UCU eee RULES - OF - THUMB FOR THE MAN ON THE RIG Second Edition, Revised 1993 LATEST PRINTING-1998 By William J. Murchison © copyright 1988, ‘Albuquerque, New Mexico 87191 ‘Telephone (508) 293-6271, Telefax (505) 298.5294I. INTRODUCTION MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB A. 1. Trip Margin 2. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) 3. Pressure Loss in Annulus 4, Other Facts about Yield Value B. Plastic Viscosity (PV) 1. Plastic Viscosity in Weighted Water-base Mud 2. Plastic Viscosity in Weighted Oil or Oil Invert Base Mud 3. Plastic Viscosity for Water-base Muds by Weight Ranges 4. Other Facts and Rules-of-Thumb about Plastic Viscosity C. Funnel Viscosity (FV) 1. Funnel Viscosity (FV) Approximate Value 2, Funnel Viscosity (FV) to Serve as Base for LCM Pill 3. FV vs. Apparent Viscosity D. Apparent Viscosity (AV) 1. AV Calculation 2. AV LCM Base 3. AV Similar to FV E. Solids 1. Optimum % Solids (Low Density Sotids) 2. Optimum % Solids (Weighted Mud) 3. Rough Estimate for Percent Solids by Volume in Weighted Mud 4, Drill Solids and Bentonite Ratio 5. Analyze the Effect of Solids on Rate of Penetration 6. Analyze Solids Control Equipment F. Mud Weight (Density) G. Water Loss (Filtration/Fluid Loss) Shale Hydration and Dispersion ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. per S38 S555 2:9 2:9 2:11 213 2:13 2:13Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VV. ii, CHAPTER OUTLINE (cont.) TRIPPING RULES-OF-THUMB A. Pulling Out of Hole (Tripping) Slug Mud Weight Dry Pipe vs. Wet Pipe ‘Metal Displacement Trip Margin Tripping in Top Hole waene B. Running Pipe in Hole 1. Surge Pressure CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING ‘A. Circulating Time before Cementing B. Influencing Factors or Why Casing Strings are Run C. Mix Water for Cement D. Contact Time E. . Cement Plugs Leaving Cement Head ™ Compressibility Volume when Testing Casing Safe Water Spacer for a Balanced Kick Off Plug moa Things that Help Avoid Contamination of Kick Off Plug Cement for First Cement Plug in a Lost Circulation Zone J. Testing Liner and Squeezing Liner if Flow is Observed CEMENT MIX E 4:1 4:1 43 44 4:5 4:6 4:8 4:9 4:10 4:12 4:13 Savu. Vu Ix. CHAPTER OUTLINE (cont.) VOLUME AND CAPACITY ‘A. Open Hole Volume 2 Estimating Hole Diameter from Lag Time Annular Volume in Open Hole s9 Volume of Vertical Cylindrical Tank E. Capacity of Pipe F. Capacity of Annulus Between Concentric Pipe Strings G. Capacity of Annulus, Two Inner Strings in Casing HYDRAULICS A. Optimum Hydraulics w Hydraulic Guidelines Horsepower at Surface and Bit v9 . Rough Neck Formula E. Effect of Pipe Size on Hydraulics F. Effect of Mud Weight and Plastic Viscosity on Hydraulics G. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) H. Optimum Annular Velocity ESTIMATING HYDROSTATIC HEAD (PRESSURE) ESTIMATING STRENGTH OF STEEL CABLE Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Page 6:1 61 6:2 6:3 6:3 6:4 6:6 6:6 TL TA TD 1:6 11 78 9:1‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIV XV, XVI XVI. XVII xIx. XX. XXL Xx. iv. CHAPTER OUTLINE (cont.) ESTIMATING STRENGTH OF ROPE MAKE UP LOSS IN LINE PIPE WITH STANDARD 8 ROUND THREAD CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS A. Head in Feet B. Capacity (GPM) C. Horsepower BOP ACCUMULATORS KICK TOLERANCE WATER HAMMER EFFECT SHALES LOST CIRCULATION DIAMOND BITS DIRECTIONAL DRILLING STUCK PIPE DRILL STEM TESTING (DST) DRILL STRING DESIGN E 12:1 13:1 14:1 15:1 16:1 17:1 18:1 19:1 20:1XXIV. XXVIL. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX.A XXX.B SSC XXX.D XXX. XXXI. CHAPTER OUTLINE (cont.) LOGGING RULES FOR DRILLING GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE MUD VOLUME BUILDING FORMULAS. ESTIMATING PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) ESTIMATING GAS WELL FLOW RATE (MCFD) ESTIMATING HORSEPOWER REQUIRED TO. COMPRESS GAS THE TEMPERATURE DROP ACROSS A PRESSURE REGULATOR ELONGATION DUE TO TEMPERATURE, ELONGATION DUE TO STRETCH AND THE PISTON (BUOYANCY) TEMPERATURE CONVERSION DEPRECIATION OF EQUIPMENT APPENDIX A: CROSS REFERENCE APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX C: SI METRIC UNITS ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc 23:1 24:1 25:1 26:1 27:1 28:1 29:1 30:1 30:3 30:9 30:10 Bl or‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. BOOK: RULES-OF-THUMB FOR THE MAN ON THE RIG I_INTRODUCTION The first introduction was written before starting to write a chapter on rules-of-thumb for the Murchison Drilling Schools Operational Manual. It was an introductory comment about the usefulness of about ten rules-of-thumb. However, after starting to jot down a few rules-of- thumb about key drilling operations and practices two things were found wrong. One, a single chapter would not do justice to rules about a subject as broad as drilling and; secondly, rules-of- thumb or rules applying to certain drilling operations require more elaboration and examples than originally planned. Rules-of-thumb have been handed down from one drilling boom to the next and it is difficult to know to whom the credit should be given. Thanks go out to those that made good observations-- took time to simplify the approach--and passed them on down unselfishly. The rules-of-thumb in this book are mostly the result of those drilling people who laid the foundation for the drilling industry we have today. This book includes rules on: Mud; Tripping; Casing and Cementing; Volumes and Capacity; Hydraulics; Pressure; Strength of Rope and Steel Cable; Centrifugal Pumps; BOP Accumulators: Kick Tolerance; Water Hammer Effect; Shales; Lost Circulation; Diamond Bits; Directional Drilling; Stuck Pipe; Drill Stem Testing; Drill String Design; Logging; Gas Kicks; Volume Building; Estimating Producing and Gas Flow Rate; Production Rules on Compressing Gas and ‘Temperature Drop Across A Pressure Regulator; Pipe Elongation Due to Temperature, Stretch and the Piston Effect; Temperature Conversion; and Equipment Depreciation. The book has many examples which simplify the use of the formulas and rules. You should be able to make quick approximations and in many cases you may find that these ball-park mumbers are better than the so-called accurate numbers. Practically everyone has a calculator; however, some calculations can be done in your head. These simplified rules are very useful when a supervisor is on the rig floor or taking a report over the phone or radio. In summary, you will find many time-tested guidelines that provide historical background experience collected by many people over several years. 1:Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IL_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB A. Yield Point (YP) or Yield Value (YV) In general YV is a measure of the attractive forces between clay particles and has the greatest influence on operating practices while drilling. 1. ‘Trip Margin (or Operating Mud Weight) sufficient to drill and trip pipe out of hole. Rule: Divide the hydraulic diameter (diameter of hole minus diameter of pipe) times 11.7 into the yield value. This number is the trip margin in pounds per gallon (ppg). This trip margin is added to the mud weight required to balance formation pressure under static (non-circulating or non-tripping) conditions. Pecaala: (Yield Value), 17 De D,) = Where MW; = The over balance (nud weight) required to overcome swab and negative surge effect, ppg D, = Diameter of hole, in D, = Diameter of drill pipe, in Yield Value = © 300 Reading minus PV, Ib/100 f° Example: A 14.5 ppg MW is required to balance formation pressure. The mud has a yield value of 20. Calculate estimated MW to balance formation pressure while tripping pipe (to offset swabbing/negative surge). Hole size is 8.5" and DP is 5* 20 MW, = ——72__ + 145 = 15 eet 1A(8i5 25) EPs 2. wivalent Circulating Density (ECD) The ECD is the effective mud weight on the formation due to the total effect of the mud weight plus the friction loss in the annular space between the pipe and the hole while circulating. 2:1‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IL_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) A. Yield Point (YP) or Yield Value (YV) (cont.) 2. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) (cont.) Rule: For (ppg): Multiply the YV by 0.1 and divide the hydraulic diameter (diameter hole minus diameter of pipe) into the number. Add this number to the mud weight to arrive at ECD. For (pef): Multiply the hydraulic diameter (diameter hole minus diameter of pipe) by 2 and divide this number into the YV. Add this value to the mud weight to arrive at ECD. Formulas): ECD (ppg) | Example: Calculate the estimated ECD if the 15 ppg mud has a YV of 20. The hole size is 8-1/2 inches and the DP OD is 5 inches. 20 x 0.1) (85 - 5) + 15 = 15.57 ppg ' 3. Pressure loss in the annulus (rule-of-thumb version of Bingham plastic equation). Rule: Multiply depth times YV and divide by the product of 225 times the hydraulic diameter (diameter hole minus diameter pipe). 2:2 , ( ' ' ' | |Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine. I, MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) A. Yield 3. (cont.) Formula: v: (cont.) = Depth x YV) w= "225 @, - D)) ECD = MW, + ——?*___ = mw, + —_YV__ oO" Depth x 052) @, - D) Example: Estimate the pressure loss in the annulus and the ECD. The MW is 15 ppg es Fac and the YV is 20. The depth is 12,000 feet and the hole size is 8-1/2 inches with $ inch DP. 20 ECD = 15 + ————____ = 15.5 117 85-5) pre and Rules-of~ about Yield Value (YV) YV (high side) = mud weight (ppg). Note: oil muds run higher yield values. YV is very temperature sensitive and therefore should be reported at same temperature each test so that monitoring trends can be effective. YV affects overbalance (trip margin) requirements. YV affects surge or swabbing YV affects hole cleaning (balance flowrate (Q) and YV). 1) YV of 3-5 ok big hole for drill chips 2) YV of 8-10 in 8-1/2 or smaller hole to help suppress turbulence 3) YV of spud mud should be 12 or higher 4) YV of hole sweep should be 12 or higher 5) _YV of directional holes should be higher (use trial & error to establish) YV (1b/100 ft?) = © 300 reading minus plastic viscosity (on a Fann Viscometer). YV in high weight muds gives a good trend on solids (along with PV or solids test) YV units are Ibs/100 ft? (same as gel strengths)‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IL_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) A. B. 24 ‘Yield Point (YP) or Yield Value (YV) (cont.) 4, Other Facts and Rules-of-Thumb about Yield Value (YV) (cont.) i. High yield values and gel strengths may be desired to prevent or minimize bridging, poor hole cleaning, drag, high torque and to minimize barite settling Low yield values and gel strengths, however, provide better drillability, lower swab/surge pressures and facilitate better solids separation with surface solids control equipment. Low yield values (and low gel strengths) are desirable for ‘good mud removal when cementing casing (less than 10 is desirable) Plastic Viscosity (PV) In general the PV depends primarily on the solids content (size, type and concentration), il Plastic Viscosity High (PV) in Weighted Water-base Mud Rule: PV: multiply MW (ppg) by 2 (to 2.5) Formula: PVjjg, = MW x 2.5 Example: What would be the high side for the PV in a 15 ppg mud? PV uy, = 15.2.5 = 37.5 cps Plastic Viscosity (PV) in Weighted Oil (or Oil Invert) Base Mud Rule: PVs: multiply MW (ppg) by 2.5 (to 4) Formula: PVji, = MW x4 Example: What would be the high side for PV ina 15 ppg mud? PViign = 15 x 4 = 60 cps Plastic Viscosity (PV) for Water Base Muds by Weight Ranges Rule: Choose weight range and simply plug in MW (ppg) and complete the arithmetic. Formula(s): a. Mud Weights Less Than 14 ppg 1) PVig, = G.4x MW) - 19 2) PV = 2x MW) - 14Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘I._MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) | B. Plastic Viscosity (PV) (cont.) 3. (cont.) Formula(s): (cont.) b. Mud Weights Greater Than 14 ppg but Less Than 17 ppg 1) PVyg, = (x MW) - 40 2) PV ge = (4.33 x MW) - 47 c. Mud Weights Greater Than 17 ppg but Less Than 18.4 ppg 1) PVs = (8.57 x MW) - 100 2) PV = (8.57 x MW) - 118 4. Mud Weights Greater Than 18.4 ppg 1) PViign = (16.67 x MW) - 249 2) PVue = (16.67 x MW) - 267 Example: Estimate high and low ranges for PV in: a. 13 ppgmud: — PV, = (3.4.x 13)- 19 = 25 PV py = (2 13)- 14 = 12 b. 15 ppg mud: — PV, = (5 x 15) - 40 = 35 PV = (4.33 x 15) - 47 = 18 4. ther Facts and Rules-of-Thi tic Viscosity (PV) a. PV should be kept low as possible by maintaining low solids (particularly minimizing fine solids <1 micron). b. PV is very temperature sensitive and therefore should be reported at a standard temperature each time it is tested. If temperature isn’t standardized the trend of PV, used to analyze hole problems, can’t be used. PV(cps) = 600 Reading - 300 Reading on a Fann Viscometer. PV is related to solids (type, size, and concentration). €. PV has a tremendous influence on cut points in hydrocyclones and shaker screen capacity. re 2:5‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. I1,_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) FANN VISCOMETER READINGS { vevron | | i i 1 x0 xo re sence PLASTIC VISCOSITY (CPS) = 600 Reading ~ 300 Reading ‘YIELD POINT (Lbs'100 Sq F) = 300 Reading - Phase Viscosity C. Funnel Viscosity (FV) ‘The funnel viscosity is an easy test and is made by rig personnel. The FV can be an early indicator of possible mud and hole problems. A change in the FV trend should alert rig people to make further mud analyses to pinpoint the cause of the FV trend change (or mud problem). A hole problem corresponding to an FV trend change can be used the same way. sain = Mus ou—|~7 Sie ce— 1. — Funnel Viscosity (FV) Approximate Value Rule: The FV is approximately four times the MW (ppg). Formula: FV = 4x MW fa Example: What is the estimated FV for a 10 ppg mud? FV = 4x 10 = 40 sec./qt 2:6‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine. I._MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) C. Fumnel Viscosity (FV) (cont.) 2. Funnel Viscosity to Serve as Base for a LCM Pill Rule: Add 25 to the viscosity of water (26 sec/qt) to get minimum viscosity for LCM base Formula: FV, = 26 sec/qt + 25 = 51 sec/gt Example: Is a 60 sec/qt FV enough to suspend and tie-up LCM in a pill? Yes, because 60 sec/qt > 51 sec/qt. However, the thicker (more viscous) the base is the better the pill is as long as the pump can handle it. Less plugging of dc’s and bit nozzles take place when viscous mud is used for the LCM base. LCM should be mixed fresh into the base mud just prior to pumping the pill 3. The funnel viscosity will be approximately the apparent viscosity plus the viscosity of water. (Apparent viscosity is the 600 rpm reading divided by 2 ona Fann Viscometer.) Rule: Add the apparent viscosity to the viscosity of water to obtain the FV within 2 to 3 sec/qt. Formula: FV = 26 see/qt + © 2 Example: What is the estimated FV if the apparent viscosity is 15 cps. FV = 26 + 15 = 41 sec/at. D. Apparent Viscosity (A’ ‘The apparent viscosity is an indicator of the total effect of solids and attractive forces within a mud and is very much like the funnel viscosity. 