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Chapter21
MagnetForcesandMagneticFields
1)MagnetsandMagneticFields
a)Naturalpermanentmagnets
Likepolesrepel,unlikeattract
comeinpairs(nomonopoles)
Interactwithearth;
defineN(ornorthseeking)poleas
poleattractedtoNorthpoleofearth
b)Magneticfielddirection:
directionofforceonNpole
B
c)Fieldofdipole
d)Magnetostaticsforpoles
(identicaltoelectrostaticsforcharges)
2types:N,Svs+,
Unlikeattract,likerepel
Inversesquarelaw
Forcealongjoiningline
MagneticField:
r
F
B=
qM
e)Whystudymagnetism?
Nomonopoles(yet)
Poles(dipoles)producedbymovingcharges(nodirect
controlofpoledistribution)
Chargesaffectedbymagneticfield
i.e.fundamentalunitisstillcharge;wantmagneticfielddue
tocharge,andforceonchargeduetomagneticfield
2)Magneticfieldduetocurrent(direction)
Oersted(1820)
I
B
r
3)Magneticforceoncurrent
a)Orthogonalcase
Forceperunitlength
F
= IB
l
definesB
DirectionfromRHR1:Bfingers,Ithumb,Fpalm
10
F
N
B =
= tesla(T)
Il
Am
Units:
11
b)Generalcase
Forceperunitlength
F
= IBsin
L
12
4)Forcebetweenparallelwires
I1
F
B ; = I2 B
d
l
F
I1I2
= k
l
d
13
FE
FB
FB
FE
Attractionorrepulsion?
Doesitdependonreferenceframe?
14
15
F
I1I2
= k
l
d
DefineAmpereasthequantityofcurrentthatproducesa
forceperunitlengthof2x107N/mforseparationof1
m
(2 107 N/m)(1m)
7
2
k =
= 2 10 N/A
2
(1A )
Then
ThisdefinesCandgives
1
9
2
2
k=
= 8.988 10 Nm /C
40
16
Permeabilityoffreespace
0 = 2k 4 10 N/A
7
0
k =
2
F 0 I1I2
=
l 2 d
Then
17
5)Fieldduetolongstraightwire(magnitude)
I
B
r
0 I
B=
2 r
18
6)Forceonamovingcharge
Zeroatrest
ZeroparalleltoB
MaxperpendiculartoB
19
ProportionaltocomponentofvperptoB
F = qvBsin
(AlternativedefinitionofB)
PerpendiculartoB
Perpendiculartov
20
7)Motionofachargeinamagneticfield
a)Constantforce
motionisparabolic
electricorgravitationalfield
noteverywhereperptovelocity
notmagneticfield
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
21
b)Constantmagnitudeperpendiculartomotion
radialfield(circularmotion)
massonastring
motioniscircular
magneticfieldproduces
circularmotion
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
(initialvel.perp.toB)
Forceduetothefield:
F = qvB
22
Forcircularmotion:
mv 2
F = Fc =
r
So,
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
r =
mv
qB
mv 2
= qvB
r
rdependsonv,B
v
qB
= =
r
m
angularfreq.
independentof
speed,radius
Tracksinabubblechamber
electronpositroncreation
1,3positive
QuickTime and a
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2negative
energy:3>2>1
energydecreasesbycollisions
23
24
Example:Findspeedandradiusforproton
B=0.10T
V=2100V
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25
c)Workdonebymagneticfield
WorkbyaforceF
F
displacement,x
W = Fx cos
Foramagneticfield, 0
Work=0
26
d)Velocityselector
ForceduetoE(down):
FE = qE
ForceduetoB(up):
QuickTime and a
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are needed to see this picture.
FB = qvB
Forzerodeflection,FE=FB:
qE = qvB
E
v=
B
27
e)MassSpectrometer
Ionenergy:
2qV
KE = mv = qV v =
m
2
1
2
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Radiusofmotion:
mv m 2qV
r=
qB
qB m
r=
m
q
2V
B
m r 2B 2
=
q
2V