$OZD\VRQWKH6DIH6LGHZLWK5H[URWK

6WHSVWR3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO
7KH'ULYH &RQWURO&RPSDQ\

7KLV%URFKXUHLVDKHOSIXODFFHVVRU\IRUWKHGHVLJQRIDFRQWUROV\VWHPEDVHGRQWKHVWDQGDUG
,62DQG,62,WKDVQRFODLPRIFRPSOHWHQHVV7KHVWDWHPHQWVLQWKLVGRFXPHQW
KDYHEHHQGRQHFDUHIXOO\EXWZLWKRXWJXDUDQWHH2QO\WKHRULJLQDOWH[WIURPWKHUHOHYDQWVWDQGDUGV
DQGGLUHFWLYHVDUHREOLJDWRU\

<RXU*XLGHOLQH
IRU0RUH6DIHW\

&OHDU5XOHV
)RFXVRQ6DIHW\5HODWHG3DUWVRID&RQWURO6\VWHP653&6
)XQFWLRQDO6DIHW\,62
(YHU\WKLQJIURPD6LQJOH6RXUFH
$WD*ODQFH7KH6\VWHPDWLFVIRU6DIHW\
5LVN$VVHVVPHQWEDVHGRQ,62
,GHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKH6DIHW\)XQFWLRQV
6SHFLILFDWLRQRIWKHUHTXLUHG3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO3/U
&KRLFHRIWKH6\VWHP$UFKLWHFWXUH&DWHJRU\
$QDO\VLVRIWKH&LUFXLWWR&UHDWHWKH%ORFN'LDJUDP
0RGHOLQJWKH&LUFXLWDVD%ORFN'LDJUDP
6HOHFWLRQRI$SSURSULDWHG&RPSRQHQWV077)G% 3/3)+G
(YDOXDWLRQRIWKH6\VWHP0RQLWRULQJ'&
(YDOXDWLRQRIWKH6\VWHP5REXVWQHVV&&)
&KHFNWKH6DIHW\3ULQFLSOHVDQG6RIWZDUH5HTXLUHPHQWV
9HULILFDWLRQDQG9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHUHDFKHG
3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO3/3/U
7KHVDPH/DQJXDJH*ORVVDU\



















&OHDU5XOHV
7KH(XURSHDQ0DFKLQHU\'LUHFWLYH
(&DQGWKH0DFKLQHU\
6DIHW\6WDQGDUGV,62DQG
,(&SURYLGHWKHIUDPHZRUN
LQDQH[WHQVLYHHYDOXDWLRQZLWK
VWDWLVWLFDOSDUDPHWHUVPDFKLQH
PDQXIDFWXUHUVPXVWSURRISURWHFWLRQ
RISHUVRQQHOXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQRI
DOOFRPSRQHQWVDQGV\VWHPVLQVWDOOHG
LQWRWKHPDFKLQHRUSURGXFWLRQ
V\VWHP

0DFKLQHU\6DIHW\
&VWDQGDUGV
(1


(1


(1




,62

5LVN
DVVHVVPHQW

Rexroth supports machine and

production system manufacturers
with know-how and individual
consulting. The guideline
10 Steps to Performance Level
supports you by the evaluation of
risks systematically and according
to standards, by designing and
implementing the corresponding
safety measures.
We gladly support you personally
please contact us.

,62


(OHFWURQLF
,(& FRQWURO
 
,(&


(OHFWULF
HTXLSPHQW

(OHFWULF
,(&
 GULYHV

0DFKLQHU\'LUHFWLYH
,(&


,62

0DFKLQHU\
&RQWURO
6\VWHPV

$
%D VWD
VLV QGD
VW UGV
DQ
GDU
GV

%V
*H WDQGD
U
Q
VWD HULFV GV
DI
QGD
U G V H W \

,62


(1
,62

'HVLJQ
EDVLFODZV

(1
,62

+\GUDXOLFV
,(&LVQRWD
KDUPRQL]HGVWDQGDUG
DFFRUGLQJWRWKH
0DFKLQHU\'LUHFWLYH
EXWLWVHUYHVDVEDVLV
IRURWKHU(XURSHDQ
KDUPRQL]HGVWDQGDUGV

