CHAPTER 13 Geometry of Angle Properties

Chapter 13 Get Ready

Get Ready

Question 1

Page 422

a) The angle measures 90. It is a right angle.

b) The angle measures between 90 and 180. It is an obtuse angle.

Get Ready

Question 2

Page 422

a) The angle measures 180. It is a straight angle.

b) The angle measures less than 90. It is an acute angle.

Get Ready

Question 3

Page 422

a) 180 is a straight angle.

b) 90 is a right angle.
c) 89 is less than 90. It is an acute angle.
d) 125 is between 90 and 180. It is an obtuse angle.
Get Ready

Question 4

Page 422

The right angles in rectangle PQRS are

PQR, QRS, PSR, and QPS.

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Get Ready

Question 5

Page 422

CEB and AED are obtuse angles.

CEA and BED are acute angles.

Get Ready

Question 6

Page 422

PQR = 140, PQS = 82, SQR = 58

Get Ready

Question 7

a)

b)

Get Ready

Question 8

a)

b)

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Page 423

MHR Chapter 13

Page 423

c)

Get Ready

Question 9

Page 423

a) The triangle has two equal sides. It is an isosceles triangle.

b) The triangle has three equal sides. It is an equilateral triangle.

c) The triangle has no equal sides. It is a scalene triangle.

Get Ready

Question 10

Page 423

a) The triangle has no equal angles. It is a scalene triangle.

The triangle has one angle larger than 90. It is an obtuse triangle.

b) The triangle as two equal angles. It is an isosceles triangle.

The triangle has one 90 angle. It is a right triangle.

c) The triangle has three equal angles. It is an equilateral triangle.

All angles in the triangle are less than 90. It is an acute triangle.

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Section 13.1 Internal Angles of a Triangle

Section 13.1 Question 1

Page 426

It is impossible to draw a triangle so that the sum of the internal angles is not 180.
Section 13.1 Question 2

Page 426

Step 1: Write an equation that models the angles of the triangle.

The equation is 43 + 102 + x = 180.
Step 2: Solve the equation.
Section 13.1 Question 3

Page 426

Answers may vary.

The sum of the internal angles of a rectangle is 360.
If you cut a rectangle in half, you create a triangle. The sum of the internal angles in a triangle is
half of the sum of the internal angles of a rectangle. The sum of the internal angles in any triangle
is 360 2 = 180.
Section 13.1 Question 4

Page 426

a)

x + 35 + 75 = 180
x + 110 = 180
x + 110 110 = 180 110
x = 70
The measure of the unknown angle is 70.

b)

y + 24 + 66 = 180
y + 90 = 180
y + 90 90 = 180 90
y = 90
The measure of the unknown angle is 90.
z + 44 + 98 = 180
z + 142 = 180
z + 142 142 = 180 142
z = 38
The measure of the unknown angle is 38.

c)

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Section 13.1 Question 5

Page 426

Let x represent the measure of each unknown angle.

a)

x + 49 + 62 = 180
x + 111 = 180
x + 111 111 = 180 111
x = 69
The measure of the unknown angle is 69.

b)

x + 57 + 112 = 180
x + 169 = 180
x + 169 169 = 180 169
x = 11
The measure of the unknown angle is 11.

c)

x + 39 + 39 = 180
x + 78 = 180
x + 78 78 = 180 78
x = 102
The measure of the unknown angle is 102.

Section 13.1 Question 6

Page 426

Answers may vary.

Section 13.1 Question 7
a)

Page 426

2a + 78 = 180
2a + 78 78 = 180 78
2a = 102
2a 2 = 102 2
a = 51
The measure of the unknown angles is 51.

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2b + 124 = 180

b)

2b + 124 124 = 180 124

2b = 56
2b 2 = 56 2
b = 28
The measure of the unknown angles is 28.
2c + 81 = 180

c)

2c + 81 81 = 180 81
2c = 99
2c 2 = 99 2
c = 49.5
The measure of the unknown angles is 49.5.
Section 13.1 Question 8

Page 427

Let x represent the measure of the equal angle in each isosceles triangle.
a)

2 x + 36 = 180
2 x + 36 36 = 180 36
2 x = 144
2 x 2 = 144 2

x = 72
The measure of each equal angle in the isosceles triangle is 72.
b)

2 x + 88 = 180
2 x + 88 88 = 180 88
2 x = 92
2 x 2 = 92 2

x = 46
The measure of each equal angle in the isosceles triangle is 46.
c)

2 x + 155 = 180
2 x + 155 155 = 180 155
2 x = 25
2 x 2 = 25 2

x = 12.5
The measure of each equal angle in the isosceles triangle is 12.5.

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Section 13.1 Question 9

Page 427

Answers may vary.

Section 13.1 Question 10

Page 427

Answers may vary.

Section 13.1 Question 11

Page 427

w + 90 69 = 180
w + 159 = 180
w + 159 159 = 180 159
w = 21
The measure of the unknown angle is 21.

Section 13.1 Question 12

Page 427

Let y represent the measure of each equal angle in the right triangle.
2 y + 90 = 180
2 y 90 90 = 180 90
2 y = 90
2 y 2 = 90 2
y = 45
The measure of each equal angle in the right triangle is 45.
Section 13.1 Question 13

Page 427

Let a represent the measure of the three equal angles.

a + a + a = 180
3a = 180
3a 3 = 180 3
a = 60
When a triangle has three equal angles, the angle measure is 60.