1, AV = 600 reading (on Fann Viscometer) divided by 2. 2. AVicwroue = minimum of 25 eps for LCM base 3. AV = Reacts much like the FV. That is to say that it can show mud changes but won’t tell why the mud viscosity has changed. By looking at the PV, YV, Gels, W.L., and the mud chemistry the reason (or cause) for change can be pinpointed 27Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. I_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) E. Solids 2:8 A general rule is to keep solids as low as possible. Keep commercial solids (bentonite) and drill solids at a proper ratio. Solid can be better analyzed if the mud MBT (Methylene Blue Test) is known. The MBT shows the bentonitic type solids. By knowing the type ‘mud and all the retort analysis a breakdown of fine and coarse solids can be made. Fine solids (solids less than one micron) are twelve times more detrimental to rate of penetration than coarse solids and consequently should be kept at the required minimum to give colloidal properties. The drill solids and bentonite ratio (ds/b) should be kept at approximately 2 to 1 (2:1). 1. Optimum Percent Solids (Low Density Solids Rule: Multiply the mud weight (ppg) by 7.5 and add the correction for oil by multiplying percent oil volume by 0.1. Subtract the correction for salt, The salt correction can be estimated by multiplying ppm (CL by 0.61 and dividing by 10,000. Subtract 62.5 from the corrected total value. Formula: Vol percent Solids (LDS) = [(7.5 x MW) + 0.61 x PPM CL (0.1 x vol. % oil) - )] - 62.5 10,000 Whaat is the estimated percent solids corrected for oil and salt. Given: MW = 9.0; CL = 20,000 ppm; Oil = 5% 61 x 20000 %LDS = |(7.5 x 9.0) + (0.1 x 5) - ( T0000 | ~ 62.5 = 4.3% Fomula: LDS (#/bbl) = % LDS x 9.1 ple: LDS (#/bbl) 13x91 40+ Optimum Percent Solids (Weighted Mud) Rule: Subtract 6 from MW (ppg) and multiply by 3.2. Formula: OPT Percent Solids = (MW-6) x 3.2 (weighted mud) Example: What is optimum percent solids in a 15 ppg mud. OPT Percent Solids = (15-6) 3.2 = 28.8%ee ee ee a a a Murchison Drill I_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) E. Solids 3. Rough Estimate for Percent Solids by Volume in Weighted Mud Rule: Multiply MW (ppg) by 2 Formula: Percent Sol (weighted) = MW x 2 Example: Estimate percent solids in a 15 ppg mud. % Sol = 15x 2 = 30% Drill Solids and Bentonite Ratio Rule: Subtract the MBT from the total low density solids to get drill solids. Divide the MBT (bentonitic type solids) into drill solids. Formula: ds = TS - MBT dsp = _ 4 MBT Example: What is the ds/b ratio. Given: MW = 9.5; MBT = 14; Total low density solids = 80 ppb ds = 80 - 14 = 66 ppb aso = © = 4741 14 (Ideal is 2:1) Formula: Est. ds = (LDS - MBT) 85 Analyze the effect of solids on rate of penetration (ROP) comparing a control well with a planned well. a. Rule: calculate fine solids on control well: Mud Types (General) Factors Dispersed Mud = Factor of 0.8 Gel + H,O Factor of 0.13 Gel + H,O + Polymer Factor of 0.06 2:9 ‘Schools, Inc.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. \ 1,_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) ' E. Solids (cont.) 2:10 5. (cont.) Fines are solids less than one micron. Coarses are solids greater than ' ‘one micron. To get fines multiply MBT by factor (based on mud type). Total solids = drill solids + colloidal solids + inert solids. Fine solids = MBT x factor; coarse solids = total solids - fines. Calculate coarse solids on control well. Subtract fine solids from total solids. Calculate fines and coarses on proposed well. Plug in fines and coarses into the ROP formula for the control and proposed well (formula below) to calculate change in drillability (ROP). Formula: 1 - (0.0133 F, + 0.00114 C,) ROP, = ROP, 4 Me «1 - ©.0133 F, + 0.00114 C,) Fines = MBT x Factor Coarses = Total Solids - Fines Where: ROPy = ROP on proposed well ROP, = ROP on control well 1 F, = Fine solids (<1 micron) on proposed well Fr = Fine solids (<1 micron) on control well GQ = Coarse solids (>1 micron) on proposed well C Coarse solids (>1 micron) on control well MBT = Methylene Blue Test Example: Calculate the change in formation drillability (ROP increase or decrease)Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘I_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) E. Solids (cont.) 5. (cont,) Example: (cont.) Given: Control Well: ROP, = 20 fbr MBT = 15 Ib/bbl Solids = 79 Ib/bbl MW = 9.5 ppg Mud Type = Dispersed Proposed Well Mud Properties ROP, =? a MBT = 12 Ib/bbl Solids = 45 Ib/bbl Mud Type = Polymer (non-dispersed) 1) Fines (F,) = 15 x 0.8 (disp. mud factor) = 12 ppb 2) Coarses (C,) = 79 - 12 67 ppb 3) Fines (F;) = 12 x 0.06 (polymer) = 0.72 ppb 4) Coarses (C,) = 45 - 0.72 44.28 ppb 1 ~ (0.0133 x 0.72 + 0.00114 x 44.28) 5) ROP, - 20 y ve 1 = (0.0133 x 12 + 0.00114 x 67) = 24.6 far Formula: For percent ROP reduction compared with water: % ROP Reduction = 100 (0.0133 x Fines + 0.00114 x Coarses) Analyze solids control equipment (and system) to ascertain it is doing an efficient job. By keeping up with water additions and by monitoring mud out and mud in, any break down in the solids control system can be detected in the early stages. Rule: Evaluate hydrocyclone desilters by calculating: (1) GPM underflow; (2) barrels per day treated by bank of hydrocyclones; (3) pounds of solids dumped (discharged from underflow) per day; and (4) the amount of mud that would be required to be dumped (jetted) to equate to solids discharged with hydrocyclones. Note: This analysis is simple and can be made more than once during a day to establish a trend comparison. The required data is: GPM underflow rate; underflow mud weight; and feed mud weight. 2:{ ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ._MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) E. Solids (cont.) 6. (cont.) Formula(s): (1) Calculate GPM underflow (discharge) rate. This can be done by measuring the seconds for one quart of discharge from one cyclone and multiply times the number of cyclones in the system. GPM = (sec/qt)(number of cyclones)/15 (2) Calculate the barrels per day underflow (discharge). BPD = (GPM)(34.29) (3) Calculate the pounds of solids discharged by hydrocyclones. Solids (Ibs) _ a Discharged ~ BPD)(G8.30\(MW,8.34) (4) Calculate the volume of mud that would have to be dumped to equate No. of hydrocyclones 2:12 to solids discharged by hydrocyclone. Volume (bbl) (Solids Discharged)(21.66-MW;) Mud Equivalent ~ —Sogg-ayqiw,834) Where: GPM = Total discharge from hydrocyclone system (gallons per minute) Sec/gt = Discharge from one hydrocyclone measured into a viscosity cup (seconds per quart) " Total number of hydrocyclones BPD = Barrels per day of volume discharged from hydrocyclones Solids (bbl) Discharged 4" Pounds of solids discharged per day through hydrocyclones Volume (bbl) Mud Equivalent The volume of mud that would be required to be dumped to equal to solids dumped MW, = Mud weight of underflow discharge, ppg MW, = Mud weight of feed mud (system mud), ppgMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. I_MUD RELATED RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) F ensit Maintain mud weight high enough to support the walls of the hole for hole stability. Maintain mud weight high enough to avoid influx of formation fluids that cause mud contamination, corrosion, kicks or blowouts. Maintain mud weight low enough to permit faster drilling, avoid lost circulation, and minimize differential pressure sticking. Approximately one barrel of volume is gained in the mud tanks when 15 sacks of barite is mixed (100 Ib sack). ‘The specific gravity of barite is approximately 4.25 and this equates to approximately 1500 Ibs per barrel. Water Loss (Filtration) Rule: Remember that low filtrate may be desired to minimize tight hole caused by thick filter cake, differential pressure sticking and formation productivity damage. However, high filtrate will minimize chip hold-down and provide better drill- ability. This is particularly true if fine solids (<1 micron) are minimized by running lower MBT’s. Shale Hydration and Dispersion Rule: In surface or intermediate hole dispersion of clay and shale solids may be desired in water-based muds for easier contro! of mud viscosity, gel strengths and filtra- tion without having to add commercial solids. However, inhibition of shale swelling and prevention of dispersion of cuttings by inhibition or encapsulation is desired for borehole stability, low mud maintenance costs, and protection against formation productivity damage. The time to drill a section (open hole exposure) and problems associated with shale hydration, such as heaving shale, influence the mud program. As a general rule short exposure (less than 7 days) won’t cause many associated drilling problems to dispersion and shale hydration. On the other hand, longer exposure to dispersion and shale hydration can cause severe hole enlargement, poor cement jobs, hole cleaning problems and stuck pipe. Area knowledge is very important in the planning and optimization process.Bee ee ee ee ee eee eS TEE UU UU SUC SEU ESE EE EES Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. 1. TRIPPING RULES-OF-THUMB Ideally, drilling people would like to keep bottomhole hydrostatic pressure constant during the trip out (POH) and the trip in (RIH). However, this is impossible from the operational standpoint because of swab and surge pressures. Most of the tripping rules-of-thumb are closely associated with maintaining a safe hydrostatic overbalance that neither causes a kick nor lost circulation. A. Pulling Out of Hole 1, Slug Mud Weight Rule: Slug mud weight is generally one ppg higher than the hole mud weight with the objective being to unbalance the DP/annulus U-tube by enough to pull dry pipe. The condition of the mud, related to drill solids, and/or the mud weight range could influence the drilling man to accept less than one pound per gallon. For example, if the mud weight was greater than 18 ppg or the mud had high solids, a 0.5 ppg slug mud weight would be acceptable. The length (or volume) would be double if the slug mud weight was 0.5 ppg compared to 1.0 ppg. Example: The mud weighs 10 ppg; a slug of MW of 11 ppg is desired to unbalance the U-tube by two stands (188 feet of top DP). Formula: Length of slug = _(L2nsth of dry pipe) x (mud weight) 0.052 in DP (slug MW-hole MW) 0.052 188 feet x (10 x 0.052) _ 1880 (i pps - 10 pay .052 1-10) 1880 feet Note: ‘The 0.052 should be left off; they were put in to make it clear. Example: The mud weighs 18.0 ppg; a slug MW of 18.5 ppg is desired to unbalance the U-tube by one stand (94 feet of top DP). 