system of moral
for which he has been adapted. He
is
economy,
so

constituted

to derive satisfaction from

as

of these affections ; and, on

he receives an appropriate
reward
of similar affections

exercise

the

generalharmony

them.

An
may

extensive

go

on

that
or
principle,

the

ercise
ex-

the other hand,

in the

reciprocal

other men,
and in
of societywhich
results from

by

culture of the affections,

fore,
there-

without

the

of
recognition

state of mind

which

the moral

feels
habitually

of the Deity,and desires to have

the presence
We
whole
character in subjection
to his will.

the
are

acknowledge the operationof that

the affections are exerunless when
cised
great principle,
which
in circumstances
imply a strong and
of God.
decided sacrifice of self-love to the authority
This
appears to correspondwith the distinction so
stated in the sacred writings If ye love
strikingly

not

entitled to

"

"

them
even

which

love you, what reward

the publicansthe same
?'

love your

enemies

; bless

them

have
"

ye ? do

I say

that

curse

not

unto

you,
you, do

good to them that hate you, pray for them which

use
despitefully
you and persecute you."
On this branch of the subjectit is also to be obved, that there is a kind of compensatingpower
se'

92

affections:

the affections themselves, by which, in the

among
intercourse of men,
they act as checks upon each
other.

Thus

resentment

the dread

acts

as

check

tice
injus-

upon

of

exciting
anger in others has
probablyan influence,in preservingthe peace and
often ascribe to a
of society,
which we
harmonies
higherprinciple.In regard to the affections more
benevolent,these are also influenced,in a
strictly
similar manner,
by the feelingof disapprobation
which attends any remarkable
departurefrom their
requirements.When we keep in mind, along with
; and

the
this consideration,

manner

in which

all

men

are

degree or another,by the love of

or
regardto character, we perceive in
approbation
influenced,in

one

of compensaprinciple
tion,
tending to promote in it a certain degreeof
for example,
harmony. This is remarkably illustrated,
of disapprobation
which
in the general
feeling
and to violation of filial
is attached to ingratitude,
affection or parental
to any marked
duty, and even
calls of humanity. On the
neglectof the common
other hand, we
is
to keep in mind, that a man
are
considered as in the lowest state of human
universally
nature
who, in these respects, has become
less
regardthe moral

system

of character,
"

which
In
we

are

his conduct

regardto

beautiful

that is, of the

is viewed

by

estimation

his fellow-men.

both the affections and

further to remember

the

with

the

deep and

desires,

extensive

of the individual himself,

influence upon the happiness
due regulation
of these
results from
which
a

feelings
; the
affections

are

pure mental enjoymentof him

sound
and
under
regulation,

whose
whose

DUE

OF

REGULATION

93

THEM.

directed to those objects

which
habitually
in the highest
are
degree worthy of being sought
after. This mental
is also represented
tranquillity
to us, in a very striking
by the influence of
manner,
those dispositions
which we
usuallyrefer to the head
of Temper.
What
of pure enjoyconstant
a
source
ment
is a meek
and placid
the desires of which
spirit,
are
moderate, and under due regulation,which puts
upon every thingthe best construction it will admit

desires

are

"

\)f,
"

is slow to take

but views

offence, seeks

no

"

distinction,
"

itself with

and
others with candour,
humility,
benevolence, and indulgence. Such a disposition
makes
the man
happy in himself,and a source
of happiness
On the
and peace to all around him.
other hand, what an unceasingsource
of mental
quiet
disand turbulence is the opposite
disposition,
jealous,envious, and censorious, ready to take
"

"

offence

at

occurrences

and
trifles,

often

into intended

and

prone to put unfavourable

conduct of others,and thus

'"

to

construe

incidental

premeditatedinsults,
constructions

upon the
to surround
continually

imaginaryenemies, and imaginaryneglects

and injuries.Such a temper is a continual torment
of disputes
the cause
to the individual himself,and
those with whom
and jealousies
he is connected.
among
We
cannot
fail,
also,to perceivethat the
of ill-regulated
true
man
passionsinjureshis own
interest and happiness,
much
he violates his
as
as
of life is oflen
dutyto others ; and that his course
ness.
productiveof degradation,disease,and wretchedIn all this we
see
a beautiful example of the

itselfwith

wise arrangements of the Creator,who, in the strue-

yi

AFFECTIONS

of

ture

and

peace

moral

our

connected

nature, has

happinesswith

of

state

own

feeUngcalculated

promote the happinessand

to

We

us.

different

cannot

hand,

we

would

how

observe

must

exists in the world

of moral

ings
present if such feel-

and,

much

of the

arises from

find

also, by innumerable

ment
derange-

influence

produced,by

examples,the
due

in alleviatmg,
both
feelings,
evils which are
others, the physical

from

actual

the various consequences

it both to uidividuals and communities.

of these
and

the other

on

and
feeling,

that result from

remarkable

at

peace of all around

loss to conclude
what a

cultivated
universally

misery that

We

be

the world

scene

were

as

our

cultivation

in ourselves

inseparable

the present state. It is further to be remarked,

fact worthy of the deepestattention,that the

onlydistinct information conveyed to us in Scripture

in a future
respectingthe happinessof the righteous
in a perfect
state
is, that it will consist chiefly
knowledgeof the Divine character,and a conformity
of the soul to the moral
of the Deity.
perfections
It doth not yet appear,"says the sacred writer,
"

"

:;

what

we

appear, we
he is."
as

shall be ; but

shall be

like

we

know

him, for

that when
we

shall

he shall
see

him

concludingthe whole subjectof the affections,

I have only further to remark, that the regulated
which has been the subject
state of the moral feelings,
of the preceding
to corresobservations,seems
pond
with the quality
described in
so
emphatically
the sacred writings
under the name
of Charity. It
In

REGULATION

DVE

is there

95

THEM.

OF

the

as
uniformlyrepresented

great

test of

find exposed in the

condition ; and we
of all enthe worthlessness
dowments
strikingmanner

the moral
most

which

not

are

of the whole
conclude

this lation
regufore,
cannot, there-

accompaniedby
We

character.

tliis subjectin

appropriate

more

by a passage in which, by a few most

powerfulexpressions,a code of ethical science is
than

manner

laid before

us

with

naught all

clearness

human

and

force

composition:

which

Though I
and of angels,
and
speakwith the tongues of men
become
I am
have not charity,
as
sounding brass,
or
a tinkling
cymbal. And thoughI have the gift
all mysteries,
and understand
of prophecy,
and all
knowledge; and though I have all faith,so that I
I am
could remove
mountains, and have not charity,
nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to
feed the poor, and though I give my
body to be
it profiteth
burned, and have not charity,
me
nothing.
CharitysufFereth long,and is kind ; charityenvieth
vaunteth not itself,
is not puffed
not ; charity
up, doth
itselfunseemly,seeketh not her own, is
not behave
not easily
not in
provoked,thinketh no evil : rejoiceth
in the truth ; beareth all things,
but rejoiceth
iniquity,
believeth all things,
hopethall things,endureth all
faileth: but whether
there
things. Charitynever
be prophecies,
they shall fail; whether there be
ledge,
there be knowtongues,theyshall cease
; whether
put

and

to

we

it shall vanish away.

prophesyin part.

is come,
perfect
done

away.

then

TMien

For

But

that which
I

was

we

when

"

know

in

part,

that which

is

is in part shall be
child,I spake as a

96

SELF-LOVE.

child,I understood

as

but

when

I became

things. For

now

a
we

but then face to face

shall I know
abideth

even

child,I thoughtas

as

man

child :

childish

put away

througha glass,darkly;

see

I know

now

also I

in part ; but then

known.
And now

am

these
faith,hope, charity,

three, but the

"

greatestof these is charity."

SECTION

III.

SELF-LOVE.

has

There
term
as

to

been

the
disputerespecting
both as to its generalpropriety,
Self-love,
and
the mental feelings
which ought to be referred

to it.

There

can

be

some

no

doubt

that there is,in

our

which leads us
constitution,
a principle
or propensity
to studyour
and comown
interest,
fort
gratification,
the
instances,it becomes
; and that,in many
of the character.
It is in this sense
ruUng principle
that I use
the term
without enteringinto
self-love,
the strict logical
propriety
any discussion regarding
of it. Like the other mental
it is to be
feelings,
considered

as

part of

to answer

kept in

our

moral

and calculated
constitution,

importantpurposes, provideditbe
place,and do not encroach upon

its proper
the duties and affections which
men.

When

thus

we

owe

to

other

itconstitutes prudence.
regulated,

98

SELF-LOVE.

kind, the true mental

interesting
and
lence,
enjoyment which spring from benevomeekness, forgiveness,and the
friendship,
train of the kindlyfeelings,the gratitude
of
who have experiencedthe effects of our
ness,
kindof those whose
the respect and approbation

tution of the most

peace

whole

"

"

those
"

esteem

be

feel to

we

valuable,

similar affections and

On

other

the

mental

shame

and

conduct,

"

good

follow

the distress which

is much
a

other

men.

in mind

arise from
the

"

of

return

sense

the

lousy,
jeaof

certain line of

often arises

of our
disapprobation

purely
fellow-

Disgrace," says Butler, is as much

as
bodilypain," we may safelysay that it
avoided, and that it inflictsa suffering
more
"

"

avoided

keep

resentment,

disgracewhich
and

to

distraction which

hatred, and

the

offices from

have

we

contempt and

the

men.

of

and

agony
envy,

from

hand,

and

"

"

much

must

likewise

one,

that among

and

severe

more

accord

permanent

nature.

with the observation

the circumstances
and

which

It

of every
most

quently
fre-

impairour comfort are

those which ruffle the mind
by mortifyingour selflove.
is also a feeling
of dissatisfaction and
There
which follows any neglectof a due exercise
self-reproach
and which, in a well-reguof the affections,
lated
mind, disturbs the mental tranquillity
fullyas
much
of other men.
It is furthe disapprobation
ther
as
of ungovemed passions
evident,that the man
and
affections impairs his own
ill-regulated
peace
and happinessas much
he violates his duties to
as
of life is productive,
not
others, for his course
injureour

"

peace

99

SELF-LOVE.

in the eyes of his fellow-men,

only of degradation
but often of mental
anguish,misery, disease, and

premature

death.

To

the

run

risk of

such

sequences
con-

of a present appetite
gratification
is clearlyopposed to the dictates of a
or
passion,
shown
sound
self-love,as has been distinctly
by
Bishop Butler ; and when, in such a case, self-love
we
an
perceive it
appetiteor passion,
prevailsover
in the moral sysprinciple
operatingas a regulating
tem.
It does so, indeed, merely by the impression,
is conthat a certain regulation'
of the moral feelings
ducive
to our
true and
own
present happiness; and
thus shows
of compensation
wonderful
a
power
these
referable
entirelyto this
feelings,
among
But it is quitedistinct from the great prinsource.
ciple
for the

of conscience, which
line of conduct

on

the

duty,apart from

moral

nature

motives

"

which

than those

directs

us

to

certain

of
pure and high principle
of a perall considerations
sonal

leads

which

man

result

to act upon

from

the

nobler
most

fined
re-

and calls for the mortification of all

self-love,

when
in the smallest
these interfere,
personalfeeUngs,
tinction
degree,with the requirements of duty. This disI conceive to be of the utmost
portance
impractical
it shows
a
principleof regulation
; as
the moral
feelingsthemselves, by which a
among

certain exercise
which

manner

harmonies
any
can

of

of the affections
contributes

in

is carried

on

high degree to

in

the

does not convey

but which
society,
impressionof moral approbationor merit that
be applied
to the agent.

100

SELF-LOVE.

then, leads
Self-love,
and

to

seek

our
directly

affections

The
and
feelings,

consider

other

and

men

to consult

us

the

to

us

allow

advantage and

certain

ings,
feel-

own

interest and

own

lead

our

balance

piness
hap-

for the
of

comfort

between

these

is essential to the healthystate of the

principles
that the affections are
moral
being. It is seldom
likelyto acquirean undue influence, but there is
ness,
great danger of self-love degeneratinginto selfish-

which
others.

interferes

We

have

referable to the
even

to

should

sound

be

the

duties

formerlyalluded

the means,

of the affections,and

due

exercise

and

rational self-love,by which

these

prevented. When
appeal is to conscience

of individual

cases

to

owe

we

to

in part

the
sufficient,
reference

with

is made

or

this

are

not

distinct

to the

great

of moral rectitude.
We
find,accordingly,
principle
this principlecalled into action when
has
a
man
become
sensible of important defects in his moral
has long
habits.
who
Thus, we
see
a man,
may
that
given way to a peevishor irascible disposition,
without
is,to selfish actingupon his own
feelings,
due regard to the feelings
of others,setting
himself
the score
with this propensityupon
of
to contend
moral duty ; while another,of a placiddisposition,
into action for
has no need of bringingthe principle
such
who
under

has

purpose.

In the

indulgeda

cold contracted

the influence
deeds

of the

of benevolence

perceivethat

the moral

same

same

manner,

person

selfishness may,

great principle,
form
per-

and kindness.
or
principle

sense

Thus

of

we

duty,

101

SELF-LOVE.

control

calculated to

harmony

proper

ol' acitiori,
^KiptiyQ
'i^^
regulating

the

it is made

when

self-love,and
it and

between

the

preserve

the exercise of the

aifections.
of self-love becomes
deranged
principle
it leads to those habits
in its exercise and objects,
in a way
by which a man seeks his own gratification
When

the

interferes with his duties to other

which
he may
"

do

whether

any of the desires,

avarice, ambition, love of eminence, or

by

love of fame
be

may

Even
be

of

to

knowledge
the

assume

deeds of benevolence

and

of
approbation

"

itself

ter.
charac-

same

kindness

principle,as when
only the applauseof

this

actions, seeks

the

of
pursuit

the desire

and

performedon

such
or

undue

an

indulgedas

so

This

men.

may

man,

the

from
certain individuals,

by

public,
whom,

be, he expects to derive advantage. Hence

tions,
the value we
attach,in the exercise of all the affecit may

what

to

who

we

call disinterested

conduct,

to

"

him

good by stealth,or who performs acts of

or
forbearance, under
justice,generosity,

does

exalted

circumstances

motive,

"

or

every idea of a selfish

self-interest and personalfeeling

which
when

exclude

Such
and obviously
opposedto them.
strongly
conduct
the cordial approbationof all
commands
classes of men
to remark
how, in
; and it is striking
the highest
of such a character that fancy
conception
met
are
delineate,we
can
by the sublime morality
of the sacred writings,
impressed upon us by the

are

purest of all motives, the imitation of him who

Giver of all good ; " love your enemies,

"

12

is the
bless

102

SELF-LOVE.

tlie?ii.''th'At
'curse,
you,
and

and
"

persecute

to

rain

on

will

be

of

rise

;"

for

them

is

the

evil
and

the

just

my

disciple,"

Christianity,

"

let

to

which

that

which

on

good

"

you

Father

your
sun

pray

do

you

ye

in

the

on

says

him

be

may
;

the

on

the

for

deny

he

good,

unjust."
the

that

despitefully

heaven

and

them

same

himself,"

you

children

of

maketh

his

and
"

use

hate

If

great

sendeth

any

man

Author

PART

OF

Will,

THE

WILL.

Simple Volition,is that

immediatelyprecedes action :

which

act

and

The

actions thus

restraint

or

tain
cer-

it be

producedarise out

emotions

prevented
by physicalinabiUty

the act follows,unless

by external
perform it.

will

we

mind

of

state

or

either
to

11.

of the mental

formerlytreated of, the desires and the

affections.
We
desire an object,or we
experience
one

"

of the affections
the

to

Then

the next

ourselves

desire, shall
"

the
we

mental

ing
act, accord-

mind, is
reflecting
question, shall we gratify
of

regular course

proposingto
the

"

exercise

the

affection]

follows the process of considering

ating.
deliberor
We
of motives,
perceive,perhaps,a variety

considerations,or inducements,
in favour

of

"

the desire
gratifying
affection,others opposed to it.
to weigh the relative force

some
or

We

of which

are

the
exercising
therefore proceed

of these

opposing

104

THE

motives,with the
shall allow

we

lengthmake

up

view

to

WILL.

of

which
determining
regulaleour decision.
mind

our

this,and

on

of them
We

at

resolve,we

shall suppose, to do the act ; this is followed

by the
mental
condition of willing
or
simplevolition.
In the chain of mental
a

intervene

case,

class of

these

between

the desire and

such

the volition,

agents is broughtinto view which

the mind

act upon

which, in
operations

as

moral

causes

of its volitions ;

of
usuallycalled motives, Or principles
action.
When
of this subjectas a branch
treating
of the philosophy
of the intellectual powers, I endeavoured
the grounds on which we believe
to show
are

that there
which

facts,truths,motives, or moral

are

have

tendencythus

of the mind, with

to

causes

influence the

minations
deter-

similar to
uniformity
that which we
observe in the operationof physical
For the due operation
of moral causes,
causes.
indeed, certain circumstances
are
requiredin the
individual on whom
they are expected to operate,
and without these theymay fail in their operation.
that he should be fully
It is necessary
informed in
standing,
regard to them as truths addressed to his under"

suitable

that he direct his attention to them

and
intensity,

exercise his

with

reasoning
powers

upon their tendencies, and that he be himself in a

certain healthystate of moral
feeling.In all our
"

intercourse with
upon

an

absolute confidence

operationof
with

We

can

we
mankind, accordingly,

these

causes,

the moral

in the

proceed

of
uniformity
are
providedwe

the
quainted
ac-

condition of the individual.

for example,the respective

effects
foretel,

106

THE

WILL

condition

that moral

which

requiredfor

is

their

efficiency.
In

all such

certain moral

between

It is

very
them

causes

or

of the human

determinations
acts.

familiar to

are

recognise,therefore,a

we

one,

which

cases,

mind

uniform

motives, and
in

different ways with the

; for this depends upon

act

men

motives

same

their

the

certain
willing

this that

objectionto

no

every
relation

before

moral

own

in

dition.
con-

When

of the intellectual powers, I

treating
alluded to the metaphysical
controversies connected
and
I do not
with this subject,
to recur
to
mean
Our
of a
here.
them
present object is entirely
stances
the circumnature,
namely,to investigate
practical
which are requiredfor the due operation
of
"

motives

moral

or

the moral
fail of

Let

feelingsmay

be

the

then, suppose

regardto the line

case
particular
; the
in

or

that these

effects.

proper

individual

deliberating

of conduct

he shall pursue in a
circumstances
or
impressions

calculated

are

an

in which

manner

deranged

so

producingtheir natural
us,

which

and

causes,

to

act

him

upon

in

as

moral

determininghis volition, that is, in

the following.
decidinghis conduct, are chiefly
causes

"

"

which prompts him to seek his own

(1.) Self-love,
tions
interest,
or. gratification.
ease,
(2.) Certain affecwhich

he

to

owes

"c.

lead

him

other

men

to take into view

;

such

as

duties which

benevolence,
justice,

of
(3.) The impression

moral

rectitude

This is derived from the

responsibility.
of conscience,aided by the truths of
great principle
or

moral

REGULATE

WHICH

PRINCIPLES

107

IT.

belief. (4.) We
ought to add reason
religious
certain
judgment,which leads him to perceive
of

Now,

in

actions, apart
makes

man

interest

own

his conduct

decidingon

instance, one

their moral

from

every

interests of others ; unless

are
requirementsof justice

in

encies
tend-

aspect.

in any particular
thingbend to his
littleregard to the

pleasure,with

or

or

far

so

as

the absolute

concerned, the

ment
infringe-

might expose him to loss of reputation,

surrenders
to punishment. Another
or
even
of his personalgratification
to the
a certain portion
cise
advantageor comfort of others,purelyas an exerfrom which he experiences
satisfaction;
of feeling
in some
influenced also, probably,
measure,
by a regardto character,or the love of approbation.
of which

In such
a

man,

it becomes, in individual

of calculation,
what

matter

degree of

instances,

the sacrifice

is to be made
or
feeling
personalease, interest,
A third contemplates
of action.
to this principle
of duty or moral
the case
purelyas one
bility,
responsithis principle,
and acts upon
though it may
involve a degree of personalexertion,or a sacrifice
in itself disagreeable
of personalfeeling,
or
even
to him ; that is,though the strongest perinjurious
sonal
of

motives
Let

the

case,

bearing no
other

would

again,refer

immediate
One

men.

man

of it,without
who
which

feels the

lead

same

to

to

a
one

relation to
goes

different conduct.
of

the

the

desires,

interests of

into
directly

any consideration.
desire,considers the

the

ficatio
grati-

Another,
influence

would be likely
to have on his
indulgence
health, interest,
or
reputation.This may be conthe

108

THE

WILL*

simplyan exercise of judgment,com**

of self-love.
bined with a certain operation
A third
views the aspect of the deed purelyas a questionof
moral responsibility,
and, if he sees cause, decides
againstit on this ground alone : thoughhe should
without any danger
perceivethat it might be gratified
to his health, interest,or
or
even
reputation,
that it might contribute to his advantage.
We
have thus presentedto us three characters ;
the high and pure
who
acts upon
one
ground of
moral
who
from motives of a
acts
principle
; one
contracted
and personal nature, though,in
more
sidered

as

"

instances, his conduct

certain
and

who

one

of

first is

rulingdesire

without

goes

be the same
;
may
forward
to the gratificastraight
tion

attendingto
a

depend

uniform

or

motives

governingpropensity,
of either class.
whose

character,on

For

tendencies

of the motives

or

we

we
fidence
con-

the
the

know

moral

causes

influenced,and we know
habitually
his moral temperament.
We
have nearlythe same
him which
kind of knowledge respecting
have
we
of the tendencies of chymicalagents towards
each
confidence*
other,and which enables us with perfect

by

which

conduct

in any
given circumstances, with a
similar to that with which we
relyon

operationof physicalagents.
Uniform

The

he is

to foretel their actions.

The

of conduct, thoughof
We

know,

likewise,his moral

third has
a

also

formity
uni-

very different kind.

condition,and,

to

predicthis conduct, we requireonly to learn the

inducements
to which he is
or temptations
particular
The second we canexposed in a giveninstance.

m^LUENCE

109

KNOWLEDGE.

OF

relyor calculate upon ; for we have not the

the conflicting
views by which he
of tracing
means
be influenced in a particular
ciple
case, or the prinmay
decide between
which he may ultimately
on
tion,
them.
They involve the strengthof the inclinait by
exerted
and
the degree of power
over
he
the class of personalor selfish motives by which
is influenced.
In regardto various instances of
desire,we must add his hope of evading
ill-regulated
detection,as on this depends in a great measure
the kind of evils dreaded by him in reference to the
plicated
indulgence.These taken togetherimply a comnot

for
impossible
There

another

than to

the result.

to trace

man

of
inquiry
the causes
investigate
be

cannot

it is

of which
calculation,

of moral

process

an

terest
intense in-

more

ginate
ori-

in which

the diflTerencesamong
these three characters ;
which we
can
on
or, in other words, the principles
explainthe fact,that the will of individuals may be
influenced
before

with
differently

so

These

them.

three heads,

the
to

appear

same

referable

be

Knowledge, Attention,

"

"

motives

"

to

and Moml

Habits.

primaryand essential element, in the

of the will is a correct
knowledge of
regulation
I. A

truths and motives

minations.
the truths
causes,

which

tend

class of
highest
belief,
religious

The
of

"

the tendencies

of which

kind, and calculated

tence

upon

to

every

man

who

due
the

influence its deter"

comprehends

these
a

are

to exert

series of moral

of the most
a

uniform

surrenders

portant
im-

influ*

himself

to

110

THE

their

guidance.
is

of them

For

WILL.

this purpose,
and

required;

ledge
know-

correct

to all who

have

this

knowledge within their reach the careful acquisition

involves a pointof the deepestmoral responsibility.
The sacred writers speak in the strongest terms
of
the guiltattached to voluntary
ignorance: and this
obvious

be

must

clearness
and

to

with which

the

the incontrovertible

who

one

every

the

considers

truths
highest

disclosed,

are

by which

evidence

theyare
to the principles
supported. This appliesequally
both of natural and of revealed religion.
portant
imThe
truths of natural religion
are
partlymatters
of the most
simpleinduction from the phenomena
before
and
of nature
which
are
us,
continually
moral constitution
partlyimpressedupon our own
in the

the

clearest

and

planet revolvingin
of the insect

economy

demonstrates, with
from

away

us,

forcible

most

its

the

appointed orbit,to

which

on

From

manner.

we

which

tread,all

nature

cannot

put
the great incomprehensible
One, a
a

power

we

and infinite wisdom.

being of boundless perfections
In regard to his moral attributes,
also, he has not

of these
witness ; for a sense
impressed upon us in the clearest manner

left himself
he has
in

that

moral
sources

without

wondrous
or
principle

part of

Deity,and
beings; and the

of the
moral
excuse

who

our

relation

to make

the

two

the character

to

him

as

without
is left entirely

fails to direct to them

and
attention,

them

of
man

these

From

knowledge of

the

"

conscience.

be derived

may

constitution

our

his

most

earnest

derived
impressions

and
the habitual rule of his volitions,

the

from

guide

of his whole

INEUIilNCii

OP

character.

"

Ill

KmrHlEIEEE.

He

hath the rule of

within,"says an eminent writer,

is,that he honestlyattend to it."

"

right
is wanting

all that

applywith equal or greater

force to the truths of revealed religion.These
are
evidence, and
supportedby a weightof miraculous
transmitted to us
are
rying
carby a chain of testimony,
Similar observations

absolute

conviction

candid

inquirer. They
and
force
a
probability,
fix themselves
sound

beings;

it is

is

pressedupon

destined for another

imposed upon

state

every

to

he has informed

our

to

rational

as
as

creatures

of existence ; and the

individual seriouslyto
is

man
care

in

he

its due

duty
amine
ex-

the

with which

of these evidences, and

the attention with which

of them

us

attention

consider.

himself

every
is irresistible.

which

power

Every
for the
highestdegree responsible
and

by

feelingsof

moral

is addressed

whole

every

of internal evidence, which

with
understanding
The

of

mind

further confirmed

are

the

upon

the

to

for

has

givento every part

solemn
inquiry. He

weightin the
is further responsible
for the influence of any previously
formed
or
prejudice,
any degree of that
which
vitiated state of his moral
feelings,
prevents
him from approachingthe subject
with the simplicity
of

an

these

uncontaminated

mind.

essential elements

From

the

of

want

of character, it may

very
formed

happen that a man

fancy he has
may
his opinions
after much
examination, while the result
has been only
frivolous inquiry
of his prejudiced
or
often

to

fix him

in delusion

and

falsehood.

indeed, by
singularsophistries,

which

Among
some

the
men

112

THE

WILL.

shut their minds

of the highest
port,
imagainst
inquiries
is a kind of impression,
not
perhapsdistinctly
in words, but clearly
avowed
recognisedin practice,
of belief are in a great measure
that these subjects
of opinion, ^instead of being felt to rest
matters
"

upon

the basis of immutable

and

eternal truth.