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Section 13.1 Question 14

a)

Page 427

x + 90 + 35 = 180
x + 125 = 180
x + 125 125 = 180 125
x = 55
The measure of angle x is 55.

b) As the sun climbs higher, the base of the triangle will become narrower.
This means that angle x will decrease and the angle marked 35 will increase.
Section 13.1 Question 15

Page 427

Two angles in a triangle cannot each measure 95.

If they did, then the sum of the angles inside the triangle would be larger than 180.
Section 13.1 Question 16

Page 427

A triangle cannot have zero acute angles. If it did, then the sum of its internal angles would be
greater than 180. For example: 91, 105, 98.
A triangle cannot have exactly one acute angle. This is also because the internal angles would be
greater than 180. For example: 90, 90, 1.
A triangle can have two acute angles. In this case, the third angle is either a right angle or it is an
obtuse angle. For example: 40, 50, 90 or 40, 40, 100.
A triangle can have three acute angles. This is known as an acute triangle.
For example: 50, 60, 70.
Section 13.1 Question 17

Page 427

The roof is an isosceles triangle.

Let y represent the measure of the unknown angles in the isosceles triangle.
2 y + 118 = 180
2 y + 118 118 = 180 118
2 y = 62
2 y 2 = 62 2
y = 31
The measure of each equal angle
in the roof is 31.

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Section 13.1 Question 18

Page 427

The sum of the internal angles in a triangle is 180.

x + 2 x + 3 x = 180
6 x = 180
6 x 6 = 180 6
x = 30
The measures of the three angles are 30, 60, and 90.

Section 13.1 Question 19

Page 427

Look at the left triangle. The sum of its internal angles is

180.
x + 68 + 90 = 180
x + 158 = 180
x + 158 158 = 180 158
x = 22
The unknown angle in the left triangle is 22.
The left and right triangles are congruent, so the
unknown angle in the right triangle is also 22.

Section 13.1 Question 20

Page 427

Each triangle has a 60 angle and an 80 angle. The sum of the internal angles of every triangle is
180. So, the third angle in both triangles is 40.
Since the two triangles have the same angles, you can conclude that they are the same shape, and
that their sides are proportional.
The two triangles have the same shape, but they have different side lengths. This means that the
two triangles are similar triangles.
Section 13.1 Question 21

Page 428

x + 2 x + x = 180
4 x = 180
4 x 4 = 180 4
x = 45

The angles on home plate are 90, 135, 90, 135, and 90.

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Section 13.1 Question 22

Page 428

The dots on the paper form equilateral

triangles. Therefore, the angles in the triangle
each measure 60.

Section 13.1 Question 23

Page 428

Answers will vary.

Section 13.1 Question 24

Page 428

a) Any quadrilateral can be divided into two triangles by joining

opposite vertices. Since the angles in every triangle add to 180, the
angles in a quadrilateral add to 360.
b) Answers will vary. You might draw a quadrilateral, and measure the internal angles.
c) Answers will vary.
Section 13.1 Question 25

Page 428

a) The exterior angle and the interior angle next to it

will add to 180.
b) Since the interior angle that is next to the exterior
angle, and the other two interior angles also add to 180, the exterior angle must be equal to the
sum of the two other interior angles.

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Section 13.2 Angle Properties of Intersecting and Perpendicular Lines

Section 13.2 Question 1

Page 432

Wei found that the opposite angles were equal in measure.

Section 13.2 Question 2

Page 432

Supplementary angles have measures that add to 180. Subtract the given
angle measure from 180 to find the supplementary angle measure.
Section 13.2 Question 3

Page 432

Complementary angles have measures that add to 90. Subtract the given angle measure from 90
to find the complementary angle measure.
To find the complementary angle measure, solve the equation x + 73 = 90.
Section 13.2 Question 4

Page 433

a) Angle y and the 61 angle are opposite angles. They are equal.
Therefore, the measure of angle y is 61.

Angle x and the 61 angle are supplementary angles. They add

to 180.
x + 61 = 180

x + 61 61 = 180 61
x = 119
The measure of angle x is 119.
Angle z and angle x are opposite angles. They are equal. The measure of angle z is 119.
b) Angle b and the 148 angle are opposite angles. They are equal.
The measure of angle b is 148.

Angle a and the 148 angle are supplementary angles. They add
to 180.
a + 148 = 180

a + 148 148 = 180 148

a = 32
The measure of angle a is 32.
Angle c and angle a are opposite angles. They are equal. The measure of angle c is 32.

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c) All four angles are equal. Therefore, they each measure 90.

Section 13.2 Question 5

Page 433

a) Two intersecting lines form a 32 angle.

One angle is opposite to the 32 angle.
Two angles are supplementary to the 32 angle.

Solve the equation to find the measure of the supplementary angles.

x + 32 = 180

x + 32 32 = 180 32
x = 148
The other three angle measures formed by the intersecting lines are 148, 148, and 32.
b) Two intersecting lines form a 91 angle.
One angle is opposite to the 91 angle.
Two angles are supplementary to the 91 angle.

Solve the equation to find the measure of the supplementary angles.

x + 91 = 180

x + 91 91 = 180 91
x = 89
The other three angle measures formed by the intersecting lines are 89, 89, and 91.
c) Two intersecting lines form a 179 angle.
One angle is opposite to the 179 angle.
Two angles are supplementary to the 179 angle.

Solve the equation to find the measure of the supplementary angles.

x + 179 = 180

x + 179 179 = 180 179

x = 1
The other three angle measures formed by the intersecting lines are 1, 1, and 179.