94 ft. x 18 Length = 8.5 18) = 3384 feet 3:1Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Il. TRIPPING RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) A. Pulling Qut of Hole (cont.) 2. Dry Pipe Versus Wet Pipe ‘When tripping the pipe out of the hole the mud level falls in the annulus because metal volume is being removed from the hole. Pressure is lost because the fluid level is down and consequently the hydrostatic pressure is lower. The following assumes the driller is not circulating across the wellhead: Rule: Pulling wet pipe (no slug) causes approximately four times more pressure loss, per increment of pipe, than pulling dry pipe (good slug). Formula: Dry Pipe Pressure Loss = A gradient) (metal Tncrement of pipe (ane = (metal disp.)) Wet Pipe Pressure Loss = (mud gradient)(metal disp. + DP cap.) (casing vol. - (met. disp. + dp cap.)) Increment of pipe [ Example: Calculate pressure loss if five stands (94 ft/std) are POH. The casing size is 9-5/8 with 0.0732 bbl/ft volume capacity; the mud is 15 ppg; the DP is 5", 19.5 ppf, XH, Grade *S" with an adjusted weight of 22.5 ppf and a capacity of 0.0170 bbl/ft. asx 052 ) A P= (5 x 94) 2748}) = 46 psi coors - (225 2748 b: Wet pipe: as x 052 25 22.5 +0. or7o) AP = (5 x 94) 2748 = 192psi (0.0732 - (Fa ° corre) 2748 Difference: Wet pipe AP _ 192 psi Dry pipe AP 46 psi 42 times more pressure loss 3:2Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. I. TRIPPING RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) A. Pulling Out of Hole (cont.) 3. Metal Displacement When pipe is pulled out of the hole or run in the hole volume of pipe metal has to be considered in the trip plan. Rule: Divide the adjusted weight of pipe (tool joints, collars, etc. taken into consideration for adjusted wt) by 2748 (weight of steel in pounds per barrel). . ~- Adjusted wt pipe (lb/ft) Formule: Bp (metal disp.) (2748 (Ib/bbl) |= je le Adjusted weight = approximate weight of tube plus the upsets (tool joints) taken from RP7G (pages 13-17) Aug. 1, 1990. Calculate the metal displacement in barrels per foot for 5", 19.5, XH, Grade "S" DP. The adjusted weight (approx. wt.) from page 17 of RP7G is 22.6 Ib/ft. pbyfe = -226 lbvft = 2 OS = 0.0082 bbift 2748 Ibfbbl Ki nds: Volume (bbl) = 5 std x 94 ft x 0.0082 bbl/ft .85 bbl per 5 stands 4. Trip Margin A trip margin is required when pulling out of the hole (POH) because of negative surge and swabbing. Rule: (Refer to IA 4., page 3:4) i 3:3Murchison Drilling Schoots, Inc. Il. TRIPPING RULES-OF-THUMB (cont.) A. Pulling Out of Hole (cont.) 4. Trip Margin cont.) Formula: MW, = #4 Point. yw, (ppg) 11.7 D-D,) Where: © MW, = Mud weight that includes trip margin MW,, = Mud weight to balance formation pressure but has no overbalance Yield Point = Mud property (300 reading (F,,) - PV) D, = Diameter of hole D,. = Diameter of pipe 'SWABBING 1S CHARACTERIZED (On Trips When you cannot put volume of 1.5 Run CasingMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) B. Influencing Factors or Why Casing Strings are Run (cont.) Formulas: (cont.) Run Casing = Kick tolerance < 1 ppg (evaluate several kick sizes, refer to Chp. XIV) Last Casing Setting Depth 25 Next Casing Point = (25% Rule) Where: AMWage = the change in mud weight caused by increasing formation pressure (or decreasing formation pressure) MWoom. env. = formation pressure is expressed as an equivalent mud weight, i.e. FP (________*ds ppg TWD x .052 MWjge = mud weight at last casing shoe or before change in formation pressure, ppg kick tolerance= the maximum kick MW that can be tolerated based on leak off test at previous casing shoe Example: Pressure is increasing. Shale densities, d’exponents, and resistivity ‘measurement indicate the mud weight equivalent of the formation is 16 ppg. The last casing was set in a 14 ppg environment, and the MW is now 15 ppg in the hole. Would you run casing based on the 1-1/2 ppg rule? Answer: Look at L.O.T. at last shoe and evaluate kick tolerance for several kick sizes based on maximum allowable pressure (calculated from eak-off test). The old 1-1/2 ppg rule was used mostly before we started testing shoes as we do today. Kick tolerance will be dis- cussed in Section XIV. C. Mix Water for Cement The cement quality is very much dependent on the cement being mixed at the correct weight. Too much water affects compressive strengths; too little water affects pumpability; excessive water causes cement to have high porosity and permeability; free water causes pockets, hot spots and corrosion. 4:4Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) C. Mix Water for Cement (cont.) Rule: Base mix water requirements on neat cement plus the water required for the admixes (gel, etc.). Use cement weight as control on correct mix water being added. ‘Water requirements for neat cement: Class Gel/Sack Slurry Density or’ 52 15.6 ppg oe 5.0 15.8 ppg Ww 43 16.4 ppg For slurry weights other than the above, use the formula below, bearing in mind that additives such as bentonite or other materials may be required to compensate for excess free water. Resultant compressive strength and setting times will also be compromised. Formula: H,O for Neat Cement = (1.211 x 10)(Cement Wt. °°) ‘Where "cement wt." is the slurry weight, express in ppg. Example: Caleulate mix water for neat 15.7 ppg cement. HAO = (1.211 x 109(15.7°) = 5.1 gal/sack D. Contact Time Spacers are used to move mud out of the casing annulus, in front of cement, to minimize cement contamination and improve bonding. Much discussion has been given to cement placement technique (turbulent versus plug flow). The objective of placement technique is to minimize contamination, channeling and lost circulation, and to maximize bonding and fill (correct cement top). With these objectives in mind I endorse the following approach: place the spacer in turbulence but keep the cement at same annular velocity used while drilling. Rule: Contact time is the time that the preflush spaces in turbulent flow is in contact with a critical formation. Normally seven to ten minutes contact time is required (750-1000 feet). Remember that the spacer must be compatible at the mud interface, which many times may require that two separate spacers be used, such as when using an oil mud, 4:5‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. — IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) D. Contact Time (cont.) Formulas: Annular Velocity = Pump Output (bb\/min) (ft./min) ‘Ann, Vol. (BB/D) Pump Output (BPM) = Ann Vel (ft/min) x Ann Vol (bbI/ft) (mix and displacement rate) Spacer Fluid (bbl) = Contact Time x Mix Rate (to give required (min) bbl/min contact time) How much spacer fluid is required to give a7 minute contact time? The mud in the hole is 9.5 ppg and the spacer is water. How much overbalance is lost from spacer if cement weight is ignored? The mix rate to give correct ann. vel. and put spacer in turbulence is 10 bpm. Ann Vol = 0.0679 bbi/ft. Spacer Volume = 7 min x 10 bbl/min (bbl) = 70 bbl required to give seven minute "Contact Time" AP G20 va. Mud) = (MW, - MWpuces) 0.052 x length spacer 70 bbl 0.0679 = (9.5 - 8.33) 0.052 x = 63 psi E. Cement Plugs Leaving Cement Plan plug dropping! The correct use of cement plugs can make the difference between the success or failure of a cement job. The correct implementation of cement plug program ranks in the top ten of items that affect the overall cement job. Rule: Make sure you plan: the loading of the plug(s); who will drop the plugs; how the plug will be dropped (shutting down? on the run?); how you will know if the plug has left the cementing head (radioactive nail and Geiger counter? Other telltale indicators”); what pressure strokes or volume you will have when the plug is about to land in float or baffle collar and; how much extra volume or pump strokes you will pump if the plug doesn’t land. If no bottom plug is run contamination is 1% of volume of displacement. Therefore run extra cement or leave cement above float collar. 4:6Vv. ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) ie B Formulas: Vol. to Bump Plug = (Length of Casing) x (Casing Capacity) Strokes to Bump Plug with Rig Pump = *Pump Output = to landing place (bb) (ft) Volume to bump plug (bbl) “pump output (bbI/stk) Volume of trip tank (bbl) ‘Strokes to fill trip tank (stk) at full circ. pressure Pressure to Land Plug Where: AP ud ysem = (Cement wt - mud wt) .052 x (cale.Ln) APrmudem = Calc. pressure to land plug (u-tube pressure). If circ. pressure at displacement rate is recorded prior to the cement job a dynamic pressure can be used (circ press + u-tube press) Cale. Ly = Length of cement that is planned behind casing (minus FS to shoe length if calculating bottom or one stage). Est. Top of Cement (D,) from APyuswscat If AP is less than pre-calculated pressure Dg = Est. Top of Crt + AP ven AG aud vs emt If AP is greater than pre-calculated pressure |e je le Dg = Est. Top of Ct - SPmd sem Gnas vs cme D, = Depth of Top of Cement behind Casing AG = (wt. of cmt - wt. of mud) .052 (ppg) Calculate the volume of mud and the pressure to land the top plug on the first stage; Given: Casing size 9-5/8", 47 Ib/ft; shoe @ 12,000 ft; FC @ 11,920 ft; DV collar @ 6000 ft; mud wt - 9.5 ppg; cement wt - 15.4 ppg: cement calculated to reach DV at 6000 ft; pump output checked to be 0.095 bbl/stroke. 4:7‘Murchison Drilling Schools, inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) E. Cement Plugs Leaving Cementing Head (cont.) Example: (cont.) Vol to bump plug = 11,920 (ft) x 0.0732 (bbl/ft) = 872.5 bbl 872.5 bbl Strokes to bump plug = "7 0.095 bbi/stk = 9185 strokes AP oud veer = [(12,000 - 6000) - 80) x [(15.4 - 9.5) .052] (ft) = 1816 psi (u-tube) If 800 psi cire press @ disp rate had been prerecorded, the dynamic pressure just prior to landing the plug would have been 2600 psi + (1816+ 800). 4 ig is Example: If the pressure to land the plug (above example) had been 200 psi low what would the estimated top of the cement be on the first stage? 200 psi Dz = 6000 ft + (54-95) 052 = 6652 ft + F. Compressibility Volume WI i in The casing pressure test should be plotted (volume vs. pressure) as part of the drill out procedure. This compressibility plot can be utilized when measuring the leak off vs. formation capability test below the casing Interpretation of the leak off test is greatly enhanced if compressibility is preplotted. Compressibility volume is required when evaluating bleed-back volume to check if float equipment and stage collars are holding. Rule: In the water base muds it requires about 1% of casing volume (or volume being compressed) to reach 3000 psi. Oil is about twice as compressible as water and therefore the compressible volume can be estimated by multiplying the water based mud volume times the oil percent factor (i.e., 10 percent oil = 1.10 as factor). 4:8‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) F. Compressibility Volume When Testing Casing (cont.) Formulas: Compressibiiy Volume = (PPS applied @ surface)(vol being compressed) For Waterbased Mud Vow (bb1) 300,000 Compressibility Volume = V,, x (1.0 + Percent oil, For Mud with Oil 100 Veo (DbI) Example: How much volume would it take to pressure up to 2000 psi on 9-5/8", 47 Tb/ft casing? Assume no drill string is in the casing (open casing above an FC @ 11,920). (2000 psi) (11,920 x 0.0732) 300,000 = 5,82 (say 6.0 bbl) v, Example: If the example above had the same data except that the mud was an invert oil emulsion with 70% oil, what would the V,, (compressibility volume) be? : 70 Veo = 5.82 x (1.0 + _/2) 100 = 9.9 bbl 2500 2000 1500 0123456788 10 G. Safe Water Spacer for a Balanced Kick-off Plug Kick-off plugs should have good compressibility to successfully achieve the plug objectives. Contamination of plug, with mud, will limit its compressibility (and usefulness). Water can act as a spacer fluid ahead and behind the plug (balanced) Rule: The length of water that can be safely utilized should be based on overbalance (hydrostatic). The amount of overbalance that can be sacrificed and the difference between the weights of mud and water will determine the length (and volume) of water spacer. 4:9Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Iv. G. H. 4:10 (CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) ‘Safe Water Spacer for a Balanced Kick-off Plug (cont.) Formula: Later spacer allowable overbalance (nud wt - 8.34) 0.052 (ppe) Volume water ahead = (Lyacr que,)(ann vol next to setting) ft string and hole bbl/ft Volume water behind = (Lyacr sacer)(setting string capacity) Example: ft bolt How many feet of water spacer (Levgcr pez) can be used on this kick off plug. Given: hole size 8-3/4 (caliper); dp (setting string)- 4-1/2; dp cap - 0.0142 bbI/ft; mud - 14 ppg; overbalance - 200 psi; overbalance that is allowable - 100 psi. Lea - 100 psi (14 - 8.34) .052 = 340 feet Volume water ahead = 340 x 0.0547 = 18.6 bbl Volume water = (340 f1)(0.0142 bbl/ft) behind (to balance water ahead) = 4.83 bbl ‘Things that Help Avoid Contamination of Kickoff Plug As previously discussed the number one associated problem with kick off plugs is mud contamination. Rule: Utilize techniques and equipment to minimize contaminating. 1. Use a mixing sub on bottom of setting string. Do not use open ended pipe. A culled joint of drill pipe (with a good connection) can be orange-peeled on bottom and slotted. ‘This sub can also be utilized for lost circulation plugs ot pills. Use a bypass off of surface cementing head. This bypass is kept closed until cement starts out of setting string or until u-tube reverses from having positive pressure to negative pressure (u- tubing). The bypass is then opened and the plug u-tubed into place by keeping setting string full of displacement fluid. When the plug balances, fluid will then come out the bypass line. This keeps you from over-displacing and contaminating the plug. This step is the real key to minimizing contamination of cement plug. BRRBRBRBRBRBRBBRBBRBEREBRRBRBBBRBEBEBRMurchison DrillingSchools, Ine, IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) H. Things that Help Avoid Contamination of Kickoff Plug (cont.) 3. Example: Use viscous pills or dirty plugs to support off bottom cement plugs. Off- bottom plugs want to shift positions or migrate and this shifting causes contamination. Make sure viscous pill has a high yield value (yield point) A dirty plug is a few sacks of cement (10 to 15 sacks) that are displaced without any spacer. Cement contaminates and flocculates the mud. Pull the pipe a few feet above the dirty plug and set a proper balanced plug. Formula: Surface Pressure setting string (aP,,,) = Vol F-P. x (Mud we-fluid wt) .052 | (cap setting string)(bbI/ft) Where: AP, = U-Tube Pressure caused by different weight fluids, psi Vols», = Volume of fluid being pumped (i.e., H,O, cement, etc.) in barrels Fluid wt. = Weight of fluid being pumped, ppg ‘Cemeruing nese ON OPA What would the positive u-tube pressure be on the setting string if the setting string had the lead H,O, cement and tail-in water. Given: 4-1/2 setting string (0.0142 bbW/ft); mud wt. - 14 ppg; cement wt - 16 ppg; lead H,O - 18.6 bbl; cement - 22.3 bbl of tail-in water - 4.8 bbl. Lead Water Cement ‘Tail-in-Water Pag = 18% x (14-8.3390.052 + 23x 14-16).052 4+ #8 _ x 14-8.33).052 0.0142 0142 0.0142 = 323 psi (AP surface pressure resulting from length of all Auids in setting string (3218 feet) )Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) I. Cement for