3QHXPDWLFV
&V
W
3UR DQGDUGV
 
GXFW

VWD
Q G D V D I H W \
UGV

)RFXVRQ6DIHW\5HODWHG3DUWVRID&RQWURO6\VWHP653&6
&RQWUROV\VWHP,QWHURSHUDWLRQRIVHYHUDOVXEV\VWHPV
+\GUDXOLFSQHXPDWLFGULYH
+

'DQJHU
2SWRHOHFWURQLFV

(OHFWURQLFV

+\GUDXOLFVSQHXPDWLFV
$

3(6

2SWRHOHFWURQLFEDUULHU

6DIHW\FRQWURO3/&

9DOYHFRQWURO

653&6DVXEV\VWHP

653&6EVXEV\VWHP

653&6FVXEV\VWHP

)RFXVRIWKH
VWDQGDUG

, ,QSXW


653&6D
,

LDE

653&6E
/

LEF

653&6 F
2

//RJLF
22XWSXW
,QLWLDWLRQHYHQW
 UHTXHVWWULJJHU
0DFKLQHDFWXDWRU

)XQFWLRQDO6DIHW\,62
The ISO 13849 shows the way to
fulll the safety requirements of
the European Machinery Directive
for control systems. This standard
considers the design and integration of safety-related parts of a
control system (SRP/CS), regardless of the applied technology, such
as electrical, hydraulic, mechanical
or pneumatic. Furthermore, IEC
62061 regulates the specications
specically for electronic control
systems.

The focus is on the parts of the

control system which are relevant
to the safety of the machine.
As soon as the safety of a machine
depends on a correct function of
the control system, it is therefore

called Functional Safety with

special requirements on the availability of the Safety Function.

Additional information can be found under: ZZZERVFKUH[URWKFRPVDIHW\

(YHU\WKLQJIURPD6LQJOH6RXUFH
'XULQJDOOZRUNLQJVWHSVRIWKLV
JXLGHOLQHVSHFLDOLVWVIURP
5H[URWKDUHDYDLODEOHDVNQRZ
KRZSDUWQHUVIRUDOOGULYHDQG
FRQWUROWHFKQRORJLHV)URPWKH
GHVLJQXSWRWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
RIWKHVDIHW\IXQFWLRQV

The new design criteria and

probabilistic calculations cover
safety engineering classications
of components and systems for
nearly all stationary and mobile machines. For this purpose,
suppliers must provide information about the reliability of all
involved electrical, hydraulic,
mechanical and pneumatic
components.

Rexroth provides these data with

all necessary additional information.
Because of our product know-how
and worldwide application experience, we know the interactions
and interdependency between the
different technologies applied for
mechatronic systems. Take advantage from our knowledge.



$WD*ODQFH7KH6\VWHPDWLFVIRU6DIHW\
Dividing the complex regulations
into clearly dened working packages:
This guideline shows the way from
the risk assessment up to nally
implementation and evaluation of the
reached safety level.
This systematics supports you in
implementing the current state of the
art of safety engineering for personnel
protection in an economical and well
documented way.

%RVFK5H[URWK$*LVRQHRIWKH
OHDGLQJVSHFLDOLVWVZRUOGZLGHLQGULYH
DQGFRQWUROWHFKQRORJ\
8VLQJWKHEUDQGQDPHRI5H[URWK
WDLORUPDGHVROXWLRQVIRUGULYLQJ
FRQWUROOLQJDQGPRYLQJPDFKLQHVDQG
V\VWHPVDUHFUHDWHGIRUPRUHWKDQ
FXVWRPHUV7KHJOREDO
SOD\HULVUHSUHVHQWHGLQPRUHWKDQ
FRXQWULHV



5LVNDVVHVVPHQW
EDVHGRQ,62

,GHQWLFDWLRQRIWKH
6DIHW\)XQFWLRQV

9HULFDWLRQDQG
9DOLGDWLRQRIWKH

5HDFKHG3HUIRUPDQFH
3/3/ U

&KHFNWKH6DIHW\
 3ULQFLSOHVDQG6RIWZDUH
5HTXLUHPHQWV

6SHFLFDWLRQRI
WKHUHTXLUHG

3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO
3/ U

&KRLFHRIWKH
 6\VWHP$UFKLWHFWXUH
&DWHJRU\

(YDOXDWLRQRIWKH
 6\VWHP5REXVWQHVV
&&)