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Section 13.2 Question 6

Page 433

a) Angle x and the 29 angle are complementary angles.

They add to 90.

Solve the equation to find the measure of angle x.

x + 29 = 90

x + 29 29 = 90 29
x = 61
The measure of the unknown angle is 61.
b) Angle y and the 78 angle are complementary angles.
They add to 90.

Solve the equation to find the measure of angle y.

y + 78 = 90
y + 78 78 = 90 78
y = 12
The measure of the unknown angle is 12.
c) Angle z and the 45 angle are complementary angles.
They add to 90.

Solve the equation to find the measure of angle z.

z + 45 = 90

z + 45 45 = 90 45
z = 45
The measure of the unknown angle is 45.
Section 13.2 Question 7

Page 433

BDA and the 38 angle are complementary angles. They add to 90.
Solve the equation to find the measure of BDA.
BDA + 38 = 90

BDA + 38 38 = 90 38
BDA = 52
The measure of BDA is 52.

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Section 13.2 Question 8

Page 433

Let x represent the measure of the angle that is complementary to each given angle.

x + 30 = 90

a)

x + 30 30 = 90 30
x = 60
A 60 angle is complementary to a 30 angle.
x + 87 = 90

b)

x + 87 87 = 90 87
x = 3
A 3 angle is complementary to an 87 angle.
x + 5 = 90

c)

x + 5 5 = 90 5
x = 85
An 85 angle is complementary to a 5 angle.
Section 13.2 Question 9

Page 433

Let x represent the measure of the angle that is supplementary to each given angle.

x + 45 = 180

a)

x + 45 45 = 180 45
x = 135
A 135 angle is supplementary to a 45 angle.
x + 90 = 180

b)

x + 90 90 = 180 90
x = 90
A 90 angle is supplementary to a 90 angle.
x + 161 = 180

c)

x + 161 161 = 180 161

x = 19
A 19 angle is supplementary to a 161 angle.

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Section 13.2 Question 10

Page 433

The 152 angle and the smaller angle are supplementary.

Let y represent the measure of the smaller angle.
y + 152 = 180
y + 152 152 = 180 152
y = 28
The measure of the smaller angle is 28.
Section 13.2 Question 11

Page 433

The three angles form a straight angle. This means that the
sum of the angles measures is 180. The angles are
supplementary.
2 x + 110 = 180
2 x + 110 110 = 180 110
2 x = 70
2 x 2 = 70 2
x = 35
Each unknown angle in the diagram measures 35.
Section 13.2 Question 12

Page 434

Supplementary angles:
DEA, FEA; DEC, FEC;
DEG, FEG; DEI, FEI;
HEG, BEG; HEA, BEA;
BEC, HEC; BEI, HEI
Complementary angles:
ABE, CBE; CFE, IFE;
GHE, IHE; GDE, ADE;
DEB, FEB; BEF, HEF;
FEH, DEH; HED, BED;
BAE, DAE; BEA, DEA;
DGE, HGE; DEG, HEG;
BCE, FCE; BEC, FEC;
FIE, HIE; FEI, HEI

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Section 13.2 Question 13

Page 434

The measure of angle c is 55 because it is opposite the

55 angle.
The measure of angle b is 60 because it is opposite the
60 angle.
The 55 angle, the 60 angle, and angle a form a straight
angle. The sum of the angle measures is 180.
a + 60 + 55 = 180
a + 115 = 180
a + 115 115 = 180 115
a = 65
The measure of angle a is 65.
The measure of angle d is 65 because it is opposite angle a.

Section 13.2 Question 14

Page 434

Let x represent the measure of the smaller angle.

The measure of the larger angle will be x + 20 because the difference between the two angles is
20.
The two angles are complementary. So, the sum of the angle measures is 90.
x + ( x + 20) = 90
2 x + 20 = 90
2 x + 20 20 = 90 20
2 x = 70
x = 35
The measure of the smaller angle is 35. The measure of the larger angle is 55.
Section 13.2 Question 15

Page 434

ABC and BAC are complementary angles. The sum of the

internal angle measures of a triangle is 180 and ACB
measures 90. So, the measures of ABC and BAC will be
180 90 = 90.

Section 13.2 Question 16

Page 434

A and B are supplementary. Therefore, A + B = 180.

A and C are supplementary. Therefore, A + C = 180.
This means that B and C must be equal.

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Section 13.2 Question 17

Page 434

a) There are eight acute angles. All eight acute angles measure 45.
b) There are eight right angles.
c) There are eight obtuse angles. All eight obtuse angles measure 135.
d) There are eight pairs of complementary angles. For each point on the
compass, there is another point that makes up a complementary angle.
Since there are eight points on the compass, there are eight pairs of complementary angles.
Section 13.2 Question 18

Page 434

Answers may vary.

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Section 13.3 Angle Properties of Parallel Lines

Section 13.3 Question 1

Page 438

a) The pairs of interior angles are

3 and 6
4 and 5
b) The pairs of alternate angles are
3 and 5
4 and 6
c) The pairs of corresponding angles are
1 and 5
2 and 6
3 and 7
4 and 8

Section 13.3 Question 2

Page 438

Every angle produced by the intersection of perpendicular lines measures

90. There are eight angles in the diagram, so seven angles have the same
measure as angle a.

Section 13.3 Question 3

Page 438

Angles x and y are interior angles, which means that they are
supplementary angles. The sum of the measures of supplementary
angles is 180. So, the equation for the sum of the angles is
x + y = 180.
If you know the measure of angle x, then you can substitute it into the equation and solve for y.
Section 13.3 Question 4

Page 439

Angle x and the 75 angle are corresponding angles. They are equal.
Therefore, the measure of angle x is 75.