First Cement Plug in a Lost Circulation Zone When setting a cement plug for the first time in a zone for lost circulation, it is very easy to underdesign the quantity of cement needed. This will be a costly error because of rig time and material cost. Rule: Until more knowledge about a zone is learned, a good rule-of-thumb is the volume of cement the setting string will hold at the point of setting (bottom of setting string). Formula: Cement Required = Length of setting x vol. of setting (cu ft) string (fi) string cu fu/ft Example: How many cu ft of cement is required for the first plug in this zone if the bottom of the setting string is placed at 6000 feet. Given: setting string is 5", 19.5 Ib/ft, XH, Grade "E" (0.0983 cu ft/ft) TO C 600 Cement Required (cu ft) 6000 ft x 0.0983 cu fi/ft 590 cu ft If yield (cu ft/sk) was 2.7 cu fusk (L.C. cmt) Sacks = 590 cu ft + 2.7 cu f/sk = 219 sacks If mix H,0 (gal/sk) was 7.0 gal/sk Mix H,0 (219 sacks x 7.0 gal/sk) + 42 gal/bbl 36.5 bbl of mix H,O Note: If mix H,0 is used as guide to mixing so many sacks out of a big cement bin, it is very important to mix cement at its correct design weight 4:12Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) I. Cement for First Cement Plug in a Lost Circulation Zone When setting a cement plug for the first time in a zone for lost circulation, it is very easy to underdesign the quantity of cement needed. This will be a costly error because of rig time and material cost. Rule: Until more knowledge about a zone is learned, a good rule-of-thumb is the volume of cement the setting string will hold at the point of setting (bottom of setting string). Formula: Cement Required = Length of setting x vol. of setting (cu ft) string (fi) string cu fu/ft Example: How many cu ft of cement is required for the first plug in this zone if the bottom of the setting string is placed at 6000 feet. Given: setting string is 5", 19.5 Ib/ft, XH, Grade "E" (0.0983 cu ft/ft) TO C 600 Cement Required (cu ft) 6000 ft x 0.0983 cu fi/ft 590 cu ft If yield (cu ft/sk) was 2.7 cu fusk (L.C. cmt) Sacks = 590 cu ft + 2.7 cu f/sk = 219 sacks If mix H,0 (gal/sk) was 7.0 gal/sk Mix H,0 (219 sacks x 7.0 gal/sk) + 42 gal/bbl 36.5 bbl of mix H,O Note: If mix H,0 is used as guide to mixing so many sacks out of a big cement bin, it is very important to mix cement at its correct design weight 4:12Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV, CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) J. Testing Liner and Squeezing Liner if Flow is observed It is a difficult task to isolate gas with a liner. Many techniques have been tried (and some work part of the time) but liner-lap leaks is still one of the most prevalent gas-cap problems. I recommend a high quality cement (batch-mixed if possible) and a longer liner lap (+500 feet). Some operators cement the liner with a combination primary-secondary squeeze approach. With this approach the liner is cemented partially (60-75%) using conventional techniques and with a modified RTTS (Champ tool) the liner is squeezed after the primary job is completed. Rule: When testing a liner top use a reverse test and evaluate whether the liner top will flow into test string. Simulate a lower mud weight (approximately what the liner i top will be exposed to) by using an RTTS (or similar tool). If squeezing is necessary use a high quality (low water-loss) cement and use a walking squeeze approach. Hesitation methods can be very misleading. Formula: Lago = (Mud Wt - Test MW Equivalent)Depth of Liner Top (Mud Wi - 8.33) Liao = Water to simulate some equivalent mud wt. at top mrlM of liner (in test string). ans Note: If top of liner is given as TVD (directional well) the measured depth can be calculated by dividing TVD by cosine of avg. drift angle. ‘Mud Weight = Mud weight in hole, ppg Depth of Liner Top = Feet (convert to measured depth to arrive at volume calculated) | AP cece = (Lyao x 0.052 x 8.33) + (Depth Liner - Lyo)MW x .052 Equiv. MWagy = 4P ama ¥ 19.23 Depth Liner Example: The hole contains 18.0 ppg mud and the top of the liner is 15,000 feet. ‘How much water is required to be circulated into test string to simulate 13.0 ppg (test equivalent mud weight)? (TVD and MD same.) 4:13 {‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. IV. CASING, CEMENTING AND PLUG SETTING (cont.) J. Testing Liner and Squeezing Liner if Flow is observed (cont.) (18 - 13) 15,000 (8 - 8.33) = 1,756 feet Lizo Note: If the 15,000 foot depth was the TVD (directional well) with an average angle of 25°, the measured depth for volume calculations would have been 16,551 feet or, 15,000/COS 25°. If the length of H,0 calculated (7756 feet) had been at the same avg. angle (25°), the length of H,O would be 8558 ft., or 7,756/COS 25°, AP ae = (7,756 x 0.052 x 8.33) + (15,000 - 7,756)18 x .052 = 10,140 psi = 10,140 x 19.23 0 Equiv. MWae 13 ppg 4:14Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. CEMENT Cement can be mixed with sand and gravel to build a pad with the following rules. Rule: For a ratio of 1:2:4 mix, one cubic yard of blend can be designed with the following formulas, cements = 6.28 bags of cement +244 Sand = 6.28 x 2 x 0.035 = 0.44 cu yd of sand 1200 Ib sand. Gravel = 6.28 x 4 x 0.035 = 0.88 cu yd of gravel 800 Ib gravel Inches to Yards = _inches 36 inlyd feet 3 hyd Feet to'Yards = cu yd cu ft cufttocuyd = cu ft x 0.0370 Example: How many cu yards of cement blend (emt, sand and gravel) is needed to build a tool-pad with dimensions of 20 ft x 10 ft x 4 inches thick? oO Wm Method 1 eu yd = (4 yy 20f yy ( 108, 36 inlyd 3 flyd = ly = 2.47 cu yd Method 2 cu yd = (4 _ x 20 tex 10 £90.0370 U4 12 in/ft cu ft 2.47 cu yd 6.28 bags x 2.47 = 15.5 sacks 0.44 cu yd x 2.47 = 1.09 cu yd (2964 Ibs) 0.88 cu yd x 2.47 = 2.17 cu yd (4446 Ibs)Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc VI._VOLUME AND CAPACITY Volume and capacity calculations make up a high percentage of all rig calculations. The following rules-of-thumb will simplify some of the arithmetic and the numbers (results) are generally acceptable. A. Open Hole Volume ‘The rule-of-thumb gives approximately 3% more volume than the more precise method. Most open hole is a little out-of-gauge which makes the method acceptable. RULE OF THUMB FOR HOLE VOLUME BBL/1000 Ft = (D)? AND 2 vouuMe = © X© pars, 1000 SURFACE TO BIT TRAVEL TIME Capacity of Drillpipe (bbi/ft) Capacity of Drillcollars (bbI/ft) Length of Drillpipe (feet) . a Length of Drillcollars (feet) Pump Output bbls/stroke Strokes per Minute Rule: Square the hole size (inches) and divide by 1000 to convert to barrels per foot. Multiply by length (feet) to get barrels. Formula: . @iameter of Hole)? Vog = ameter oer” x Length (ft on 1000 x Length (f) Where: Vou = Volume of open hole, barrels Diameter of hole given in inches. 6:1 errr we se eSSSEEEBUEEEEUBEUUEVI._VOLUME AND CAPACITY (cont.) A. Open Hole Volume (cont.) Example: What is estimated volume of 1000 feet of 12-1/4 inch hole? (12.25)? x 1000 v, 1000 = 150 barrels B. Estim: jiameter from Lag Time Rule: Calculate theoretical lag time. Measure actual lag time. Calculate lag time (difference (AL;). Calculate new open hole size from the lag difference (See formula’s below). Formula: ALt = (Lt - Van/Q) an = | ALExQx 1094 | ye Where: ALt = Difference in lag time if hole is in-gauge (calculated) compared to actual lag time, min ry = Measured lag time, min Van Annular volume, bbl Q Pump output (GPM/42), bbl/min Dhl Calculated diameter of hole from lag time measurements, in Dh —-= Diameter of hole drilled (bit size), in Lh = Open hole length, ft Example: Calculate open hole diameter from measure lag time. 110 min 1218 bbl (based on 12-1/4 hole) 13.33 bbi/min 12.25 in 1000 ft ALt = (110 - 1218/13.33) = 18.63 minMurchison Drilling Schools, Ine. VI._VOLUME AND CAPACITY (cont.) C. Annular Volume in Open Hole The rule-of-thumb will give more annular volume. Anowis wan Open Hole Rule: Square the hole size (inches) and subtract the square of the pipe size (inches). Divide by 1000 and multiply by length of hole section (feet.) Formula: 2 -D Leng (ft) Ano. Volg = 2 2) x Length (ft) 1000 Where D, and D, = Diameter of hole and diameter of pipe in open hole, inches Example: What is estimated volume of 1000 feet of annulus if D, = 12-1/4 inches and D, = 5 inches? ) x 1000 1000 = 125 bbl D. Volume of Vertical Cylindrical Tank This formula gives accurate results for a cylindrical tank (vertical). Note: Do not use for horizontal cylindrical tank (refer to Murchison Oper. Drig. Manual - Rig Math Chapter for horizontal tank calculation). Rule: Square the diameter of the tank (feet) and multiply by factor 0.14. The results are in barrels per foot. 6:3 » » » » » » s » » a a » » » » a » * i » » » s a‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. YI._ VOLUME AND CAPACITY (cont.) D. Volume of Vertical Cylindrical Tank (cont.) Formula: Vol.cyiax = (Tank diameter)? 0.14 (bo1/ft) ft) Example: How much water is in the tank if the diameter measures 12 feet and the height of fluid is 12 feet? Volgoy = (12)? 0.14 x 12 ft = 242 bb E. Capacity of Pipe This formula does not take into consideration tool joints and therefore over estimates the volume by approximately 1.0+ depending on what grade drillpipe is being calculated because high grade tool joints have smaller ID's). RIG CALCULATIONS 1-Area Caleimons Ferme once a=07854 02 vouowennoen sort [080] Rule: Square the ID of the pipe (inches) and either multiply by 0.097 to get bbI/100 ft or by 0.545 to get cu ft/100 ft. Formula(s): cap (bbI/100 ft) = (ID of pipe)? 0.097 cap (cu ft/100 ft) = (ID of pipe)? 0.545 6:4Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VI._VOLUME AND CAPACITY (cont.) E. Capacity of Pipe (cont.) Example: What is the volume per 100 feet if the ID of pipe is 4.276 inches? capacity (bb1/100 ft) = (4.276)? 0.097 =17 8 capacity (cu ft/100 ft)= (4.276)* 0.545 9.96 Note: The exact volume for 5, 19.5, XH drillpipe is: Grade E = 0.017464 bbi/ft Grade X = 0.017268 bbl/ft GradeG = 0.017176 bbl/ft Grade S = 0.017010 bbl/ft Capacity of Annulus Between Concentric Pipe Strings ‘The formula does not take into consideration upsets (tool joints) and therefore will be off between 0.5% to 2%. Rule: Square the ID (inches) of outer string and subtract the square of the OD (inches) of inner string. Multiply the results by either the factor 0.097 for bbl/100 ft or by the factor 0.545 for cu f/100 ft. Formula: cap (bbI/100 ft) = (Dj - D3) 0.097 cap (cu fi/100 ft) = (Dj ~ D3) 0.545 Where: ——-D, = ID of outer string, inches D; = OD of inner string, inches 65Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VI._VOLUME AND CAPACITY (cont.) F. G 6:6 Capacity of Annulus Between Concentric Pipe Strings (cont.) Example: What is the annular capacity per 100 ft if the outside string is 4-1/2, 10.5 Ib/ft (ID = 4,052 inches) and inner string is 2-3/8 (OD = 2.375 inches)? oor cap bbI/100 ft) (4.052? - 2.3757) 0.097 Que —4 = L046 y Vi V cap (cu f/100 ft) = (4.052? - 2.37540.545 74) fi 5.87 YY HY Capacity of Annulus, Two Inner Strings in Casing oe There is no allowance made for couplings and therefore calculations may be off between 0.5 to 2%. Rule: Formula’ ‘Square the ID (inches) of the outer string and subtract the OD’s (inches) of inner strings. Multiply the results by either 0.097 to get bbI/100 ft or 0.545 to get cu 1/100 ff. cap (bbI/100 ft)=(D? - Dj - Dj) 0.097 cap (cu f/100 ft) = (Dj ~ D3 - D5) 0.545 D, = ID of outer string of pipe, inches D, = OD of inner string of pipe, inches Ds = OD of second inner string of pipe, inches Example: What is the annular capacity per 100 fect if the outside casing is 7, 29 Ib/ft (ID = 6.184) and inner strings are = 2.375 inches OD? cap (bb1/100 ft) a 184? - 2.375? - 2.375%) 0.097 B cap (cu ft/100 ft) (6.184? - 2.375? - 2.375) 0.545 14.70 wuMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Vil._ HYDRAULICS Optimization in the drilling business is often defined as "collapsing the learning curve" which means you post appraise data from one or two wells and then drill the 3rd and remaining wells much cheaper. Optimization could, therefore, be defined as cutting cost. ‘The order of optimization with reference to cutting cost is: 1) optimize mud; 2) optimize hydraulics; 3) optimize bit selection; and 4) optimize weight on bit and RPM’s. Mud and hydraulic optimization, however, make the big money difference. A. Optimum hydraulics is the proper balance of the hydraulic elements that will adequately clean the hole below the bit, clean the bit and clean the bore hole above the bit with minimum horsepower. The balance of the hydraulic elements is influenced by: 1) lost circulation (ECD effect); 2) hole stability (turbulent erosion); 3) bit cleaning (cross flow); 4) cleaning hole below bit (jet velocity) and cleaning the bore hole above bit (Ann. Velocity-Flowrate-yield value-and flow profile). Rule: Balance flowrate between 24 gpm and 75 gpm (for optimum bit weight between 25-50 gpm/inch) per inch of bit size. Jet velocity is influenced by formation drillability and mud overbalance chip hold down. The greater the overbalance the higher the jet velocity has to be to help free up the chip that is being differentially held down below the bit. The jet velocity range is usually between 250 and 450 ft/sec. Fommula(s):' GB =4B+5 G =4B+5B a. 12.72 By” ROP 0.01 + 0.002 (ROP) Where: G/B = GPM/inch bit diameter G = GPM (flowrate), gpm Gain = For flowrate sensitive bits (PDC, etc.) Ref. 1: World Oil, Review of Low Solids Mud Control Gives New Insights, D. B. Anderson and Jack Estes. TAMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VI._HYDRAULICS (cont.) A. (cont.) B_ = Bit diameter, inches J, = Jet velocity, fu/see ROP = Penetration rate, f/hr Example : What is the gpmv/inch range; the flowrate recommended; and