0RGHOLQJWKH6\VWHP
 &LUFXLWZLWK
%ORFN'LDJUDP

6HOHFWLRQRI$SSUR
 SULDWHG&RPSRQHQWV
077)G% 3/3)+G

(YDOXDWLRQRIWKH
 6\VWHP0RQLWRULQJ
'&



5LVN$VVHVVPHQWEDVHGRQ,62
,VWKHUHD&VWDQGDUGIRUWKLVPDFKLQH",I\HVXVHLWDVDWHPSODWH

'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHOLPLWVRIWKHPDFKLQHU\

5LVNDVVHVVPHQW,62

6WDUW

5LVNDQDO\VLV

+D]DUGLGHQWLILFDWLRQ

5LVNHVWLPDWLRQ

5LVNHYDOXDWLRQ

,VWKHPDFKLQHU\VDIH"
1R
0HDVXUHVIRUULVNUHGXFWLRQ

<HV

(QG



,GHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKH6DIHW\)XQFWLRQV
0HDVXUHVIRUULVNUHGXFWLRQ
DFFRUGLQJWR,62

$YRLGDQFHE\LQWULQVLFGHVLJQ
$YRLGDQFHE\VDIHJXDUGV
$YRLGDQFHE\LQIRUPDWLRQIRUXVH
(YHU\WKLQJGRQH"

1R

'RHVWKHPHDVXUH
GHSHQGRQDFRQWUROV\VWHP"
<HV
6DIHW\IXQFWLRQ653&6
EDVHGRQ,62

6DIH7RUTXH2II672
6DIH7RUTXH2II
6WRSFDWHJRU\LQDFFRUGDQFH

ZLWK,(&
6DIHGULYHWRUTXHFXWRII


5HVWULVNVQHZKD]DUGV"

$VVHVVPHQWEDVHGRQ,62

([DPSOH$QXQH[SHFWHGVWDUWXSPXVWEHDYRLGHG
E\RSHQHGSURWHFWLYHGRRU



6SHFLILFDWLRQRIWKHUHTXLUHG3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO3/U
3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO3/DPHDVXUHIRUWKHVDIHW\OHYHO

3
)
3
6
3
)

6HYHULW\RILQMXU\>6@

6 VOLJKWQRUPDOO\UHYHUVLEOHLQMXU\

6 V
 HULRXVQRUPDOO\LUUHYHUVLEOHLQMXU\
RUGHDWK

E
)UHTXHQF\DQGRUH[SRVXUHWRKD]DUG>)@

3
3
)
([DPSOH$IDLOXUHRI
WKHIXQFWLRQFDQOHDGWR
DGHDGO\DFFLGHQW7KH
RSHUDWRUUHTXLUHVDFFHVV
WRWKHPDFKLQHOHVVWKDQ
RQFHSHUVKLIW,QFDVHRI
DIDXOWWKHRSHUDWRULVQRW
DEOHWRDYRLGWKHGDQJHU

5LVN
ORZ

3
6
3
)
3

) V
 HOGRPWROHVVRIWHQDQGRUH[SRVXUH
WLPHLVVKRUW

) I UHTXHQWWRFRQWLQXRXVDQGRUH[SRVXUH

WLPHLVORQJ

G
3RVVLELOLW\RIDYRLGLQJKD]DUGRUOLPLWLQJKDUP>3@

G
H

3 SRVVLEOHXQGHUVSHFLILFFRQGLWLRQV
5LVN
KLJK

3 VFDUFHO\SRVVLEOH



&KRLFHRIWKH6\VWHP$UFKLWHFWXUH&DWHJRU\

077)G
ORZ

077)G
PHGLXP P

WR\HDUV

&DWHJRU\%

WR\HDUV

077)G
KLJK

3)+G

3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHOD
 WR >K@

&DWHJRU\

&DWHJRU\

&DWHJRU\

&DWHJRU\

,

/

2

,

/

2

7(

27(

,

/

2

,

/

2

WR\HDUV

3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHOE
  WR >K@
3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHOF
 WR  >K@
3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHOG
 WR >K@
3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHOH
 WR >K@
3)+G 3UREDELOLW\RID
GDQJHURXVIDLOXUHSHU
RSHUDWLQJKRXU