Can

than the manner

in which
thingbe more
striking
himself on
the
a late distinguished
poet expresses
subjectof a future life; as if this truth were a mere
opinionwhich could be taken up or laid down at
to suit the taste of the individual inquirer.
pleasure,
Of the two, I should think the long sleep better
than the agonized vigil. But men,
miserable
as
thai they
theyare, cUng so to any thinglike life,
probablywould preferdamnation to quiet. Besides,
they think themselves so importantin the creation,
that nothing less can
their pride, the insects
satisfy
I"'-^ Such is the frivolous sophistry
by which
holds a high rank in the hteratUre of his
who
one
any

"

"

country could put

inquirythat
rational being.

away
can

from

engage

him

the most

the

tous
momen-

attention

of

of knowledge,and
acquisition
the formation of opinions,
calculated to act upon us
moral beings,is the important
rule of habitually
as
attendingto them, so as to bring their influence to
bear upon our volitions.
attends
He who honestly
that this is
is passingwithin will perceive
to what
exercise of his thinkingand reasoning
a voluntary
desire is present to
faculties. When
a
particular
II. Next

"

to

the

Byron'sLetters,Moore's Life,vol ii,p.

581,

114

THE

The

be, that the

may
consequence
into volition and
action,from

exercise

But

of this process
him.
a

of the mind

man

lessly
heed-

runs

which

the

mighthave

due

served
pre-

third condition may take place,which presents

of
the
subject
highestinterest. The moral
far attended

may be so
inclination from
causes

the

WILL.

to

to

as

being followed

prevent the

action ; while
is
inclination is still cherished,and the mind

allowed

dwell, with

by

of regret,on
feeling
the objectwhich it had been obliged
to deny itself.
mony
Though the actual deed be thus prevented,the harof the moral
is destroyed; and that
feelings
mental condition is lost which is strictly
to be called
purityof heart. Eotibis^consistsin the desires an^l
well as the conduct, being in strict
as
affections,
to the indications of conscience'^and
the
subjection
thus
of moral rectitude.
The inclination,
principles
cherished, graduallyacquires greater ascendency
the moral feelings
test,
over
succeeding con; at each
and more
it more
tion
occupiesthe mind ; the attento

is less and

motives which

certain

less directed to the moral

opposed

are

to

truths and

it ; the inclination at

and is followed
lengthacquiresthe predominance,
by a man
being
by volition. This is what we mean
in opposition
carried away by passion,
to his moral
conviction ; for passion consists in a desire or an

affection which

has

been

allowed

mind, until it gradually

overpowers
which

Now

are

calculated

in the whole

of the mind

to

of this

the
engross
the moral causes
to

counteract
course

is felt to be

each

its influence.

ment
singlemoveentirely
voluntary.

INFLUENCE

constitutes the firstdeparture

that step,which

From

the
purity,

moral

from

which

being cherished

116

ATTENTION.

OP

in

consists

process

desire

condemn
feelings

the moral

succeedingstep, the influence of

weakened, and finally
these feelingsis gradually
of the human
destroyed. Such is the economy
while, at each

heart, and

the chain of sequences

to be traced
viction
historyof every man, who, with a con-

such

in the moral

the

which

course

When

astray from virtue.

backwards

in

terminated

the

was

in favour

first step, or

into

led

process
of view, the

point
philosophical

"

thus

such

trace

we

what
questionstill recurs,
that by which
the mind
was
which

has followed
right,
graduallyled him

is

of what

his mind

upon
downward

the

of vice.

course

In

the

lished
which has been estabchain of sequences
it would
in the mental
constitution,
appear,
movement
only is requiredfor
very slight

wonderful

that

harmony which ought to exist

individual
moral feelings
; but this each
voluntary. It may consist in a
entirely

derangingthe
the
among
feels to be
desire

small,

deHcate

the moral

beingcherished which
; and, though the
a

morbid

influence

effect at
has

strengthby continuance, and

power

of

moral

habit.

The

at

more

considerations

or

counteracted.
these

causes,

According to
in this manner,
the volitions or

over
power
mind ; and, at

certain

be

by

gains
acquiresthe

last

less is the attention

causes

first may

arisen,which

cherished,the

moral

approve
disfeelings

the

desire is

directed

which

to

the

it mightbe

the mental

economy,
graduallylose their

determinations

periodof

of the

this progress, the

116

THE

judgmentitselfcomes
moral

aspect of

There

is

mentioned
the

when

to be

in connexion

the

the
changed respecting

the deed.

still another

harmony of

without

WILL.

condition

mental

with this

subject;

the moral

action

in which

be

feelings
may
following. This

the inclination is cherished,as

be

to

destroyed,
takes place

in the former

in

to the indications of conscience

opposition
;
while the action is opposed by some
inferior motives,
The
interest.
deed
as
a regard to reputation
or
the interests of society
and
may thus be prevented,
may benefit by the difference ; but, so far as regards
the individual himself,the disruption
of moral harmony
case,

"

is the

same

; and

his moral

aspect
of the AlmightyOne, who

similar in the eye

not the outward
appearance
into the heart.

In

this

regards

alone, but who

it may
to vice

manner

be

must

looketh

very often
resisted
are

happen,that strong inducements

from motives referring
acter.
merely to health,or to charBut this is not to overcome
temptation,
it is only to balance
selfish feelingagainst
one
"

another.

III. From

the state of mind

referred to, there

This

is

mental

which

results
gradually

condition,in which

has

Moral
a

been

now

Habit,

desire

or

an

acted upon, is,after each repeaffection,

repeatedly
tition,
acted upon with less and less effort ; and, on
the other hand, a truth or moral principle,
which has

been

repeatedly
passed over

without

after every such act makes

until at lengthit ceases

tion,
adequateatten-

less and
to exert

pression
less imany

influ-

OF

INFLUENCE

the moral

over

ence

occasion

to

117

HABIT.

or
feelings

the conduct.

illustrate this remarkable

I had

principlein

of the connexion
pointof view, when treating
of sympathyand benevolence,
the emotions
between
wliich naturally
arises out of them.
and the conduct
This conduct
at first may
requirea certain effort,
of the emoand is accompaniedby a strong feeling
tion
which
leads to it. But, after each repetition
of the emotion, and
the acts go on with less feeling
from which theyspring
less reference to the principle
;
while there is progressively
forming the habit of
It is precisely
the same
'with
active benevolence.
At first a deed requires
habits of vice.
effort,
an
and a powerfulcontest with moral
principles
; and
of regretto
followed by that feeling
it is speedily
of repentobservers
which superficial
givethe name
ance.
another

"

This
power

is

of

more

the

is the
and

voice

conscience

its

but

diminished after each

more

deed;

of

repetition
becomes

the

judgment
of
first great principles

even

pervertedrespectingthe

rectitude ; and acts which at first occasioned

into without remorse,
or
a violent conflict are
gone
of their moral aspect. A
almost without perception

moral

stillretain the knowledge

in this situation may
time exerted
which at one
of truths and principles

man

an

influence

matters
causes

over

of memory
is gone, and
their moral

his conduct
alone.
even

the

relations.

; but

Their

they

power

judgment is
He

views

now

are
as

moral

altered

them

specting
re-

novf

of the vulgar, or the

perhaps as the superstitions
of a contracted education ; and rejoices,
prejudices
from their authority
it may
be, in his emancipation

118

WILL.

THE

He

knows

"

know, that he has been

to

now

for he has not the moral

not,

and

course,

that the

issue,on

himself, consists in his last

Even

being.

the

voice,
"

same

pursuinga downward
which he congratulates
degradationas a moral

in this state of moral

warningprinciple
may

unheeded,

but not

perception

subdued,

"

deed,
indestitution,
still raise its

repelledas

monitor and
not admitted as a friendly
enemy,
"
I have not the smallest influence over
Lord

an

guide.
Byron,

of the chosen friends

writes one
particular,"
individual :
if I had, I cerof that distinguished
tainly
should employ it to eradicate from his great
mind the delusions of Christianity,
which, in spiteof
his reason, seem
and to lie in
to recur,
perpetually
in this

"

be

would

to
interesting

was

anxious

to

which

seasons

distress."
the

It

particular

this

the

rescue

probablythe suggestionsof
in certain

what

know

from

impressionswere
friend

of sickness and

for the hours

ambush

sympathizing
poet. They were

power

within,which,

of reflection,
tion
compelledhis atten-

againstit,
spiteof his attempts to reason
with authority
for a present Deityand a life
pleading
in

to

"

come.

of Habit, therefore,holds a most

principle
placein the moral condition of every man ;"
important
and it appliesequally
to any speciesof conduct, or
which, by frequent
operations,
any train of mental
have become
familiar as not to be acso
companied
repetition,
of the principles
from
by a recognition
In this manner
which they originally
good
sprang.
The

habits
the

are

continued

without

any immediate

rightprinciples
by which theywere

of

sense

formed

but

119

HABIT.

OF

INFLUENCE

theyarose from a frequentand uniform actingupon

the moral
this is founded
and on
these principles,
which we
attach to habits of this description.
approbation
In the

same

sense

habits

any class of duties,are perpetuated

and affections which
of the principles

of inattention to
without

habits of vice,and

manner

tion
frequentviolaof
and a frequentrepulsion
of these principles,
lost their power
these affections,
until theygradually
but this

theyviolate ;

the

over

; and

conduct

habits.

Thus,

one

from

arose

in this consists

person

duties, of
"

active direction of his

and

of

attention

which

mental

correct

"

contracted

attention

discipUne,

jects
thoughtsto all those obwell
a
ought to engage

regulatedmind : another sinks into

of
of mind,
vacuityor frivolity
and

guiltof

lence,
of benevo-

of minute

"

his various

the

habits
acquires

and kindness,
veracity,
to

less
habits of listgence
vicious indul-

portant
selfishness, of neglectof im"

of others,and
to the feelings
duties,disregard

total indifference to all those

which

claim the

considerations

highestregardof

every

and

suits
pur-

ble
responsi-

fact is,that,after a certain

being; and the striking
period,all this may go on without a feelingthat
either in the moral condition or the
aught is wrong
state

such
:
discipline

of mental

moral

is the power

of

habit.

truth,therefore,is deservingof the

important
deepest and most habitual attention, that character
The

consists

in

great

habits arise out

of
operations

measure

in

habits, and
"

of individual actions

the mind.

weighingevery
carefully

and

that

individual

Hence

the

importanceof

action

of

our

lives,and

120

THE

every
minds

WILL.

in our
encourage
determine the effect of a

train of

thoughtthat

; for

never

singleact,

we

or

can

singlemental

we

givingthat

process, in
to the moral

influence to the character, or

condition,

shall be decisive and

the result of which

permanent.

of habits,indeed, we
history
displayof that remarkable order of

In the whole

which

has
and

which

by

each

within,which
and

These

him

When

laws

of mental

referred to, must

been

now

practical
tendencyof
subduing habits of an injurious

have

In

interest.

character,the
the

which
sequences,
acted
be carefully

judgment,influenced by

of conscience, is convinced
nature

to

this

of

in other words, to cultivate the

it. This

mind, is then made

case

in which

to

injurious

be

thus arise desire to be delivered from

opposed to

the

cations
the indi-

and
steadily
impression. There will

of the habit,the attention must

directed
habitually

is

virtuous ;

more

gives new

considerations

the utmost

upon.

ant
import-

destiny. For

moral

own

an

vicious.

more

have

tion,
constitu-

fluence
into an
strength
will certainly
render him more

of vice

act

mental

our

of virtue tends to make

act

-"and

of his

sequences

becomes, in

man

every

the master

sense,

each

established in

been

drous
won-

see

course

the habit, or,

of action that
"

desire,beingcherished
bear

upon

every
is felt towards
propensity

in the

indivi(Jual

particular

processes, referable to
inclination is at first acted upon
the habit. The new
with an effort,but, after every instance of success,

actions,or

mental
particular

less effort is

until
required,

of action is confirmed, and

at

lengththe

overpowers

new

course

the habit to

122

THE

which

the firstplace,
a state
there is such

which

WILL.

the mind

of
disruption

its moral

in the mind
appears
power
condition.
it to a healthy
restoring

that

in
attain,

may

harmony,

itself capable of

no

This

important

of human
nature has been clearly
philosophy
from the earliest ages, on the mere
recognised,
ciples
prinscience.
of human
It is distinctly
stated by

fact in the

Aristotle in his Nicomachean

Ethics, where

he draws

comparisonbetween a man who, beingfirst

striking
has gone into a life
misled by sophistical
reasonings,
under an impressionthat he was
of voluptuousness
and
who
has followed
the
one
doing no wrong,
a

"

in

course

same

The

by

an

; but the

such

state

induction which

look for
afford

may

own

moral

tions.
convic-

latter he

considers

of mind,

it follows,
therefore,

be

cannot

that the evil is irremediable

must

his

former, he contends, might be reclaimed

by argument
In

to
opposition

power

controverted, either

and

from

ble.
incura-

as

or
hopeless,

without

that

the mind

we

which

adequate remedy. We are thus led

and the probability
of the
adaptation

an

perceivethe
of Christianity,
where an influence is indeed
provisions
disclosed to us, capableof restoring
the harmony
to

which
his

place as

believe

lost,and

has been
a

moral

being.

that the Power

who

man
raising

We

hesitate to

cannot

framed

to

anew

the

wondrous

fabric may
thus hold intercourse with it,and redeem
itfrom disorder and ruin. On the contrary,it accords
with

the

highestconceptionswe

benevolence
upon

of

the

his creatures

Deity,that

can

form

he should

in their hour

of need

such communication
system disclosing

of

the

thus look
; and

the

appears, upon

INFLUENCE

123

HABIT.

OF

of sound
o{*
to be one
philosophy,
principle
and truth. The subject,
therefore,
harmony,consistency,
leads our attention to that inward
change, so
but to which so promioften the scoff of the profane,
nent
a
placeis assignedin the sacred writings,in
is said to be created anew
which a man
by a power
every

from

as
feelings

moral

us, that there

such

is

whole

elevated in his

heaven, and

state

and

Sound

being.

views

in

teaches
philosophy
which nothingless than

completetransformation

the

restore

can

man

moral condition, and that,for producing

healthy
it,nothingwill avail but an influence from without
the mind,
a
might and a power from the same
framed it. Philosophy
Almighty One who originally
that a portionof
teaches, in the clearest manner,
mankind
requiresuch a transformation ; Christianity
the induction
informs us that it is requiredby all. When
to

"

"

of

harmonize

and

science
to

the dictates of revelation

this extent, who

that the latter are

not

truth ?

shall dare

to assert

self
Who, that placeshim-

will
in the presence of a Being of infinite purity,
say he requiresnot such a change ; or that, for
of it,he needs no
the production
agency beyond the
resources

of his

own

If

mind.

is entitled to believe he forms

forced into the

none

the

be found

we
exception,

acknowledgment of the

truth

so

who
are

fully
power-

that,
impressedupon us in the sacred writings,
in himself
in the eye of the AlmightyOne, no man
avEiilsnot for
is righteous
power
; and that his own
him to a state of moral purity.
restoring
From

the whole

of this

inquirywe

see

the

deep

124

will:

THE

influence

of habits ; and

theymay

acquire over
of

considerations
would

those who
on

the

the

fearful power
which
moral
whole
system ;

the

interest
highestpractical

prevent the formation

nature,
injurious

of habits of

who, feelingtheir influence,

or

strive to be delivered

to

from

There

them.

is indeed

where the habit has

pointin this downward
course,
acquiredundisputed power, and the whole moral
Peace
submission.
feehngsyieldto it unresisting
a

then be within,but that peace is the stillness of

death ; and, unless a voice from heaven shall wake

may

the dead, the moral

towards

tumult, and
conscience

this fearful issue, there

contest, and

is

is

now

strife; and

yet hope

are

of the

man

suspended

retire from

and

listen to that voice

the

be a
may
the voice of

these indications of
;

each

but, on

existence.

his moral

still pleadsfor God.

Let

external

Let

him call to aid

high truths which relate to the presence

and
of this Being of infinite purity,
inspection
of

ment
mo-

things;
within, which, thoughoften

influence of

those

solemnities

gress
pro-

certain attention tc

there

him

unheeded,

stillcommand

may

its warnings. While

there
life,

But, in the

beingis lost.

life which

is to

come.

Above

and
the

all,

look up in humble
to that pure
supplication
holy One, who is the witness of this warfare,

let him
and

"

regard it with compassion,and impart his

powerfulaid. But let him not presumptuously
rely
this aid,as if the victory
on
were
alreadysecured.
be a conThe contest is but begun ; and there must
tinued
itual
effortand an unceasingwatchfulness, an habdirection of the attention to those truths which,

who

will

"

MEANS

moral

causes,

and

constant

as
"

125

IT.

REGULATING

OF

calculated to act upon the mind,

reliance upon the power from on

are

With
highwhich is feltto be real and indispensable.
his progress may be slow ; for the
all this provision,
and the influence of established
opposingprinciple,
for their former
moral habits,may be feltcontending
dominion : but, by each advantagethat is achieved
over
them, their power will be broken and finally
the
in all this contest
towards
destroyed. Now
of the moral being,each step is no less a propurity
cess
of the mind itselfthan the downward
course
by
which it was
preceded. It consists in a surrender
of the will to the suggestions
of conscience,and an
habitual direction of
which

the

attention to

those

truths

calculated to act upon the moral volitions.

feels that he is authorized to
In this course, the man
are

look for

This
mightand an influence not his own.
which one
is no imaginary
or mysterious
impression,
fancythat he feels,and then pass on contented
may
with the vision ; but a power
which acts through
of his own
mind ; it is in his
the healthy
operations
to reguearnest exertions,
own
as
a rational being,
late
these operations,
that he is warranted to expect
its communication
these assuming
; and it is in feeling
a

the characters

of moral

health that he

has

the

its actual presence.

And where is the improbability
that the pure and
holyOne who framed the wondrous moral being

proofof

may

thus hold

intercourse with

influence in its hour of

of

the utmost
his works,
"

our

it, and

deepestneed.

it is
conceptions,

for he has endowed

L2

impartan
Accordingto
of
the highest

it with

powers of

126

will:

THE

of himself,and with the

to the contemplation
rising
of aspiring
to the imitation of his own
moral
capacity
perfections.We cannot, for a moment, doubt, that
reach its inmost
his eye must
and that
movements,
all its emotions, and desires, and volitions are exposed
We

to his view.

must

believe that he looks

when
he perceivesthem wandering
displeasure
with approbation
from himself ; and contemplates
the
strives to throw off its moral
contest, when the spirit
formity
bondage, and to fightits way upwards to a conof sound
to his will.
Upon every principle
all this must
be open to his inspection
philosophy,
;
est
and we
can
perceivenothingopposed to the soundwith

inductions

of

in the belief,
that he should

reason

impartan influence
design,and conduct

the feeble

to

him

to

all this,in fact,there is

find it impossibleto

we

We

find it

so

beingin this high

its accompUshment. In
Httle improbability,
that
it could

suppose

impossibleto

wise.
other-

be

believe that such

process could go on without the knowledge

of him whose presence
is in every place, or that,
lookingupon it,he should want either the power or
mental

"

the

to imparthis
willingness

of
But, independently
communication
the mind

the

from

which
itself,

our

effectual aid.
conviction

Deity,there

is calculated

of

is
to

actual

an

in

power

down

draw

upon it an influence of the most efficient kind. This

call
is produced by the mental
which
we
process

Faith

; and

it may

be

which

many

must

have

that
and

we

have

virtue,who

illustrated

by an
experienced.

friend of exalted

has often exercised

over

impression
Let

us

pose
sup-

intelligence
us

com-

MEANS

REGULATING

OF

127

IT.

from pursuits
us
to
manding influence, restraining
to virtuous
which we felt an inclination, exciting
us
conduct, and elevating,
by his intercourse with us,
wished
of a character on which we
our
impressions
"

"

"

to

form

our

to

Let

own.

us

distance from

suppose

that

we

are

moved
're-

that circumstan

this friend,and

of

or
difficulty
danger occur, in which
feel the want of a guide and counsellor.
In the
we
reflections which the situation naturally
givesrise to,
the image of our
friend is brought before us ; an
influence is conveyed analogous to that which was
often producedby his presence and his counsel ; and
feel as if he were
we
actually
present,to render his

advice
this
tain

and

watch

our

conduct.

How

much

would

further enter
be increased,could we
impression
the thought,
that this absent friend was
able, in
with us, so far as to be
way, to communicate
of our present circumstances, and to perceive
efforts to recall the influence of his character

some
aware
our

our

upon

Such

own.

with God.

Every

to him

under

this exercise

of the soul

is the intercourse

movement

of the mind

is known

his eye is present with it,when, in any situation

of duty,distress,
the man,
mental discipline,
or

and

character

how, in the
and

of

of faith,realizes the

presence

the

Deity,and solemnlyinquires
instance, his moral feelings
particular

his conduct

seeth in secret.

will appear in the eye of Him

who
This is no vision of the imagination,

of sound
supportedby every principle
influence which
an
man
a
brings down
reason,
himself,when, by an effort of his own
mind,
upon
but

fact

"

he thus

placeshimself in

the immediate

presence

of

128

the

Almighty.

The

of

influence

who

greater

in

direction

and

more

distress

of

principles
the

volition

under

hazard

again

this

there

contrary,

the

all

side,

in
"

could

take

all

is

his

that

bringing

him

to

comfort

in

to

the

without

Divine

any
the

We
that

that,

knowledge
One,

in
the

on

the

on

mental

such

incomprehensible

every

will.

but

entirely

on

and

assertion,
;

the

carries

desire

the

is

all

upon
he

every

improbability

that

works.

be

"

bear

when

confidence

no

is

darkness,

every
and

nature,

improbability

place

in

an

This

shall

shall

conformity

supposing

of

upon

moral

with

expect

"

which

of

dictates

still.

weakness,

power

his

to

which

light

"

conflict

mighty

God,

from

utnjost

taught

effectual

doubt,

his

is

whether

the

or

cision
de-

every

and,

reason,

meui

in

so

faith

by

of

every

in

strength

lives

such

immediately

power

does

who

man

inductions

truth,

sacred

all

he

the

regard

we

is

life

of

is

WILL.

THE

other

process
and
whose

the

terpositio
in-

eye

130

MORAL

THE

dence

is

PRINCIPLE.

within.
entirely
of every

We
that

man,

which, in particular
cases,

warns

which

and

he

ought to

admonition

pursue,

he has

when

his

sciousness
appeal to the conhe perceivesa power

him

administers

departedfrom

judgment conveys to
both of the qualities
and

of the conduct

him

solemn

it. For

certain

while

impression,

the tendencies

of actions,

he has, besides this,a

by which he views the

feeling
actions with approbation
ence
in referor
disapprobation,
purelyto their moral aspect, and without any
When
refer to
we
regard to their consequences.
the sacred writings,
find the principle
of conscience
we
representedas a power of such importance,
that,without any acquired knowledge,or any
actual

in every
precepts,it is sufficient to establish,
such

man,

without

of his dutyas
impression
in the neglectof it.

an

excuse

the

which
gentiles,

the

thingscontained

the

law, are

work

not

in the

law unto

of the

have

"

the law, do

For

when

by

nature

law, these, having not

themselves

law written

leaves him

Which

show

in their hearts, their

the
science
con-

bearingwitness, and their thoughtsthe

accusing or else excusingone another,"

also
meanwhile

assignedto the decisions of

in extent only,but not in kind,
conscience, differing
from the judgment of the Almighty "If our heart

We

find

even

power

"

condemn

us,

knoweth
The
to

God

is greater than

our

heart, and

all things."

provinceof

convey

to

man

morallyrightand
individual cases,

"

then appears
to be,
certain conviction of what is

conscience
a

in

in regardto conduct
wrong,
and the. generalexercise of the

MORAL

THE

This

affections.

it does

desires

or

of any

acquiredknowledge, and

this to
desires and
a

the

healthybalance

justand

therefore

seems

as

to

hold

so,

"

reference

by a rule
by applying

that is, the

feelings,

them
preserve among
It
towards each other.

to

the moral

placeamong

to that which
powers, analogous
the intellectual ; and, when
we

there appears

without

itself, and

primary moral

affections,so

independently

It does

duty.

it carries within

rightwhich

of

of

other standard

to any

1^1

PRINCIPLE.

reason

view

beautiful

holds among
it in this relation,

harmony pervading

of the mind.
economy
his intellectual operationsman

the whole

By
knowledge
them,
them

forms

certain series of facts ; he remembers

and
he separates and classifies them,

of

"

"

into

new

But

combinations.

active exercise of all these

most

acquires the

with the

his
operations,

mind

of facts, without
might present an accumulation
of
order, harmony, or utility
; without
any principle
combination, or combined
onlyin those fantastic
"

extravagant forms which

and

of

whole

the maniac.

from
that

the
man

of bodies

reason

that reduces

and

"

"

of these actions,learns to direct his

to

the ends

his

own

the

tinguish
harmony, by comparing,disand reand tracingtheir true analogies
lations,
and then by deducingtruths as conclusions
whole.
It is in this manner
particularly
acquiresa knowledgeof the uniform actions
in the unieach other, and, confiding
formity
on

into order

"

It is

in the conceptions

appear

which

he has in view.

relations to

adaptshis

conduct to

He

means

also

knows

beings, and
to the circumr
them, according
other

sentient

"

132

MORAL

THE

in which

stances

he

is

whom

he is connected,

wishes

to

his

PRINCIPLE*

to

measures

guided and

relations.