Section 13.3 Question 5

Page 439

Angle y and the 137 angle are alternate angles. They are equal.
Therefore, the measure of angle y is 137.

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Section 13.3 Question 6

Page 439

Angle z and the 96 angle are interior angles. They are

supplementary.
Solve for z.
z + 96 = 180

z + 96 96 = 180 96
z = 84
The measure of angle z is 84.
Section 13.3 Question 7

Page 439

FEB and CBA are corresponding angles. They are equal.

Therefore, the measure of FEB is 120.
HEG and FEB are opposite angles. They are equal.
Therefore, the measure of HEG is 120.
Section 13.3 Question 8

Page 439

VUW and RSU are corresponding angles. They are equal.

Therefore, the measure of VUW is 71.
TUW and VUW form a straight angle. They are
supplementary.
TUW + VUW = 180
TUW + 71 = 180
TUW + 71 71 = 180 71
TUW = 109

The measure of TUW is 109.

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Section 13.3 Question 9

Page 439

QPR and MLP are corresponding angles. They are equal.

Therefore, the measure of QPR is 112.
LPQ and MLP are interior angles. They are supplementary.
Solve for LPQ.
LPQ + MLP = 180
LPQ + 112 = 180
LPQ + 112 112 = 180 112
LPQ = 68
The measure of LPQ is 68.
SPR and LPQ are opposite angles. They are equal.
Therefore, the measure of SPR is 68.
Section 13.3 Question 10

Page 439

a)

b) All angles that are supplementary to angle x are marked on the

diagram with an s.

c)

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Section 13.3 Question 11

Page 439

a + b = 108. Since angles a and b are corresponding angles, they are

equal. So, you can write a + a = 108 or b + b = 108
Solve the equation to find the measure of angles a and b.
a + a = 108
2a = 108
2a 2 = 108 2
a = 54
The measure of angles a and b is 54.
Angles c and b are opposite angles. They are equal.
Therefore, the measure of angle c is 54.
Angles d and b are interior angles. They are supplementary.
Solve the equation to find the measure of angle d.
d + b = 180
d + 54 = 180
d + 54 54 = 180 54
d = 126
The measure of angle d is 126.
Section 13.3 Question 12

Page 439

Angles z and y are interior angles. They are supplementary.

So, z + y = 180.
Angles w and x are interior angles. They are supplementary.
So, w + x = 180.
Now, you can find the sum of all four angle measures.
w + x + y + z = ( w + x) + ( y + z )

= 180 + 180
= 360
The sum of all four angle measures is 360.

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Section 13.3 Question 13

Page 440

Answers may vary.

Section 13.3 Question 14

Page 440

a) Interior angles:

BAD, ADC; ADC, DCB;

DCB, CBA; CBA, BAC;
BDE, FED; EFB, DBF
b) Corresponding angles:

BDE, FEC; DBF, EFC

Section 13.3 Question 15

Page 440

Section 13.3 Question 16

a) Diagonally opposite angles are equal. Neighbouring
angles are supplementary.
b) The sum of the angles in a parallelogram is 360 because
a parallelogram contains two pairs of supplementary
angles. Each pair adds to 180.

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Section 13.3 Question 17

Page 440

Angles x and y are equal because they are corresponding angles.

Angles z and y are supplementary because they form a straight angle.
Therefore, angles z and x are supplementary angles.
Section 13.3 Question 18

Page 440

a) The angle between the post and the rail is 90.

x + 42 + 90 = 180
x + 132 = 180
x + 132 132 = 180 132
x = 48
Angle x measures 48.
b) Answers will vary.
Section 13.3 Question 19

Page 440

Answers may vary.

Section 13.3 Question 20

Page 440

The two acute angles are equal. Extend one of the edges of the
sidewalk. Let the acute angle be x. Identify the pairs of
corresponding angles to show that the other acute angle is equal to x.

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Section 13.4 Apply Angle Measures

Section 13.4 Question 1

Page 444

Method 1:
XZY and WXZ are alternate angles. So, XZY
measures 40. Now, you have two out of the three
angle measures in XYZ to substitute into the formula for the sum of the internal angles of a
triangle.
Method 2:
WXZ + ZXY = 130. WXY and XYZ are interior angles. They add to 180.
Section 13.4 Question 2

Page 444

Answers may vary.

Step 1: ACB and BAC are complementary angles. Find ACB.
Step 2: DCE and CED are complementary angles. Find DCE.
Step 3: ACB, DCE, and ACE form a straight angle.
They are supplementary angles. Find ACE.
Section 13.4 Question 4

Page 444

You cannot find the measure of angle x in the diagram. You only know one
angle in each triangle. You need to know at least two angles to find the
third angle measure in a triangle.

Section 13.4 Question 5

Page 444

NMP and PLK are alternate angles. So, PLK measures 60.
Now, use the formula for the sum of the internal angles in a triangle.
KPL + PLK + LKP = 180
KPL + 60 + 70 = 180
KPL + 130 = 180
KPL + 130 130 = 180 130
KPL = 50
The measure of KPL is 50.

