@ John Dalton (1766-1844) in 1803 built on Proust’s Law by determining the Law of multiple proportions. With it he brought more credibility to atoms which he named as a tribute to Democritus. Carbon Monoxid€arbon Dioxide In 1808 Dalton published New System of Chemical Philosophy with which he established the modern atomic theory. © Robert Brown (1733-1859) in 1827 called the behavior of pollen particles he saw in his experiment Brownian motion. James Clerk Maxwell worked out the theory of constant motion of atoms mathematically around 1860. Albert Einstein worked out equations that described Brownian motion and helped Jean Baptiste Perrin calculate the size of atoms. © Erwin Wilhelm Mueller (1911-1977) in 1936 imagined a device that could magnify the point of a fine needle until seeing the atoms lined up as luminous dots. In 1955 such atoms were seen.© Joseph John Thompson (1856-1940) in 1897 repeated Hertz’s experiment with a better vacuum tube and stronger charge plates. He convinced others that cathode rays consisted of speeding cathode-ray particles, each carrying a negative electric charge. Cathode-ray particles are to electricity what an atom is to matter Thompson measured its mass to be significantly smaller than the mass of the atom. George Johnstone Stoney called the cathode-ray particles electrons Thompson referred to them as “corpuscles.” In 1898 Thompson was the first to suggest an atomic structure taki an electric charge into account. spoamet Plum pudding model@ Hantaro Nagaoka (1865-1950) in 1904 disagreed with some things about Thompson's model. Nagaoka believed the positive charge in the atom did not take up as much volume as the electron and that it was located in the atomic center. © Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) in 1909 directed the Geiger-Mardsen experiment, better known as the gold foil experiment, disproving Thompson’s atomic model and proving the existence of an atomic nuleus. a [seeeee = Fo é sobapeniies —_sarered oe poten, ‘Rutherford’ experiment on slp partie bombardment of gold fil ‘See ‘ogo y© Niels Bohr in 1903 proposed his atomic model which was based on Rutherford’s planetary model but further explained. Postulate I: electrons E revolved in circular orbits where their angular ‘momentum is an integral multiple of h/2 x. The orbits are around the nucleus and are stationary states. Postulate II: The energy of the atom has a definite value in a stationary orbit. | an electron jumps from a high energy orbit, it emits a photon. In order for an electron to jump from a lower energy orbit to a high ebergy orbit, it must absorb enerev from a source © James Chadwick (1891-1974) in 1932 performed the experiment Irene Joliot-Curie and her husband had been studying and thus dicovered the neutron ih ea =] | ——_4— cows [[—]_ Teameliier I ta = radial | i 1 LC Petonium (Po)ph tn 418 os ee Temes ison strmar andfew Dalton se tated here ‘Boupmemach ore about weeny Rh ates Hedsuetema me Melpmpotee inter ear rsied on guemmerh. He fund thet all ete of Sidecar By Dee ec ml nt 4 lo ee nee Oc scettnahad lene st bre ra wet ‘ter onin ot ucrlementtde combine cindnee wea Ase ‘eet emed sm fofamnen sistance: Uneefaome waht cane Wisteria goed ample tolwcaledadater raed Seintts rit hae Lanta erent Yowonsotiyiregen, Stardom Ontos, fuse Goertent Wirare wrong Certs elements fd cnw rn ofempeen Simortraiferen? What Cancontine te ate amine timake vats, Dalton thought you sould ialesthem difetert?isi_ what acaled «compound fell same apart by ther foals look race an Rust na goed erample Inthe eur 1800, gia Semis weg. He se Sion? Can iwe eewerts sfacomposnd a eneselehn Datontook — thoupnarams were he feeantinedt They neste Gobiaton of fe sors ed eee