When

reason

He

learns to accommodate

theyarise,"
directed throughhis physical
is suspended,all this harmony

The

destroyed.

acted upon

and

circumstances

new

and thus is

is

"

"

accomphsh.

the persons with

the objectswhich ho

placed,

combined

facts ;

their true

have

no

relation to them

equallyat

those

him

from

relations of

we
accordingly
being dangerous to

known

been

his

own

to murder

remarkablythe
adaptedto his
valuable friend,

helplessinfant.

control which

is exercised

By

of conscience.
his

are

shut up, to prevent

the public
; for

his most

In all this process there is a

certain conditions of the moral

seek

so

the conduct

and
things,

circumstances, as

mistake

to

which

of the individual* Such

is the maniac, whom

or

relations ;

selves
the ends them-

; and

with

variance

suitable to the circumstances

has

into fantastic

stances
widely at variance with what circumattempted by means
require; ends are

are

he

are

is

conduct

which

of the mind

visions

thingsare
forms, entirely
apart from
as

as

own

desires direct

over

striking
analogyto
and to the
feelings,
them by the principle

self-love

man

is led to

or
gratification
advantage; and the
him to certain objectsby which these

propensities
may

be

But
gratified.

the affections

he is
with whom
carry forth his views to other men
connected
by various relations,and td the offices of
and benevolence, which arise out
justice,
veracity,
Conscience
is the regulating
of them.
power,
as
which, actingupon tne desires and aflTections,

MORAL

THE

does upon

reason

them
the

harmony

and

133

PRINCIPLE.

series of facts,preserves among

order.
It does so by repressing

of selfishness,
and reminding
the
propensity

of the true relation between

the duties he

and

his desires and

regardto

pursuits,
by

own

est
inter-

It lates
reguhis views
carrying

other

to

owes

his

man

men.

and present gratifications

beyond present feelings
and future consequences,
and by
to future times
his attention to his relation to the great moral
raising
He thus learns to adapt
Governor of the universe.
his conduct and pursuits,
not to present and
sient
tranbut to an extended view of his great
feelings,
and true interests as a moral being. Such is conscience,
hke reason,
still,
pointingout the moral
and guidinghim in
ends a man
ought to pursue,
the means
by which he oughtto pursue them ; and
with the constithe man
does not act in conformity
tution
of his nature who does not yield
to conscience
"

"

"

and direction
the supremacy
of action.
and principles
not

stop here

for

we

over

all his other feelings

But the

also trace

can

analogydoes
condition

influence of conscience
this controlling

which

in

is suspended

formerlyendeavoured to trace
the manner
in which this derangement arises,and
have now
mony
onlyto allude to its influence on the harof the moral feelings. Self-love degenerates
into low selfish gratification
: the desires are
indulged
or

without
from

lost.

any

other restraint than

selfish principle,as

that which

arises

regardto health,
: the affections
degreeto reputation
perhapsin some
far as similar principles
exercised only in so
are
imposea certain degreeof attention to them : presa

mere

"

134

THE

ent and

MORAL

PRINCIPLE.

momentary impulsesare
regardto future results :

any

acted

out
upon withis adapted

conduct

without the perception

either
present gratification,
of its moral aspect, or its consequences
to the man

to

himself

responsible
being; and without regardto
the means
by which these feehngs are gratified.
In all this violation of moral harmony, there is no
exercise of judgment.
derangement of the ordinary
In the most remarkable examplethat can be furnished
of human
the man
depravity,
by the history
may be as
acute

as

as

in the details of business

ever

of science.

provinceof

But

there is

The

be, in reference

to

is
insanity

what

in

intellectual maniac

every form
this hallucination is not

by

of his bed

of straw

The

maniac

moral
a

wise

and

Such

for this is the

total

of
approbation

for this is conscience.

then, appears

no

"

and

sense

is

relations,
physical

reason.

of his
"

of

estimate

sound

There

the suits
purdiminution
of his
or

ment
derange-

moral relations,

condition
to

regardto

of

the moral

mind,
ings,
feel-

the intellectual.

fancies himself

rounded
king,surof earthly
splendour, and
corrected
even
by the sight
a

"

all the horrors of his cell.

and

pursues his way,

happy man

treadinga downward
moral being.
is

; but

course,

In the

and

thinks himself

feels not
and

that he

is lost

as

observations respecting
the moral
preceding
alluded chiefly
to its
or conscience, I have
principle
influence in preserving
the
a certain harmony
among
the desires by the inother feelings,in regulating
dications
of moral purity, and preventing
self-love
"

"

THE

we

other

to

owe

affections which

the duties and

with
interfering

from

135

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

there is another

But

men.

is answered

which

importantpurpose
and
that is to
faculty,

most

and

by

this

with the
acquainted
moral attributes of the Deity. In strict philosophical
languagewe ought perhapsto say, that this high
of
by a combined operation
purpose is accomplished
conscience
the

and

process

make

but, however

reason

us

clear

appears

this may
be,
in its
intelligible

and

assigned
fullyadaptedto the end now
of mind, directed to
to it. From
a simpleexercise
ledge
the knowthe greatphenomena of nature, we acquire
of a First Cause,
a Being of infinite power

nature, and

"

infinite wisdom

and

when, from

peculiarmanner,

bodilyand

own

our

in

us

upon

mental

the attributes of Him

who

plantedthe ear,"

says

is impressed

this conclusion

and

endowments,
framed

us

infer

we
"

he

that

writer, " shall he

sacred

hear ; he that formed the eye, shall he not see ;

he that teacheth men
knowledge,shall not he know ?'

not

When

trace

we

backwards

beings,we
:

an

we

infinite and

each
we
one

the

cause

must

tellige
series of finite yet in-

arrive at

must

either trace

one

the
of

eternal succession
of the

which

one

through
finite beings,
it;

or

of the series to

nite,
Being, himself uncaused, infigreat intelligent
and

eternal.

To

trace

the series to

inadmissible
finite,
yet uncaused, is totally
less

clusions
con-

series

succeeded

refer the commencement

must

of two

so

is the

conceptionof

*finiteand eternal series.

finite

The

one

; and

beings in

belief of

being,

one

an

not

in-

infinite

the only
is,therefore,
Being,self-existentand eternal,

136

THE

conclusion

MORAL

which

at

characters

PRINCIPLE.

we

presenting

arrive,as

can

of

truth.
The
or
credibility
intending
superof the
care, the goodness and benevolence
Deity,we learn, with a feelingof equal certainty,
from the ample provision
he has made for supplying
and ministering
the wants
to the comfort of all the
any

creatures

whom

he has made.

also,is in

This

the clearest

part of the

gument,
ar-

insisted upon

manner

in the sacred

calling
upon
God, who
of

the apostlePaul, in
writings
; when
the peopleof Lystrato worshipthe true

made

knowledge

heaven
from

and

which

earth,adds, as

theyoughtto

source

learn

his

character ; "he left not himself without a witness,

in that he did good, and gave us rain from heaven
and fruitful seasons,
hearts with food and
our
fiUing

gladness."
A beingthus endowed
with infinite power, wisdom,
conceive
and goodness we
to exist
cannot
without moral feelings
; and, by a process equally
obvious, we arrive at a distinct knowledge of these,
of our
own
when, from the moral perceptions
minds,
we

infer the moral

We

attributes of him

who

thus formed

of justice,
city,
veraimpressions
in regardto our
compassion,and moral purity,
have a distinct approbation
of
own
conduct, we
attach a feeling
these qualities
in others, and we
of them.
of disapprobation
to the infringement
By
pression
imwhich
an
a simple step of reasoning,
conveys
us.

have

certain

"

"

of absolute
He

who

his

own

conviction,we

conclude, that

feelings
possesses, in
character,correspondingmoral attributes,

formed

us

with these

which, thoughtheyresemble

in kind, must

infinitely

138

THE

But, amid

MORAL

PRINCIPLE.

there is an obvious interruption

display,
to the exercise of compassion, especially
essential departmentof it mercy
or
ness.
forgivesuch

"

in that

"

This

attribute may

concerned

; because

sacrifice of self-love.

in him

straint
re-

interests alone

own

it involves

only a

But

in a moral
forgiveness
actual change of purpose,

either implies
an

governor

without

exercised

where his
individual,

by an
are

be

without
supposes his decision to have been made
sufficient knowledge of, or due attention to, all the
facts by which
he oughtto have been
influenced :
or

it denotes

either undue

rigourin

inattention in him

or

the law,

administers

who

rance
igno-

or

it ; and

itmay very often interfere with the essential requisites

of justice. But, in a moral governor of infinite perfection,
there

be neither

ignoranceof facts nor

requirementsof his justice

can

of purpose ; the
and
stand unshaken,

change
must

his

"

in the face of the universe,as

Is, then, the exercise of

conceptionof

holy,and

the Divine

with God 1
forgiveness
of philosophy,
appliedto
bringus to this momentous
in this

our

utmost

of

our

reason

the

need, that

before

are

that

soundest
actual

fail to
we

inductions

state

met

by

called to humble
of
display

the

We

It is

the dictates

the

pride
harmony and

there learn the

of the Divine
integrity
truths, far beyond the

character.

science,and the utmost

of human
conceptions

utmost

of man,
the highest
it.

answer

are

from

and is there

question
; but

science

of revelation,
and

excluded
"

The

the

be

character,

no

eflfortsof human

to be

mercy

on

upheld,
just,and good.

of all his rational creatures, must

nearts

our

law, written

inductions

of human

thought,

139

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

THE

sacrifice offered ;
Eind
is consistent with the
that the exercise of forgiveness

-^that

an

is made,

atonement

"

process of the
which seems
of
to present every element
mind itself,
tion
fair and logical
reasoning,we arrive at a full convicof
perfections

of the

the

Deity. Thus, by

the moral

and
necessity,

that truth which

forms

of
probabiUty,
of the Christian
the great peculiarity

any other,in the whole

inducbelief,it rises above the tions
religious

revelation.
circle of

More

than

of science,while reason,

in its soundest

sions,
conclu-

and receives its truth;

its probability,
recognises
lief,
beand it stands forth alone, simplyproposedto our
and offered to our
acceptance, on that high but
evidence by which is supportedthe testimony
peculiar
of God.
truth of

The

in the
us
upon
attention to the
When

these

considerations

we

condition

moral

contemplateman,

we

when

strongest manner,
actual

is

impressed
turn

our

of mankind.

he is

displayedto us
philosophy, his capacity
as

by the soundest induction of

for distinguishing
truth from falsehood, and evil from
and affections which bind him to
good ; the feelings
"

his

fellow-men, and the powers

rise to

intercourse

the power,

with God

which

as
feelings,

rightto
authority,we

and

"

"

when

enable
we

him

to

consider

and
principles
in
and guide,carrying
without any other knowledge,

sits among
faithful monitor

itself a rule of rectitude

which

his other

govern without reference to any other

behold
fabric complete and
monious
hara

in all its parts,and

Almighty Maker;

we

eminentlyworthy of its
behold an
ample provision

140

THE

MORAL

PRINCIPLE.

for peace, and order,and harmony,

in the whole moral
world.
But when we compare with these inductions
the actual state of man, as
of history,
and in our own

to us in the page
displayed
the conviction
dailyobservation,
that some
mightychange

is forced upon us
has taken placein this beauteous

system,some

of its moral harmony.

disruption

in which

this condition

arose,

The

the

or

"

vellous
marner
man-

of
origin

evil under the government of God, is a question

entirely
beyond the reach of the human faculties.

moral

It is

one

duty to

of

those,however, on
keep in mind, that our

which itis simplyour

business is,not with

the

but with the facts ; for, even

explanation,
by
the conclusions of philosophy,
we
are
compelledto
believe that man
has fallen from his high estate,
and that a pestilence
has gone abroad over
the face

of the moral creation.

In

it is not
at this conclusion,
arriving
of moral

science alone that

contrast

the actual state

example

has

appearedin

exhibited human

nature

and

In

harmony.

which

He

of
we

us

our

we

to

reason

For

man.

our

compare

bright

one

world, in whom

was

in its highest
state of order

called to

are

the

submit

of
testimony

his whole
contemplate

the inductions

God.

character

But, when

as
purely

of historical

truth,the conviction is forced

that this

the

inductions
of

was

of true
the

or

regardto the mightypurposes

indeed, philosophy
accomplish,

to

came

fails us, and

of

we

with the inductions

higheststate
science

Roman

of

harmonize

man

ter
mat-

upon
the
; and
with the impression

centurion,when

on

wit-

of
sufferings
earthly
Truly,this was the Son

of the

conclusion

nessingthe

141

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

THE

the Messiah, he exclaimed

"

of God."

When

endeavour

we

to trace

the

in which

manner

departedso widelyfrom this highpattern,

arrive at moral
we
phenomena of which we
offer no
can
explanation.But an inquiryof much
greater importanceis to mark the process by which,
mankind

have

in individual instances, conscience

to

ceases

be the

of the character ; and this is

regulatingprinciple
vation.
obserand legitimate
a simple
objectof philosophical
There

cannot, indeed,be

intense and solemn

of sequences which
of man
a moral
as

than
interest,
has been

an

of
inquiry

to

trace

before

are

the chain

established in the mind

being. We can
of fact,without beingable
a matter
other principle
than the will of Him
but the facts which

more

us

view

it onlyas

to refer it to any

framed

who
claim

us

the serious

attention of every man

who would cultivate that most
importantof all pursuits ^the knowledge of his own
"

moral

The

condition.

fact to which

allude
chiefly

is,a certain relation,formerlyreferred to, between

the truths which
causes,

result from

and

them

calculated to act upon us

which
the mental
emotions
are

; and

between

these

as

ral
mo-

ought to

emotions

and

produce. If
these be carefully
the due harmony between
cultivated,
the result is a sound moral condition ; but, by every
instance in which this harmony is violated,
a morbid
influence has been introduced, which gainsstrength
and carries disorder
in each succeedingvolition,
a

certain conduct

which

they tend

to

142

THE

through the

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

economy.
illustrated this importantmoral
the

between
conduct

which

emotion

oughtto

of the

emotion

of

by the
compassion, and
it.

violated,its influence

be

diminished,and
barren
A

character is

the

If this tendency

is

but, if the

progressively

producedof

cold and

selfishness.

similar

of sequences
the operation
of those
respecting
the

under

tion
rela-

cultivated,the
diligently

result is the habit of active benevolence

emotion

formerly

process,

arise from
be

have

We

moral

great truths,which,
lated
of conscience,are calcu-

regulating
power

to act

is to be observed

chain

moral

as

may take, for

the character and

in

causes

example,

we

our

mental

the

truths

economy

relatingto

of the Deity,and the

perfections
influence which these ought to produce upon every
the knowledge which
rational being. We
have seen
the light
of nature
derive from
we
respectingthe
attributes of

him

discover

we

and

moral

truth.

as

goodness ;
of

as

God, when, from his works

By

truths which

our

Governor
a

infinite power, wisdom,

pression
when, from the moral im-

and

of

proper
thus
are

us,

being of

minds,

own

around

infer his

perfections
infiniteholiness,
and
justice,
we

direction

of the

mind

to

the

the
respecting
a
Deity, there would
corresponding
chain of emotions of which he is the object. These
of veneration towards him, as infinitely
are, a sense
great,wise, and powerful, of love and thankfulness,
as
infinitely
good, and of habitual regard to his
and will,as a moral governor of purity
and
authority
and as requiring
character in
a corresponding
justice,

conveyed to
arise
naturally

"

"

us

THE

ill his creatures.

143

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

close

and

relation

constant

between
these truths and these
preserved
emotions, and on this depends the i^ioralharmony of
of this harmony,again,
The preservation
the mind.
with a mental process which
connected
is intimately
feels to be voluntary, or in his power to
every man
tion
perform,if he wills. It consists in a careful direc-

oughtto

be

"

of the mind
to act

moral

as

the estabhshed

such truths,so

to

in the

causes

follow
naturally
with satisfaction and

these

enable

them

mental

economy:
sequences, the

of moral

order

to

as

by
tions
emo-

then to be cherished

are

reverence

and

ing
correspond-

the character and conduct is the

influence u^on
But the first step in this important
further consequence.

be

not

be

may

process

directed with

neglected:

due

to

care

thus claim its highestregard, and

"

mind

the

the

may
truths which

the natural result

in the emotions
and
deficiency
corresponding
This will
conduct which ought to flow from them.
in a stillhigherdegree,if there has been
be the case
formed
tion,
condiany actual derangement of the moral
is

if deeds

"

have been

committed, or

desires

even

cherished,by which the indications of conscience

The

have

been

violated.

then

lost,and, however

harmony of the mind is

pression
slightmay be the firstim-

morbid

to

moral

influence has begun

which
economy,
until it becomes
strength,
the mental

whole
divine

character.

are
perfections

; but

mental

The

are

now

operate in

tends
a

to gain
gradually
in the
rulingprinciple

truths

with

connected

neither invited

felt to be intruders which

The attention ceases

tranquillity.

nor

the

ished
cher-

disturb the

to be

directed

144
to

THE

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

vanish from

emotions
them, and the corresponding

the mind.
of those

Such

the moral history

to be
appears
who, in the striking
languageof the sacred

writings
ledge."
"

do not hke

the moral

When

to retain

harmony

God

of the mind

impairedto this extent, another

arises,accordingto the wondrous
This

sequences.

in

consists

in their know

truth.

For,

system of moral
distortion of

of the truth,respecting
the divine

havingbecome
view

of them

This

more

arises

mind

inventions

so

in accordance

is followed,in due

train of its own

by

principles
tion
contemplaperfections,

inconsistent with the moral

of the mind, there next

are
prepared,

of the mind

the

first great

fearless

been

condition

mental

itself,
understanding
regardingthe
of moral

has

condition

desire to discover
with its own

ings.
feel-

responding
by a corspeculations
; and these,

course,

received

truth.

as

itself thus become

the

The
lating
regu-

this mental
of its emotions, and
principles
in
process, advancingfrom step to step,terminates
moral degradation
and anarchy.
than the manner
striking
Nothing can be more
in which these great principles
of ethical science are
laid down
the invisible
in the sacred writings
;
thingsof him fi'om the creation of the world are
being understood by the thingsthat
cleEQ-ly
seen,
"

they are
him
they knew God, they glorified

Godhead, so
that,when
not as
God,

neither

vain

are

made,

that

even

his eternal power and

without excuse
Because
:

thankful ; but became

and their foolish heart
imaginations,
were

was

in their

darkened.

146

THE

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

ranted ; and the importantprinciple

be too
cannot
that the attainment of truth in moral
often repeated,
is essentially
connected
inquiries
condition
of the inquirer.On
anxious
the

of

with wluch

care

with
this

the

depends

the

he has directed his mind

to

high pursuitunder a deep and solemn feeling

its supreme
importance. On this depends the
humble

and

sincere

he has

which

and

candid

and

conducted

fail of

For
frivolity.

without

reachingthe truth,
"

onlywander

may
Before

love

of truth with

it,apart alike

of character,the most

from

exalted
the most

there
concludingthis subject,

and

the influence

producedupon all our moral

This importantprocess of

we

Attention.

occasion

had

have

to

alluded

mention

hood.
false-

is another

deserves

be

ments
ele-

intellect may
standing
underacute

into delusion

to

dice
preju-

these essentid

point which
by

moral

to ;

namely,
decisions
the mind

in various

parts

inquiry. It consists, as we have seen, in

to
calmly and deliberately,
directingthe thoughts,
all the facts and considerations by which
we
ought
which is under
to be influenced in the particular
case
our
view; and it should be accompanied by an
both in our
anxious and sincere desire to be guided,
ency
and conduct,by the true and relative tendopinions
It is a voluntaryprocess
of each of them.
of

our

of the mind
;

and,

exercised

between

has the power to perform

it is habitually
the degree in which

which
on

depend
one

We

man

have

every
some

and

man

of the
another

great

differences

in their moral

had
repeatedly

occasion

to

dition.
conmen-

MORAL

THE

tion that morbid

causes

the voHtions

on

decisions

of the

be too

cannot

have

to

seem

both

state

147

PRINCIPLE.

iu which

of the mind

lost their proper

of the will and even
it is

but

judgment:

often referred to, how

moral

influence,
on

the

truth which

much

this

dition
con-

by the mental process which we

indeed,in some
are
now
considering.It originates,
in consequence
degreeof that distortion of moral feeling,
is influenced

of which

the

inclinations wander

from

the

rectitude ; but the primary effect of

.this loss of mental harmony, and that by which it is
strict

path of

perpetuated,
appears

to be

of the attention,
"

an
chiefly
or

of the truths and

habitual misdirectio
of

total want

sideration
con-

by which the
enced.
ought to be influ-

motives

judgments and decisions

Apart from this condition of the mind,
to believe that the actual
indeed, there is reason
differences in moral judgment are
in different men
less than we are apt to imagine.
Let any honest
moral

"

"
before he engages
says Butler,
of action,ask himself, is this I am

man,"
course

do

in

goingto

"

is it wrong,
is it good, or is it evil ?
but that these questions
in the least doubt

or
right,

I do not
would

any

It is in

exercise
we

away,

"

be answered

almost

any

fair man

agreeablyto
in almost

truth and virtue,by

any circumstances."
the want
of this simple

from
great measure
of attention,
in
of what
or
call calm
that
reflection,

and
by passion,prejudice,

habits,into

courses

of action which

judgment would condemn

has thus separated
from

men

are

led

distorted moral
their

and, when

rectitude

guage
lan-

common

own
man

beginsto

sober
who
retrace

148

MORAL

THE

PRINCIPLE.

his way, the first great point is that where he pauses

in his downward
and
seriouslyproposes to
career,
himself

the

question,whether
be worthy of a moral
to the means
by which

here

this momentous
to the

mental

the

course

of

lowed
fol-

allude

not

is led to

man

step in his moral

process

being.

he has

take

but
history,

which

only

it consists.

It is

than an exercise of attention,

primarily
nothingmore
directed to the truths and
calmly and deliberately
considerations
by which his moral decisions ought
influenced

to be

but, when

brought into this

thought,conscience
solemn

attitude

of
to

comes

has

man

deep
bear

been

once

and

serious

its part in

the

inquireris likelyto arrive

those great questionsof which
at just conclusions
on
he feels the importanceto his moral condition.
process

and

the

Before

leavingthe subjectof the Moral Principle,

there are
with it which
two
pointscloselyconnected
relates to the origin
The
remain
to be noticed.
one
and
distinctions, and, in
immutabilityof moral
with this,a class of speculations
which
connexion
of Ethical
hold a conspicuous place in the history
"

science, under
The

the

other refers

to

of arrangement, which

ought to preserve
regulatedmind.

of

name

certain

Theories

harmony

the different

towards

each

of

principle
feelings

or

moral

other

Morals.

in

well

THEORIES

I." OF

THE

ORIGIN

DISTINCTIONS

AND

OF

IMMUTABILITY

RAL
MO-

MORALS.

OF

THEORIES

AND

149

MORALS.

OF

In

of the moral powers, I have considered

treating
various feelings
distinct parts of our constitution,
as
each intended to answer
in the
a
specific
purpose
of
of moral
present scene
discipline.I am aware
an
objectionthat may be urged againstthis mode
of viewingthe subject, namely,that it is an unnecessary
of original
multiplication
principles.I am
not inclined to disputerespecting
the term original
I only contend
for the fact,that there
principles.
certain feeUngs or propensities
which are found
are
"

to

operate in

the

regard to these,I
to

view

man

find him

as

consider

he is.

endowed

of

whole

with

our

In his
a

mankind

objectto be simply
physicalrelations,we

of
variety

senses,

of bodilyfunctions, each
great variety
"

its proper
and

purpose,

and

and, with

all distinct from

and

adapted to
each

other ;

the

is content
to view them
physiologist
simply
he to exercise his ingenuity
Were
as
they are.
plausibility
upon them, he might contend, with much
that it is highly
incorrect to speak of ^ve distinct
and separate senses
all merely
; for that they are
modifications of sensation,
difiering
only in the veuikinds of the external impression. Thus, what
ous
is vulgarly
called sightis the simple sensation of
light,and heaidngis merelythe sensation of sound.
"

This would

be all very trucj-^-'but

it does not appear

150
to

of
subject; nor, by any ingenuity
could
enabled
be
to know
we
speculation,
than when
called
we
concerning these senses
it
sightand hearing. In the same
manner,
of inquiry
respecting
appear, that the course

elucidate

such
more

them
would

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

THE

the

is simplyto
feelings
reallyare ; and what are
feelings
moral

our

in

done
every

so

on

reason

in

mind.

uncontaminated

an

observe

what

these

their obvious

encies
tend-

When

have

we

adequatefoundation,I conceive we have

them as principles
for considering
planted
imus
by the Creator, for our guidance in
like the functions of

present relations ; and,

and
bodies, so the powers

our

our

of our
minds
feelings
and design,worthy of
show a wonderful
adaptation
Iheir Omnipotentcause.
But, we can know nothing
of them
beyond the facts, and nothingis to be
plify
to simgained by any attempt, however ingenious,
We
have formerly
them.
had occasion
or
explain
of a similar
to allude to various speculations,
character,
respectingthe powers of perceptionand
given way
simpleintellect,all of which have now
before the generaladmission of the truth,
that,on the
questionsto which they refer,no human
sagacity
can
step beyond the simpleknowledge
carry us one
"

"

of the facts.

probablybe admitted,that there have been

in the phisimilar unprofitable
speculations
many
the moral feelings;
and that these specula/osophyof
tions,
instead of throwing
any light
upon the subject,
It will

iiave

tended

rather

to

withdraw

the

attention of

inquirersfrom the questionsof deep and serious

Among
anportanceconnected with the investigation.

THEORIES

we
these,perhaps,

hold

which

OF

reckon

may

of JVEorals.

These

fact,that there

of the doctrines

some

prominentplacein

of science,under

this branch

151

MORALS.

the

the

of
history
Theories

of

name

doctrines agree in admitting

the
mankind
certain notions
among

are

moral
and immoral
right and wrong,
respecting
actions ; and theythen professto account
for these
to explainhow
to think
or
men
come
impressions,
action right
and another wrong.
A brief view of
one
these theories may
properlybelongto an outline of
this departmentof science.
"

In

the
contemplating

in certain relations towards

actions

some

others

which

which

we

of

conduct
each

men

as

other,we
to

pronounce

be

to be wrong.
pronounce
our
opinionof them in this manner,
the intentions of the actor, and, if we

that he

and
right,
In forming

we

reallyintended

what

we
are

to be

see

we

placed
perceive

refer to
satisfied
the effect

tendencyof his conduct, or even that he purposed

complishing,
somethingwhich he was prevented from acview him with feelings
of moral
we
approbationor disapprobation,
or, in other words,
Such
applyto him the award of praiseor blame.
is our simpleidea of virtue or vice,as appliedeither
or

the

"

to

the act

there is
others
a
or

are

the agent. We
have a conviction that
line of conduct
ourselves
and
to which

or

bound

by

departurefrom
vice ;

correct

certain

kind

this constitutes
observance

of

of

:
obligation

moral

demerit

it constitutes

virtue.