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Section 13.4 Question 6

Page 445

Let x represent the angle that is directly above the 100 angle.
The 100 angle and angle x are interior angles. They are
supplementary.

x + 100 = 180
x + 100 100 = 180 100
x = 80
The measure of angle x is 80.
Angle z and angle x are corresponding angles. They are equal. So, the measure of angle z is 80.
Section 13.4 Question 7

Page 445

Look at the big triangle. The three internal angles are 35, 50, and 60 + r.
35 + 50 + 60 + r = 180
145 + r = 180
145 145 + r = 180 145
r = 35

The measure of angle r is 35.

Section 13.4 Question 8

Page 445

Look at corresponding angle of the 140 angle.

It is made up of two angles: a right angle and angle m.
The sum of these two angle measures is given by
m + 90 = 140. Solve the equation.

m + 90 = 140
m + 90 90 = 140 90
m = 50
The measure of angle m is 50.

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Section 13.4 Question 9

Page 445

ADB and CBD are alternate angles. So, CBD measures 41.
ABD and BDC are alternate angles. So, BDC measures 39.
Now, you can write an equation for the sum of the internal angles
for BCD.
BCD + CBD + BDC = 180
BCD + 41 + 39 = 180
BCD + 80 = 180
BCD + 80 80 = 180 80
BCD = 100
The measure of BCD is 100.
Section 13.4 Question 10

Page 445

a) The 46 angle and the left unknown angle measure

in the triangle are alternate angles.
So, the left unknown angle measure is 46.

The 73 angle and the right unknown angle measure

in the triangle are alternate angles.
So, the right unknown angle measure is 73.
Verify your answer by checking that the sum of your angle measures is 180.
46 + 73 + 61 = 180
b) Angle x and the left unknown angle measure in
the triangle are alternate angles.
So, the left unknown angle has the same
measure as angle x.

Angle z and the right unknown angle measure in

the triangle are alternate angles.
So, the right unknown angle has the same measure as angle z.
Since angles x, y, z form a straight angle, the sum of the angle measures is 180.
Sum of angles in triangle = x + y + z
= 180
The sum of the angle measures in the triangle is 180.

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Section 13.4 Question 11

Page 445

Angle x and the 40 angle are

corresponding angles.
Therefore, angle x measures
40.
Look at the small triangle
containing the 40 angle. Let z
represent the unknown angle
in this triangle.
Write an equation for the sum of the internal angle measures in this triangle.
Solve the equation to find the measure of angle z.
z + 40 + 90 = 180
z + 130 = 180
z + 130 130 = 180 130
z = 50

The measure of angle z is 50.

Angle z and angle y are corresponding angles. Therefore, angle y measures 50.
Section 13.4 Question 12

Page 445

Let x, y, and z represent the angles labelled in the flag.

2x + 74 = 180
2x + 74 74 = 180 74
2x = 106
x = 53
Angle x measures 53.
Angles x and y are supplementary angles. So, angle y measures 180 53 = 127.
Angles x and z are corresponding angles. So, angle z measures 53.

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Section 13.4 Question 13

Page 446

Let x represent the unknown angle measure of

the triangle.
Write an equation for the sum of the internal
angle measures in the triangle. Solve the
equation to find the measure of angle x.
x + 90 + 55 = 180
x + 145 = 180
x + 145 145 = 180 145
x = 35

Angle x measures 35.

Angles x and y form a straight angle. They are supplementary angles.
y + x = 180
y + 35 = 180
y + 35 35 = 180 35
y = 145
The measure of angle y is 145.
Angle x and angle z are opposite angles. Therefore, the measure of angle z is 35.
Section 13.4 Question 14

Page 446

The kite is divided into four big triangles. Look at

the bottom left triangle. Write an equation for the
sum of the internal angles in this triangle.
x + 33 + 90 = 180
x + 123 = 180
x + 123 123 = 180 123
x = 57

The measure of angle x is 57.

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Section 13.4 Question 15

Page 446

Oak Street and Elm Street are parallel.

Angle c and the 110 angle are interior angles. They are
supplementary.
So, angle c measures 70.
Angle d and the 120 angle are alternate angles. Therefore,
angle d measures 120.
Angle d and angle a are supplementary angles. Therefore,
angle a measures 60.
Look at the triangle that contains angle b.
The two other angles in the triangle are supplementary to
the 110 angle and the 120 angle.
The two other angles in the triangle are 70 and 60.
The internal angle measures add to 180. Therefore, the measure of angle b is 50.
50 + 60 + 70 = 180
Section 13.4 Question 16

Page 446

The angles in ABC and ADE are the same.

This means that the triangles are similar.
Their sides are proportional to each other.
Section 13.4 Question 17

Page 446

Answers may vary.

Section 13.4 Question 18

Page 446

Draw a line parallel to the other parallel lines, splitting angle y into
two angles, a and b, as shown.
Angle x and angle a are alternate angles. They are equal.
Angle x and angle b are alternate angles. They are equal.
y = a + b, which means that y = x + x or 2x.
Therefore, y = 2x.
The measure of angle y is double the measure of angle x.

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Section 13.4 Question 19

Page 446

The angles marked 2x and 3x are interior angles, and

add to 180.
2x + 3x = 180
5x = 180
x = 36
The angle 2x + z and the right angle are interior angles.
2x + z + 90 = 180
2x + z = 90
2(36) + z = 90
72 + z = 90
z = 18
Therefore, angle z measures 18.