'&

QRQH

QRQH

,QIRUPDWLRQDERXW'&YDOXHVXQGHUVWHS

ORZ

PHGLXP

ORZ

PHGLXP

KLJK



D $QDO\VLVRIWKH&LUFXLWWR&UHDWHWKH%ORFN'LDJUDP
:KLFKHOHPHQWVDUHUHOHYDQW
WRWKHVDIHW\IXQFWLRQ"

/DVHUVFDQQHU

'DQJHURXV
0RYHPHQW

D

6

)

6WDUW

:KLFKKD]DUGVGDQJHURXV
PRYHPHQWVGRH[LVW"
&\OLQGHU
6

9
D

:KLFKHOHPHQWVSUHYHQWLW
VWRSWKHPRYHPHQW"
9DOYHV

E

.

.
,QSXWV

6

6DIHW\
3/&

:KDWFRQWUROVWKHVHHOHPHQWV"
6DIHW\3/&

.

.
*

9

9

2XWSXWV

:KDWWULJJHUVWKLVIXQFWLRQ"
6HQVRU

.

9D

=

9

9E

:KDWWHVWVWKLVIXQFWLRQ
KRZDQGKRZRIWHQ"
3RVLWLRQPRQLWRULQJ

9
9
6

:KDWVXSSRUWVWKLVIXQFWLRQ
VDIHW\SULQFLSOHV"
(QYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
WHPSHUDWXUHOHYHOSUHVVXUHILOWHU

0

P
a

6 =

3

6RXUFH:LWKFRXUWHV\IURP%*,$5HSRUW



E 0RGHOLQJWKH&LUFXLWDVD%ORFN'LDJUDP
&RQQHFWLQJWKHEORFNVZLWKHDFKRWKHU
UHYHUVHDQDO\VLV
:KDWGRHVWKLVHOHPHQWGHSHQGRQ"
6HULDOFRQQHFWLRQGHSHQGHQF\
,IWKLVHOHPHQWIDLOV
ZKDWWDNHVRYHULWVIXQFWLRQ"
3DUDOOHOFRQQHFWLRQUHGXQGDQF\

)
653&6 D3/3)+G
HJRSWRHOHFWURQLF
EDUULHU

.

&KDQQHOVDIHKROGLQJZLWK
YDOYHFRPELQDWLRQ9DQG9
&KDQQHOVDIHKROGLQJZLWK9
ERWKFKDQQHOVDUHFRQWUROOHGE\3/&.ZKLFK
UHFHLYHVWKHUHTXHVWRIWKHVDIHW\IXQFWLRQ
IURPVHQVRU)
ZLWKWHVWVPRQLWRULQJE\6