recommended jet velocity, to minimize chip hold down, bit balling and give adequate hole cleaning? Given: 12-1/4" bit; ROP 40 fuhr. GB = 412.25) +5 = 54 gpm/inch G = 4(12.25) + 5(12.25) = 662. gm 40 Tor + 0.00240) = 444 fi/sec B. Hydraulic Guidelines Hydraulics can be optimized by concentrating on four main guidelines. The four are: flowrate; jet horsepower; percent of horsepower at bit; and jet velocity Rules: The following guidelines are based on running optimum bit weight. Rule 1: Maintain flowrate 30-50 gpm/in of bit diameter. The following ROP ranges are general guidelines for flowrates required. ROP Ranges Range 1 - over 50 fU/hr, 50 gpm/in Range 2 - 25 to 50 fv/hr, 40 to 50 gpm/in Range 3 - 15 to 25 fvhr, 38 to 45 gpm/in. Range 4 - 10 to 15 ft/hr, 35 to 40 gpm/in Range 5 - 5 to 10 fi/hr, 30 to 39 gpmvinVi. HYDRAULICS Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc B. Hydraulic Guidelines (cont.) Rule 2: Rule 3: Rule 4: Maintain jet horsepower 2-1/2 to 5 HHP/in? (hydraulic horsepower per sq in of bit area). The rule is based on the square root of the rate of penetration, In big hole (12-1/4 and greater size) the HHP/in? could be allowed to go slightly above 5.0 (up to 6.5) if drillability is good (above 25 fu/hr) Design hydraulics so that 50 to 65% of available pump pressure is across the bit jet nozzles. If optimized at midrange (55 to 60) the driller has more flexibility with flowrate as influenced by formation drillability, ECD, and other drilling operational factors Maintain jet velocity between 350 and 450 ft/sec. Do not drop below 250 ft/sec. ROP and chip hold down influence optimum jet velocity as discussed in Section VII A. Flowrate (Q) = (gpm/in range) x Bit OD HEP/in},, = YROP. (no higher than 6.5) QP, HHP/in? = ————**__ 1346@Bit OD)! Py, X 100 MGS eae Pout = Phic * Poysem Pynan = System pressure losses (surface connections, Grill string and annulus - from book/slide rule/etc.) 1346(Bit OD) /ROP is Q 73‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VIL__HYDRAULICS (cont.) B. Hydraulic Guidelines (cont.) Formulas: (cont.) (156.482)(Q))MW_ Py_, » Mw “emt Q? s 2 + J? + ete)? Average Jet Size = 3.536 a os) No. of Jets "| Py, (418.3(Q) G) ++ 5p + etc) Jet Velocity Pp. - eae . ‘sen pile Where: Q = Flowrate (gpm) HH/in’ —_ = Hydraulic horsepower per sq in of bit area R.O.P. = Rate of penetration Pre = Pressure loss through bit nozzles Past = Pressure required at surface Jy, Jy etc. = Numerator only (ie., 15/32 = 15, 12/32 = 12) MW = Mud weight (1b/gal) Pi pn = Pressure on bit calculated when planning, psi Prana = Pressure at bit calculated after selecting bit nozzles. L = Length (ft) Po = Pipe inside diameter (in) 1:4Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc, VI._HYDRAULICS B. Hydraulic Guidelines (cont.) Where: (cont.) D, = Diameter of hole (in) D, = Outside diameter of pipe (in) Example: Plan and evaluate the basic four hydraulic elements. Given: bit size = 12-1/4"; ROP = 25 fi/hr; MW = 10 ppg; no. of jets = 3 Q = 45 gpmiin x 12-1/4" = 551 gpm Pywen = 1152 psi (from hydraulic book tables for drill string and hole configuration) “ 1346(12.25)°/25 “oma 551 1832_psi oa\e Jet Size = 3.536 | 551 (_10_ 3 (1832 = 13,02(13) use 3 size 13/32 jets _ (156.482)(551)°0) Pe amt (13? + 13? + 13°? = 1848 psi (actual pressure @ bit after sizing nozzles) Pye = 1152 (System) + 1848 (bit) 3000 psi 1S‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VIL._HYDRAULICS (cont.) B. Hydraulic Guidelines (cont.) Formulas: (cont.) _ 1848 x 100 3000 61.6% WP ry (551)(1848) 1346(12.25)? 5.04 HHP/insat (418.3551) (13? +13? + 134) = 454 fulsec Jet Val = i Optimization Checks: 1, Flowrate = 551/12.25 = 45 gpm/in (30 - 50) opt. range 2. HH/in’ = 5.0 (OK) (2.5 - 5) opt. range 3. %P, = 61.6% OK (50 - 65%) opt. range 4. Jet Vel = 454 fi/sec (OK) (350 - 450) opt. range C. Horsepower at Surface and Bit i Optimum horsepower requirements are based on hole size and rate of penetration, (ten "D" rule). For hydraulic horsepower at bit, take the square root of i Rule: For input horsepower at surface, multiply 10 times the square of hole size I the rate of penetration. 7:6Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ViI._HYDRAULICS C. Horsepower at Surface and Bit (cont.) Formula(s): HEP, = 10 itSize? HHP/in? OP. Example: Calculate the required surface horsepower the rig should have available (influencing rig selection). Calculate hydraulic horsepower needed @ bit if ROP is 20 fv/hr: HHP... = 10(12.25)? =1500 HHP/in? = 20 45 D. Rough Neck Formula The number one drilling parameter trend to monitor and evaluate potential hole stability problems with is the pressure and pump stroke relationship. Rule: When pump strokes are doubled the pump pressure will quadruple. This is because pressure loss inside a drill string increases as an exponential function of the pumping rate. Formula: 7 (2 la: = ‘| SPM, Where: P, = Pump pressure after changing pump strokes to new level (SPM, - either up or down). P, = Pump pressure that is associated with SPM, (original pump pressure and strokes). SPM, = Stroke per minute original (P, assoc. with SPM,). = New pump strokes (P, assoc. with SPM.) "WI‘Murchison Drilling Schools. Inc. VII. HYDRAULICS (cont.) Example 1: The pump pressure (P,) was 2500 psi with 80 strokes per minute (SPM). What would the pressure be if the pump strokes are raised to 85 (SPM,)? 2 P, = 2500 (85 80 = ; Example 2: In the same example if the hole loaded up with formation cutting and SPM, dropped to 78 and the pressure remained at 2500 psi, how many psi can be attributed to the cuttings? 2 2500 (3) 80 AP = 2500 - 2377 psi 2377 psi Therefore: = 123 psi due to cuttings LL E. _ Effect of Pipe Size on Hydraulics Because pressure loss inside a drilling string increases as an exponential function of the pumping rate, it is very important to choose drill string equipment with large bores. If this guideline is violated the hydraulic horsepower will be mostly lost before it reaches the bit nozzles. Rule: The pressure loss in drillpipe and drill collars changes inversely proportional to the change of bore diameter raised to the 4.82 power. ID of larger pipe \** TD of smaller pipe a Where: P; = Pressure loss with small pipe (psi) P, = Pressure loss with large pipe (psi) D, = Large diameter pipe (inch) 9 " , = Small diameter pipe (inch) 78Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc VI. HYDRAULICS (cont.) E. Effect of Pipe Size on Hydraulics (cont.) Example: | How much greater pressure loss does 4-1/2, 16.6 (ID-3.826) have compared to 5, 19.5 (ID-4.276)? Pressure loss with 5" dp = 25 psi/1000 ft. 1.71 (The 4-1/2 drillpipe would lose 1.71 times more pressure loss than the 5 inch drillpipe.) 2762 P, = 25 S256) = 43 psi Gg 826) Effect of Mud Weight and Plastic Viscosity on Hydraulics Pressure losses increase as the mud weight and plastic viscosity go up. Consequently it is important to maintain the mud weight and plastic viscosity at operationally safe low levels. Rule: The pressure loss is directly proportional to the mud weight. Divide new mud weight by old mud weight and multiply this number by the pressure loss measured (or calculated) with old mud weight. Formula(s): Pressure Lossyy = (Pressure Loss with MW, wy pv Pressure Losspy = (Pressure Loss MW or) Where: Pressure Lossyq_ = Pressure loss corrected for mud weight change Pressure Losspy__ = Pressure loss corrected for plastic viscosity (usually done in weighted muds) MW, = Mud weight (original) corresponding to pressure loss either all measured or calculated. 19‘Murchison Drilling schools, Inc. VI._HYDRAULICS (cont.) F. Effect of Mud Weight and Plastic Viscosity on Hydraulics (cont.) MW, = New mud weight. The pressure loss MW... Will correspond to this mud wt. MW = The mud weight that the mud had when the plastic viscosity was measured. Example: Correct the pressure loss in the system for mud weight changes and plastic viscosity. Given: Pressure loss with MW, = 1000 psi; MW, = 13 ppg; PV (with MW, = 25 cps; new MW (MW,) = 14 ppg. 25014 Pressure Loss PV.,,, = (1077 (3) = 1180 psi G. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) The equivalent circulating density (ECD) is the effective mud weight on the formation due to the total effect of the mud weight plus the friction loss in the annular space between the pipe and the hole while circulating, Rule: The simplified version of the Bingham plastic equation gives a quick ECD estimate. Multiply yield value times 0.1 and divide by the hydraulic diameter (hole size minus pipe size). Add the results to the mud weight (Ib/gal). Formula(s): DiS NV di ogicor Lh XUEVAV Bi fy SSN ier LENS ‘wm 2250, -D,) 1500, - D, 7:10Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VI. HYDRAULICS (cont.) G. ‘Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) (cont.) Formula(s) (cont.) PL, CD. MWe ee sh (0.052 x Depth) Where: ECD = Equivalent circulating density PL = Pressure loss in annulus MW = Mud weight (ppg) YV = Yield value (on Yield Point) 1b/100 f D, = Diameter of hole PV = Plastic Viscosity D, = Diameter of pipe 1. = Length (feet) = Annular velocity, feet per sec. Example: Compare the estimated ECD with the formulas given. Given: MW 16.0 ppg; PV = 45; YV = 25; Flowrate = 330 gpm; Ann. Veli, = 2.85 ft/sec; Ann. Vely 5 ft/sec; DP Len 2,000 ft; DC 700 ft; DC OD = 6-1/2 inches; DP OD = 5 inches; D, = 8.5 inches O.1 x 25 BCD = 16 + 212% -467 Cheeses 12,700 x 25 . a 08 nm ~ 305085 - 5) Lt 403 ECD, = 16 + ———__ = 16.6 oe 12,700 x .052 PLgg, = 12000225, 12,000 2 45 2285. gos ©” 2585-5) 150085 - 5 _ 700 x 25 TOO x 45x45 _ 6, Pliny, * ~ 258: 6: 1500(8.5 - 6.5)? Total Phin, = 528 7Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. VII. HYDRAULICS (cont.) G. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) (cont.) Eormula(s) (cont.) 528 ECD inv = 16 + 28 ___ = 168 ne 12,700 x .052 PRE Summary Comparison with 3 Methods = 16.7, 16.6, and 16.8 H, imum Annular Velocity (From Fullerton) Optimum annular velocity is influenced by mud weight and hole size. Rule: Divide the product of mud weight times hole diameter into 11,800 to get annular velocity in feet per minute. Formula: Ann. Vel. (f/min) = —11:800__ (Mw x D,) Where: Ann Vel = Optimum annular velocity in f’min (by Fullerton) Mw = Mud weight (Ib/gal) D, = Diameter of hole, inches Example: What would the recommended annular velocity be for the 12-1/4 inch hole section with the following mud weights: Case 1 = 9.5 ppg/12-1/4 hole; Case 2 = 11.5 ppg/12-1/4 hole; Case 3 = 9.5 ppg/8-1/2 hole? Ann Vel (C: 1) = ——*__ = 101 fimin clear (12.25 x 9.5) 11,800 : ‘Ann Vel (Case 2) = —11:800__ . 4 su Ceo 2asaa aa 11,800, Ann Vel (C: 3) = —— = fmin 2 Gs ae 7:12Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc, VIIL_ESTIMATING HYDROST; EAD (PRESSURE) The basic hydrostatic formula to calculate pressure is used constantly in the drilling business. The formula is rearranged to also calculate mud weight and even depth. Before introducing the ule a few concepts will make the formula clear. Concepts: Two concepts will be introduced: ‘Weight of a column of fluid and: Pressur jumn of fluid and pressure gradient Consider a 13 ppg mud, How much does 1 fi? of this mud weigh? 2726s MW = 13 ppg (13) (7.48) pef = 97.24 pef = 97.24 Ib/eu ft teat 1h Now consider 5000 such blocks stacked vertically. Total weight = (97.24) (5000) 1 = 486,200 lbs. 5000 8

HP, = 25 (3) 7 = 37.3 (if only impeller diameter is changed)Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. . HP, = 25 (33) 1450, = 44 (if only RPM’s are changed) Example 2: How much pressure should you have on the hydrocyclone if 9.5 ppg, mud is being used? P = 75 ft x 0.052 x 9.5 = 37 psi 2:3Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XIIL_BOP ACCUMULATORS Usable hydraulic fluid, to operate the blow out preventer equipment, is affected by accumulator pressure and nitrogen precharge. The following rules apply to sizing accumulator (volume required for nitrogen and hydraulic fluid) and for running a quick check on average nitrogen precharge of system (without having to drain hydraulic fluid back into accumulator storage reservoir and individually check each bottle, which is time consuming). Rule 1: Ifthe nitrogen precharge is at the correct (recommended) precharge multiply the sizing factor (see below) times the fluid required to operate a specified number of BOP functions to arrive at required total accumulator volume. Minimum Accumulator ‘Recommended ‘Accumulator Operating Precharge Useable Size Pressure Pressure Biuid_ Faciort 1500 150 18 8 2000 1000 wB 3 3000 1000 12 2 “Based on minimum discharge pressure of 1200 psi Cx u Bose Bene Bo A * meg Prec Minima reseun $2 Biecrarge Op rast Rule 2: A quick check can be made on the average nitrogen precharge of the complete BOP accumulator system with the following steps. Note: Pipe out of the hole and blind ram closed and locked. 1. Read accumulator pressure (i.e., 3000 psi). 2. Close off hydraulic line going to air and electric accumulator pumps. 3. Pick up test joint and position in BOP’s. Operate one or more of BOP functions (ie., closed hydril and opened Type F valve) 4. Read new manifold pressure (now drawdown because of operating BOPE, ice., 1800 psi. Calculate fluid required to operate BOP functions (i.¢., 29.94 gal), 6. Calculate average nitrogen precharge of accumulator system. 13:1Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XI._BOP ACCUMULATORS (cont.) Formula(s): (cont.) ¥ imum Discharge Pressure (Accum.Press. - Min. Disch. Press. (gal) Vy = Vyx2 p= (Wol. Removed)(Starting Accum. Press.)(Final Accum. Press.) bd (V,)(Starting - Final Accum. Pressure) Vz = Total hydraulic fluid and nitrogen to base accumulator volume sizing on V, = Volume required to operate BOPE that accumulator sizing will be based on ‘Accum, Press.