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Section 13.5 Construct Line Segments and Angles

Section 13.5 Question 1

Page 449

To divide an angle in half, fold the paper so that the two rays of the angle overlap.
Section 13.5 Question 2

Page 449

Set your compasses to 5 cm using a ruler. Start at the corner of a piece of paper, and mark 5 cm
along each edge. This will result in a 90 angle with arms 5 cm long.
Section 13.5 Question 3

Page 449

It is impossible to construct the diagram using only a

pencil and a ruler.
Compasses are needed so that you can find a set of points
that is 5 cm away from the left end of the 6 cm line
segment, and a set of points that is 4 cm away from the
right end of the 6 cm line segment. Once you know where
these two sets of points overlap, you know where the third
vertex of the triangle is.
Section 13.5 Question 4

Page 449

To divide a line segment in half, fold the paper so that the two endpoints of the line segment
overlap.
Section 13.5 Question 5

Page 449

Section 13.5 Question 6

Page 449

Step 1: Start with a 90 angle.

Step 2: Divide the 90 angle into three angles that measure 30 each by
folding the paper into three equal parts. (Your sheet of paper will
now have two creases in it.)
Step 3: Fold one of the outer 30 angles in half. (Your sheet of paper will
now have 3 creases in it.)
The angle from the crease you just created to the edge of your
original 90 angle will be 75.

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Section 13.5 Question 7

Page 449

Answers may vary.

a) You could fold the line segment in half to make a segment that is 3 cm long.
b) You could fold the paper at one end of the line segment so that the paper overlaps the entire
segment. Then, make a dot where the other end of the line segment shows through the paper.
Now, open up your paper and extend the line segment to the dot. The entire line segment will
be 12 cm long.
c) You could construct a 3 cm line segment as in part a). Then, extend the line segment 6 cm as
described in part b). The new 6 cm line segment plus half of the original line segment will
have a total length of 9 cm.
Section 13.5 Question 8

Page 450

a)

b) Answers may vary.

Section 13.5 Question 9

Section 13.5 Question 10

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Page 450

Page 450

Section 13.5 Question 11

Page 450

Draw an 8 cm line segment.

Set your compasses to 6 cm.
Set your compasses to 10 cm.
Put the compasses point on the right end of the line segment.
Draw part of a circle so that it intersects the first one you drew.
Step 6: The point where the two arcs meet is the third vertex of the
triangle.
Step 7: Draw two line segments to complete the triangle.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 4:
Step 5:

Section 13.5 Question 12

Page 450

Step 1: Set your compasses to 5 cm, the distance between the two points.
Step 2: Start at one corner of a piece of paper. Mark 5 cm along each
edge.
Step 3: Fold the paper at one of the 5 cm marks, lining up the edges of
the sheet. Then, fold the paper at the other mark, lining up the
edges of the sheet. The intersection of the two folds is the other
corner of the square.

Section 13.5 Question 13

Page 450

Step 1: Draw a line segment that is 5.5 cm long.

Step 2: Use a protractor to make a 60 angle using the left endpoint of
the 5.5 cm line as the vertex.
Step 3: Use a protractor to make a 45 angle using the right endpoint
of the 5.5 cm line as the vertex.
Step 4: The point where the two lines meet is the third vertex of the
triangle.
Section 13.5 Question 14

Page 450

Step 1: Draw a line segment that is 6 cm long.

Step 2: Use a protractor to construct a 70 angle at one end of the line.
Step 3: Set your compasses to 5 cm, and measure 5 cm on the arm of
the 70 angle.
Step 4: Join the 5 cm mark to the other end of the 6 cm line segment.

Section 13.5 Question 15

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:

Page 450

Draw a line segment of length 5 cm.

Construct a circle of radius 4 cm using the left endpoint as the centre of the circle.
Construct a circle of radius 4 cm using the right endpoint as the centre of the circle.
Draw a line connecting the top of the two circles.
Draw the remaining two sides of the rectangle.

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Section 13.5 Question 16

Page 450

a) This method works because each side of the triangle formed has a
length that is equal to the radius of the circle.
b) Set your compasses to 5 cm, and follow the procedure.
c) If the second circle is smaller than the first circle, you will construct
an isosceles triangle, as shown.

Section 13.5 Question 17

Page 451

Step 1: Draw a line segment that is 5 cm long.

Step 2: Use your protractor to draw an angle of 60
at the left end of the line. Then, draw an
angle of 120 at the right end of the line.
Step 3: Measure 4 cm along each of the angles
constructed in step 2.
Step 4: Join the ends of the 4 cm lines.

Section 13.5 Question 18

Page 451

a) The angle measures in the left triangle are 45, 45, and 90. The angle measures in the right
triangle are 30, 60, and 90.
b) You can draw any of the angles in part a) by tracing the appropriate vertex of the plastic
triangle.
c) You can combine the plastic triangles to draw the acute angles 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75.
d) You can combine the plastic triangles to draw the obtuse angles 105, 120, 135, 150, and
165.
Section 13.5 Question 19

Page 451

a) Answers may vary.

b) The two triangles are similar. They have the same shape, but different side lengths.

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Section 13.5 Question 20

Page 451

a) 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm. Yes, the longest side is less than the sum of the other two sides.
7 cm, 4 cm, 3 cm. No, the longest side equals the sum of the other two sides.
9 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm. No, the longest side is longer than the sum of the other two sides.
b) The longest side of a triangle must be less than the sum of the other two sides in order to
construct the triangle.

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Chapter 13 Review
Review

Question 1

Page 452

Lines that intersect at right angles are called PERPENDICULAR lines.