This appears to be the

simpleview

of

our

primary

152

THE

MORAL

PRINCIPLE.

of
impression

vice and

virtue.

is,what

of
origin

the

is the

ground is it that
and others
right,

of their consequences

certain actions

to ourselves

the mind further than

carrying
simpleintention of the actor,
"

effects

of the
This

action ?

the

or

the

view

proceed upon an absolute conviction of

and certain other wrong,
conduct being right,

be

to

others 1

or

we

the

what

on

Is it merely from

wrong

question

next

impression,or

conclude

we

The

do

or

certain

out
with-

simpleact,

or

without

sideration
any contendencies
of the

is the

questionwhich has been so

of Ethical science,
in the speculations
keenlyagitated
the originand nature
of moral
namely, respecting
On

distinctions.

that these moral

the

is fixed
immutability

which
there is
a

that part of our constitution

call conscience
; in other words,

we

which

to

; and

vice.

On

impressionthat

an

this in ourselves

by
a

others constitutes

or

the other hand, itis maintained,that these

distinctions

are
so

or arise
entirely
arbitrary,

Those

have
latter hypothesis
are

is vice in

that what

virtue in another.

our

have

we

bound

are

we

all other considerations

of obligation,
feeling
apart from

departurefrom

their

us, in

upon

certain conduct

whatever

of

conviction

absolute

an

mutable,
im-

in themselves

are
impressions

that

and

hand, it is contended,

one

which

next

case

of circumstanc
may

be

adopted the
what the circumstanc
explain,

who
to

one

out

have

give rise,in

this manner,

to

impressionsof vice and virtue,moral approbation

plaining
or
disapprobation.The various modes of exthis

Morals.

have
impression

led to the Theories

of

154

MORAL

THE

of all classes of
make

laws, but

Kings,it has

men.

cannot

create

of virtue and
from
entirely
there

was

contribute

to

into

entered
and

mutual
certain

abstain from

of this compact

to

derived

which

and
advantage,
observe

to

certain other.

constituted

be

pressio
im-

our

Men, findingthat

of action

agreement

an

said

are

compact.
course

said,may

of this system,

vice

their mutual

been

virtue.

modification

another

By

PRINCIPLE

would

vice versa,

certain
The

duct,
con-

violation

vice, the observance

of

it virtue.

By
Clarke

theory,supportedby
Wollaston,

and

eminent

some

virtue

was

men,

considered

as

to

conformityof the conduct to a certain

of the fitness of things, or the truth of things.
sense
The
meaning of this,it must be confessed, is rather
obscure.
It however
refers the essence
evidently
of virtue to a relation perceived by a process
of

depend on

"

therefore may
be held as
at variance
with the belief of the impressionbeing universal.

reason

; and

as
According to the Theory of Utility,
warmly
supportedby Mr. Hume, we estimate the virtue of
action and an agent entirely
an
by their usefulness.
He
mental
to refer all our
to two
seems
impressions
and taste.
Reason givesus simply
reason
principles,
the knowledge of truth or falsehood,and is no motive
of action.
Taste givesan impressionof pleasureor
pain,and so constitutes happinessor misery,and

becomes

motive

of action.

To

this he refers

of beautyand deformity,
vice
impressions

our

and virtue.

THEORIES

He

OP

155

MORALS.

asserted that the

has, accordingly,
distinctly

words
sweet

upon

than
nothingmore
rightand wrong signify
or
beingonlyeffects
sour, pleasantor painful,
the mind of the spectator producedby the contemplation
of certain conduct,

and

"

alreadyseen,

we

have

impressionof
its usefulness.
An obvious objection
to the system
of utility
was, that it might be appliedto the effects
of inanimate matter as correctly
to the deeds of a
as
or a steam-engine
voluntary
agent. A printing-press
of extensive virtue.
might baas n^eritoriousas a man
To

resolves

this,as

obviate this,Mr.

itself into the

Hume

was

which in fact amounted

driven to

tion,
distinc-

trine,
givingup the docbe comof utility
must
bined
namely,that the sense
with a feeling
of approbation. This leads us
back to the previousquestion,
what this feeling
of
on
approbationis founded, and at once
recognisesa
distinct from the mere
of utility.
principle,
perception
Virtuous conduct may
indeed always contribute to
or
generalutility,
general happiness; but triisis an
effect only,
which conthe principle
not the cause
stitutes
or
This importantdistinction has
it virtuous.
been well stated by Professor Mills of Oxford.
He
defines morality
obedience
to be,
to the law
an
and constitution of man's
nature, assignedhim
by
the Deity in conformityto his own
essential and
is the
the effect of which
unchangeableattributes,
generalhappinessof his creatures."*
to

"

"

We

come

Lecture

on

the

now

to

the

Theory

System of morals,
Selfish

of MoraT

Obligation.Oxford,

1830.

156

THE

accordingto
conduct

MORAL

which

PRINCIPLE.

the fundamental

of mankind

is

of
principle

the

desire to promote their own

interest.
This theory has appeared
or
gratification
in various

forms, from

of Ethical

promoter
Hobbes.

of

science

it in

very
; but

the

modem

more

According

earlyperiodin

him,

to

remarkable

most

times
man

the history

Mr.

was

is influenced

calculated,more
entirely
by what seems
immediately,
or
more
interest;
remotely,to promote his own
whatever
does so he considers as right, the opposite
He
is driven to societyby necessity,
as
wrong.
and then, whatever
promotes the generalgood
he considers as ultimately
calculated to promote his
This system is founded
lar
simia fallacy
own.
upon
"

to

that referred to under

conduct

the

tuous
Vir-

head.

and that
impartgratification,

does

highestkind

the former

and, in the strictest

sense

of

of the

word, it promotes the true interest of the agent : but

this tendencyis the effect,
not the cause
; and never
which impartsto
principle
do we
conduct
its character of virtue ; nor
perform
it merely because
it affords us gratification,
or
motes
proThe
interest.
indeed, may
our
hypothesis,
contradicted by facts,
be considered
as
distinctly
in our own
for,even
experience,it is clear,that the
virtue in
or
pleasureattendingan act of generosity
of it in others,
ourselves, as well as our approbation
is diminished
or
destroyedby the impressionthat
there was
selfish purpose
to answer
a
by it.
can

be

considered

as

the

"

There

is a modification

of the selfish system which

attempts to get rid of its more

offensive aspect

by

OF

THEORIES

157

MORALS.

and circuitous chain of moral emotions.

Bingular
itis said,that a certain attention
We have experienced,
utes
to the comfort or advantage of others contribto

which

by

we

kind of habit is thus formed,

own.

our

come

of others for their

actions which

last to

at
own

sake ;

at

first were

seek

the

happiness

that,by this

so

considered

cess,
pro-

onlyas

from
inexpedient,
being opposed to self-love,at
moral.
imto be considered
as
come
lengthand insensibly
be considered
This can
as
nothing more
than an
ingeniousplay upon words, and deserves
onlyto be mentioned as an historical fact,in a view
of those speculations
subject
by which this important
has been

obscured

Another
remeuns

to

and bewildered.

of the theories

modification
be mentioned

namely,that

of morals
of the dis-

tmguishedPaley. This eminent writer is decidedly

moral
or
opposed to (he doctrine of a moral sense
stitute
principle
; but the system which he proposes to subin its placemust be acknowledgedto be liable
with
to considerable
objections.He commences
the proposition
that virtue is doinggood to mankind,
in obedience

God, and for the sake of

happiness. The good of mankind,
everlasting
therefore,is the subject the will of God, the rule
and everlasting
happiness,the motive of human
virtue.
The will of God, he subsequently
goes on
known
to show, is made
to us
partlyby revelation,
and partly
by what we discover of his,designsand
from his works, or, as we
dispositions
usuallycall it,
to

the will of

"

"

the

of
light

nature.

From

this last source

he thinks

158

THE

MORAL

PRINCIPLE.

it is

that God wills and wishes

to be inferred,
clearly
the happinessof his creatures
actions
; consequently
which promote that will and wish must
be agreeable

him,

to

the contrary. The

method
the will of God
concerningany
and

of

taining
ascer-

action, by

lightof nature, therefore,is,to inquireinto the

tendency of the action to promote or diminish general
happiness. Proceeding on these grounds, he
the

then arrives at the conclusion, that whatever

is
moral

it.

right;

and

constitutes

his further elucidation

In

Paley admits, that

individual

an

which

case

pedient
ex-

that it is the

which

rule alone

is

of

of any
utility
the obligation
of
this theory.Dr.
be useful

action

may

is not

right.

To

in

an

constitute

it right,
it is necessary
that it shall be " expedient
at the long run, in all its effects,
upon the whole,
"

collateral and

remote

immediate

direct."

Without

and

as

enteringon

this system, there

are

well

as

the various
two

those

which

are

of
peculiarities

considerations

which

to it as a doctrine to
appear to be serious objections
be appliedto practical
(1.) If we suppurposes.
pose

action, which
an
deliberating
respecting
and useful
expedient
perceiveswould be eminently
man

he

in

individual

an

highlydesirable
case

we

may

case,

and

which

in its immediate

naturallyask

he feels to
reference

whether

he

to

be

that

is in

sion
conclucondition to find his way to a sound
likely
of the action
the consequences
respecting
upon
the whole, at the long run, in all its consequences,
be doubted,
and collateral." It may certainly
remote
whether,in any case, there is not great danger of
"

THEORIES

differences

of

with

not

159

MORALS.

OF

tended
opinionarisingrespectingthis exand ultimate expediencyof an action ; and,
referred to,
in the man
whether
in particular,
now
the very circumstances
of his perception
of greatand
and
immediate
the state of desire connected
utiUty,

it,do

constitute

might interfere,in
calculation

with his
very material degree,
depende
its ultimate expediency. (2.) In-

to

as

condition which

moral

of this consideration,
we
to

doubt, whether

such

arrive
being can
knowledge,as this theoryseems
any human

extensive

an

of all the
necessary,
and
collateral.
action,remote

to render

to

constitute

be found

kind

only in

and

are

of

consequences

This

would

at

an

appear

degree of knowledge

the omniscience

If these observations
cannot

be allowed

may

well

of the

Deity.

founded,

hesitate to maintain, that,on

such

I think
a

we

culation
nice cal-

of consequences,
it is impossible
to found
rule of morals in any degree adaptedto the necessities
of

doctrine

man.

which

The
does

same

to

to
objectionapplies

every

recognisethe supreme
of conscience
as
an
authority
original
part of our
moral
constitution,
warning us of certain conduct
and certain other conduct
as
as
immutablyright,
immutablywrong, without any regard either to our
own
advantageor to our judgment of the tendency
of the deeds.

not

Whenever

we

departfrom this great

reduce
decision to what
we
principle,
every moral
be a process
of reasoning,and in
must
primarily
be differences of
which, consequently,there may
the tendencyof actions,instead
opinionrespecting
of that absolute conviction which the deep import-

160

THE

PRINCIPLE.

of the

ance

It may,
subjectrenders indispensable.
stated as a matter
of fact,that
confidently

further,be
a

MORAL

conscientious

involves

pointof

moral

calculation

such

any

in

man,

action
an
considering
duty,does not enter
of

its

consequences.

which
upon
He

1 and so
decides,
simply asks himself, is it right
accordingto an impulsewithin which he feels tc be
a
susceptibleof no
part of his moral constitution,
of beingreferred to
and not admitting
explanation,

other

any

The

then,

principle.

foundation

the

nothingrightor
that

wrong,
ideas of rightand

our

wrong,
actual law

arise either from

or

"

There

from

our

is another

of Morals,

Theories

impression,that there is
justor unjustin itself;but

be

to

seems

of all these

or

mutual

view of the tendencies

modification

of

justice
in-

justiceand

pact,
com-

of actions.

these theories,but

liable to similar

which ascribes
the origin
objecfion,
of rightand wrong
to the will of the Deity,
directly
and holds that there is nothingwrong
which
might
been right,
if he had so ordained it. By
not have
of moral
the immutability
distinctions,
as
opposed
to all these

theories,we
which

actions
we

are

which

bound
are

in

are

dutyto

whatever

of this is fixed

that there

are

tain
cer-

; and

upon

apart from
that
us,

an

any

absolute

in the moral

othei
viction
con-

ple
princi-

of knowledge derived
conscience, independently
from

laws

"

and which
immutablyright,
and certain actions
perform,

immutablywrong,

consideration

or

mean

any

of the

other

source

Almighty. By

the
respecting

will

or

thi^ system, therefore,

162

affected

be

by the
judgment,the

the

or

PRINCIPLE.

MORAL

THE

differences which
moral

exist in

may

taste, the

ings,
personal feel-

of different individuals.

the interests

It

fixed and immutable, conveyingan

be, in itself,
of no
absolute conviction,which admits
doubt and
must

difference of

no

opinion.

Such

is the great principle

However

of conscience.

its warnings may

be
and its influence obscured
neglected,
by passionand

moral

its right
it stillasserts
to govern
degradation,
whole
Had
it strength,"
man.
says Butler,

the

"

it had

right, had it power, as

it would absolutely
authority,
govern
"

as

it had

"

manifest

the world."

It remains

notice the system

onlythat we briefly
of Dr. Adam
Smith, commonly called the theoryof
writer,it is
Sympathy. Accordingto this ingenious
requiredfor our moral sentiments respectingan
both of the
action, that we enter into the feelings

agent
we

of him

and

to

sympathizewith

whom

the

the

and
feelings

agent, we

of his conduct

we

wrong.

approve
consider it as

action

relates.

If

intentions of the
as

right, if not,
"

If,in the individual

to

ing
sympathizewith a feelof gratitude,
we
regard the agent as worthyof
of resentment, the contrary.
praise, if with a feeling
We
the conduct
thus observe our feelings
respecting
in which we
of others,in cases
not
are
personally
then applythese rules to ourselves ; and
concerned,
This very obvious
conduct.
thus judge of our own

whom

the action

refers,we

"

"

statement, however, of what every man

not supplythe placeof a fundamental
and wrong

; and

indeed Dr. Smith

feels,does
rule of

does

not

right

appear

OFFICE

to contend that it does

163

REASON.

OF

It

applies
onlyto the applicati
of a principle,
of it. Our
not to the origin
be supposed to constitute an
sympathy can never
action right
or
wrong ; but it enables us to applyto
individual cases
of rightand wrong
a
principle
derived from another source
ment
judg; and to clear our
in doing so, from the bUnding influence of
those selfish feelings
by which we are so apt to be
misled when
In
to ourselves.
we.
applyit directly
then apply to it
conduct, we
estimatingour own
tliose conclusions which we
have made
with regard
of others, or we
to the conduct
imagine others
sider
applyingthe same
process in regardto us, and conhow our conduct would
appear to an impartial
so.

"

observer.

In

the

regardto

whole

of this

distinction is to be made

an
subject,

portant
im-

the fundamental

between

actions derive their

from which
principle,
and
the application
character of rightand wrong,
of reason
Before
in judging of their tendencies.
therefore,we
concludingthis part of the subject,
"

have

to add

exerted

on

very few

our

moral

observations

decisions by

to the
however, in subserviency

conscience.

The

office of

in the first place,to

on

always,
of
great principle
reason,

the

"

appears

reason

judge of

the influence

to

be,

expediency,propriety,

of actions, which do not

consequences
of moral duty. In regardto the
involve any feeling
is often necessary,
affections,
again,a process of reason

and

not

the
only respecting

them, but also,m

many

best mode

cases,

in

of

exercising
whether
deciding

164

MORAL

THE

them

shall exercise

we

compassionin

individual to be
be of

would

no

PRINCIPLE.

at all.

Thus,

have
In

benefit to him.

In such

for persons

to bestow

in which

cases

may

feel

the
instance,but perceive
particular
so
unworthy that what we could do

not onlyof
may feel it to be a matter
and to
of duty,to resist the affection,
we

we

case

we

prudence,but
reserve

the aid

deserving.
impressionof moral duty is

an

more

is still,
in many
concerned, an exercise of reason
instances, necessary for enablingus to adapt our
to the

means

We
or

may

feel

end
an

which

anxious

desire

we

wish

relieve the distress of

to

accomplish.

promote the interest

another,or to performsome
to

to our
high and importantduty, but call reason
effectual and the most judiaid respecting
the most
cious
of doing so.
Conscience, in such
means
produces the intention, reason
cases,
suggests the
"

"

means

not

it is familiar to every one

Thus, a man
always harmonize.
:

and

in his intentions,
who

errs

in

that these do

may

be sound

judgment respecting

carryingthem into effect. In such

of moral approbation
attach our
to
we
feeling
cases,
the intention only ; we say the man
meant
well,but
affix no
erred in judgment ; and
to this error
we
feelingof moral disapprobation,unless, perhaps,
for actingprehim
in some
we
cases,
cipitatel
may blame
his own
on
judgment,instead of taking
We
the advice of those quaUfied to direct him.
from experiwisdom
to acquire
ence,
expect such a man
of his judgment
by observing the deficiency
the

for

means

"

in reference
to

stances
his intentions ; and, in future inother
There
learn to take advice.
are
to

OFFICE

in which

circumstances

frequentlybrought

of

exercise

an

into action

in

is

reason

regard

in which

to

moral

dutyappears to interfere with another ; likewise in judginstances, any rule of duty

ing whether, in particular
to take up
at liberty
is concerned, or whether we
are
the case
simplyas one of expediencyor utility.In
making their decisions in doubtful cases, we observe
great differences in the habits of judging in different
decisions

in

165

REASON.

OF

as

some

One

individuals.

cases

the most

shows

one

and

minute

pulous
scru-

anxietyto discover whether the case involves

principleof duty, and a similar anxietyin
any
actingsuitablywhen he has discovered it. This is
what we
call a strictly
conscientious man.
Another,
who shows
of a proper sense
of duty when
want
no
the line is clearly
drawn, has less anxietyin such
"

cases

as

sacrifice minute

these, and

may
other

or

ful
doubt-

or
pointsto some
feehng, as self-interest,
even
friendship,where the former individual might
of duty.
have discovered
a
principle
is also concerned
scripti
Reason
in judging of a de"

"

of

cases

feelingarises

in which

from

the

in other words, from

individual is

modification

of

moral

complexityof actions,
"

in which

the circumstances

or,

the

may be illustrated by the

sentiment which we attach to the

placed.

difference of moral

This

takingaway the life of another, ^when this is

done by an individual under the impulse of revenge,
individual in self-defence, or by a
^by the same
judge in the dischargeof his publicduty.
is still another office frequently
There
assigned
act

"

of

"

"

166
to

reason

man

This

PRINCIPLE.

decisions,

in moral

"

when

as

speak of

we

as
acting upon reason
opposed to passion.
however
is,correctly
speaking,onlya different

of

use

MORAL

THE

of

consideration

calm

it

; and

the term

that he

means

the

upon a
which
he

motives

ought to be influenced,instead of
by a desire or an aflfectionwhich

by
being hurried
has

allowed

been

therefore,which
important distinction,

The

have

observations

aw^ay

influence.

undue

to usurp

acts

been

intended

these

illustrate may
in the following
be briefly
The
manner.
recapitulated
to

or
aspect of actions,as right
wrong,

a
a

in the
principle
simple exercise

moral
own

many

human
of

mind

reason,

rectitude derived
fixed

nature,
cases

from

and

in which

"

an

is founded

upon
distinct from
entirely
and

the

this

source

immutable.
exercise

is,in its

But
of

of

standard

there

reason

are

be

may

actions to this standard,

particular
employed in referring
of it. Any
or
tryingthem, as it were, by means
such mental
sidered
process, however, is only to be conof test
kind
as
a
applied to individual

instances, and
standard

to

them.

must

which

Right

or

fact,contribute

advantage of
sense

virtuous

conduct

in the
individual,

and
But

reason.

constitutes it right. This

different

confounded

with

the

does, in pointof

as
generalutility,

of that term,

by

be

it is the office of this test to refer

to

the

not

these

true

well
and

tendencies

as

to

the

extended
are

ceived
per-

it is neither of these that

is founded

on
entirely

rule of moral
principle,^the immutable
rectitude ; it is perceivedby a different part of our
"

HARMONY

conscience
or
principle,
this principle,
we
pronounce

constitution, the moral

of
and, by the operation
"

without
it right,

either to ourselves

11. OF

reference

any

THE

167

FEELINGS.

MORAL

THE

OF

to

its consequences

others.

or

OF

HARMONY

THE

MORAL

FEELINGS.

On

whatever

system

may
perceivethat there

we
feelings,

consider

we

are

the moral

various

classes

answeringa specialpurpose in our

various relations as accountable
beings. Some of
them, we have seen^ relate to objectsof desire,the
of which appears
tion.
attainment
hkely to bringsatisfacof them,

each

"

Others
bear

to
to

our

be

lead

to

us

fellow-men.

those
A

third class, which

considered, calls

relation in which

we

the universe, and

to

stand
a

relations which

our

mains
re-

attention to

the

Governor

of

to the moral

certain

we

of
regulation
'

the moral

arisingout of this relation. But there is

feelings
stillanother inquiry
of the deepestinterest connected
with this subject,
namely,regardingthe harmony, or
of arrangement, which these various classes
principle
of moral emotions
ought to bear towards each other.
and deserve
They all form parts of our constitution,
fully
a certain
degree of attention,which must be careof each ; and
adaptedto the relative importance
the correct
adjustmentof this harmony is one of the

168

THE

PRIXCIPLE.

MORAL

be answered

objectsto
with

rules which

by

sound

applyto

the moral

exercise
it may

of

bined
comprinciple,
judgment. The

be stated

in the following

manner.

When

we

consider

passingthrougha
state

man

as

of

course

of existence,it is obvious
is his

in which

own

he stands

moral
towards

immortal

an

to another
discipline
that his highestconsideration

condition,and the aspect

the

Deity.

with this firstof all

connexion

being,

In immediate

concerns

are

the

of justice
and veracity,
generalprinciples
connexion
with all mankind, and
to our
as
referring
of privateresponsibilities
which
a class
peculiarly
regard each individual in his domestic relations ;

great and

the duties of children to their parents, and

parents to their children ; the latter,particularly,
such

as

presentinga
embraces

the

that which

class of the
concerns

is to

come.

solemn

of the

kind, as it
present hfe, and of

Then

follow the duties of

most

and patriotism
benevolence, friendship,
; after these,
the ordinary
avocations
of life,
the acquisition
of
as
of business ; and, finally,
knowledgeand the pursuits
those

personalrecreations and enjoyments,which,

when
and
kept in their proper place,are legitimate
to every human
being. These are all
necessary
kept in a
proper and laudable, providedthey are
But the importto each other.
ant
proper subserviency
consideration is, that a man
worthily
may be actingunof his moral
to

upon
To

nature, when

any one of them in a manner

the harmony of the whole.

beginwith

he devotes
which

self
him-

encroaches

the lowest of them, it is

unneces-

170

MORAL

THE

PRIJfCIPLE.

while its great business is yet to begin, the

of the moral beingfor an eternal existence.
preparation
over,

"

It is

scarcely
necessary

add, on the other hand,

to

that attention to this first of all

be allowed

mind

estrange the

to

must

concerns

from

not

the various

of active life. It is only,

responsibilities
and
indeed, when the conduct is regulatedby partial
unsound
of these objectsof
motives, that some
duties and

attention

He

who

allowed

are

from

acts, not

duty,but

from

desire

of man,
may devote
of
and usefulness

the

placeof others.
the highprinciples
of moral
of notoriety,
the applause
or

to usurp

himself

to much

benevolence

publicand ostensible kind ;

while he neglectsduties of a higher,
thoughmore
and
overlooks entirely,
it may
nature,
be,
private
a

"

his

own

moral

condition.

The

hand, shuts himself

up in his
by meditation

ascetic,on

the other

cell,and

imaginesthat
he pleasesGod
and voluntary
austerities.
But this is not the part of him who trulyfeels
and correctly
his varied relations,
estimates his true
It is striking,
also,to remark, how
responsibilities.
the highest
lead to a character of harmony
principles
which all inferior motives fail enand consistency,
tirely
in producing. The man
who estimates most
his own
moral
relations to an
deeplyand correctly
Deity will also fee] his
ever-presentand presiding
with a degree
way throughthe various duties of life,
In the retireof attention adaptedto each of them.
ments
of domestic
of
discharge

the

of its relations.

life,he

is found

in the anxious

which
highresponsibilities
He

is found

in the

arise out

path of private

HARMONY

purest of

the
publicusefulness,manifesting
who
interest of one
the
acts
on
brotherly
all motives,
the love of God, and a principle
"

of devotedness
the view

to

Him

171

FEELINGS.

MORAL

THE

and

benevolence
kind and

OF

his service.

to

of his fellow-men,

Whether
or

seen

posed
ex-

onlyby

is the same,
in both
acts have

seeth in secret, his conduct

who

for the

which
on
principles
situations equal influence.
of life,
the power

he
In

of these

"

the

cerns
ordinaryconis equally
principles

in its business
engage
partakeof its enjoyments; whether he encounter
Whether

obvious.

meet
difficulties,
or
sorrows,

^he walks

"

dignityof

one

who

he

its

throughthe

whole

with the calm

of the ent
presto a life which

all the events

views

reference

come.

The
from

its

and
pains,disappointments,

life in their immediate

is to

or

of character which results

highconsistency
this regulated
condition of the moral
feelings

tends thus to promote a due attention to the various

connected with the situation in which
responsibilities
the individual is
with

anxious

placed.

It does

him,
by leading

so

consideration,to feel his way

through

these

arid to recognisethe supreme

requirements,
moral
of conscience
his whole
over
authority
tem.
sysIt does so, especially,
raising
by habitually

his views

to the eternal

all his conduct, and

his actions in each

preserve
courses

of

him

from

into which

or
approbation,

to

One,
whom

who

he is

relation of life.
all those
men

love

is the witness

of

for
responsible
It thus tends to

and
partial
led by the

inconsistent
mere

desire

of distinction,
or

by any

are

172

MORAL

THE

inferior motives

of those

other

PRINCIPLE.

which

are

really

resolvable into self-love.

of
uniformity

Such
to

sound

is equally
feeling
posed
op-

distortion of

another

variance with

moral

not
character,

condition of the mind.

less at

This

is what

pretension,
showing
may be called religious
itself by much
zeal for particular
tain
opinionsand cerexternal observances, while there is
influence
The

character.

upon

moral

the

truths which

form

no

ponding
corres-

and the
feelings
the great object

belief are of so momentous

a kind, that,
religious
^
when
fail
cannot
to
believed, they
they are really
tensive
produceeffects of the most decided and most exof

and, where this influence is not

in the moral
exhibited,there is a fatal error
steadily
nature

is either

there

tention
inor
an
self-deception,
From
such inconsistency
to deceive others.
of character arises an evil,which
has a most
rious
injuof persons.
influence upon
two
descriptions
portance
imof one
led to assignan undue
Those
class are
of a peculiarcreed^and
to the profession
the mere
externals of religion,to certain observances

economy,

"

"

which

considered

are

as

characteristic of

dulgence
particular
party,and to abstinence from certain inwhich
that party disapprove.
or
pursuits
in many
of the other class,finding,
Those
instances,
without a state of
much
zeal for these peculiarities,
moral
feelingadaptedto the truths which are professed,
are
or

apt

to

consider

the whole

as

either pretence

delusion.