9

9

&KDQQHO

653&6E3/3)+G
VDIHW\FRQWURO

9

&KDQQHO

6

7HVWV

653&6 F



6HOHFWLRQRI$SSURSULDWHG&RPSRQHQWV077)G%3/3)+G
7KHULJKWSDUDPHWHUVIRUGLIIHUHQWWHFKQRORJLHV
+\GUDXOLF
FRPSRQHQWV





7RFDOFXODWHWKH077)G
IURPWKH%YDOXHVHH
,62
&DOFXODWLRQRI3/E\
DGGLQJWKH3)+GYDOXHV

3QHXPDWLF
FRPSRQHQWV

+\GUDXOLF
VXEV\VWHPV

(OHFWURQLF
VXEV\VWHPV

6XSSOLHU

6XSSOLHU
077)G

6XSSOLHU

%077)G

6XSSOLHU
3/3)+G
&DWHJRU\

FHUWLILHGSURGXFW

0DFKLQHEXLOGHU

0DFKLQHEXLOGHU

0DFKLQHEXLOGHU

0DFKLQHEXLOGHU

&DWHJRU\
'&
&&)
3/RIWKHV\VWHP

&DWHJRU\
'&
&&)
3/RIWKHV\VWHP

'&
&&)
3/RIWKHV\VWHP

3/RIWKHV\VWHP

3/3)+G
&DWHJRU\



(YDOXDWLRQRIWKH6\VWHP0RQLWRULQJ'&

GG

QRQH

ORZ

'&

 PHGLXP

'&

'&

KLJK

'&

([DPSOHVRIGHVLJQSRVVLELOLWLHV

'&0HDVXUHRIWKHHIIHF
WLYHQHVVRIGLDJQRVWLFV
ZKLFKPD\EHGHWHUPLQHG
DVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKH
IDLOXUHUDWHRIGHWHFWHG
GDQJHURXVIDLOXUHVGG
DQGWKHIDLOXUHUDWHRIWRWDO
GDQJHURXVIDLOXUHVG
G GXGG

0HDVXUH

7HFKQRORJ\

'&

3URFHVVF\FOLFWHVW

)OXLGWHFKQRORJ\

'&

&URVVPRQLWRULQJEHWZHHQFKDQQHOV

(OHFWURQLFV

,QGLUHFWPRQLWRULQJHJSUHVVXUH

)OXLGWHFKQRORJ\


 '&

'LUHFWSRVLWLRQPRQLWRULQJ

)OXLGWHFKQRORJ\

'& 

,QWHJUDWHGVHOIPRQLWRULQJ

6DIHW\RQERDUG

'& 

'& 

'&UDQJH

GX

'HQRWDWLRQ

'LDJQRVWLFFRYHUDJH'&3URSRUWLRQRIWKHIDXOWVWKDWFDQEHGHWHFWHG



(YDOXDWLRQRIWKH6\VWHP5REXVWQHVV&&)
&&)&RPPRQ&DXVH)DLOXUH
0HDVXUHDJDLQVW&&)

)OXLGWHFKQRORJ\

(OHFWURQLFV

6HSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQ
VLJQDOSDWKV

6HSDUDWLRQLQSLSLQJ

&OHDUDQFHVDQGFUHHSDJH
GLVWDQFHVRQSULQWHGFLUFXLW
ERDUGV



'LYHUVLW\

HJGLIIHUHQWYDOYHV

HJGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVRUV



3URWHFWLRQDJDLQVW
RYHUYROWDJH
RYHUSUHVVXUH

$VVHPEO\DFFWR(1
RU(1
SUHVVXUHUHOLHIYDOYH

 URWHFWLRQDJDLQVWRYHUYROWDJH
3
HJFRQWDFWRUVSRZHUVXSSO\
XQLW



&RPSRQHQWVXVHGDUH
ZHOOWULHG
)0($LQ
GHYHORSPHQW
&RPSHWHQF\WUDLQLQJ
&&))DLOXUHVRIGLIIHUHQW
LWHPVUHVXOWLQJIURPDVLQJOH
HYHQWZKHUHWKHVHIDLOXUHV
DUHQRWFRQVHTXHQFHV
RIHDFKRWKHULHIDLOXUHV
RIUHGXQGDQWXQLWVGXHWR
DFRPPRQHYHQWHJKLJK
WHPSHUDWXUH

3RLQWV

6\VWHPGHVLJQHU

)0($LQWKHGHVLJQRIWKHV\VWHP

4XDOLILFDWLRQPHDVXUH

3URWHFWLRQDJDLQVW
FRQWDPLQDQWVDQG(0&

)OXLGTXDOLW\

(0&WHVW



2WKHULQIOXHQFHV
LQFOWHPSHUDWXUHVKRFN

)XOILOOPHQWRI(1
RU(1DQG
SURGXFWVSHFLILFDWLRQ

)XOILOOPHQWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQVDFFWR
SURGXFWVSHFLILFDWLRQ



&&)WRWDO

7RWDOQXPEHURISRLQWV&&)

)XO
ILOOHG"



&KHFNWKH6DIHW\3ULQFLSOHVDQG6RIWZDUH5HTXLUHPHQWV
D 0HDVXUHVIRUFRQWURODQGDYRLGDQFHV\VWHPDWLFIDLOXUHV
VHHWKHOLVWRIPHDVXUHVLQWKH,62VWDQGDUG$SSHQGL[*
E :DVDVSHFLILFVRIWZDUHFUHDWHGIRUWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQ"

&KHFNWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWZDUH
F 6DIHW\SULQFLSOHV&KHFNOLVWIRUPDFKLQHEXLOGHUV,62H[DPSOH











%DVLFVDIHW\SULQFLSOHV
 'HHQHUJLVDWLRQSULQFLSOH
 3UHVVXUHOLPLWDWLRQ
 6SHHGOLPLWDWLRQ
 $YRLGDQFHRIFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
 3URSHUUDQJHRIVZLWFKLQJWLPH
 3URWHFWLRQDJDLQVWXQH[SHFWHGVWDUWXS
 3URSHUWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJH
 6HSDUDWLRQ
 

:HOOWULHGVDIHW\SULQFLSOHV
 2YHUGLPHQVLRQLQJVDIHW\IDFWRU
 6DIHSRVLWLRQ
 6SHHGOLPLWDWLRQ
 )RUFHOLPLWDWLRQ
 $SSURSULDWHUDQJHRI
 ZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQV
 0RQLWRULQJRIWKHFRQGLWLRQ
 RIWKHIOXLG
 



9HULILFDWLRQDQG
9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHUHDFKHG3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO3/3/ U
D 9HULILFDWLRQRIWKHUHDFKHGSHUIRUPDQFHOHYHO3/3/U

(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHGHVLJQ
5HTXLUHPHQW3/UVWHSVWR

'HVLJQRIWKHFRQWUROV\VWHPVWHSVWR
3/

1R

3/3/U
<HV
1H[WVDIHW\IXQFWLRQ

6DIHW\RQERDUGZLWK,QGUD'ULYH
:RUOGZLGHILUVWVDIHEUDNLQJ
DQGKROGLQJV\VWHP

E 9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHUHDFKHGSHUIRUPDQFHOHYHOPDFKLQHPDQXIDFWXUHU



9DOLGDWLRQSURFHGXUHDFFWR,62
+DYHWKHVH


&KHFNRILPSOHPHQWHGVDIHW\IXQFWLRQ
UHTXLUHPHQWV


&UHDWLRQRIWHFKQLFDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQ
EHHQPHW"



7KHVDPH/DQJXDJH

7KHIXQFWLRQDOVDIHW\VWDQGDUGVGHQHFOHDUO\DVHWRIWHUPVDQGSDUDPHWHUV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRQHV

3/3HUIRUPDQFH/HYHO Discrete level used to specify the

% Statistic expected value of the number of cycles until

ability of safety-related parts of control systems to

perform a safety function under foreseeable conditions
3/U Required Performance Level
6,/6DIHW\,QWHJULW\/HYHO Safety Integrity Level
(appropriated only for electronic control systems,
see PL and IEC 62061)
077)0HDQ7LPH7R)DLOXUHStatistic expected value
of the mean time to failure
077)G0HDQ7LPH7RGDQJHURXV)DLOXUHStatistic
expected value of the mean time to dangerous failure
),7)DLOXUH,Q7LPHUnit used to measure the failure rate
of electronic components (1 FIT=1x10 -9/h)

10% of the components have exceeded specied limits

(response time, leakage, switching pressure, ) under
dened conditions
%G Expected number of cycles until 10% of the components fail dangerously
7G Expected value of the mean time until 10% of the
components fail dangerously (maximal service time
of a component).
700LVVLRQ7LPH Service life
'& Diagnostic Coverage
&&)Common Cause Failure
653&6Safety-Related Parts of a Control System
'DQJHURXVIDLOXUH Failure which has the potential to
put the SRP/CS in a hazardous or fail-to-function
state

3)+G3UREDELOLW\RI'DQJHURXV)DLOXUHSHU+RXU

Probability of dangerous failure per hour (reference

value for PL and SIL)

%RVFK5H[URWK$*
/RKUDP0DLQ
*HUPDQ\
LQIR#ERVFKUH[URWKGH
ZZZERVFKUH[URWKFRP
VDIHW\

3ULQWHGLQ*HUPDQ\
5(
VXEVWLWXWHV5(