Review

Question 2

Page 452

Two angles that add to 180 are SUPPLEMENTARY angles.

Review

Question 3

Page 452

Two angles that add to 90 are COMPLEMENTARY angles.

Review

Question 4

Page 452

Lines in the same plane that do not intersect are called PARALLEL lines.
Review

Question 5

Page 452

A line that crosses two or more lines is called a TRANSVERSAL.

Review

Question 6

Page 452

ALTERNATE angles are a pair of equal angles formed between a pair of parallel lines and on
opposite sides of a transversal.
Review

Question 7

Page 452

INTERIOR angles are a pair of supplementary angles formed between a pair of parallel lines and
on the same side of a transversal.
Review

Question 8

Page 452

One of the other angles measures 90.

Let x represent the measure of the unknown angle in the right triangle.
x + 28 + 90 = 180
x + 118 = 180
x + 118 118 = 180 118
x = 62

The measure of the unknown angle in the right triangle is 62.

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MHR Chapter 13

Review

Question 9

Page 452

Let x represent the measure of one of the two equal angles.

x + x + 30 = 180
2 x + 30 = 180
2 x + 30 30 = 180 30
2 x = 150
2 x 2 = 150 2
x = 75

The measure of each equal angle is 75.

Review

Question 10

Page 452

An obtuse angle is an angle that is larger than 90. A triangle can have a maximum of one obtuse
angle. If a triangle were to have more than one obtuse angle, then the sum of its internal angles
would be greater than 180.
Review

Question 11

Page 452

The three angle measures in a triangle add to 180.

x + 2 x + 2 x = 180
5 x = 180
5 x 5 = 180 5
x = 36

Substitute x = 36 into the three angle measures: x, 2x, and 2x.

The angle measures in the triangle are 36, 72, and 72.
Review

Question 12

Page 452

Two of the angles are supplementary to the 103 angle.

Supplementary angles add to 180.

x + 103 = 180
x + 103 103 = 180 103
x = 77
So, two of the angles measure 77.
The other angle is opposite to the 103 angle.
Opposite angles are equal. So, the angle measure is 103.
The three angles formed are: 103, 77, and 77.

MHR Chapter 13

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Review

Question 13

Page 452

The three angle measures add to 90.

Set up and solve an equation.

y + y + 26 = 90
2 y + 26 = 90
2 y + 26 26 = 90 26
2 y = 64
2 y 2 = 64 2
y = 32
Each angle y measures 32.
Review

Question 14

Page 452

The two angles are supplementary. So, the sum of the angle measures is 180.
The difference between the two angle measures is 30.
Let x represent the measure of the smaller angle.
Then, x + 30 gives the measure of the larger angle.
Set up and solve an equation for the sum of the two angle measures.
x + ( x + 30) = 180
x + x + 30 = 180
2 x + 30 = 180
2 x + 30 30 = 180 30
2 x = 150
2 x 2 = 150 2
x = 75
The measure of the smaller angle is 75. The measure of the larger angle is 75 + 30 = 105.
Review

Question 15

Page 452

X and Y are complementary angles. So, X + Y = 90.

Y and Z are complementary angles. So, Z + Y = 90.
In order for both equations to be true, X must be equal to Z.
Review

Question 16

Page 452

No, two angles in a triangle cannot be supplementary. If two angles were supplementary, then the
third angle of the triangle would have to measure 0 since the angles in a triangle add to 180. It
is not possible to have an angle in a triangle that measures 0.

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Review

Question 17

Page 453

Review

Question 18

Page 453

Look at the transversal AB.

A and B are interior angles. So, they add to 180.
Look at the other transversal, CD.
C and D are interior angles. So, they add to 180.
The sum of the angles in the trapezoid is 180 + 180 = 360.
Review

Question 19

Page 453

Look at the angle that is corresponding to angle x. This angle is equal

to angle x and supplementary to y.
Therefore, angle x and angle y are supplementary angles.

Review

Question 20

Page 453

Let z represent the unlabelled angle in the bottom right corner.

Angle z and the 79 angle are interior angles. They add to
180. So, angle z measures 101.
Angle z and angle y are corresponding angles. They are equal.
So, angle y measures 101.
The sum of the angle measures in the triangle is 180.
x + y + 32 = 180
x + 101 + 32 = 180
x + 133 = 180
x + 133 133 = 180 133
x = 47
Angle x measures 47.

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Review

Question 21

Page 453

BAC = BCA
Let x represent the unknown angle measure in ABC.
Step 1: The sum of the angles in ABC is 180.
2 x + 48 = 180
2 x + 48 48 = 180 48
2 x = 132
2 x 2 = 132 2
x = 66
So BAC measures 66.
Step 2: Set up an equation for the sum of the angles in ABD. Solve the equation to find the
measure of BAD.
BAD + 48 + 37 = 180
BAD + 85 = 180
BAD + 85 85 = 180 85
BAD = 95

Step 3: BAD = BAC + CAD. Substitute the angle measures you know. Then, solve the
equation.
BAD = BAC + CAD
95 = 66 + CAD
95 66 = 66 66 + CAD
29 = CAD

CAD measures 29.

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Review

Question 22

Page 453

Angle a and the 123 angle are supplementary angles.

They add to 180. Therefore, angle a measures 57.
Angle b and the 72 angle are opposite angles. They are equal. So,
angle b measures 72.
a + b + c = 180
57 + 72 + c = 180
129 129 + c = 180 129
c = 51

Angle c is opposite angle z. Therefore, angle z measures 51.