In their mutual

warning.

error

there is to both matter

It becomes

portant
of im-

the latter to beware,

HARMONY

MORAL

THE

OF

of weak
lest,misled by the failings

they withdraw
solemn
import to
men,

There
real

may

their attention

themselves

feeling
; but
a

counterfeit ]

inconsistent

from
moral

as

imitate 1

beings.

the appearance of
to contend, that there

articlesof intrinsicworth which these

no

truths of

pretensionwhere there is no
are
they from this entitled to infer
in that which these pretendreality
ers
articles of
By a slightgilding,

value are made

to assume
trifling
gold; but would itbe reasonable
to

or

be much

that there is not

are

173

FEELINGS.

The

are

made

fair induction is,in both instances,

opposite.Were there no
would not
gold,this ingenuity

the

such

articles of pure
be employedin fabricating

imitations ; and the hypocrite

would not
he does not possess, were
qualities
theynot

base
assume

real
to

virtues,from

resemblance

for his character

procure

to

which

But
may enable it to deceive.
have detected this deception
beware of
which

it does

hopes

that ostensible vsdue

which

it conclusions

he

not

let those who

founding
upon
warrant.
They

here, but there is not the

reality
less a pure and high standard which claims their utmost
consiste
regard. If they search for it either among inor
designingmen, they seek the
among
the dead.
it
Let them contemplate
livingamong
it is displayed
in the character of the
as
especially
have

found

not

Messiah

the

in him it was

exhibited in

manner

which

while it
the imitation of every rational man,
standing,
the cordial assent of the most acute underchallenges
demands

that this is the

On

of a moral being.
perfection
fluenced
the odier hand, let diose who profess
to be inof all motives studyto exhibit
by the highest
P2

174

THE

MORAL

PRINCIPLE.

of
uniformity
It is easy to acquirea pecuthe whole character.
liar
to show
much
zeal for peculiar
phraseology,
and rigid
attention to pecuharobservances
;
opinions,

their habitual influence in

and,
which

difficult to procure a
certain other comphances
not

But all this,itis evident,

may

the world.
it may

be, and
;

it often
one

the moral

be assumed

kind of

for another,while

excitement

being continues unchanged.

influence
purifying

essential nature

of

manners

probablyoften is, no better than, a

than substituting
to nothingmore
amounts

is seated in the
a

consistent

by condemning
the
by them are technically
styled

name,

name

party,it is

among

heart,and

itis a contest

out from

sends

of the whole

True

gion
relithence

character.

In its

within,open onlyto the

eye of Him who seeth in secret.

the applauseof men
: and

It seeks

fore,
not, there-

it shrinks from

that

whose prominent
characters are
spuriousreligionism
and external observance, often
talk, and pretension,
Like its
accompanied by uncharitable censure.
divine pattern,itis meek and lowly,
it is pure and
gentleand easy to be entreated,full of
peaceable,
and of good fruits,
without partiality,
and without
mercy
"

"

play
hypocrisy."It aims not at an ostentatious disbut a steadyexhibition of fruits.
of principles,
which it cultivates with especial
care
are
Qualities
and mercy,
the mortification
and charity,
humility,
of every selfish passion,
and the denial of every selfish
indulgence.When thus exhibited in its true and
it commands
the respectof every
genuinecharacters,
and challenges
sound understanding,
the assent of all
and its truth,as the highest
that
to its reality
principle
the conduct of a moral being.
can
regulate
"

PART

OF

RELATION

MORAL

THE

IV-

THE

TOWARDS

DEITY.

of

healthystate

The

MAN

OF

moral

being

is

strikingly

to three great heads

referred,in the sacred writings,

benevolence, and
a
conformityof the
justice,
of the presence
moral feelings
to a reverential sense
of the Deity ;
to do justly, ^to
and perfections
and to walk
love mercy,
humbly with thy God."
fonner of these topicslead us to the duties
The two
"

"

"

"

which
calls

a
our

the heart
duties of
to

Him

in

fellow-men

the latter

homage of the mind and of

which he owes
For the
to God.
peculiarly
the former class we
are
equallyresponsible
the moral

as

governor
reference
is to

those

of the universe, but

our

connexions

with

of

the latter class respect our relation

to the Deityhimself,and consequently
consist,

men

great measure,

the mind.
been

his

attention to that

their immediate
other

to

owes

man

In human

chieflydirected

relative

in the

purityand devotedness
attention
systems of etliics,
to the obligations
of social

morality
; but

the

two

classes

are

of
has
and

closely

176

RELATION

MORAL

THE

MAN

OF

associated in the sacred

dition
writings
; and the sound conis pointedout as that
of the moral feelings
tegrity
inacquirementwhich, along with a corresponding
of character,
in an especial
ner,
manqualifies
man,
with the Deity.
for intercourse
Who
shall
"

into the hill of the Lord,

ascend
in his

He

holyplace?

or

who

shall stand

that hath clean hands

and

pure heart,who

hath not liftedup his soul unto vanity,

"Blessed
the pure in
sworn
nor
are
deceitfully."
heart, for theyshall see God."
"

Such

declarations

the assent and absolute

challenge
conviction of every sound understanding.Are
creatures, placed in immediate
responsible
we, as
relation to a great moral Governor, a beingof infinite
1
Is the structure
purityand boundless perfections
"

of

wonderful fabric of
bodies,and the stillmore
minds, alike the work of his hand 1 Then it is

our

our

from

impossibleto put away

the

that
impression,
each movement
of these minds must
be fully
exposed
to his inspection. It is equallyimpossible
to repel
from us the solemn
truth, that it is by the desires,
the feelings,
and the motives
of action which exist
us

"

there, that our condition is

sight; and that a man, whose
in

who
"

man

Lord

in his

be estimated

conduct

to

his fellow-

state of moral

and justice,
propriety
may
in the eyes of
degradation

seeth in secret

does

men

to

violate

not

looketh
looketh

There

on
on

"

be

him

for,"says the sacred writer,

the outward

but the

appearance,

the heart."

carmot, therefore, be

intense interest,than
heart and of the mind

what

an

of
inquiry

is that condition

which

every

man

more

of the

ought to

178

THE

and

desires

and
objects,

are

directed

thus

run

passinghour,
which

motives

The

RELATION

MORAL

MAN

OP

to transient

to waste

amid

frivolous

and

the triflesof the

without any feehngof the truths and

the attention of moral beings.
demand

of
pursuits

such

man

have

may

in them
nothing

that is referable either to

affection.

They

may

impuredesire or malevolent
be the acquisition
of wealth,

after power,
^the love of distinction,
devotedness
to
merely trivial occupations;

the grasp

"

or

"

while there is

total

"

neglectof

those great concerns

which

chief and highestregard.

demand
our
really
Amid
and
the legitimate
the laudable pursuits
even
of ordinarylife,
of those
too apt to lose sight
are
we
duties and responsibilities
which
attend a state of
moral discipline,
and that culture of the soul required
for the future state of existence
to
as
a preparation
which we
are
hastening. But we cannot doubt that
these considerations bear an importantasjpectin the
in which they
eye of the Deity ; and that the mind
hold not an habitual influence is contemplated
by him
as

in

state of moral

destitution.

classes of characters
two
accordingly,
clearly
pointedout in the sacred writings, namely,
in whom
the conduct indicates the depravity
one

There

are,

"

within,
"

and

another, in whom

the external character

aspect in the estimation of

preserves a respectable
while the moral feelings
in a corrupted
are
dition
conmen,
in the
endeavoured
to be

sightof
to trace

referred,on

the human

mind

have

that

seen

the
the

Deity.
laws

We

have

to which

formerly

this fact is

of
philosophy
two.
:
(1.) We
theyare chiefly
in our
there are original
principles
the

"

of
principles

the

TOWARDS

which

lead

179

DEITY.

THE

certedn exercise

of

justice,
and benevolence, independently
of any
veracity,
of divine authority.They are a part of
recognition
nature

moral

our

to

and
constitution,

calculated

to

promote

ciety;
soimportantpurposes in the harmony of human
and they carry along with them
certain
a
of reciprocal
compensationwhich is entirely
principle
* distinct from
aspect.
any impressionof their moral

The

who

man

guilt
;
from

but

is deficient in them, indeed, incurs

certain

dischargeof

natural, or

mere

with any

receives

the

of

responsibility
; and
impressionof moral

no

very

his reward,

arise

may

selfish feeling,
nected
uncon-

even

sense

consequently
conveys
In

them

exercise

partly
by

of them

of
feeling

this

probation
apman

tion,
satisfac-

which, from the constitution of his nature, they

calculated

and partlyas a
yield,
that community where
they promote
order, and harmony ; and he is not
are

to

look farther,or
merit

in the

to claim

sightof

from

the

them

any

member

of

peace,

and

entitled to

feelingof

Deity. (2.) A second

relation to this
important

which
bears an
principle,
is the manner
in which a man's character is
subject,
influenced by the particular
motive
or
pursuitto
which he has resignedthe guidanceof his conduct.
One surrenders himself to the animal propensities,
selfish profligate,
and becomes
insensible to every
a
of action,while his depravedcondition
right
principle
is obvious

to

all around

himself to ambition

and

him.
a

second

third to avarice

it may
be, are
rulingpassions,
and
to the selfish indulgence

found
open

to

be

devotes
:

these

adverse

of
profligacy

the

180

MORAL

THE

former ; and

RELATION

OF

MAN

arise out
may
that is decent and

tmguished by much
in
and worthy of approbation
fourth,the ruUngmotive

may

dis-

of them

character

respectable,

the eye of man.

In
be the desire of esteem

and often does, become

approbation
; and this may,
of such influence as to overpower,
a
principle
the selfish propensities,
in a great measure,
and to
produce a character estimable not only for justice
and veracity,
but a higherdegree of active benevolence.
Such a man
sacrifices to his ruling
passion
that mightbe turned to the purposes of ambition,
much
avarice,or selfish indulgence,
by those who are
guided by these propensities
; and in doing so, he
has his reward.
He
finds it in the gratification
of
that principle
which in him has become
predominant
;
and, rather than hazard the loss of esteem
by those
whose
he values,he will submit to much
approbation
selfish advantage,
personalexertion, and sacrifice much
which others might deem
highlyworthy of
and

But

attainment.

all this may

go

of divine

inan
much
to

authority
; and
there is much
in whom
of desire,and
impurity
of moral feeling.It is all referable
deficiency
of a personalnature, and in the gratifimotive
cation
of this his rulingprinciple
is satisfied.

The
of

an

state of mind

habitual

sense

which

is under

of the

divine

therefore,be considered
one

more
referring

other to
to

and

without any recognition

may all exist in a

on

our

include

eflfortto

of
imagination

two

the

presence

may,
relations, the
"

the

Deity,the
The former seems
chiefly
have every desire, thought,
heart,regulatedby a sense

immediatelyto

fellow-men.
an

under

the influence

THE

TOWARDS

his will.

to

purityof God,

and the

of the presence

181

DEITY.

Amid

in

and

formity
con-

of deficiency
feeling

much

in these respects,it leads our attention to that interesting

condition in which there is a contest
mental
and

warfeire

and

within,

opposition
prevailing
variance with the purity
of

"

thingthat is at
a moral
being. The second division includes the
cultivationof feeUngsof kindness and benevolence
the love of justice, the love of
towards all men;
the forgiveness
of injutruth, the love of peace,
ries,
to

every

"

"

"

mortification of selfishness ; in a word,

the earnest and habitual desire to promote the comfort
"

the

alleviate the distresses of others.

and
these two

mental

conditions must

springa

From
ter,
charac-

alike by piety
towards
God, and
distinguished
benevolence, and active usefulness
by highintegrity,
towards
He
who
cultivates this
man.
earnestly
continual watchfulness,
within feels that he requires
purity
and

truths and moral

of

mightnot

for this he knows

and

which

causes

his volitions.
need

direction of the mind

constant

He

his

those

calculated to influence

are

feels further that he is in

in this highdesign
; but

own

also he

to

look,with humble

can

under

hope, when,

sense

fidence
con-

of moral

aid.
weakness, he asks its powerful
II. An

humble
of

which
who

is

and dutiful submission

Providence,
"

regulated
by

has learned to
of
disposing

events

The

man

this sublime

contemplatethe

the

the appointment

partof a great system

infinitewisdom.

his mind

bears upon

as

to

impression
Almighty One as

of the lower

world, and

182

THE

MORAL

RELATION

MAN

OF

to each of his rational creatures

the place
assigning
which
he occupies. That
it may
place,whatever
has attached to itspecial
duties and
be, he perceives
and
calls
for the cultivation of
responsibilities,
moral qualities
adapted to it. Is it one
peculiarly
of comfort, wealth, or influence, solemn obligations
"

of the

arise out

Is it

command.
actual

which

these

life,privation,
or

of these also has its peculiar

suffering,each
"

to be

contemplatedas belonging

in which no
disciphne,
with the harmony
wanting in consistency

great system of moral

be

part can

of the whole.

Such

appointmentsof

submission

God

all legitimate
means
for

of humble

one

duties,and each is
to

of usefulness

means

does

not

of the soul to the

precludethe

for

of

use

our
condition, or
bettering
of distress. But
or
removing sources
preventing

when, under the proper

not
removed, it leads
power,

to
;

whose
and

present events

"

use

of such

us

to that higher
habitually

these

means,

are

be subservient
will all such attempts must
while it elevates our
thoughtsabove
and

second

it reminds

causes,

of

us

that great scheme

of discipline
through wliich we
are
passing,and the purposes which these events
calculated to promote in our own
moral improveare
ment.
Viewed

under

such

lose that aspect in which

them ; and will be

we

the
feelings,
are

too

considered

peculiarinterest,as essential to
great objectof which is to prepare
a higherstate of being.
III. A

sense

of moral

illsof life

apt to
with

plate
contemnew

and

that system, the

for
and purify
us

and guilt,"
imperfection

TOWARDS

and

that

This

arise out of it.

in every

mental

devout

and
humility

one

who

self-abasement
be

must

his

views

own

in reference

emotions

183

DEITY.

THi:

to

which

prominentfeeling
conduct, and
the

purityof

his

God.

for his mercy

and
leads to supplication
naturally
displayof his
forgiveness
; and, in the wondrous
a
character, givenin the sacred writings,
provision
It

is disclosed,in virtue of which

is made

consistent

with

of mercy
justiceof a

the exercise

the truth and

of peace
we
dispensation
find habitually
as
adapted to man in a
represented
tion
condidestitution ; and no mental
of spiritual
state
referred to, as
is more
acceptable
frequently
with the Deity,than that which consists of contrition
Thus sayeththe highand
and lowliness of mind.
is
whose
name
loftyOne that inhabiteth eternity,
Holy ; I dwell in the highand holyplace,with him
also that is of a contrite and humble
spirit,to revive
of the humble, and to revive the heart of
the spirit
moral

This

governor.

"

"

the contrite ones."

With

associated
naturally

and

constant

reliance

throughlife,and
being.
IV.

It is

sense
on

this state of mind

of moral

is very

weakness,
rection
divine aid, both for di"

for the culture of the moral

only necessary to add, a profound

of gratitude
and love towards
the Deity as the
sense
Giver of all good,as our daily
Preserver and Benefactor.
will have a specialreferThese
ence
feelings
which he has givenof his charto the display
acter
and slow to anger ; and
as
merciful,gracious,
which he has made for the recovery
to the provision
"

184

MORAL

THE

RELATION

OF

MAN

and restoration of his fallen creatures, through" God

Of this divine Person, and
manifest in the flesh."
the work

which

not
presumes
lightafforded

he
to

accomplish,philosophy
have seen
the
speculate
; but we

by

came

the

to

inductions

of moral

science

the probability
of this revelation,and its
respecting
to the actual state of man
in his relation
adaptation
the impressionconhave seen
to the Deity. We
veyed
by the character of the Messiah, considered
such
merelyas matter of historical truth, exhibiting
a pattern as
never
appearedin our world, except in
moral being. We
have
him, of a pure and perfect
"

seen,

further,the incontrovertible

nature

of that evidence,

transmitted
it is,in

a
on

and

the

and confirmed, as
by testimony,
ances,
observmanner,
by periodical
very peculiar
the whole revelation is supported;
which

inductions

of sound

harmonize
philosophy
with the impressionsof the man,
his
who, feeling
moral
necessities,yieldshis cordial assent to
own
this mystery of God, and seeks in its provisions
his
is,and his hope for the life
peace in the lifethat now

that is

From

to come.

the

whole

mental

condition,thus

arise
delineated,there will naturally
conduct

adaptedto

rule within.

This

slightly

character and

the

and principles
which
feelings
have seen, a due
as
we
implies,

of the desires,and an habitual direction of

regulation
them to objectsof real and adequateimportance,"
cultivation and exercise of all the affections,
a diligent
in the highestdegree,
and a conduct distinguished,
and active benevolence.
veracity,
integrity,
by purity,
"

186

conceivable
and

peace

contemplationof
reliance

constant

habit of mind, in which

in the

the uniform
with

the

the

on

action of

in every

divine

there is

character,

mighty
guidanceof the AlOne
thing,"
says

life.

"

have I desired of the Lord, that

writer,
inspired

"

an

MAN

OF

both for the

moment
thingsof the highest
it is
the improvement of the moral being,

found

to be

RELATION

MORAL

THE

will I seek

after ; that I may dwell in the house of

all the days of my life,to behold the beauty

the Lord

of the Lord, and

who

man

his

inquirein

to

thus cultivates

temple." The
habitual impressionof

the

the divine presence

lives in an
his own.
The storms
which
may
him

blow
;

or

traveller has

the

as

top the

around

atmospherepeculiarly
the lower world
agitate
beneath, but they touch not
from

seen

the mountain's

of elements

war

below, while he
In the works, and

sunshine.

in

stood

ways,

clouded
un-

and

of the Eternal One he finds a subjectof

perfections
exalted contemplation,
in comparison with which the
of human
science sink into insignifihighest
inquiries
cance.
It is
elevate and

to

the minor

apt

so
"

to

While

our

attention to
once

power

which

at

them

wisdom
we

cannot

mony.
harundeviating

to bend
we

in humble

cannot

fathom,

comprehend,it directs

of moral attributes
display
and demand
challengeour reverence
a

and

in their appointed

all in

which

are

field in which
"

move

us

once

from

us

universe,"

one

it thus teaches

before

and

It raises

to that wondrous

compose
which bade them

maintains

orbits,and

at

us,

worlds

and

that mind

mind.

tends

and transient interests which

to occupy

adoration

the
purify

concerns

worlds

to

exercise,also, which

an

which
our

TOWARDS

imitation.
with

thus

By

187

DEITY.

THE

us
leading

ourselves

to compare

the supreme

excellence, it tends to produce

and, at the same
time,that habitual
profoundhumility,
after moral
aspiration
the

improvement which constitutes

The
man.
proud," says an

higheststate of
eloquentwriter, look down upon the earth,and see
noble than
nothingthat creeps upon its surface more
"

"

themselves

look

the humble

upwards

to their God."

This
to

of mind, so far from beingopposed

disposition
the acquirementsof philosophy,
sits with peculiar

grace

the

upon

who, throughthe
science,ascends

man

cultivation of human
Cause.

farther he advances

The

and

to

the eternal

in the wonders

rises in his adoration

higherhe

nature, the

zealous

most

of

of the

which

wisdom

guide the whole ;

Where
others see
a
a Deity." And
sun, he sees
whether of danger,
then,in every step of life,
distress,
the man
who cultivates this intercourse
or
difficulty,
with the incomprehensible
One
in his temple."
inquires
He inquires
for the guidanceof divine wisdom,
and the strength
of divine aid,in his progress through
the state of moral
in a pediscipline
; he inquires,
power

the

"

'*

"

cuHar manner,
for this aid in the culture of his moral
in its
being,when he views this mightyundertaking

important reference
he

for
inquires

Providence,as
or

views

lifewhich

it in the chain of events

whole

same

to the

is to

its course

He

him.

hand
unerring
;

and

which

which

concerns,

goingon

are

learns

come

of Divine

discernment

around

conviction

the

of the ways
he either feels it in his own
a

in the world

planetin

to

to

trace

the

guidesthe

thus rests in the absolute

that the economy

of Providence

is

one

188

THE

RELATION

MORAL

MAN

OF

and order,
system of design,
great and magnificent
and harmony. These, we
repeat with confidence,
are

visions of the

no

of

calm

tion of

in

man

duction
in-

philosophy.They

compel

the assent

"

essence

the sound

rational

when
he follows out
inquirer,
mightyimport, what is God,

candid

that

and

which

conclusions

are

but
imagination,

which

he has

that
"

of every

investiga

and

endowed

what

is

with tho

to himself.
rising
To
enlargeupon these importantsubjectswould
lead us away from the proper designof a work which
is intended chiefly
derive
the light
to investigate
we
from the phenomena of the mind itself. The
points
which have been stated,as arising
out of the impressions
of every sound
understanding,
challengethe
of all who believe in a present and presiding
assent
Deity, a beingof infinite power and wisdom, and
of perfectpurity. With
calls in question
him who
and
this sublime
have no common
truth we
feeling,
mutual premises on which
no
an
argument can be

of

power

"

founded.

We

must

pride,while
has framed,

elements of

he views

and

"

therefore leave him

the chaos

which

sit in solitary

his

feincy

strives to reconcile the discordant

system in which there

are

effects without

harmony without a regulating

power ;
and in which
the mind
can
perceiveno element of
or truth.
credibility,
consistency,
With this slight
outline,therefore,we must quita
ther
subjectof the deepestinterest,but which belongsrain mental
to the theologian
than to the inquirer
science ; and proceed briefly
the means
to investigate
which
by which the condition of the moral feelings,
a

cause,

and

to

the

has been

the

subjectof

189

DEITY.

THE

TOWARDS

precedingobservations,

promoted and cultivated as the regulating

character.
views
of the whole
Two
principle
be taken of this point,which, though they
may
with each other in practice,
harmonize
to be conare
sidered,
in their philosophical
aspect, as distinct.
be

may

The

restoration

sacred

anarchy,or
to
writings

mind,

an

"

of

moral

influence

phenomena

death

refer to

the various

seen

from

man

of ment,
estrangetaughtin the

state

a
we

are

power

from

from
directly

God.

considerations

of the mind, and

without the
We

derived

have
the

from

impressionsof

our

the

divine character,giving
to this great doctrine a probability
which claims the assent
of every correct understanding

But, without
the

of the truth and

of which

means

the

whole

may

to

the mind
;

branch

province of
as

of

of the mind

tal
men-

itself,

is

This

compound
probablybe analyzedin the
It seems
to be
composed of

attention,and

truth of the statements

the
principle,

habitual influence is produced

an

character.

followingmanner.
The

process

which
operation,

reason,

this

importanceof

science,is rather the

upon

degreelosing
sight

objectof our attention,as

immediate

by

in any

or

modification
Reason

is to

doctrines which

calculated to act

upon this beingdone

of the
depend the validity
and

of

conception.
examine
the
are

proposed

ings
upon its moral feelin a correct manner

subsequent parts of
This being premised,
it is the
the mental process.
office of Attention, aided by reason,
to direct the
mind assiduously
to the truths,
to perceive
so
as
fully
must

their relations and

tendencies.

By

the farther pro

190

MORAL

THE

RELATION

OF

MAN

theyare then placed

analogousto Conception,
before us in such a manner
to givethem the effect
as
cess,

present existence.

of real and

these

By

means,

relatingto thingsfor which we have not the

which
to events
evidence of our senses,
or
referring
future, but fully
are
expected to happen,are kept

truths

influence the moral

before the mind, and

in the

the character

same

manner

actually
seen,

were

takingplacein

or

if the facts believed

as

the events

expected were
is
mental o[)eration

This

view.

our

and
feelings

exercise
Faith ; and for the sound
mentioned
elements now
are

it the

of

stituent
con-

cessary.
neessentially
be received by the judgThe truth must
ment
adequate evidence ; and, by the other
upon
be so kept before the
parts of the process, it must

mind, that it may

might

as

arise

exercise

from

such

the actual

moral

influence

vision,or

present

existence,of the thingsbelieved.

Attention
enable

to

us

obscured

have

the

When

discover
and

bewildered

which

is one

Our

those

their

importantsubject.

is thus allowed

has not

been

"

of

thus allowed
who

to

would

does
inquiry

"

and

faith.

not

lead

us

to

usurp

the

placeof

themselves

truth.
from

To

the influence

respecting
great inquiry,
impressions,ought to be, are

mental

theyfacts 1

by
adequate

have, in various individuals,

preserve
of such, the first

own

not

ence
to influ-

received

"

present course

probably

fallacies which

examination, and
of itstruth, this is enthusiasm,

treat of the notions which

been

this

will

due

judgment, upon

evidence

of the

some

which
impression

the mind
the

considerations

these

to

"

on

what evidence

do

theyrest

which

that theyare
understanding

a sound
satisfy

con

the other hand

On

191

DEITV.

THE

TOWARDS

is to be avoided

an

error,

not

so

less

dangerousthan the wildest fancies of the enthusiast,

mind.
This
and not less unworthyof a regulated
real and important
truths as if they
consists in treating
and thus dismissing
visions of the imagination,
were
them, without examination, from the influence which

theyought to produceupon
also to remark
is singular
'

tions of character may

the moral
how

these

be traced to

feelings.I*
two

modifica-

condition of the

The former
the same.
essentially
and rests upon
receives a fiction of the imagination,
The latter,actingupon some
it as truth.
prejudice
mental
or
impressionwhich has probablyno better
out
foundation,puts away real and importanttruths withwhich they
of the evidence on
any examination
of the reasoning
The misapplication
founded.
are
It consists in proceedis the same
in both.
ing
powers
the
without exercising
impression,
upon a mere
judgment on the question of its evidence, or on
the facts and considerations which are opposedto it.
thus
Two
characters of a very oppositedescription

reasoningpowers

condition, which draws them

though in different directions,astrayfrom
equally,
meet

in that

mental

the truth.
When

truth has

received
fully

the sanction

of

tion
judgment,the second office of faith is,by attenbefore the
and conception,
to keep it habitually
mind, so that it may
produce its proper influence
This is to live by faith ; and
upon the character.
of the great principle
in this consists that operation
it from all pretended
which
distinguishes
eflfectually

the

192

THE

MORAL

RELATION

MAN

OF

and impressions
We
feelings
assuming its name.
speak,in common
language,of a head-knowledge
which

affect the heart ; and

in his creed, while he shows

does

is sound

his conduct.

upon
such

of

not

The

who

man

littleof its influence

condition of

mental

presents a subjectof intense interest.