= Pressure rating of accumulator system (or operating pressure) 1 Nitrogen Precharge = Should be 1000 psi for 2000 and 3000 psi system. It should be 750 psi for a 1500 psi accumulator system. Minimum Discharge Pressure = This is the recommended minimum discharge pressure to base design on (200 psi above nitrogen precharge) P, = The average nitrogen precharge in system (calculated after operating BOPE and measuring drawdown) Example 1; Calculate the required accumulator system if the design was based on operating the following BOPE and having 50% SF; 3000 psi accumulator. BOPE Close Open 1, Hydril, GK, 13-5/8, 10,000 psi (bag) 29.35 20.96 2, CIW, Type “U", 13-5/8, 10,000 psi (ram) 11.6 10.90 1, CIW, Type "F*, 4", 10,000 psi ydv.) 0.59 0.59 50% Reserve EY Total (Hydraulic Fluid) 111 gal Vy = (111 gat) 200 Psy 1200 1000 psi (3000 - 1200)‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIII__BOP ACCUMULATORS (cont.) Example 1: (cont.) (111 gal) (2)* 222 gal (nitrogen + hydraulic fluid) *Note: The sizing factor comes from the pressure side of the above equation. Example 2: Using the above accumulator system (222 gal/3000 psi). Calculate the average nitrogen precharge in the system after the system had been in use several days. Given: (from steps in Rule 2): drawdown pressure = 1800 psi after removing 29.94 gal of hydraulic fluid (operated hydril and Type F choke valve), (29.94)(3000)(1800) (222)(3000 - 1800) = 607 psi (average nitrogen precharge in accumulator system) Note: This system should have 1000 psi nitrogen precharge, and this lower precharge pressure lowers the amount of usable fluid that is available to operate the BOPE. To find out which bottle(s) are low in nitrogen precharge the hydraulic fluid has to be drained back into accumulator storage reservoir and each bottle checked with a pressure gauge. Use clean nitrogen to pressure the bottles back to 1000 psi.Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine. ‘XIV._KICK TOLERANCE By utilizing known rig data and a series of formulas (in which part are rules-of-thumb) kick tolerance can be calculated for several "what-if" situations. A leakoff test sometimes leads to false security unless the size kick is considered. Kick size greatly affects control capability and in fact itis the number one limitation to control capability. ‘The size kick a drilling crew allows is a direct reflection of motivation and well control awareness of rig personnel and places a high priority on rig-selection. When kick tolerance, based on a realistic kick size, is calculated to be below one pound per gallon (1 ppg) an operator may consider running casing to prevent lost circulation (the greatest associated problem to well control) Rule: To evaluate kick tolerance choose two or three hypothetical (realistic) pit gains and: calculate DC annular volume (formulas); evaluate whether the kick is large enough to cover the drill collars and part of the drill pipe or not--after making this determination use either formula 7 or formula 6 to calculate length of influx; calculate estimated shut in casing pressure (formula 8); calculate maximum allowable pressure (formula 1); calculate bottom hole pressure maximum allowable (formula 2); calculate bottom hole pressure maximum mud weight equivalent (formula 3); and calculate kick tolerance (formula 4). Make decision about the safety of drilling operation related to well control (taking a kick that would break the formation down somewhere in open hole), Formula(s) 1. Max Allo Press = (L.O.T. - MW) .052 x Shoe TVD 2. BHP Max = (TVD - Len InFx)(.052)(MW) + (Max Allo P) + (Length Influx x 0.1)) 3. BHP MWE = _BHP Max TVD x 052 4. Kick Tolerance = (BHPMWE - MW) 5. DC Ann Vol, = (it Size *= DCOD’) DC Len 1000 it Gain - Ann (de) Vol) 1000 6. Len Inf, ane + DC Len) ‘Bit Size *- DPOD*) 1. Len ifhkegg = (Pit Sais) 1000 it Size* - DCOD*) 8. SICP = (SIDPP + Len Influx (Mudgrad - Influx Grad)) sk 9. Equiv MW Shoe = (Hole MW + sICP ) 0.052 x Shoe TVD 10. Shoe Pressure = (Form Press - (Hydrostatic Pressure below Shoe)) 14:1Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIV. KICK TOLERANCE (cont.) Where: Max Allo Press L.o.T. MW Shoe TVD BHP Max TVD Len Infl Max Allo P BHP MWE Kick Tolerance DC Ann Vol Bit Size DC Size DC Len Len Inf a Len Inflxe pun sIcP Mud Grad Infux Grad Equiv. MW Shoe Shoe Pressure Form Press = Maximum Allowable pressure, psi = Leak off test mud weight, ppg = Mud weight in hole, ppg = True vertical depth of shoe, ft = Bottom hole pressure maximum (a partial step in kick tolerance calculation), psi = True vertical depth (TD), ft = Length of influx, ft = Maximum allowable pressure based on leak off test at shoe, psi = Bottom hole pressure mud weight equivalent (partial calculation in kick tolerance program), ppg = The maximum kick intensity (Kill wt.) that can be taken for the size (pit gain) kick and the L.O.T. calculated, ppg = Drill collar annular volume, bb! = Bit outside diameter in inches, in = Drill collar OD, in = Drill collar length, ft = Length of influx in drill pipe and de annulus, ft = Length of influx in drill collar annulus, ft = Shut in casing pressure, psi = Mud gradient (MW x 0.052), psi/ft = Influx gradient (assumed to be 0.1 psi/ft), psi/ft = Equivalent mud weight at shoe based on shut in casing pressure, ppg = Pressure applied to a casing shoe, psi = Formation pressure (hydrostatic pressure + SIDPP), psi BRBRERRRRKKLKRHRR RK Hkh Hh benabBnbhnnannnnnnunnunana:‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XIV._KICK TOLERANCE (cont.) Example 1: Calculate the kick tolerance for a 26 barrel kick. Given: BitOD —-- 8.5 inches DC OD - 6.5 inches DPOD —- 5.0 inches DC Len - 720 feet PitGain - 26 barrels TVD Shoe - 8,000 feet TVD TD — - 12,500 feet MW Hole - 14 ppg MWL.O.T. - 16.7 ppg SIDPP 650 psi eg 1000 21.60 bbl Size Kick = 26 bbl; therefore part of the kick is above drill collars Ter Inflxy, = (26 - 21.6) 1000 +720 850 = 813 feet sICP = 650 psi + 813 (14 x .052 - 0.1) 1161 psi Equiv. MW Shoe = 14+ 161 psi (0.052 x 8000) = 16.802 Max Allo Press = (16.7 - 14) .052 x 8000 ft = 1123 psi BHP Max = (12,500-813)(0.05)(MW)+(1123)-+(813 x 0.1) = 9713 psi BHP MWE aos 12,500 x .052 = 14.9 ppg 14:3‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIV._KICK TOLERANCE (cont.) Example 1: (cont.) Comparing a 10 bbl kick with the above 26 bbl kick. Size Length Maximum = BHP BHP. Kick Kick Influx SICD ~—SIDPP_-— Allowable. += Max. +©=MWE Tolerance. 10 333-826 650 1123 10.014 15.4 14 26 813.1161 650 1123 9713 14.9 09 *Note: A 10 bbl kick could be taken but a 26 bbl would probably break the shoe down, 14:4Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XV: WATER HAMMER EFFECT ‘A well that is flowing with great intensity (high flowrate) can cause high hammer force which may damage BOPE or wellhead. However, most kicks that are detected early and that are not too much underbalanced (<1.5 ppg kick intensity) will have only minimum hammer effect on equipment. The once recommended soft closure to minimize the water hammer effect has lost some of its popularity and many operators are recommending hard closures to minimize kick size. Kick size has the greatest effect on kick control capability. The maximum rate of closure to prevent most of the hammer effect depends on how fast the closure pressure wave travels, through the mud and the well depth. If the speed of sound in mud is taken to be 1000 fu/sec then the round trip time for the closure pressure wave is: 2.x Measured Depth = 20 sec in the example below 1000 Time (sec) = If the well is closed in (less than 20 seconds) then the chance for a severe hammer is high. For shallow kicks this time is greatly reduced. Rule: Calculate the hammer pressure utilizing the annular velocity and mud weight and multiply this times the cross-sectional area of pressure exposure. Formulas: | 1 Fp | tanulrVelocin G/M) Phase = (APhanine)(BOP Size?-DPOD*)(0.7854) je je le AP honner & AF pinner = Pressure and force created from rapid closure in a water base mud. (Note: oil muds are more compres- sible and therefore have less hammer effect.) Ann. Vel = Annular velocity in feet per minute MW = Mud weight (ppg) BOP Size = ID of BOP’s (inches) DPOD == Drillpipe outside diameter (inches)‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XV: WATER HAMMER EFFECT (cont.) Given: ge stmeereg, Bring Kick to a “Halt” Gradually to Prevent Shocking Formation and BOPE BOPE Diameter = 13-5/8 Hole Size 8-1/2" below 9-5/8 casing 47 Ib/ft Drillpipe Diameter = 5" Ann Cap Around dp = .049 bbl/ft MW 13 ppg Flow Rate 20 bbl/minute Well Depth 10,000 feet Annular Velocity 20 bbl/min = 408.2 fpm 049 1 Ax a Hammer = ——~ (408.2)V¥13 = 541 pat = or Hammer = 541 (.7854)(13.6257-5?) = 68,256 Ibs This hammer force will be exerted on the wellhead for a few seconds. 15:2Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine XVL_SHALES Shales cause hole and drilling problems when they lack or lose stability. Shales lose stability because of: 1) hydration; 2) surge and swabbing; 3) hydrostatic underbalanced conditions related to tectonic forces and/or compaction (de-watering) trend interruption; and 4) erosion related to mud and hydraulic practices. Rule 1: Hy4ration of shales can be caused by one or more of the following reasons: a) Surface hydration is greatly influenced by the bentonitic content (MBT) of the shale. High MBT shales will have quick hydration and lose stability immediately. ‘An example would be tight hole on first trip through newly made hole in bentonitic and/or gumbo shale. Surface hydration can be minimized by reducing hole exposure (getting-in and getting-out) with good optimization techniques. Surface hydration can be prevented or minimized with oil muds and inhibited muds such as Potassium Chloride. Surface hydration can be minimized by encapsulation (coating) with mud materials such as polymers. Generally the best rule is to get in and get out before hole stability is lost; and in high MBT shales, this could be within seven days (plus or minus). b) Osmotic hydration is caused by differences in activity between fluid in pore spaces of shale and the mud’s filtrate and/or water phase salinity. Osmotic hydration generally requires more time than surface hydration. Therefore, it can be minimized by optimizing drilling program to within safe exposure time. Safe exposure time is arrived at best by area knowledge. This area knowledge is enhanced if field people will report (document) the first indications of undrilled shale on shaker. As a general rule, osmotic hydration can best be prevented by the use of a balanced activity oil-type mud. c) Hydration can also take place in fractured shales and along permeable bedding planes (i.e., sand and shale). Capillary action can speed up the hydration process in hair-line fractures. ‘The hydration in fractured shales and along bedding planes can be minimized by making sure mud has one or more of the following qualities: 1) good colloidal content-cake building properties; 2) good plugging properties which comes from asphalt-type materials; 3) good encapsulation properties; and 4) in some cases an oil type mud (some fractured shales do not respond well to il mud(s) - but area knowledge should play an important part in over all material or system selection. As a general rule a mud with good colloidal content, that has an asphalt additive present, will satisfy most fractured shale problems. Minimizing directional problems, when drilling fractured shales, will minimize the associated mechanical shale problems of ledges and mechanically knocked-off shale. Rule 2: Shales will lose stability if tripping is not optimized and minimized. Surge and swabbing, related to poor tripping practices, poor bit selection and poor drill string inspection and handling practices, will decrease safe working days in a 16:1 od » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » »XVL_SHALES (cont.) shale. For example, a "ten day shale” can lose its stability in five days if a series of string washouts take place because too many trips are required. Long running bits can be justified in many instances because of better hole stability regardless of economic cost per foot calculations. In one drilling operation, that required a section of evaporites (anhydrite, salt, marls, limestone) to be drilled the hydrostatic-sensitive marl could not be stabilized until long running diamond bit were used. This minimized surge and ballooning of plastic shale and enhanced its stability. As a general rule optimize drilling operation to keep pipe tripping to a minimum and this will minimize shale stability problems. Rule 3: Hydrostatic pressure loss or lack of can cause some shales to lose stability. Examples of these shales would be the squeezing mar] associated with evaporites and the sloughing shale associated with pressure transition zones, where compaction (dewatering) trends have been interpreted. The squeezing marls requires hydrostatically balancing before drilling operations can be resumed. Surge will balloon these plastic shales, therefore tripping should be minimized and closely supervised. Sloughing shale, very prevalent in shale transition zones can be minimized if mud weight is adjusted to what the formation pore pressure is in the shale. Formation pressure can be calculated from d’exponents, shale densities or logs. Sloughing shale usually takes place near bottom (newest hole) and isn’t related to hydration or over exposure. For example, a driller picks-up to make a connection and after picking-up a new joint, he cannot engage kelly-drive bushing because the bottom of the hole is filled with sloughing shale. This shale isn’t over exposed but simply loses stability because the trapped water is pressured in the shale and the trapped water keeps the shale matrix from compacting and gaining rock