Review

Question 23

Page 453

Write an equation for the sum of the angles in

the middle triangle. Solve the equation to find
the measure of angle a.
a + 45 + 90 = 180
a + 135 = 180
a + 135 135 = 180 135
a = 45

The measure of angle a is 45.

Angle c and the top-left angle of the trapezoid are interior angles. They add to 180.
c + 60 + 45 = 180
c + 105 = 180
c + 105 105 = 180 105
c = 75

The measure of angle c is 75.

Angle a and angle b are alternate angles. They are equal. So, the measure of angle b is 45.
Review

Question 24

Page 453

Use the 90 angle from a math set to draw a 90 corner. Extend the lines of the corner to
construct two perpendicular lines.
Review

Question 25

Page 453

Answers may vary.

MHR Chapter 13

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Review

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:

Review

620

Question 26

Page 453

Use your compasses to draw a circle.

Fold the circle across its diameter to form a semicircle.
Fold the semicircle in half to form quarter circles.
Fold the quarter circle in half to form eighth circles.
Unfold the paper, and draw lines along the folds. Label the lines
appropriately.
Question 27

Page 453

MHR Chapter 13

Chapter 13 Practice Test

Practice Test

Question 1

Page 454

D Two angles have measures of 23 and 57.

The sum of the angle measures is 23 + 57 = 80.
The angles are neither complementary (sum of 90) nor supplementary (sum of 180).
Practice Test

Question 2

Page 454

B The sum of the angle measures in a triangle is 180.

Practice Test

Question 3

Page 454

C Two lines are parallel. A transversal is not perpendicular to them.

There are two pairs of alternate angles. (So, A is false).
There are four pairs of opposite angles. (So, B is false).
There are four acute angles and four obtuse angles. This is true.
Practice Test

Question 4

Page 454

A For two parallel lines and a transversal, the angles in a pair of corresponding angles are equal.
Practice Test

Question 5

Page 454

A triangle cannot have two right angles. If it did, then the sum of its angles would be greater than
180.
Practice Test

Question 6

Page 454

The two angles are equal.

Let x represent the angle measure.
The two angles are supplementary. They add to 180.
Set up and solve the equation.

2 x = 180
2 x 2 = 180 2
x = 90
The measure of the angles is 90.

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Practice Test

Question 7

Page 454

Two of the angles will be supplementary to 67.

x + 67 = 180
x + 67 67 = 180 67
x = 113
Two of the angles measure 113.
The other angle is opposite the 67 angle. So, it will measure 67.
The three angles formed are 67, 113, and 113.
Practice Test

Question 8

Page 454

Set up an equation for the sum of the angles in the triangle.

x + 12 + 109 = 180
x + 121 = 180
x + 121 121 = 180 121
x = 59

The measure of the third angle in the triangle is 59.

Practice Test

Question 9

Page 454

Three other angles have the same measure as x.

One is opposite to angle x.
Another is the corresponding angle to x.
Another is the alternate angle to x.
Practice Test

Question 10

Page 454

The unlabelled angle in the triangle forms a straight angle

with the 121 angle. Therefore, the measure of the angle is
180 121 = 59.
Set up an equation for the sum of the angles in the triangle.
Solve the equation.
b + 58 + 59 = 180
b + 117 = 180
b + 117 117 = 180 117
b = 63

The measure of angle b is 63.

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MHR Chapter 13

Practice Test

Question 11

Page 455

The 69 angle and angle a are supplementary angles.

a + 69 = 180
a + 69 69 = 180 69
a = 111
The measure of angle a is 111.
The 34 angle and angle b are opposite angles.
The measure of angle b is 34.
Angle r and angle a are alternate angles.
The measure of angle r is 111.
Angle q and angle b are interior angles.
q + 34 = 180
q + 34 34 = 180 34
q = 146
The measure of angle q is 146.
Angles a, b, and p are the internal angles of a triangle.
p + a + b = 180
p + 111 + 34 = 180
p + 145 = 180
p + 145 145 = 180 145
p = 35
The measure of angle p is 35.
Practice Test

Question 12

Page 455

Step 1: Draw a vertical line segment that is 5 cm long.

Step 2: Use a protractor to make a 27 angle using the top endpoint of
the 5 cm line segment as the vertex.
Step 3: Use a protractor to make a 103 angle using the bottom
endpoint of the 5 cm line segment as the vertex.
Step 4: The point where the two lines meet is the third vertex of the
triangle.

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Practice Test

Question 13

Page 455

Step 1: Draw a 6 cm line segment using a ruler. This is FE.

Step 2: Set your compass to 4 cm. Draw a small part of a circle using F
as the centre.
Step 3: Set your compass to 3 cm. Use E as the centre, and draw a part
of a circle so that it intersects the first one you drew. The point
of intersection is point D.
Step 4: Join FD and ED to complete the triangle.

Practice Test

Question 14

Page 455

IHB and ABH are interior angles.

Therefore, IHB measures 180 111 = 69.
IHB, BHC, and CHG form a straight angle.
IHB + BHC + CHG = 180
69 + 43 + CHG=180
112 + CHG = 180
112 112 + CHG = 180 112
CHG = 68
CHG measures 68.
CHG and DCH are interior angles. Therefore, DCH measures 180 68 = 112.
CHG and DGF are corresponding angles. They are equal. DGF measures 68.

Practice Test

Question 15

Page 455

Answers will vary. You can use a plastic square from a math set or paper folding.

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