His alleged
consists merely in
it is probable,
belief,
words, or in arguingingeniously
on
pointsto which
a

man

he attaches

These

real value.

no

him

impressed upon

by

have

may

education

been

theymay

stitute
con-

party to which he has devoted

himself;and he may argue in support of them with
all the energy of party zeal.
In the same
manner,
the creed

man

contend

may

whose

of

warmly

shows

conduct

but this is not

Both

certmn

truths,which

moral

so

as

have

the

never

to become

the other

and

fixed themselves

in

the

constitution.

We

reallyreceived

judgment,and yet fail to

produce
arises from distorted

have

of the moral

destroyedthe healthybalan^

the whole

economy
is,that the man

truths,without

may
removed
character, slightly

approbationof

quence

is not

in

their proper influence.

This
moral habits,and a vitiated state

of

behef

suppose another
in which the truths have
tliis,

which
faculties,

selfishness

barren

or
principles
regulating

in the mental

indeed
from

compassion

of
professions

empty

are

causes

cold and

benevolence

faith.

the mind

in favour of

of tiie mind.

The

conse

approves of
theirtendencies,and without
feeling

their power.
manifesting
connected
Intimately
remarkable
in
principle

and
perceives

with this
our

mental

also, is
subject,

forconstitution,

194

THE

MORAL

MAN

OF

RELATION

followed out to certain results which

uniformly
theyare calculated to produce,accordingto the usual
are

of

in every sound
sequences
is strikingly
illustrated by
principle
course

writers,by reference

concerningthe cityof

Jericho.

in this mission

by

manner

wall

of

the

were

whose

woman

of

these

forward

sent

were

one

This

simplenarrative. During
by the armies of Israel,two
as
spiesto bring a report

to

the invasion of Canaan

men

mind.

The

gaged
enpersons
in a friendly

received
house

was

upon

the

their presence
covered,
diswas
she hid them
their pursuers ; and
from
them down
enabled them to escape by letting
finally

by

city;

cord from

when

window.

Before

taking leave

of

expressed her firm conviction that the

to which theybelonged was
to take possoon
session
of Jericho,and of the whole country; and

them, she
army

she made
take

swear

place,theywould

house.

When

them

her, that, when

to

show

mercy

to

thi" should
her father's

fulfilled.
faithfully
engagement was
the citywas
taken, and the other inhabitants
The

with all her

preserved,
kindred.
the woman
In this very simpleoccurrence,
is representedby the sacred writer as havingbeen
saved by faith. The objectof her faith was
the
event which she confidently
expected, that the city
of Jericho was
to be destroyed. The
ground of
the most
her faith was
in which
th^ rapid manner
powerfulnations had alreadyfallen before the armies
of Israel, led,as she believed,by a divine power.
in which
Actingupon this convicfion, in the manner
her personalsafetywas
a belief so
deeplyaffecting
the
destroyed,

woman

was

"

"

TOWARDS

195

DEITY.

THE

mind, she took means

to influence any sound
likely
for her preservation
by making friends of the spies.
faith saved

Her

this

made

have

not

followed

it she

provision
; but, unless

belief to the

her

out

without

her, because

would

she

which

measure

had
was

the mere
belief of the
object,
would
have availed her nothing. When
event
we
to any
therefore ascribe importantresults to faith,
or
ascribe them, not to th6
other mental operation,
we
but to this followed out to the consequences
operationitself,
which it naturally
produces accordingto

calculated to effect this

the constitution of the human

mind.

In the

same

in a certain state
speak of one man
of danger or difficulty
being saved by liiswisdom,
and another by his strength. In doingso, we ascribe
such results,not to the mere
possessionof these
quaUties,but to the efforts which naturallyarose
we

manner,

may

placed.

was

says,

that without

God,

he

And

when

feiith it is

certainlyrefers

to

the

vidual
indi-

inspiredwriter
impossibleto please

no

the

mere

mental

pressio
im-

system of opinions; but

of certain truths,which, in our presthe reception
ent
and

to

in which

in tlie circumstances

them

from

to

no

barren

the objectsof faith,

entirely
and
and to all that influence upon
the moral-feelings
the character which these must
produce upon every
believes them.
mind that really
state

On

of

being,are

greatsubjectmuch

misconception
appears
to the
to have arisen from not sufficiently
attending
condition in which, as moral beings,we
are
placed
this

196
in the

are
means
our

OF

MAN

be

cise
performed by the mental exercalled faith. As physical
and intellectual beings,
have certain relations to the objectsby which we
surrounded, and with these we communicate
by
of our
But, as moral beings,
bodilysenses.
relations are
of a different nature
entirely
; and

must

the facts and

motives

which

in these relations

us

upon

calculated

are

to

act

the objectsof
chiefly
is,they are not cognizable
by any of our
to be received by-a different part of
are

faith ; that
but
senses,
our

RELATION

present state of existence,and the important

part which

we

MORAL

THE

constitution,and

are

dence.
separate kind of evi-

upon

portant
This, accordingly,is the simple but imdistinction referred to by the sacred writer,

when, in allusion
he says,

"

walk

we

"

to

condition

our

moral

as

beings,
The

by faith,not by sight."

objects of sight,here intended to express all the

objects of sense, exercise over us an habitual and
selves
powerfulinfluence. They constantlyobtrude themown

and

withdraw
power
which

not

are

attention from

events
seen.

any

exertion

which

them,

are

This

and

exercise

our

to

feel the

to

future, and

mental

of

of mind

peculiarexercise

it requiresa
our

of

notice without

our

upon

of

things,

is Faith.

Its

specialprovince,as we have seen, is to receive

to
(ruths which are presenteddirectly
to the mind,
place them before us with all the vividness of actual
"

and
upon

our

present existence,
"

and

to

analogous to
by objectsof sight. The

us

an

agency

therefore,is, what
inquiry,

are

make

them

that which
next

exert

is produced

great pointin

the truths

which

TOWARDS

calculated thus

are

which

beings,and

before
habitually
When

of sensible
those

operate upon

to

it is the

us

moral

as

faith to

objectof

bring

us.

withdraw

we

197

DEITY.

THE

great objectwhich

are

the

from

forth

send

and
things,

truths which

minds

our

our

the influence
attention to

of faith,
the
province

meets

our

view

first

is the eternal

of the
One, the moral Governor
incomprehensible
and infinite
imiverse," a beingof infinite perfections
purity. From the stupendousworks of nature, we
the great First Cause,
and
trace his operation
as
his boundless power
infer,with absolute certainty,
and wisdom, and his independent
existence.
The
impressof his moral attributes he has fixed with indeUble
certaintyupon our moral
perceptions,
with
where, in the lightof conscience, co-operating
a
simpleprocess of reason, we perceivehim to be a
beingof infiniteholiness,and of unerringtruth and
justice. Our knowledge of these attributes is not
the result of any process of reasoning
which can
admit of deliberation or doubt.
selves
They force themsimpleprinciples
upon our conviction by the most
"

"

of
moral

who

mental and
induction,when, from our own
of him
endowments, we infer the perfecfions

formed

From

being,we

us.

every
have

his universal

onlyof
our

our

conceptionwe can form of such

conviction
an
equallyinsuperable

presence,

of

that he is the witness,not

"

conduct,but of

the

and tions
thoughts
imaginafrom these,as indicating

of the heart ; and that

real condition,and not from

R2

our

conduct

alone,

198

THE

RELATION

MORAL

OF

moral aspect is estimated

our

MAN

by him,

"

^thepure and
as it
moment,

Each
holyOne who seeth in secret.
know is bringing
over
us
nearer
us, we
passes rapidly
all our
to that periodwhen
hopes and fears for this
shall lie with

world

also that this is the

being,
One

view

feel

state

of

the eternal

as

fix themselves

considerations

duration.

endless

we

in all his attributes

of yet new
feeling

that this future existence

into

us

another

to

when
interest,

tremendous

more

These

the mind, with

upon

But

where
retribution,

is to be disclosed

Governor.

moml

entrance

state of moral

"

in the grave.

us

and

further take into

we

before

stretches out

This

is the

truth

so

powerfully
expressedby the sacred writer,in terms
which by their brevityconvey, in the most
adequate
The things
their overwhelming import,
manner,
which are seen
are
temporal,but the thingswhich
"

"

not

are

seen

These
neither

truths
are

They

with

when

power
turn

we

the

and

which

we

of

process
arrive

force themselves

what we
inquiry,
are,
sacred writings
theyare
connected

the visions of enthusiasm

result of any
different men
may

conclusions.

us,

not

are

theythe

by-which

from

eternal."

are

at

upon

cannot

ing
reason-

difierent
viction
con-

our

put

away

our

attention to the solemn

and

what

is God.

In

the

detailed and illustrated,

in a

harmonious

manner;

and

are

pressed
im-

upon us with the force of a revelation from

there dis*
Deity himself. But the principles

closed meet

in our
moral constiimpression
for their truth. It
tution which pleadswith authority
is the province
of faithto keep these habitually
before

with

an

the mind, and

the conduct

and

as

Deity in
disclosed
actually
if'the

as

to influence

them

to cause

199

DEITY.

THE

TOWARDS

theywere objectsof sense,

of his character were
all the purity
to

"

view,"

our

hour
The

retribution.
righteous

which

or

himself into the immediate

One

when

were

presence

his

ter,
his charac-

man

brings

of the Eternal

before
himself, as it were,
arraigns
omniscient
Judge ; when he places

he

the bar of the

before him

we

thus feels their

exercise,a

this mental

if

shall witness
who

man

as

power, and exhibits their influence upon

is he who lives by faith.
under

feeHngs

if

present at that dread

When,

the

that future state which

stretches forth into

endless

arise in
must
existence,a train of feelings
his mind, to which he was
a stranger,
so
longas he

placidly
resignedhimself to the influence of sensible
as one
things. He views this beingof infinite purity
who has been all his hffethe daily
witness of his conduct
;

have

and
been

feels that

the

even

at all times

open

secrets
to Divine

of the heart

inspection.

Each

day,as it passed unheeded over him, was a

portiongone by of his periodof moral discipline
;
and each, as it glidedamid the frivolitiesof Hfe, or
the active pursuit
of temporalgood, had its moral
aspect assignedto it in the judgment of the Eternal
mind.
which
no
Along with these impressions,
man
can
reflecting
put away from him, a voice within
forces upon

him the conviction,

that,were

disclosed
history

to his

their estimation, be
more

when

hi^ whole

fellow-men,he would,

found

wanting.

How

even

in

much

this be fixed upon his inmost soul,

he feels that the whole is,at one
glance,ex-

deeplymust

200

posed to
is

RELATION

MORAL

THE

of Omniscience

the eye

MAN

OF

that

and

hour

an

when
must
a strict account
approaching,
rapidly
rendered, "ind a righteoussentence
pronounced,

be

the result of which

With
can

will extend

existence^

into eternal

these truths upon his mind, what reflecting

man
view without awe
the moment
which is to close

his state

of moral

from

tenement,
earthly

his

with God, and

when,
discipline,

the

The

man

knows

he shall find himself alone

his astonished

there shall burst upon

faculties the blaze of

not

disencumbered

an

endless

day.

eternal

speculationsof fancy,but
who

acts
habitually

that this faith rests

under

upon

These

are

truth.

their influence
conviction

which

in all his ways

recognises
the presence
of the Deity,when
and the inspection
he feels the obligation
the desires and
to have even
afl^ectionsunder subjection
he
to his will,and when
resignshimself to his guidance,and asks his powerful
cannot

be

shaken, when

he

of this life,and

aid, both for the conduct

for
preparation
Solemn

is the hour

and
the tumult of life,
the

question,what

what

have

which

is

is to

the life which

been

when

man

his

come.

thus retires from

seriously
proposes

is his condition

the

as

to himself

moral

leading*pursuitsin

being?
that life

what is his aspect

to a close ?
hastening
in the view of that incomprehensible
One, who perceives
details of his
at a singleglance the whole
the full splendour
moral history. Is he safe to meet
of that eye ? has he no' apprehension,
that,when
called

to account

he
purity,

in the immediate
may

not

be

presence

able to

answer.

of

erring
un-

The

202

THE

ihe

RELATION

MORAL

God.

of

character

He

representthem

to

He

wisdom.

such

acknowledgethat

and

any
furnish,to arrive at

this, that the Judge of

"

his

unchanging in
justice.
of

moral

we

fails
point philosophy
find

led

into

find

will

ing
reason-

his

in
impartial

by

the clearest induction

but at this momentous

No

us.

human

the mind

which

refugeto

and

are

science

verse
uni-

any other decision than

all the earth must
be

purposes,

this conclusion

To

in

run

anarchy; and
which human
principle

on
impossible,

can

would

manner

confusion

irremediable

to

would

enactments

holiness,and boundless

but

cannot

governed in
it

to

is infinite in

who

that
perceive

mockery of justice
; and
the laws
argue respecting

impossiblethug

that it is
of him

as

MAN

must

human

applysuch reasoningto
l)e

OF

betake

can

can

power

itself

of

swer
anguilt; no human wisdom can
God be just,
the inquiryof mighty import,can
the ungodly1
But here we are
and yet justify
met
by a lightfrom heaven which has burst upon the

under

scene

of

sense

doubt

bringdown
to

and

of darkness

and

in
prideof our reason
testimonyof God. It comes

the
the

called to

humble

mission
sub-

supported

which

dial
challengesthe corand the
acute understanding,
assent of the most
by those who,
power of which will be best appreciated
the highest
with sincere desire for tmth, have made
attainments in the laws of rigid
inquiry. It discloses

by

an

weight of

atonement

heaven

evidence

are

made

for sin, and

calculated to restore

in
purity

which

it was

an

influence

the moral

formed.

from

being to

It thus meets

the

alike

TOWARDS

THE

203

DEITY.

the necessities of maii, as in a state of actual guilt?

and a state 6f moral
degradation.For the one, it
a
displays

of
of mercy
in which the integrity
character is vindicated,wliile pardon is

scheme

the Divine

transgressors. To the other it offers

from heaven, which will correct
the disorders

extended

to

power
of the moral

and
constitution,

the likeness of God.

and

whole, uniform

It thus forms
consistent

the character

of God, and

of

to

; and

man

necessities,and
A

an

man

in itself;worthyof

adapted to

conviction

in the
participation

to

anew

harmonious

the condition

who feels his own

every one
estimates the purityof the

absolute

bringsan

raise the

moral

Deity,it

of its truth.

benefits of this revelation of

is said, in the sacred

divine mercy
to be
writings,
received by Fcuth ; and this expressionhas given
rise to controversies and contending
systems, which

While
subjectin much perplexity.
restricted the operationof faith to the

have involved
have

some

the

others
certain system of opinions,
have referred to it a series of mysterious
impressions

belief of

mere

tate
at variance with every dicfeelings
of faith,
of sound
reasoning. The principle
however, holds so prominenta placein the scheme
of Christian truth,that some
clear notions respecting
interest.
its nature must
be felt to be of the highest
portant
imIt holds also,as we
have formerly
seen, a most
ings,
in the philosophy
of the moral feelposition
being that mental operationby which we

and

enthusiastic

"

receive

certain class of truths of the utmost

to

which

every

us
one

as

responsible
beings. It is a
feels,but which

cannot

sequence
con-

process
be defined ;

204

THE

and it can

be illustrated onlyby

RELATION

those

regardto

in

MORAL

MAN

OF

its influence
tracing

which

objectsto

it is

more

ticularl
par-

directed.
faith

objects of

The

dressed

truths ad"

twofold,

are

"

and
benefits offered
understanding,
or
promised. We have formerlyhad occasion to
the action of faith in regard to truth,- espetrace
cially
to

our

"

class of truths which

calculated,when

are

reallybeheved, to exert a powerfuleflect upon our

and conduct.
Its operation,
have
moral feelings
we
is to bring these truths before us
in such a
seen,
kind of influence
that they exert the same
manner,
The
if the facts or events were
objectsof sense.
as
these truths,so

beUeves

who

man

thus

as

to
habitually

is he who
receives them
in faith.
feel their power,
This is the provinceof faith in regardto truth ; wc

have next

to

in regardto
analyzeits operation

promised benefits,
of an example.
means
or

"

Let
a

supposed

disease

and

has

that

it.

discovered

been

is at hand

person

Does

he

of
sincerity

is faith.

The

be mortal

to

believe the virtue of

in the

this

take the illustrationof

us

remedy

and

of

who

we

can

he is told

infalUble

that

efficacy
;

ister
readyto admindanger; does he
does

the individual who

and

by

is

perceivehis
the remedy ;

immediate

best do

affected with

man

offered

natural

he

confide

ofl*ersit :

this

result of his

remedy which is offered ;

from such behef, acis inseparable
cording

faithis,that he asks for the

and

this result

to the uniform

sound

mind.

facts,and does

The
not

sequence

man

show

who
such

of volitions in every
professesto admit the
a

result of belief,pro-

TOWARDS

he does

fesses what

the extent

not

he

remedy,because

not

of

205

DEITY.

THE

feel.
actually
his danger,
he

values

If he
asks

it not ; and

ceives
per-

not

the

the

same

effect may follow if he doubts either its efficacy

or
of him who offers it. In this case, itis
the sincerity
also to be observed, that

reflection is thrown

the character of this individual,

by
an

he

offer of what

has either not

perform. But
for
truths, he applies

intention to

if the

the

the

imputingto

the power

or

him
the

believes
really

remedy ;

and

he

him ; because
Could
of it he soughtthe offered aid.
Thus

it.

means

his faith

man

upon

saves

ceives
re-

by
we

ing
merelyto admit the facts,without askremedy,his belief would avail him nothing.
Such appears
to be the simple view
to
we
are
take of Faith,when we applyit to the great benefits
which are presented
to us in the Christian revelation.
This is addressed to us as beingsin a state both of
of
means
guiltand of depravity
; and as havingno
ourselves from
our
own
by which we can rescue
condemnation
and impurity. It unfolds a dispensation
with
of peace, by which, in perfect
consistency
the Deityoffers mercy
the harmony of his character,
and
forgiveness,and an influence from himself
the moral being. These
which has power to purify

him

suppose
the

"

conferred

benefits

are

the

man

who

his

impurity
; who

on

is convinced

believes ;

who

every

one

of his

guiltand perceives

feels his

self;
himto rescue
inability
of the remedy, and
admits the efficacy
who
with which itis offered ; this
confides in the sincerity
is he who

actingon

believes.

His

faith saves

him

because,

his conviction, according

to the uniform
S

206

RELATION

MORAL

THE

MAN

OF

of volitions in every sound mind,

he asks
sequence
the promisedaid, and asking,receives it. Much
"

"

in which

of the confusion

the

subjecthas

been

volved
in-

appears to have arisen from metaphysical

refinements in which the various parts of this mental
from each other.
They form
process are separated
one

harmonious

The

man

whole, which

will not seek

its efficacy,
and
he

but,however

the

cannot

remedy

who

be

broken.

believes not

not his moral

necessities ;
perceives
ifhe
to admit these facts,
may profess

his belief to its natural result in plying

apbelief will not profit
for the remedy, his mere

follows not

out

The

him.

addressed
on

grounds
to

us

is founded

these

truths

in that chain

contained

are

which

which

on

the whole

taken alongwith
Christianity,

of evidence

system of

the conviction

"

are

which

receives of his actual moral condition,

every man
within.
The sincerity
from the voice of conscience
of the offer

derive

from

impressionof the
unchangeableattributes of the Deity. Accordingly,
he who
believes is said to givegloryto God,
that
we

our

"

is,to
and

receive his statements

form

to

honourable

an

of his intentions.

whom

we

with the
suppose

to bestow.

the

hope

in the

confidence,

of
conception
He

who

the sincerity

believes not

of the

the statements
treats him

with absolute

jects
re-

Almightyas false, and

contempt which we applyto one
tion
to promise what he has no inten-

The

"

who

man

comes

to

God

with

of acceptance is therefore

assurance

of

faith, or
"

an

requiredto come
conviction
implicit

that he is sincere in his intentions of

which
blessings

he offers ; and

bestowingthe

whosoever

hath

not

TOWARDS

this

It

God

maketh

"

or

"

vain

were

dishonour

does

assurance

to enter

207

DEITY.

THE

the divine character,

to

liar."
the various

upon

systems

opinionsin which this importantdoctrine has

been misrepresented
by its enemies, and often perverted
Two
to be its friends.
by those who profess
noticed.
Some
be briefly
of these may
have maintained
unconditional pardon
that the doctrine of an
it has
because
sets aside the obhgationsof morality,
no
regardto the personalcharacter of the individual,
and

holds out the offer of acceptance to faith without

Others contend
essential part
that an
obedience.
or

of faith is
man's

immediate

an

and

absolute

of

assurance

acceptance in the sightof the Deity; and

own

that he who

has

not

this is in

state of

unbelief.

different from each other,

so
opinions,
are
equallyfounded upon misconception of the
of the Christian economy.
and provisions
nature
In regard to the former, it is only necessary
to
These

two

remark, that the revelation of Christian truth is

confined

to

offer of

an

objectis the recovery

being; and there is an
between

pardon to
and

the

guilty
; itsgreat

of the
purification

moral

essential and inviolable union

parts of the great scheme

providesin the most effectual

these two
It

not

of

demption.
re-

manner

of
by the purification
morality,
the desires and affections,
the springsof action ; it
It proclaims
is the moralityof the heart.
a system

for the interests of

exalted far than ever

pure and more
: it exhibits
by the wisest of men
contemplated

of morals
was
an

more

example of

the character

the

state
perfect

of the Messiah

of
and

moral

being,in

enforces the imi-

208

THE

MORAL

RELATION

tation of this example

OF

MAN

in every one
indispensable
who
to be his disciple.These
different
professes
be separated,
can
and
never
parts of the scheme
be a greaterperversion
tliere cannot
of reasoning,
or
of the prominentfeatures of
a greater misconception
the gospelof peace, than to allegethat it does not
in the most effectual manner,
for the highest
provide,
interests of morality.
The other opinionis equally
founded
upon error,
namely, that which considers itessential to faith that
be assured of his personalacceptance in the
a man
sightof the Deity. It is obvious that this is a
and to
sophismclearly
opposedto sound reasoning,
the first principles
of the philosophy
of the moral
feelings.For faith,viewed as a mental process,
must
always have for its objectfacts ; and these

facts must

rest

to convince

evidence

of
understanding

talk of faith,
without
is

such

upon

the

as

such

as

their truth.

facts and

or
logical
fallacy,

is sufficient

such

To

evidence,

in terms.
absurdity
But there is no disclosure of the personalacceptance
of any individual,and, consequently,
on
no
of sound
principle
reasoningcan this ever be considered
of faith. This doctrine,there*
the object
as
of the
fore,is applyinga most
importantprinciple
a

mere

mind,

not

to

facts,which

of faith,but

which

to

an

alone
vision

admits

of

to any

test of its truth.

no

can

warrant

of the

evidence, and

the

ercise
ex-

imagination,

cannot

be

jected
sub-

Widely different from all such flimsyand imaginary

hypothesesis the great system of Christian
truth, ^harmonious
"

and

consistent

in itself, and
"

210

THE

they are
sound

MORAL

only basis

the

and

Deity;

and

falsehood

the

that

which

on

man

ETC.

rest any

can

aspect in the sightof

system is founded

confidence

and

"

MAN,

on

delusion

which, in this respect, holds

ground of

heart,

OF

of his moral

conviction

the

other

RELATION

whole

character.

Such

made

at once,

is it ever

of the

attainment, indeed, is
made

in

any

of
purification

correspondingharmony

nor

than the

out

not

full and

perfect
in the present state of being ; but, where
manner
the great principle
has been fixed within,there is a
and a uniform
effort,
tinual
contest, and a conpersevering
afi;erconformity
to the great model
aspiration
of perfection.Each
gains in this
step that a man
his view of the high patto extend
tern
progress serves
his eye is steadily
directed ; and, as
to which
his knowledge of it is thus enlarged,he is led by
and more
comparison to feel more
deeplyhis own
deficiency. It thus produces increasinghumility,
of his own
and an
imperfection,
increasingsense
and causes
him continually
to feel that, in this warfare,
But
which is not in man.
he requiresa power
Ut
essential
also that this is providedas
he knows
an
ial^^
part of the great system on which his hope is estal
lished.

Amid

much

infirmities,his moral
Faint

and

brighterand

in its course,
more

goes forward
he
the earliest dawn
of the

improvement

feeble at first as

morning,it becomes
shineth

weakness, therefore,and man;

and

and,
unto

more

THB

"

as

the

BND.

steadier

as

it proceeds

shining light,
day."
perfect
the

QUESTIONS

EXAMINATION

STUDENTS.

OF

OBSERVATIONS.

PRELIMINARY

SECTION

I.

Page
twofold

what

In

they

are

powers

especially

conversant

does

sustain

relations

What
what

more

respect

well-regulated
man's
purity as
Of

of

some

are
"

fact

what

the

mind
a

does

beings

"

each

being

what

With

"

other

source

is

iiind of truths

as

moral

constitution

What

"

be

to

being?"

is

made

the

In
ceived
perin a

case

contribute

to

to

effect

in

we

of

deeply

most

do

bear

this

the

in

part

bustle

concerned
case

What

us?"

convince

which
is the

we

what

What

?"

slight observation

What
are

ought

What

"

contemplated

viewed

circumstances

?"
derangement
what
With
things

From

from

be

parts of his mental

two

moral

this

he

these

are

distinct

be

to

to

man

intellectual

of the

the office

is

light

15.

receive

producing
of

life ?

as

moral

"

benefit

such
influence?
In what
do we
place under
see
?
the first of these
exemplified
what
To
anticipation does this subject lead us ? What
jecture
conis rendered
highly probable by certain facts in our mental
should
How
?
we
contemplate
impressions so recalled,
phenomena
and
why?
this
with
other
nature, what
Compared
things
part of man's
?"
into
the
What
science
thrown
fore
therebackground?
Why
are
the highest of all human
is to be considered
as
pursuits ?
its importance
?
do we
feel besides
What
of
WTiat
sources
this
in
have
which
we
knowledge
nothing anagreat inquiry to
of physical science
the
is
found
in
?"
How
will
history
ogous
"

What

takes

"

"

"

"

"

"

212

QUESTIONS.

Wliat
appeal to the second of these?
and
To
is the author's reply to this,
?
what is
what founded
on
the disregard of Scripture light in these investigations
compared
?
How
is the comparison carried out ?

probablyview

some

and

"

"

"

What
of

enabled

we

are

When

knowledge ?

"

What

to attain

tendency has

in

from

these

combined

especial

an

do

manner

when

the science

cultivated

sources

do

we

"

ciples
prin-

these

on

so

SECTION

"

II.

Page
how

To

classes is the

many

referable ?

intellectual powers

is the former
stitute ?
does
What
How

"

it appear

How

"

"

such

may

of them

is not

culture

through ou"

?
they be distinguished
do
operations
they con

What

the full exercise

that

received

knowledge

procured

"

does

22.

require?

essential

How

"

indi

to every

vidual ?
is said of the

What
Under

"

work

what

name

How

"

kind ?

W^hat

"

What
find?

inference

bestowed

To

"

upon

part of

what

occupy?
From

constitution

our

"

appeal chieflymade
of character

do

they referable?

are

arisingfrom

this

"

to

seem

source

them?

they resemble

"

"

"

accounted

are

former

degree weakened
men

of the other

vvillit probably appear

that these truths have
is
the
what
of this analogy in
fact
force
By
?
different results in different
Why ? What

what cause
inconclusive

been

of in

knowledge

our

source

"

what^otherrespects

In

"

the other

positivecharacteristics ?
naturallydraw from the intellectual
What
man?
do we
accordingly

place do the convictions

What

no

they

from

treated
principles

differ from

their main
should we

are

endowments

these

are

do

derived

knowledge

in

must

go

for

this

on

ground?

of this kind

cases

What

"

together in every sound

what

To

"

is

our

elements

two

inquiryin

moral

science ?
is

What
introduced
remark

objectsof

of the

one

by

of

means

it ?

divine

What

"

revelation?

is it of

"

What

importance

is
to

the firstprinciples
of moral truth,what
stands
In classifying
first in order?
does
What
second?
From
what
this belief
arise ? Upon what
is our
of his moral attributes fixed ?
sense
"

"

"

"

of

What
a

common

is said of the

supreme
to

philosophy?

"

African

this belief in the existence

attributes
ruling intelligence? What
the God
of the Scriptures and the god of the

of the ancient
an

prevalenceof

and

sages
chief to

"

What
on
one

was

this

the

character

subject?

"

What

of the missionaries ?

of the
was

are
cient
an-

conceptions

the remark

of

213

QUESTIONS.

is the

What

feeling

To

fourth
do

what

these

of

this

in

exists

it ?
upon
What
the
"

third

what

to what

for

truth

their

Wliat

"

reciprocal
is

precept

reference

appeal

we

and

case,

In

"

principles?

do

Why

"

stated

they

are

founded

here
not

we

go

impression
savage
among
whom
do
of them
universal
be
?
To
c"intidentlyappeal ?
we
What
is stated
utmost
practical importance ?
as
a point of the
If we
do not suppose
them
to what
to originate in this way,
reduced
that
believe
alternative
?
not
can
we
they
we
Why
are
abroad

nations

whether

inquire

to

the

"

"

"

derived

are

entirely
?

supposition
and
the

may

force

of

they

of

the

To

what

question
does

as

does

How

himself?
not

to

laws

deficient

"

What

feeling

rest?
What

For

is

how

does

be the

apply ?

pect
ex-

we

of
is

WTiat

"

conscience

he

constitution
the

by

"

"

common

conviction

How

How

"

ples
princi-

such

in

such

were

respect

controlling

illustrated

recognition

consequence
?
In what

this

may

the

recognises
?

same

this

How

"

recognised

absolute
that

show

may

then

what

their

is said

What

"

must

truths

the

should

"

defending
principles
human

are

internal

consciousness
the
accompanies
arises
from
this ?
impression

again give rise ?

this

with

what

To

in

authority ?

^What

"

of

character

?"

"

conceded

be

therefore

they

tions
considera-

principle

principles ?

of

?"

conviction

What

"

universally recognised

be

are

istence
ex-

arguments

notwithstanding,
adapted to feel

is the

Butler

show

would

What

likened

be

for the

what

may

What

which

moral

criminal

the
"

and

the

only

other

of the

other

Upon

"

observations

criminal

part of

of?

mankind,

hardened

its

similar

do

what

What,

"

remorse

of

is said

disposed

be

the

of

origin
else

of

consent

establish

upon
reasonings of

What

?"

hand,

other

to

"

To

What

"

minds

evidence

powerful

plead

the

on

the

to

Deity
applied

arguments

is said

priori argument

founded?

What

"

intended

are

said

What,

"

as

the

them

"

be

chiefly

these

to

said

What

the

of

of the

observation

these

reference

is said

attributes

same

are

be

What

"

revelation

from

and

affection

"

What

"

?"

How

effect

this

has

illustrated?"

To

of

these

what

does

uniformity
What

is the

of

moral

remark

Butler?
the

Upon
eummg

whole,

therefore,

what

is

there

ground

for

as

214

QUESTIONS,

PHILOSOPHY

OF

THE

Page
first claims

What

principlesof
first-named

the

moral

as

in

guided

we

are

man

35.

attention

our

forming

analyzingthe distinguishing

being ?

By what, besides actions,

is
judgment, and why ? What
"

our

"

which

element

into

enters

intelligentand responsible agent ?

What
is the determining principle
what
To
what

conditions

does

how

classes

many
distinct

two

the

the

principle is to be

What
that

every

flow

from

"

"

"

this

does

How
From

apply

other

what

morally healthy
general influence
To

owing?
how

"

are

our

State
moral
What

there

the

general
these

may

"When

do

arise ?
"

benevolence
arise ?

"

it

and

What

in every
is its

perform

excite,

diversities

acquire

we

how

to

the

of

character

frori this

How

"

propose

division

of human

of emotions

class

author

do

be

with

called
them

source,

and

exemplified ?
remains
to be specified

consider

this

principleswhich

subject ?

constitute

feel desire?

we

we

experience pleasure, or joy

when

similar emotions

"

to

its

attend

reverse
on

What

"

other

When

"

and

faith?

When

class

of

feelings is

do

fear, and

it

to be

exemplified ?
and

anger

'{

feelings.

connected

When

the

"

does

it to account

turn

does

of

ofl^ice does

what

chief

higher

and

other
Where

?"

of the

to

might

knowledge

able

it appear

decision

or

How

sires
de-

principle?

which

the determination

what

To

"

result

emotions
may

exerted

one

What
we

What

"

is

what

determination

usually

is this principlecalled, and

mind

the

another

the

source

conduct

What

"

does

How

In

"

with

of this

"

With

"

on
step backwards
the principles here adverted

may
to the

of volition

to ?

to the

Under

"

connected?

in connexion

find

we

this

an

character

lead

may

what
does

what

From

of

economy

conduct

these

result

attended

not

do

heads

many
From

be

to

What

it ?

is the

does

the

follow

are

is the

kept

the

objectsof will referable

in view

What

"

affection

how

referred

is next

fact

To

act

of

act

conditions
which

consists

other

aifections

the

are

what

and

connected

mental

FEELINGS.

MORAL

the

hope?
give way

"

affections.

WTien
to

When

grief?
Explain
"

"

the

confidence

despair? When
are
we
subject to
"

manner

in which

215

QUESTIONS.

PART

THE

OF

THE

DESIRES,

I.

SECTION

is desire defined

How

"

viduals

I.

Page

43

What

do

is the objectpursued in each

consequently are different

SELF-LOVE.

AND

AFFECTIONS,

embrace
ita objects

How

?"

determined?
How
case
particular
indi
different
objectsregarded by
"

How

desires ?
?
named

In

"

What

guided in forming a classification of the

them to appropriate
heads, what is the first
referring
be

to

we

are

in respect to the animal

is necessary

?
appetites

What

"

allowing them to break through restraint,

do these
of action T^To
whom
become
leadingprinciples
in a specialmanner
remarks
apply ?
is it justlyto be regarded?
What
is next enumerated
?
How
What
effect has the indoes it properly
?
fluence
In what
originate
of

is the consequence
and

"

"

"

of habit ?

does

What

"

of its

engrossingeffect,and

it often become

by

what

in this

WTiat

"

is said

is it usually

case

it breaks
accompanied ? To what does it lead when
through
the restraint of law and justice? To
what, therefore,is it
"

"

always
What

liable to be opposed ?
in order?
stands
next
evinced?

strength

In

"

behold

its influence?

assume

from

the former
is it

men

seen

considered

by

itself?

most

The

"

what

men

does

form

place?"
tendency ?

is its

"

we

it sometimes
does

How

In what
form

commendable

more

is its

especiallydo

this differ
classes

does

it

of

times
some-

in the fifth place?

reason

How

has

it been

known

"

writers

"

of this?

is it necessary

?"

has

How
"

In what

What

does

else
it

this been
fest
to mani-

is it found?
become

"

when

What

is the
does

tlie reverse

miiied ?

"

Under
what
stances
circumprinciplenamed?
?
laudable
To
a highly
principle
healthy exercise of it prompt a man, and what

sixth

"

it be considered

may

what

What

is mentioned

W^hat

higher

How

assume

For
abused

"

"

of

in the fourth
What

is this?"

What

"

class

What

"

is mentioned

What

what

the
?

"

How

How

is the

extensive

"

of this desire to be deteris thought of

is its operation
?
What
character

"

316

QUESTIONS.

circumstances,
this indifference may
be laudable?
however, in which
effect has the desire of the approbation of the virtuous
What
the conduct ? What
and the vicious respectivelyupon
other
a

totallyregardlessof

man

character

"

there

May

be

"

"

modification

is there
is

"

is

what

our

and
principle,

what

pridedistinguishedfrom

How

operation?
Of

of this

regard to the opinionthe origin,and what is

?
Of what
else is
societyand manners
is the foundation
of this ?
Upon what
in life depend ? In what
man's
respectability

said of its influence on

?
What
it the source
"

does

much

of

is said of its

this ?

"

"

"

of extensive influence
class of persons is this love of esteem
To what
?
men
expedientsdoes it prompt some
in
this
To what is assigned the seventh
enumeration
place
what

Upon

the

does

of this

"

"

tendency
principledepend?
that it should be
applied? Why is it necessary
under the control of a well-regulated
?
"In
whom
judgment
ought
it to be especially
cultivated,and why ?
What
stands the eighth in order ?
is the tendency and
What
the peculiarcharacteristic of this principle
? In what
respects
has it an advantage over
others before mentioned
? What
effect
what

it be

may

"

To

"

"

"

"

its possessor
has it upon
consist ? To what
does
"

What

do the emotions

prmciple ought

to be

In what

"

now

mentioned

great

include

and how

mentioned,

facts may
be accounted
class of men
does the greatest
lies in

this mental

condition

it accordinglylead ?

What

What

does

for

on

other
? What
is it characterized
?"

this

"

principle?

To

"

what

degree of real enjoyment belong ?

at the foundation

measure

of character

What
is requisitefor a sound
moral
condition ? What
will
be the consequence
of their being thus controlled,and what
of
their being left without
restraint ? When
of
have we
evidence
"

"

"

this ?

"

From

particulardesires have

what

evils arisen?

some

of the

greatest

is the effect upon the mental

character
of
?
givingloose to sensual or selfish propensities
With
what
state of the desires at the
an
ill-regulated
may
time

"

What

consist ?

Can

this be considered

the

dition
healthyconbeing,and why ? What precepts of the sacred
is subservient
to the attainment
writings bear upon this point? What
of perfectmoral purity?
In order to this attainment,
same

of

"

moral

as

"

"

"

what

is it necessary

that

man

should

SECTION

Page

feel ?

II.
56.

operationof the affections differ from that

what
lightare they to be viewed, and how
operationto be considered ? How exemplified^ What

How
does the
the desires ? In
"

their

said of this distinction ?

"

"

of
is
is

318

"

QUESTIONS.

To

is justice
due ?
what, sixthly,

Jn

what

way,

persons
this kind

What

injured?

be

in their

"

injury,and

of

accordingly

and upright minds

shown?
To what

Of

"

sometimes

"

avoid

offences

career

of such

be

may
this kind

this

be referred

may

is flattery
to be

to

sidered?
con-

with

are

"

safelyreckon
"

"

others ?

What

as

is

What

of

source

considerations

AND

BENEVOLENCE,

65.

is the

respects
life? How

"

"

COMPASSION

? What
purposes
these affections ?

to

"

such

In what

that of inferior ers?

offendthe same
head?
To

of power
belong ?
friend of virtue ?

the

to

assigned

Page

towards

How

often differ from

persons

II.

may

higher degrees of

else

be

of

else

peculiar regret
ought to weigh

we

this

may

"

does

present

what

"

What

whom

of honest

persons

"

whom

"

reputation, may

injurieswill the conscientious mind

is said of this class of
peculiar anxiety? What
To whom
does a peculiarly
deep guilt attach ? Of
affirmed ? How
does the
equal or greater maligfiity

?
is

"

class

other
with

In

"

"

What

are

the

principlerespectivelypertain? What
this head, and to what is it opposed ?

applyT

to
peculiarlysusceptible
of correct
feelings
person

what

and

this

does

and

guilty?

do the lower

"

are

will

himself?

demean

interest

minds

how

what

To

"

besides

condition of
such diversities

men

to

diversified in the
be viewed

"

What

holding a prominent place among

is the
What

natural effect of the due

effect does it produce on

these

of

exercise
our

feelings

From

what
do these affections tend to
power
withdraw
is their due cultivation therefore
us?
How
to be
considered
?
whom
does
their
chief
benefit
terminate
Upon
?
What
the consequence
of neglecting them?"
is
what
By
the diligent
exercise of them
accompanied ?
What
do the benevolent
affections often requireof us
more
than is demanded
by the principleof justice? What is to be
"

"

"

"

"

borne

in mind

Towards

the other

on

whom,

in the

hand?

How
first place, are
"

illustrated?
volent
compassion and bene-

exertion
due ?" What
does this exercise
of them
often
do we
call for ?" How
feel our
the
to
of
way
proper measure
these sacrifices ?
is the most
What
form
in
which
lence
benevoeasy
be gratified
''"How
the same
can
affection be exer
may
cised in a higher degree ?" How
the
two
modes
be charac
may
terized ?
What
the properties
of this high and pure benevo
are
lence ?
Towards
what, secondly,is benevolence
to be exercised ?
"

"

"

what
rtment

does
?

this consist

?"

What

belongs therefore

to

this

219

QUESTIONS.

operation?

is the third field of its

What
"

what,

Towards
?

include''

is its

else does

what

To

"

apply ?

this

"

appropriatename?

more

is apt to be forgotten ?
imply ?" What
is benevolence
to
Jn regard
what, fifthly,
From

this prevent
is its ultimate

does

what

therefore

What

us

does

respect

to the

From
with

as

what

it

it include

certain

is
"

opposed
In

does

What

is

inexperienced
veracity?

to

What

is the

it

does
?

us

"

connected

ciple
prinpartment
opposed ? In what detruth equallyimportant,and
how
do we
acquire a degree
the

same

"

lead

this sometimes
does

ral
natu-

in minds

of caution

want

of

lead ?

well-regulated mind?

closelyconnected

In what

the love of truth

with

this consist ?

"

To

is it

what

in

receiving
consequently

what

direct

may

statements
may

part of

and

what

To

"

is the

What
facts ?

does

what

To

"

?
description

What

"

"

?"

judgment,
else

is it thus

Where

of

what

To

therefore,is the love of

of caution

"

consequently guard

exercise
"

To

and

essential
"

truth, differ ?
"

to children

does

sound

the

the love of

does

imply ?

What

"

is this essential ?

what

To

Against what

"

does

of every day ?
existingin all men

the elements

are

many

applicable?
what

"

70.

regard

of this in

us

"

mentioned

are

"

what

it

it also

events

common

is the first ?

requireof

does

be exercised

"

the consequence
persons ?" How
What

What

on

most

tendencies

it

confidence in the veracityof mankind ?

How
it relate ?
is it in
What, for example?

is founded
what

To

cised
exer-

does

aim ?

Page

"

does

What
"

to

What

"

to be

VERACITY.

III.

What

it extend

place,is benevolence

does

situations

What

"

it lead ?

in the fourth

what

To

"

does

what

To

consist ?

does this

In what

"

convey

these

an

of

sources

fallacyconsist?"

erroneous

How

else

impression ?" By what

fallacybe illustrated ?

"

From

what

may

true

example
sources

impressionin this case arise ? In what other cases

To
does a certain
effect be produced?
what
the same
may
saying refer ?
common
rule is to be referred to veracityunder this department?
What
is it opposed ?
On what
To what
is such
is this ?
What
a
does it imply?
What
To what
?
character founded
moreover
else is sincerity
opposed ? To what further is it repugnant ?
of veracity?" To
what
is this
is the third element
What
is
What
bv
this
?
given
impression
straight-forward
opposed

does

the false

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

of
integrity

purpose

?"

Wt"Ht

fimher

220

QUESTIONS.

AND

LOVE,

FRIENDSHIP,

IV

Page

GRATITUDE.

76.

is said of the relation of these affections to each other ?

With what do the feehngs and conIn what do they consist?
duct
the exertions
to which
are
they lead correspond? How
is this last consideration
arisingout of them dijected ? How
What

"

"

"

"

reckoned
does

How

"

the

exercise

is its operation sometimes

of gratitude differ from

impeded
that

of

?
"

How

love

and

?
friendship

PATRIOTISM.

V.

Page
is

How

What
exert

be considered

patriotismto

devolves

"What

of every

is it in the power
himself?

is included

What
do

these

relation?

To

what

of

the
How

does

it lead ?

community?
may he finally
"

AFFECTIONS.

Page

What

"

to do ?

one

DOMESTIC

THE

member

every

upon

VI.

77.

78.

in this extensive and interesting

class ?
do they lead in the conTo what
jugal
in the parental?" To what
what
in the
"

call forth ?

"

"

To

filial?
How
do in

ought the father

the prosecutionof

to consider

Why?

By

what

means

the

feelingsare

best

these

DEFENSIVE

mentioned

"

"

What
What

should
will be

he
the

principlesoperate
daughter?
feelingsof our nature

What

"

Page
What

mother

circle ?

togetherby
THE

the

are

cultivated in the domestic

societybound

"

son

this great purpose

How
do the

effect of this upon the son?

in the relation between
"

the

same

and

the

is said of

"

"

domestic

?
principles

AFFECTIONS.

81.

constitutinga part nf oiir

as
in order to their arand what
is necessary
constitution,
is their proper object,
and to
swering important ends ? What
does it operate in regard to cpwhat do they lead us ? How

moral

"

"

221

QUESTIONS.
pressors and the

oppressed^"

What

is

stillmore

refined

cise
exer-

of this class of feelings?

ought this
To what does resentment
naturallylead ?" How
of
be left in the hands
not this properly
to be done ?" Why
may
make
allowances
inclined
to
least
Who
?
the person injured
are
the
are
is the natural result of this ?" When
for others ?" What
?
unwarranted
To
in
exercised
affections
manner
defensive
an
"

"

what is the sound exercise of them opposed ?

What
three points in relation to the affections remain

to be

considered ?
what
does the exercise of attention consist ? To
what
does this especially
does it lead ?" To what
particularcase
What
How
?
is this evmced
goes to compose
apply?
thy
sympa?
What, however, is to be kept in mind in relation to the
referred our
have some
of self-love ? To what source
principle
discussions
such
to be regarded?"
ideas of benevolence
?" How
are
In

"

"

"

"

"

is the applicationof self-love in such

cases
How
?"
of
the
rule
conduct
rest
does
what
u
seful
?"
chiefly
Upon
?
How
application
are
they aided in their practical
ence
under the influwho
is said of the man
acts habitually
What
is
he
described as governing his
of these rales ? How
from this whole
the good effects resulting
conduct ? What
are
What
of this ?
the
?
reason
state of mental
some
discipline
of the advantages derived
other view
is to be taken
What
is a
?
To whom
is this exemplified
?" How
from this source
? What
what
circumstances
similar impulse given, and under
s
eek
?
To what
will this refined speciesof philanthropy
chiefly
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

else will it lead ?

of attention ? Upon
What
is to be noticed next to the power
is the tendency of all emotions?
what is this founded ? What
affection consist,
does an
What
that of actions ?" Of what
is the natural progress of the mind ?" How
and what
fied?
exempliis the true
is this apt to be considered,and what
How
take
this
that
?
is
of
What
it
account
place in
requisite
may
of
What
the consequences
and healthy manner?"
the sound
"

"

"

"

"

neglectingthis ?
from this subject
conclusions arising
is the firstof the two
?
What
is the evil in this case, and what the consequence
is
What
is the second?
What
suggestion made grounded
be the effect of suspicions
What
consideration
?"
this
may
upon
of this kind ?
connected
with pauperconsideration of great moment
What
ism
science pass its
does political
When
is here thrown
out ?
What, on the other hand, is not to be denied 1
proper boundary ?
?
remains to be mentioned
What
is the third point which
motive
what
of
the
mother
?
From
illustrated
in
the
How
case
does she act ? To what else does the same
apply,and
principle
What
?

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

what

is their character?

"

Analogous
T2

to

what

is the

purpose

222

QUESTIONS.

? How
they serve in our moral economy
What
effect
the
the
has
Apply
comparison.
and what the performance of them ?
feelings,
in the exercise of
the man
who lives habitually
which

exemplified?

"

"

"

"

violation of these
What
is said of
barren
a cold and

than this attaches to such a character ?

selfishness ? What
more
What
will not hold good, and
contrary inference however
in
What
is
the
?
culture of the affections?
to
why
possible regard
"

"

"

On

"

condition

what

operationof that

entitled to

we

are

? With
great principle

acknowledge

what

"

does

this

the
respond
cor-

?
What

this branch
else is to be observed
of the
?
on
shown
How
? How
the more
affections
benevolent
are
strictly
influenced ? What
beautiful principle
is thus perceivedin the

subject
"

"

"

moral

system, and how

is it illustrated ?

What

"

is to

be borne

in mind on the other hand ?

further to remember
in regard to the affections
What
are
we
and desires ? How
is this mental
tranquillity
representedto us ?
"

What

is mentioned

of pure
source
as
a constant
enjoyment?
is the effect of such a disposition
? What
is to be said
of the reverse
? What
else can we
^What
not fail to perceive?
do we
in
all
this
From
what
does
of
the
?
actual
much
see

"

"

What

"

"

"

"

misery

in the world

find also by innumerable

is further to be remarked?
examples ? What
What
does the author remark
in conclusion
is this
? How
qualitythere represented? What also do we there find exposed ?
What
is the substance
of the quotationwith which
ject
the subis concluded ?
arise ?

"

Wliat

do

we

"

"

"

"

m.

SECTION

SELF-LOVE.

What

has
dispute

What

there been

Page

"

96.

in respect to the term

Self-love?

fact is stated

respectingwhich there can be no doubt ?

is necessary
? What
to be considered
to
principle
its answering importantpurposes ?
When
thus regulated,
what
"

"

How

is the

"

"

it constitute,and
exercise ?
What
should be the
does

what

when

it becomes

morbid

in

its

and raeffect of a sound

tional
therefore
lead?
what
should
it
To
Why?
What
does it include ? Viewed
how
does selfin this manner,
love appear?
which
its
influence
What
the impression on
What
is to be reckoned
of satisfaction
these sources
rests ?
among
? What
is to be kept in mind on the other hand ? What
is the remark
of Butler ? What
else
that of the Eiuthor ? What
self-love?

tendency and

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

accords

with

neglectof

the
due

observation
exercise

of any

of the

man

"

What

and what
affections,

follows

the

effiect has

223

QUESTJONS.

is further evident ?" Why ?" WTiat has Bishop Butler

it prevailsover
shown, and how does self-love operate when
it
does
do
How
this
From
?
what
is it quitedis?
tinct,
appetite
and how ? Why is this distinction of importance?
then does self-love lead?
what
To what do the affections
To
is essential to a healthystate of the moral being ?
lead ? What

it?" What

"

"

"

"

"

"

is the

What

to self-love ?

and

in

comparative danger
How

regard

is this to be

affections

the

to

do we
prevented ? What
find accordingly? How
illustrated ? What
else is to be accounted
?
do we
What
for in the same
thus perceivein
manner
of duty ?
or sense
respect to the moral principle
of self-love becoming deranged in
is the consequence
What
"

"

"

"

"

and

objects? How may one do this ? What deeds

evinced T^To
? How
what
be performed on this principle
may
attach a peculiarvalue ? W^here
do we
hence
is our
highest
conceptionof such a character realized ?

its exercise

"

"

"

"

PART
OF

II.
WILL.

THE

Page

103.

will,or simple volition ?

State the process.

From
actions
thus
arise?
Describe
the
produced
more
fully
What
f6llows?
Describe
it.
mental
^What
is
process.

What
what do
the

is

"

"

"

"

the final result ?

class of
What
and what

"

"

agents is brought into the chain of mental operations,

are
was
they called ? What
attempted to be
"

is requiredfor the due operain another treatise ? What

tion
? In regard to what particularly
does this
of moral causes
necessity exist ? Upon what do we
proceed in our intercourse
shown

"

'

"

"

What
confidence do

mankind?

with

"

can

we

foretel,for example?

"

With

and veracity
how much
we
relyupon the integrity
?
What
do
thus
of some
we
gradually
acquire,and
persons
how ? How
exemplified? What do we learn in our endeavours
do we
to exert influence upon others ?" How
proceed when in
certain motives or truths failof effect ?
From
what
certain cases
?
this
do
do
conviction
we
do we
What
recognisetherefore' in all such cases ? Why is
"

"

"

"

"

it no
the

to this that men

objection
same

motives

Supposing a

man

act in very

before them ?
to deliberate in

different ways

regard to

with

line of
particular

calculated
to act on
his
conduct, what are the circumstances
conduct
is the
of different men
in decidingon
volition ?" What
?"
the
in
refers to
actions
cases
case
their
particular
Suppose

224

QUESTIONS.
of the desires

one

of other

having no

relation to the interests

immediate

?
three characters have thus been presented to view ?
is said of the first?
Why do we depend upon his conduct
is said of the third,and what
confidence
?
What
much
so
men

What

What

"

with
do
IS

"

"

in order

know

requireto

we

said of the second, and

What
inquiryof intense
how

"

What

To
is the

why

first?

these

are

What

"

"

What

"

interest is connected

heads

many

predicthis conduct ? What

do they involve ?

to

does

with

this subject

referable ?

the

highest class

required for this purpose ? How do the

will
voluntary ignorance? To whom
speak
this be obvious ? To what does this equally apply ?
Of what
sacred

What

?
writers

comprehend

is

of these

"

"

of

"

"

"

is
important truths of natural religionconsist ? What
the firstgreat truth which
is taught by it,and from what sources
else besides his
derived ? In regard to what
is the evidence
do the

"

"

how ? What
be derived
from
may
is said of him who
fails to attend
and what
these two sources,
eminent
?
writer
to them
? What
says an
else do similar observations
To what
these
are
apply? How

being are

assured, and

we

"

"

"

supported,and

transmitted

how

to

us

How

"

they further

are

character
are
we
addressed, and what
duty devolves upon every individual ? For what is every man
For what
is he further re
?
in the highestdegree responsible
in what

confirmed

"

"

"

sponsible?
What

is mentioned

among

againstserious

their minds

the

shut
sophistries
by which men
?
In what particular
is this
inquiries
"

illustrated ?
is

What

required in

knowledge ? What
what is passingwithin
"

this matter
next
to the acquisition
of
will he perceive who
honestlyattends to

has he when
a particular
desire is present to his mind?
Putting aside all metaphysical
?
does
this constitute man
What
is the first
what
subtleties,
is used as
term
mental state in this important process ? What
second
?
is the
If these be found
state
including both ? What
?

"

WTiat

power

"

"

"

"

"

?
the inclination,what ensues
Suppose the
inclination is condemned
by these, what then ? What
may
what
the consequence
and
be ?
happen, however,
may
third condition may
take place? What
is the conseWhat
quence
to harmonize

with

"

"

"

in this
what

does

case

though

purity of heart

the actual

deed
What

consist ?

"

be

prevented ?

In
is the effect of the
times
expression is some"

cherished ? What
and
this,
why ? V\^iat is the character of the
?
in the whole
of this course
From
the first
mental movements
?
does
the
consist
in
what
of
What
departure
step
process
in viewing such
a
philosophically?
questionoccurs
process

inclination being thus

appliedto

"

"

"

"

"

What

is said of the

^elings?

"

In what

derangement
may

it consist

of

the

and

harmony
how

moral
does it proceed ?"
of the

226

QUESTIONS.

such

transformation,wliat great truth

moral

acknowledge
do

What

from

learn

we

the whole

of the

considerations

these

are

forced to

we

point is there

?
inquiry

To

"

whom

highest practicalinterest

in this downward

are

What

"

? What
is
career
momentous
of the peace then cherished ?
the character and consequence
in
the
this fearful issue ?
What
occur
progress towards
may
What
is to be inferred while these indications of life continue?
"

"

"

such

duty under

point,and

this

each

on

What

is the path of
is necessary
at
his situation ?
How
his
may
"

What

?
"

is he to view
why ? What

how

moment

circumstances

still be, and

progress

caution

"

is,however, the effect of

"

What
is each step in all this contest?
consist
does the man
feel in this
'( What
it
is the character of this impression?

advantage gained?

each
"

suspended

is

"What

"

does

In what

course

"

What
One

"

What

have

reasons

hold

will thus

for

we

thmking

intercourse

the

that

pure and holy

creature?
What

his moral

with

"

find it impossibleto believe ?

is there of great ethcacy in this matter,
What
other principle
from
independent of the conviction of an actual communication
it be illustrated ? How
is this appliedto
the Deity ? How
may
that lives by faith ? What
is the man
God ? Who
is such a
do

we

"

"

"

"

taught to expect ?"

man

What

with confidence

advanced

is this?" W^hat assertion is

III.

PART

OF

THE

MORAL

there

has

129.

been

much

the fate of this controversy ? What

waive, and for what fact does he contend
been

as

"

element

an

the

existence

of
and
do

what

our

moral
make

we
purpose
its office differ from

does

an

How

appeal

reason

act

what

for

To

on

judgment
writings? By

the moral
does it rank among
How
in viewing it in this relation ?

does

of

this

that of the

upon

our

"

has

is the evidence
"

"

"

"

What

the author
is said of it

What

?
principle

find upon referring

to the sacred
else do we
is this remark
sustained ? What
to the decisions of conscience?
What
then is the province of conscience
this?

dispute?"
point does

?" Where

nature

of this

nature

CONSCIENCE.

OR

PRINCIPLE,

Page
Respecting what

again

and

subject?" How
? What
do we
"

what
quotation
there find in regard

?
"

How

powers?

does
"

What

it do
pears
ap-

intellectualacquisitions
?" To

227

(QUESTIONS.
is
particularly
apply ?" What
being suspended ? Describe it at full.

this

does

what

the effect of

son's
rea-

"

is there a strikinganalogy? How

In all this process to what
is man
led by self-love,
by the desires,and by the affections ?"
effects
in this process, and what
What
is the regulatingpower
"

does it produce ?

does

How

"

it do this?

How

"

does

it regulate

How
desires and pursuits?" "What does he thus learn?
further
How
characterized
much
?
therefore is conscience
to be
is the effect of derangement
does the analogy extend ? What

his

"

"

"

the

on

harmony

judgment in

the

of the moral

feelings?
"

this violation of moral

is the state of
harmony ?" With what
What

depravityconsist ? In what
degree of human
condition of mind in
?
is
such
What
a
derangement
? Trace
reference
out the leadingpoints
to the moral
feelings
of the analogy.
What
been had ?
other
To what has allusion thus far chiefly
importantpurpose is answered by this faculty? What ought we
to say in strict philosophical
language ( How does the process
do we
acquire the knowledge of a
however, appear? How
is this conclusion
First Cause ?
How
impressed upon
peculiarly
the utmost

may

"

lies the

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

us

is the result of tracing backwards

a series of finite
missible
inadWhat
conclusions
in
this
case
are
beings?
hitelligent
is the only rational conclusion
at which
? What
we

?" What
"

yet

"

"

do we
learn the goodness and benevolence
does it appear
that this part of the arguHow
ment
insisted upon
in the sacred writings?
is clearly
do we
How
necessarilyconceive such a being to exist ? By
arrive at a knowledge
what
obvious do we
other process
equally
is
of
of these '( What
the chain
come
reasoning by which we
conceive
of
?
do
the
In what
to this conclusion
we
respects
of these quahtiesin the Almighty different from their
existence
can

arrive ?

How

"

of the

Deity ?

"

"

"

"

existence

in

in him?
termed
?
get free ?
"

"

men

From

"

What

do

From

what

what

impediments

conviction

cannot

they exempted

are

conclude?

therefore

we

is

What

"

this

the vicious

even

man

viewed
What
the character of such a being when
appears
when
viewed
from
What
inferior
results
in
?
creature
apart
any
?
Describe the
in a state of moral
relation to man
discipline
"

"

of this difficulty.
How
does
differ from that
in a moral governor
it in the case
of a moral
governor
of
efforts
what
do
the
highest
point
nature

"

is the demand
What
met
source?
conviction
What
?

"

"

mental
How
"

Under

behold

grand
do

we

the exercise of forgiveness

How
in an individual ?
is
?
of infinite perfection
In
"

"

human

truths do
arrive at

science fail?

"

learn from

we

by

How
that

fair process

of

reasoning ?
us?
to be contemplated in order to
conviction
of his Maker ?" What

is the truth of these considerations

what

in him

aspects is man
fabric worthy

impressedupon

228

QUESTIONS.

is forced upon

when

us

the actual

view

we

With

"

?"

man

arose,

cerned
chieflyconphilosophy compel us to

what

does

of

state

this condition

in which

What
is to be said of the manner
or of the
originof moral evil ?
in this matter, and what

are

we

believe ?
of

state

of moral

character

science

conclusion

What

man?"

contemplating his

in

to

come

actual

the

contrast

the inductions

besides

what

With

purely as

do

we

do

we

of

matter

historical truth i
in
do we
arrive at in endeavouring to trace the manner
What
which
have departedso widely from this high pattern ?
mankind
is an

What

"

inquiryof

there not be

can

a more

importance ? Than what

interestinginquiry? In what lightalone
much

gi eater

"

"

is to be said of the facts

What
are
obliged to view
we
is the result
alluded to ? What
fact is chiefly
before us ? What
these ? What
of
of the cultivation of a due harmony between
illustrated?
has
this
been
it?
How
violation
of
formerly
a
it?

"

"

"

"

"

is to be observed ? What
similar chain of sequences
would
be the consequence
What
?
may be taken for an example
to the truths conveyed to us
of a proper direction of the mind
What
close
respectingthe Deity? What are these emotions?
What

"

"

"

"

relation ought to be preserved,and what

depends upon it ?"
With
what mental process is the preservationof this harmony
if the first step in this process be neglected ?
connected
? What
"

in

will this be the case

tendency has then commenced
When

"

the

are

truths connected
does
? Of whom
"

"

What

other bad

still higher

in the

with
such

mental

appear

"

to be the moral

the moral

effect arises when

economy

"

How

perfectionsthen

divine

the

What

degree?

garded
re-

history?

harmony

of the

has been
Why is this?" By
impaired to this extent?
What
do
the
inventions of the mind
what
is this followed ?
thus become, and what is the final result ?
these great prmciplesof ethical science laid down
in
How
are

mind

"

"

the various steps in this course

are
writings? How
what
is this view of
of moral degradationrepresented? With
consistent?
does this apHow
the subjectnotwithstanding
pear

the sacred

"

"

"

What*other pointis to be referred

now
principles

to the

observers
impressions have superficial
Is this inference warranted, and what
the fact ?
often
to be
repeated? What
depends on this ?

"

^What

"

"

"

deduced

stated ?
from

ought
principle
What

else ?
"

Why?
What

other

point deserves

consideration

in connexion
with
consist
?
process

In what does this important

is its character, and
By what should it be accompanied ? What
exercise?
of
this
What
has there
its
what
degree
depend upon
been repeatedoccasion to mention?
By what is this condition
this

?
subject

"

"

"

"

"

influenced ?" In what

does

it

?
originate
"

What

is the

primary

229

QUESTIONS.
effectof this loss of mental

What

harmony

"

is there

reason

is the
apart from this condition of the mind ? What
the
flows
from
What
of
Butler
?
want
of
opinion
consequence
What
is the first step in
this simple exercise of the attention?
virtue
is
?
What
it
backslider's
to
the
return
more
primarily?
What
to be noticed before leavingthe sub
two pointsremain
to believe

"

"

"

"

jectof

the moral

I. OP

principle?

AND

ORIGIN

THE

IMMUTABILITY

OP

THEORIES

AND

OF

Page

TIONS,
DISTINC-

MORAL

MORALS.

149.

previouslytreatingthe moral
possiblybe urged against this
powers?
objection
may
is the author's reply?"
? What
mode
of viewing the subject
endowed
find man
in his physicalrelations ? What
How
do we
might he plausiblymaintain in regard to them ? Though this
has

What

considered

been

in

What

"

"

"

"

be true, stillwhat
*"

When

have

we

is made

of it?

this,what

we

remark
done

How

"

may

is this

appUed?

conclude ?" What

the boundary of our knowledge in this matter

will probably be admitted ? Wha
What
do these doctrines
these?
In what
among

is

?
be

may

"

reckoned

agree?" What do
these profess
?
What
do we
as
perceivein contemplatingthe conduct of men
in
each
other
do
relations
certain
?
what
to
To
refer
we
placed
On
condition
what
do we
m
forming this opinion of them?
with
the
^What
view him
?
conviction
or
reverse
approbation,
have we
relative to this matter ? What
is the next question?"
"

"

"

"

"

State
fully. What is contended
hand ? What
is maintained
the one
the other ? What
on
on
have
those who
adopt the latter hypothesis next to explain?"
To what have the various modes
of explainingthis led ?
Give the outlines of the system of Mandeville.
By another
modification of this system, whence
our
are
impressions of
virtue and vice said to be derived ? ^What is to be said of this
the

pointin

disputestillmore

"

"

"

'

"

"

system

is Mr. Hume's
State its leading
acteristics
charsystem tenned?"
does Professor Mills define morality?
How
is the fundamental
principleof the selfish
system of

What

"

What

morals ?" Give an account

of this theoryparticularly
held by
as
Hobbes.
On what fallacy
is this system founded ? How
does
this appear ? How
does the hypothesisappear in the hght of
facts ?
What
peculiarmodification of this system maybe mentioned,
"

"

"

tuid with what

designadopted?"
u

What

is to be said of this''

230

QUESTIONS.

is

What

If

of

theory

observations

these

necessarily brought

we

of

"

fact

decide

then

forced

theories?
?

us

upon

conduct?

further

is Butler's

called?

is

be

great
matter

does

he

How

shown?

respectively
illustrated

How

is

do

circumstances

does

what

do

respects

is

quired
re-

it indicate

and

What

?"

is it

what

defect

What

is

there

Do

"

act

reason

perceive

we

of

it any

?
necessary
and
conscience

reason

difference

be

reason

they always

to

Has

harmonize

and

to

man

are

speak in such
acquire wisdom?
in regard to moral

feel

we
a

office

here

reason?"

of

tion
distinc-

important

ilhistrated

exercise

the

what

of

office

How

"

an

individuals

of different

feeling-

what

uniformity

observations

the

be

cases

such

expect

we

What

in such

?"

does

How

"

subject

few

is

cases

"

this

What

"

to
appears
the affections

upon
other
what

In

gives
shown

moral

of

noticed,

be

minutely."

of

whole

made?

bearing

of this

which

purpose
does
what

this

opposed

as

it ?

do

to the

What

"

this

to

system

of

What

already been

said

conscience

remains

?"

system

reciprocity

this

theories

these

conviction

has
be

answer

concerning
the

by

may

has

the

What

"

all

absolute

an

equally clear,
said respecting

system

be

to

added?

may

system

regard

In

do

as

how

distinctions

and

is

State

"

this

To

"

else

remark
other

What

about

is

more

effect

What

"

What

"

What

"

appear
human

upon

this

theories

these

is disclosed

what

of

moral

of

to conscience

authority
respecting this, and

of

is there

"

What

"

much

this

confidently
himself, and

ask

are

objection

same

from

stated

foundation

the

be

to

immutability
By what

by the

mean

so

the

departing

of

pur-

conclusion

to what

does

else

simply

he

modification

other

all these

to

does

What

seems

What

we

"

practical

to

What
"

what

consequence
further
be
may

What

"

?"

founded,

well
To

consideration*

two

appUed

as

is the

What

apply
principle ?
?

doctrine

are

What

Paley?"

this

urged against

be

may

the

?"
?"

cases

what

In

"

decisions

in the

habits

may

this

How
How
other
?

of

"

"

In

ing
judg-

?
*
.

else

What
"

moral
How

is

reason

other

What

decisions
may

this

"

How

concerned

office

is

is this

important

in ?

"

How

frequently assigned
explained ?

distinction

be

to

be
reason

recapitulated T

trated?
illusin

231

QUESTIONS.

?'^II.

THE

OF

HARMONY

OP

Page
whatever

On
we

system

perceive?
What

other

"

subject?

man

feelings,what
classes of them

connected
be

"

of all

What

"

answered

this

What

duties

to

life of business

respecting a
What

so

"

follow

What

"

is said

is

of reflection

every person
to recreation

life is devoted
of benevolence

and

finally

"

What

"

public
be

to

ever

^What

respectinghim
be admitted

must

is said of

usefulness?

the ments
engagedo they

When

"

in mind?

kept

of the

What

"

is the

of want
of due attention to this consideration
consequence
^When
What
is it scarcelynecessary
to add ?
only do

?
some

"

of these
what

objectsof attention

is actmg
?
How

from

is said
have

of 'this ?"

the

the
What

To

what

What
What

does

who

such

by
"

the

"

counsel

highest of

"

In what

uniformity

other way
of

the

departments of
tend

"

To

to

promote ?

what

does

feeling equally opposed

it show

does

how

their mutual

is the fair induction

What

itself?

the

is

"

it
?

"

What

"

How
cases?

is to be administered
deception ?

given

those

to

all motives

"

religion?

"

who

What
"

of true

error

in both

caution

What, after all,is their value ?

r

will

life,and pay

what

character

consistencyof

arises from

What
"

mfluence

What

"

Who

"

inconsistency ?

this appear
?
have detected

What

of

sistent
con-

"

warning

illustiated?

hand?

influence
of a sincere religiousbelief?
necessary
the want
is the conof this influence
imply ?" What
sequence

01

What

to

In

With

"

is such

the

duties
"

time

same

other

of remark

worthy

them?

this be called, and

may
be

is

others

conspicuous ?

it do this?

accordingly tend

the

ascetic,on

of the various

will this appear

What
does this high
does

the

attention

action
How

the

else

justestsense

adequate

most

place of
usurp
desire of notorietyat the

is it with

"

does

the

by

however, is the important consideration

is obvious

whose

will

late?
re-

with

an

concerns

last ?" What,

"

do

is his highest conimmortal

sideration
being, what
stands in immediate
connexion
with this first

as

What

do

the moral
different

these

principle?

Viewing

also

do

interestinginquiryis
of the objects to
one

is

^What

"

moral

167.

consider

we

what

To

"

FEELINGS.

MORAL

THE

What

What

"

is this
How

to those

profess to be influenced
things are easilyacquired ?
is the seat

and

is its effect when

what the
thus exhibited

232

QUESTIONS.

PART

OP

MORAL

THE

IV.

RELATION

OF

Page
heads

what

To

in the sacred
topicslead ?

the

is

healthy state

what

of

moral

is the

"What

our

of such

character

relation to God

as

Deity ?

What

"

and

Governor

truth is it equallyimpossibleto

other solemn

what

By

"

declarations ?
moral

ble
responsi-

those

of the
of ethics chiefly
What
is pointed

"

the

of these

we

do

have

for intercourse with

out as qualifying
man
passages is this confirmed ?
What

are

"

human
systems
is the fact in the Scriptures
?

What

being referred
former

"

what

DEITT.

175.

To what
do the two
the latter ? To whom
of the former
class ? What

To

"

infer from

THE

writings?

for the duties

latter respect ? To
"

TOWARDS

"

"

attended ?

MAN

do we
Creator ?

repel?

What
inquiryis there therefore of intense interest connected
?
with this subject
What
is the first head
it may
be referred?
to which
What
does it imply, therefore,and to what is it opposed ? To
What
this be extended?
of mind
what
must
state
formerly
the same
To
what
referred to is here described?
else may
What
is said of these mental
be applied?
remark
conditions ?
"

"

"

"

"

"Upon what besides the mind which

?"
the Deity look with disapprobation
man?
Of
what
of
such
are
a
pursuits
"

cherishes

evils does

these

be said of the
may
in danger?
ordinarily

What
we

do these considerations
to the Most
High ?
appear
classes of characters
two
are
clearlypointed out in the
laws is this fact to be referred?
Scriptures? To how many

"How
What

"

"

Describe the first at length. State the second.

relations may
the state of mind
Under
what
governed by an
of the Divine
be considered?
What
habitual sense
presence
include ?
To what
does it lead the attention ?
does the former
kind of character
does the second division include ? What
"What
"

"

"

"

springsfrom
such

man

feel ?
"

these
What

mental
two
further does

conditions?

What

"

does

he feel ?
is said of the

who
is the second head ? What
man
this
sublime
mind
Wkat
does
he
his
?
bears upon
impression
perceivein reference to that place? Specify. What does such
time allow ?
of soul at the same
Suppose these
a submission
What

"

"

"

"

"

of distress are
illsof life appear when
sources

What

not

removed, what

viewed

is the third head ?

"

under

In whom

then ?

"

How

that aspect ?
will this be

will the

prominent

234

QUESTIONS.

be traced ?" In what

does the
powers in both consist ?

misapplicationof the reasoning

is the second

office of faith ?" What

does this amount
What
to ?
operationis involved in it ?" Of what do we
in common
language ?" Of what does the allegedbelief of such
consist ? Whence
he have acquiredthese
a man
may
probably
endeavour
how
he
to support them?
What
points/and
may
What

speak

"

"

"

similar

be adduced

What

is the character of both ?

may
other character
What
we
what
does
may
suppose ? From
What
is the consequence
?
this arise?
What
with this subject
is intimatelyconnected
? Between
what
does a close connexion
exist ? What
is said of our possession
does this appear ?
of power ? How
What
is said of
the due exercise of this power ?
does the sound
In what
exercise
of that mental
condition
call Faith consist?
What
which we
do the sacred writers say
of it,and to what
do they ascribe consequences
so
important?
By what simple narrative is this principleillustrated ? How
is
this
the woman
in
? What
represented
simple occurrence
was
the ground of her faith ?" What
the objectof her faith ?" What
the influence of this conviction ? How
did she do under
did
her ? What
than simple belief was
her faith save
more
requisite
case

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

her salvation ? To what therefore are

Of what
of faith reallyascribed?
may

to

the

"

important results

we
speak in the same
In so doing,to what do we
ascribe such results?
To
the inspiredwriter refer when
he says that without
faith it is impossibleto please God ?
wh:\t has much
From
?
misconceptionarisen on this subject
What
is to be said of us as physical and intellectual beings?
What
moral beings ? What
as
are
chieflythe objectsof faith ?
State this more
How
is this distinction alluded
particularly.
What
to by the sacred writers ?
the objectsof sighthere
are
"

manner?
what does
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

intended to express
is the
In what
way

What

remark
is to be made
of them ?
attention to be withdrawn
from them?
is the specialprovinceof faith ? What
therefore is the

What

"

"

"

"

next great pointin our

When
enteringupon
view ?
that meets
our

inquiry?
this
From

is the

field,what
what

do

first great

object

his operation,
infer ? Where
has he fixed the impress of his
and what do we
and what do we, by the jointoperation of conmoral attributes,
Bcience and reason,
is said of our
perceive him to be ? What
do they force themselves
knowledge of these attributes ? How
conviction
?
our
upon
What
insuperableconviction arises from our conception of
"

trace

we

"

"

"

Buch

being ?" What

feel in respect to this life? What

do we
givesa stilldeeper interest to this consideration ? How is this
truth powerfullyexpressed by the sacred writer?
a

"

"

What

is affirmed with

respect

to

these

truths ?" When

do

235

QUESTIONS.
force
they especially

they

are

With

"

Who

themselves

what
meet?

is the

conviction?

our

upon

How

"

in the sacred

detailed and

impressedupon us
writings?
do
these
in
moral
constitution
our
ciples
prinimpression
What
is the office of faith in regard to these?
"

"

who

man

lives

by

faith ?

train of feelingarise in a
will a new
In what
circumstances
mind
feel
?
How
does
he
man's
concerning his dailyconduct ?
What
is his conviction
to the time
as
past of his life?"
"

"

What

inward

conviction

what

circumstances

Under
the
be

soul ?

With

"

these
with

contemplated
assured

man

who

he along with this impression?"

will this be fixed stillmore
deeply in
will
his mind, what
truths upon
event
has

deepest interest?
habituallyunder the
the

acts

Of

"

influence

truths ?
hour
constitutes a peculiarlysolemn
What
What
holds true of every man
who, after serious
heart ?

to his

own

what

must

If one's

"

condemns

heart

he^ feel ?

Why cannot
for
i
n
this
refuge,
extremity?
Deity

to

is the
of these
man^

any

"

inquiry,appeals
in this

him

fly to the mercy

we

"

what

review,
of the

To what extent can we not go

find each ual
individin this matter''?ArWhy
What
follows if we
?
fixinga different standard, and extending it so as to favour
"

"

his
not

condition

own

but

"

What
?

acknowledge

"

must

What

What
he
he perceive?
can
will he
decision
necessarily
"

arrive at ?
is said of oui
led to this conclusion
? What
refuge ? By what are we here met, and to what
does it call us?
does it
How
does it come
supported? What
is it adapted
disclose ? What
necessities does it meet ? How
what
are
efforts to find a

By

we

"

"

"

"

"

"

to each
How

does it thus form ?

? What
is a participationin the benefits of this revelation received
rise
what
State
?
To
has this expression given
?
some
of the different views which
have been entertained on the subject
? What
is to be gathered, however, from its holding so
"

"

"

"

In what
of Christian
truth?
the scheme
other relation does it hold an importantplace,and for what
son
rea? What
does any one
feel with regardto it ?
How
the objectsof faith ?
What
have
before
we
are
many

prominent a place in

"

"

"

the

faith to be ?
Who
such
truths in faith ?
What
have
we
faith,and how may that best be done ?
seen

operationof

"

"

State the illustration employed?

the remedy, what
reflection does he

"

is the
next

man

to do

who
in

Suppose the man

therebycast upon

receives

regard

to

rejects
the character

of the individual?
How
does this apply to the office of faith in the matter
of
salvation ?
of the confusion in which
From
what has much
this
been
has
involved
arisen
?
What
do
form
?"
Who
subject
they
is the man
that will not seek the remedy ?
Suppose he contents
"

"

"

himself

with

merely admitting

the

facts?

"

In what

are

the

236

QUESTIONS.

contained

grounds
From

do

what

which

on

derive

we

"

truths

these
the

addressed

are

sincerity

of

the

to

offer

us

What

is

"

he

said

does

to

What

is

What

not

this

by

meant

"

beheves

who

do

he

beheves

who

do

is

"

him

who

to

What

it

the

hath

vain

undertake

to

of

hope
this

not

this

which

by

doctrine

What

has

is

What

in

Christianity

it

does

remarked

be

to

does

how

is

What
in

exhibit

been

regard

What

does

this

does

the

is

character

true

of

hypotheses

the

What

it

of

it

How

of

enlargement
What

opposed

as

is

How
is

reality

of

be

the

delusion

on

such

is

the

it

ported?
sup-

looked

is

and

seek

he

for

What

are

"

What

causes

"

falsehood

for

look

to

upon

principle

and

test

to

man

particularly
to

What

is

said

"

attainment

further

gains
of

his

does

in

this

What

is

he

know

progress

knowledge

"

his

subject

amount

What

Where
what

the

effect

of

each

To

what

is

What

does

it thus

"

he

led

"

In

what

compared

improvement
?

go

forward

To
"

what

is

it in

by

produce

circumstances

does

"

moral

is

"

man

the

of

making

In
"

founded

be

to

that

step
the

the

to

system

"

acquirements

these

are

faith?

of

acceptance

proofs

the

apply

reveal

reveal?

vious
ob-

then

"

does

reality

the

his

of

"

of

What

"

evidence

system

is

"

Christian

"

besides

therefore

does

"

What

"

further

what

proclaim?

head

"

such

For

"

appear

this

doctrine

this

it

this

on

"

does

opinion?

does

How

former

What
said

is

erroneous

How

fallacy
what

What

It ?

and

"

"

To

us

proofs

systems

two

"

else

equally

this

to

logical

What
to

is

misrepresented

the

to

provide?

other

the

regard

mere

all

the

are

"

before

What
"

perverted

in

assurance

What

required

acceptance?

"

mentioned

and

with

who

him

of
were

What

God

to

comes

said

be

?
"

therefore

conclusion

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