strength. Consequently, the shale “relieves itself into the hole. ‘The greater part of the overburden pressure (1.0 psi/ft) is supported by the trapped fluid instead of being more evenly divided between matrix and fluid. Once a shale sloughs the driller has to exercise patience until the sloughing is complete. How long a shale sloughs in a particular section is related to the shales angle of repose (dip and support) and is very unpredictable. Keep reaming hole until the driller can lower the bit without down drag or a hole bridge. The driller has to make sure he keeps the problem below him-in other words don’t drill ahead until hole stability is gained. At this stage it requires viscous pills with high mud yield values, and sometimes weighted pills to unload the large pieces (and volume) of sloughing shale, The following general rules apply to squeezing and sloughing shale. For squeezing marl, balance hydrostatically before drilling ahead. Many parameters can be used as guidelines to evaluate the hydrostatic a « « « e « « a @ a « « a e q 4 a € é ‘ i . ‘ ‘ 4 4 ( { ( c 4 ‘ ( 4 ( ( { ( ( 16:2 ‘ ( tMurchison Drilling Schools, Ine XVI._SHALES (cont.) balance (j.e., pressure and stroke relationship above and adjacent to the shale, torque, drag, etc.). The mud to drill squeezing marls should either be salt saturated with excess encapsulator or an oil mud. In both cases, a hydrostatic balance has to be maintained. For sloughing shale the mud weight should have been adjusted while the pressurized shale (transition zone shale) was being drilled. After it sloughs the main priority switches to unloading the hole and waiting until the sloughing stops. Mud weight increase and water loss reductions only help at this point by aiding hole cleaning. Rule 4: Erosion of shale can cause loss of hole stability. Bridges form near or adjacent eroded hole because of unsupported ledges being mechanically knocked-off and because of hole cleaning (a change in annular velocity at the eroded spot causes the cuttings to “fall out” and create bridge). To avoid this problem design the mud and/or hydraulic program to minimize turbulent flow. The yield value can be adjusted to help suppress turbulence if the pump rate is optimized at correct level. Off bottom circulating practices should be closely observed when in shale sections to prevent washed-out hole. The pipe should be reciprocated almost constantly when in shales. As a general rule, the flowrate should be adjusted between 30 and 50 gpm/inch of bit diameter. If the turbulent flow calculation indicates turbulent flow, next to drillpipe, either the yield value should be raised or the flowrate adjusted to the lower side of the hydraulic range. Polymer muds enhance or improve hydraulics because they shear thin inside the drill string and thicken-up in the annulus to help suppress turbulence. The flatter flow profile aids hole cleaning. Note: Many drilling people use sloughing and heaving shale designation (naming) interchangeably. However, in the discussion above heaving shale is a shale that has been over exposed (which means that hydration has been given time to take place), It is usually a problem off bottom because the hydration process(es) do require time. On the other-hand sloughing shale is a problem on bottom (it usually takes place immediately after drilling a kelly down) Sloughing shale has the water present because of an interruption in compaction trend--not because of hydration--and it sloughs because of weak rock matrix strength and pressure relief. Formulas: The following formulas are useful in evaluating 1) hole restriction; 2) turbulence which causes erosion and mechanical shale problems; and 3) pressure to place below a closed BOP to equate to an equivalent mud weight increase down the hole (to solve a squeezing shale problem) 16:3Where: ee = The pressure difference between clean hole and a restricted hole (strokes have to be same to make comparison) ee = The pressure recorded with the hole clean and unrestricted SPMocan The strokes per minute recorded with Pray (strokes/pressure are recorded together) SPMyayess = The strokes per minute recorded with the annulus restricted 2) —_83.1 ___ [py « pv? + 722(¥W)(OD-IDy MW, (OD-1D) MW Where: VC = Critical velocity ft/min oD = Hole size ID = Drillpipe OD MW = Maud weight (ppg) PV = Plastic viscosity YV_ = Yield value (point) Based on 2100 Reynolds Number _ (Voy(OD? - 1D’ GPM, . 2A. x Flowrate (gpm) (opy - Dy Annular velocity ft/min jg ie le id = " GPM to reach critical velocity = (MWiq, - MW) 0.052 X TVD ve AP ae AMW a5 MM ca aereiea es aie XO. (at squeezing or pressured shale) 16:4XVI. Where: Example 2: Example 1: ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. |. SHALES (cont.) AP pa = Max pressure that can be applied at top (under BOP) with shoe limitation AMWes = Max equivalent MW at shale depth with the shoe limiting the surface pressure MW = Leak off test mud weight MWypie = MW (ppg) in hole TVD = True vertical depth (ft) of shoe TVDsae = True vertical depth (ft) of shale | A shale squeezed at 9,500 feet; the shoe is at a | 7,500 feet and the leak-off-test MW is 17.5 ppg; a MWyae = 16.0 ppg. What is the maximum pressure tore that can be applied under the BOP with the shoe L.0.T. MW limitations? What is the equivalent mud weight (AMW,.,) at the squeezing shale depth? AP nas = (17.5 - 16) )0.052 x 7500 ft sggye = 585 psi (based on leak off test at shoe) AMWic => 107 a 9,500 x 0.052 17.2 ppg @ 9,500 ft (depth of shale) How much shale restriction do you have in the hole? Given: Paean = 2,000 psi; SPMien, = 80 SPM; SPMyauicet = 77; Prsvicea = 2100 psi. ny B = 2000 |— me = 200 (5) = 1853 psi (clean hole reference at lower strokes) oP, = 2100 psi - 1853 psi = 247 psi restriction due to shale 16:5Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVI_SHALES (cont.) Example 3: 16:6 What are the new critical velocity if changes are made in flowrate and mud? Given: MW = 9.5; Pv = 10 cps; Yv = 4; GPM = 350 gpm; Va = 182; Ve = 172; GPM, 32. Changes: 1) GPM = 330 (flowrate change); 2) Yv = 6 (mud change) Pv = 12 1, Flowrate decreases to 330 gpm ve = —83:1 [19+ (107+ 722465 -5)°9.5 (8.5-5)9.5 172 fumin 24.51 x 330 (5 - 5%) = 171 fv min (okay - not in turbulence) Note: If annular velocity is less than critical velocity you are not in turbulence. 2. The mud velocities (YV and PV were increase) ve = —831 fio --iz?-72@ 85-5795] (85-5)9.5 210 ft/min 24.51 x 350 (8.5? - 5) = 182 f/min (okay - not in turbulence) Note: The erosion problem could be approached hydraulically or with mud theology changes.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVII:_LOST CIRCULATIO! Lost circulation is the number one drilling problem. It is the leading cause of blowouts (uncontrolled well). It is one of the leading causes of stuck pipe and overall hole stability problems. The approach to solving a lost circulation problem is greatly influenced by hole interval, with references to casing depth and formation pressure, and by operating practices in a particular area. It should be influenced to a lesser degree by material availability if losses are anticipated in the planning stage. ‘The approaches to lost circulation are usually broken up into the following hole intervals: Top hole - a normally pressured zone (0.465 psi/ft) with only surface or drive pipe set. The mud weights range from 8.33 ppg (water weight) up to approximately 10 ppg (no barite). The approaches to solving the lost problem in this hole section range from blind drilling to setting some type of plug. Area knowledge would, hopefully, dictate the best approach. x Abnormal pressure - an abnormally pressured zone that isn’t classified as the completion zone. ‘A deeper intermediate casing or a drilling liner would have been run and a leak off test would have most likely been run below casing shoe and "all" pronounced okay before drilling ahead. The overburden pressure is approximately 1.0 psi/ft and therefore compaction should be greater as you drill deeper. If this line of reasoning is continued the cause of lost circulation in this zone would almost always be surge related to operating practices. The approaches to solving lost circulation in this section range from simply waiting (giving time for induced fracture to close up) to spotting LCM pills and plugs. Waiting (giving time) and spotting LCM pills, has generally been the best approach to solving induced loss problems. Losses in completion zones (both normal and abnormal pressures) make up the last category of, hole intervals. In this case the approach is hampered by the choices that are available to solve the problem without doing permanent damage to the production zone. Contingencies outlining the materials (or approached) that can be used should be in place. The approaches may vary from blind drilling to non-damaging pills and plugs. The following rules are applicable to all hole sections. Rule 1: ‘The number one rule in lost circulation, common to all hole intervals, is to start fluid in the annulus immediately when losses are detected. The fluid that’s added to the annulus may be water or the mud in the active system. The decision between mud and water should be made ahead of time. In most cases there is a "grace period” of partial losses before total losses. It is prudent to take advantage of this period. Measure the loss rate while circulating across the wellhead (not the bit) and this rate will be the base number to use when attempting various approaches to solve the loss problem. 4 u If this rule is followed the associated problems of kicks, blowouts and stuck pipes are greatly minimized. Fwd ong vy Ke SEER be Wl‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVII:_LOST CIRCULATION (cont.) Rule 2: ‘The base mud, to suspend lost circulation material, should be very viscous. The viscosity and overall suspension properties will minimize (reduce) drill collar and bit plugging and make the overall LCM pill more effective. The minimum apparent viscosity should be 25 centipoises (cps). The apparent viscosity is 1/2 of the 600 RPM dial reading on the fann viscometer. A funnel viscosity of 51 sec/qt is approximately a 25 cps apparent viscosity. If the base mud "looks as if it could be walked on without any halo's over your head” it’s probably about right. One of the leading causes of plugged bits and plugged bottom hole assemblies is a base mud that is too thin. Cement that has gilsonite in it also requires extra gel-admix to increase the cement base viscosity. This makes the cement plug more effective and minimizes plugging of casing float equipment. Formula: 600RPM App. Vis. = PP. 2 Fumn. Vis. = 26 sec/ft + 25 Where: App. Vis = Apparent viscosity, cps 600 RPM = The 600 RPM reading on the viscometer 26 sec/ft = Funnel viscosity of water, sec/ft at 68°F 25 = App. vis., minimum viscosity Example: The base mud has a 600 RPM reading of 60 and the Fann. Vis is 59 sec/qt. Is this sufficient for LCM base? 600 = 60 av = © 2 = 30 cps FV 59 > 51 Therefore: The base mud is okay. Rule 3: ‘An LCM pill is more effective if it accomplishes sealing, matting and bridging. A good particle size distribution is required to meet these three goals. A blend of walnut hulls, 17:2‘XVII:_LOST CIRCULATION Rule 3: (cont.) cellophane flakes, and fibers will give good results. Some substitutions can be made; however, these three products have been proven in the field and also on the API LCM tester. Mica breaks down into sub micron solids and can be detrimental to permeability, and therefore should not be used around production zones. Mix LCM into a viscous base just prior to pumping it. The pill should be fresh (new) for the best results. When an LCM pill is circulating out (to the surface) it should be routed across the shale shaker (or in a special holding tank). Do not by-pass shaker because solids and paleo control will be lost. When solids control is lost the mud weight will increase and this will in turn aggravate the loss and stuck pipe problem. Locate the Joss zone. The most effective use of LCM pills and plugs is when depth of loss zone is known. A wire line temperature survey or a "poor boy" wireline-rag technique can be used. A large increase in temperature will take place at the loss zone because the mud below the loss zone has been setting in the hole and has reached a higher static temperature. When a rag is tied on to a slick line and run in the hole the rag will be sucked into the loss zone and the wireline will get slack in it. A depth counter needs to be engaged during the operation. For best results in sealing a known loss zone, a mixing sub on the end of the drill string is positioned about 100 feet above loss zone when spotting a pill or a plug. **Mixing sub is a culled joint of drill pipe Mang Sut mee that has been slotted and "orange peeled” = fn its bottom. It is used for all LCM pills 1Be and plugs (cement, gunk, etc.) ows Zone Use a minimum circulating rate when drilling with losses. A minimum circulating rate will lower the equivalent circulating density (ECD) throughout the well bore and consequently will lower the loss rate. The ECD can also be lowered by reducing the mud yield value, A combination of reducing flowrate and lowering yield value is more effective. The minimum circulating rate is equal to the square root of the hole diameter times the product of ten times the hole diameter. Formula: Min circ rate = 10 d/d Where: d = Hole diameter in inches min circ rate = Minimum circulating rate in gallons per minute ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVI:_LOST CIRCULATION (cont.) Rule 5: (cont.) Rule 6; 14 xample: The well is losing 15 barrels per hour. What is the minimum circulating rate the driller can go to and still continue to drill ahead? Given: hole size 8-1/2 inches. Min. circ. rate = 10 x 8.5/8.5 = 248 gpm The minimum circulating rate that drilling could be continued with (to prevent bit balling, etc.) Estimate balancing mud weight if possible. There are many cases where a hydrostatic equilibrium can be established by adding water to the annulus. The volume of water should be measured into the annulus. When the hole stops taking fluid (no loss or no gain) a hydrostatic equilibrium has been reached. At this point the length of water column is calculated. Equivalent mud weight calculations can now be made at a few points in the hole, starting at the shoe depth. After making these calculations a decision can be made on whether to lower mud weight and how this task is to be accomplished. If the decision to lower mud weight is made, the supervisor should make a decision concerning the surface pits, where to place the bit and how many mud weight points to cut the mud weight each circulation. If the loss problem was caused by loss of solids control the decision is often made to dump the surface system and clean the tank (this would be only in unweighted mud situations), In weighted-mud zones, the decision to cut mud weight is tougher to make, and when done a close surveillance has to be maintained. "Tru- wate” mud balances need to be used when working with heavy muds and partic- ularly when mud weight adjusting is done. Air as entrained gas can be the cause of the loss problem in weighted muds and if this is the case the hydrostatic balance needs to be made with the assistance of the pressurized mud balance (Tru-wate). Formulas: ww, « L2Gw) + Derth - L IG, Depth x 0.052 . - MW, Vy, = vga 2) (MW, - MW,) Where: MW, = Mud weight equivalent (ppg) at depth of interestMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Where: (cont. lL. Mw, ‘XVII._LOST CIRCULATION (cont.) = Length of water added to annulus [ Gradient (psi/ft) of water (fresh water = 0.433 psi/ft; sea HO = 0.455 psi/ft) Volume of Water (bbl) ‘Annular Volume (bbI/ft) = Depth of interest (ft) = Gradient (psi/ft) of mud (MW x .052) = Volume of mud to dump and volume of dilution fluid to add to reduce mud weight (barrels) = Final volume (total active system) desired after dilution = Initial mud weight (ppg) before dilution = Desired mud weight (ppg) after dilution = Dilution fluid weight (ppg) What is the maximum dilution necessary to reduce the mud weight to the lowest calculated mud weight equivalent? Given: depth = 7,000 ft; 9-5/8" shoe - 3,000 ft; DP - 5", 19.5; MW - 9.5 ppg; volume water added to reach hydrostatic equilibrium - 25 barrels; final volume desired = 1500 bbl. 25 bbl — 23 17 = 500 feet 0.05 bbi/ft = (500)(0.433) + (3000-500)(9.5x0.052) MW, Foam 3000 x 0.052 = 9.3 ppg MW, ~ (500)(0.433) + (7000-500)(9.5 x0.052) peng OO.$25) + (7000-50019 50.052) * 7000 x 0.052 = 9.4 ppg 175Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVIL._LOST CIRCULATION (cont.) Example: (cont.) 9.3) = 1500 (95 = 833) = 257 bbl of mud should be dumped and then 257 bbl of water added over one or more circulations to reduce mud weight from 9.5 to 9.3 ppg. Note: The hydrostatic equilibrium that was reached, after adding 25 bbl of water in the annulus, is a static equilibrium (no ECD included). Usually the mud weight has to be lowered a point or two lower than the equivalent mud weights calculated from static pressures. Rule 7: Tf. total_losses occur estimate the fluid level. When a natural fracture is penetrated total losses often occur. When the fluid level drops in the hole the drill string will lose buoyancy and a gain in string weight is noted on the weight-indicator. This change in weight-indicator weight can be used to calculate the fluid level. The fluid level can be used to calculate the static hydrostatic equilibrium at the fracture depth and the balancing gradient (psi/ft). If this balancing gradient (G,) is below a fresh water gradient (0.433 psi/ft) a blind drilling or air drilling technique should be considered. LCM pills and plugs are generally ineffective when the balancing gradient is less than a fresh water gradient (0.433 psi/ft). Formulas: AW @P,,)(1-BF) @, - Da )MW,, x 0.052) Dp Where: Da = Depth of fluid level (ft) The increase in string weight on the weight indicator caused by loss of buoyancy. DP,. = The adjusted weight of DP that includes tool joints (Ib/ft). (Can be found in RP7G or Murchison Drilling School's Well Control Manual). BF = Buoyancy factor‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XVIL_LOST CIRCULATION (cont.) ‘Where: (cont.) Gs = Balancing gradient (psi/ft) at fracture depth Ds = Depth of fracture (ft) MWa = Mud weight in hole (Ib/gal) Example: A fracture was encountered at 6000 feet and total losses occurred. The string weight increased 5000 Ibs (AW). What is the depth of the fluid level (Dj_) and what is the balancing gradient (G,)? Given: DP = 5, 19.5, XH, "E” with adjusted weight of 20.9 Ib/ft; mud weight 9.1 ppg; BF = 0.86. Dee Sel eee HL (209 Ibjft)(1-0.86) = 1709 feet re (6000-1709)9.1 x 0.052 we 6,000 ft 0.338 psi/ft (This is less than a fresh water gradient which usually means that conventional lost circulation pills & plugs are ineffective.) ‘When circulating out a kick observe drillpipe pres th time a change is made ‘on annulus choke. If the drill pipe pressure does not react to an annulus choke adjustment it indicates some zone is taking fluid (partial losses). Lost circulation is the number one associated problem to well control. Once a zone breaks down (lost circulation), pressures (dp and ann.) do not represent an accurate hydrostatic balance and consequently either losses or gains can be further induced. It is generally better to stop circulating and wait a short time to give the zone time to heal. Observe the well closely during this shut down period. Pressure changes (increase) usually indicate percolation and if percolation is taking place circulation should be resumed at a lower rate (hold casing pressure constant while arriving at new circulating rate and pressure and then ‘maintain drillpipe pressure and stroke relationship constant). Small amounts of fine lost circulation material (walnut hulls) may help seal partial losses. Be very careful not to plug bit. = Kt Being Ckeles Ot 4 ah ra Ny 177Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVII:_DIAMOND BITS ‘Natural diamond bits have tremendous pump-off forces created because of pressure drop beneath the bits. This pump-off force has to be overcome with applied weight to keep the bit on the rock. The pump-off force, with some styles of diamond bits, can exceed 50% of the total applied load while drilling. ‘This causes the true bottom hole load between the diamonds and the rock to be less than half of the indicated weight-on-bit. Pump off forces are three or four times greater with the radial flow bit versus the cross-flow bit but when this force is accounted for the performance is similar.* Rule 1 Account for pump-off force on a diamond bit to arrive at true weight on bit. The procedure described and illustrated below should be done three or four times during the life of the bit. ‘The pump-off area (and force) gets higher as the diamond standoff reduces (as diamonds wear). The procedure below should start after "building the nest.” “Building the nest" is drilling terminology related to breaking the hole in or contouring the bottom of the hole to fit the bit profile, When drilling people talk about breaking in the bit slowly they really are talking about "building the nest." Bits come from the factory ready to drill and require no breaking in--but the hole does require shaping to "fit the bits personality." Formula (procedure) and Example: To Obtain Pump Off Area and Pump Off Force Procedures: 1) Take off-bottom pressure reading. 2) With bit about 4 inches off bottom, slack off slowly. 3) Measure change in pressure (AP) and corresponding weight. 4) Plot on plain graph paper. 5) At point of deflection (slope change) record AP and weight on bit. 6) Calculate pump off area: 7) Calculate true weight on bit for any given weight indicator weight; i.e., AP = 635 psi w/38,000 Ibs = 635 psi x 25.1 sq in = 15,950 Ibs. Therefore: 38,000 - 15,950 = 22,050 Ibs true weight on bit. 8) As bit dulls, repeat this procedure to get new pump off area (and pump off force). : Variations in Hydraulic Lift with Diamond Bits, Winters and Warren, SPE 10960. 18:1‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVIII:_DIAMOND BITS (cont.) OFF BOTTOM PUMPED OFF DRILLING PRESSURE ween wwoAToR PUMP-OFF ° 15,2008 635 Psi 251M" FORCE 15,950.18 Bir ° 2525 2555 PRESSURE 1920» -1920 DROP GOSPSI BSE PSI TAUE ° ° WELGHT-O- BIT -, s * pump-orF_ PUE-OFF_ 1520008 _ 9g ya AREA = "G05 P51 = 18:2Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVIII:_DIAMOND BITS (cont.) Rule 2: Run a dril]-off test shortly at leasul ump-off area (and force). The drill- ff test is usually run to find the most effective weight on the bit for a given rotary speed, a given hydraulic horsepower and a particular formation (rock hardness). Influencing limitations can be the available bit weight from the drill collar assembly and torque limitation for the drill string. 1) Adjust the true weight on the bit to some maximum weight (based on available drill collars generally). 2) Lock the brake. 3) Measure the seconds it takes to drill off each increment of bit weight (i.e., seconds per 2000 Ibs of weight change on the weight- indicator) 4) Record these increments in a table (and/or plot on semi-log paper). 5) The best weight on the bit is where the fewest seconds are required to drill-off an increment of bit weight. ‘Note: A bad kelly and/or kelly-bushing can make constant bit weight impossible and very misleading. For example, when weight is slacked off the kelly bushing takes the weight at first and it gradually goes to bit. A flick on the weight-indicator will show this erratic feed-off of weight. 18:3‘Marchison Drilling Schools, Inc, — XVIII:_DIAMOND BITS (cont.) Formula (Procedure) and Example: ‘ABNORMAL PRESSURE Sabine Brion Tests Example ll UK Wo. 1 ‘ri Coler Bate con Mt [svc [itv st [eck Brake: fs mn [Base cn cu fae | Sane throughout the stan 1 the Sribsor teks Aju the throtte nace sey and ute tom [383 teas sees (Length of dp)(Drill-off weight) (P adj wi)(2217)(Drill-off time in sec) = (8781-720)(2000) (18)(2217)(30) . = 13.5 fybr 18:4 2 Test No. > vol Bie 7770 ow ee ne Soares cat craw mo | ated : sit oe =o ooo 2 en met fa he optima a: a ia etative Driting RateMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XVIN:_DIAMOND BITS (cont.) Rule 3: Stabilize a diamond bit. A diamond bit is required to be "firm" in its nest (intimate with the bottom of the hole) for the hydraulic system to be completed across the face of the bit and diamonds. The feeder-collector system works better without any wobble or thrust loading. A side benefit of good stabilization, other than making the hydraulic system work, is that a more effective hole diameter (better drift diameter) is drilled, If a medium to hard formation is being drilled a stiff hookup will not follow a limber hookup without the possibility of getting stuck. ‘Therefore, it is important to Grill the upper hole with a similar bottom-hole assembly (stiff hookup) prior to going in the hole with a diamond bit. Formula and Illustrations: Path traveled by ‘botom of bit path traveled by top of bit X= Bit diameter Hole Diameter Bit OD + Collar OD 2 Drift DIA = Rule 4: When_using PDC (polycrystalline dia make_sure_the hnydraulics are good before going to bottom because the nozzles are easily plugged. Many times after making a connection or a trip the rate of penetration will be reduced because part of the nozzles were plugged when the bit was put on bottom with inadequate hydraulics. PDC bits have a tendency to ball up when using water base muds and, therefore, need a higher minimum flowrate than other bits. For most bits 30 gpm/inch of bit diameter is the minimum circulating rate. Formula and IIlustrations: Qmin = 12.72 (D)'”‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XVIII:_DIAMOND BITS (cont.) ‘Where: Qmin = Minimum circulating rate for a PDC bit (gpm) D = Bit diameter (inch) | gece Gomt Noses fom etree Uietenane Pao Example: What is the minimum circulating rate for an 8-1/2 inch PDC bit and how does this compare with the same size insert bit? Qmin,,, = 12.72 (8.5)'7 = 296 gpm Quin, = 30 gpm/inch x 8.5 inch 255 gpm ‘The QMin for PDC bit is 41 gpm higher than the equivalent size insert bit. Hydraulics on high side are equivalent. 18:6Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING* "Straight holes" are not necessarily vertical holes and vertical holes are not necessarily straight holes. Most wells, as viewed from the surface, would have a helical appearance. Computer plots of some "straight hole" multishot surveys look like a bowl of spaghetti; the direction may change direction 180 degrees within a short distance. Directional wells are even worse than vertical wells if proper directional drilling practices are not observed. The rules, or suggestions listed here, apply to drilling practices whether the objective is to drill a vertical or deviated hole. The considerations when planning a directional well are: Depth of hole and displacement Hole sizes and collar sizes Casing points Maximum build and/or drop rates Maximum average angle Formation types, dips, and expected ROP Mud weight, temperature and mud type Well histories and tendencies in the area Operating practices on directional wells need to be directed at: mud; hydraulics; connections; trips; hole cleaning; and the special trends to monitor to minimize stuck pipe. Mud viscosities have to be higher. For instance one of the earlier rules-of-thumb for funnel viscosity was four times the mud weight (ppg). For a directional well this rule-of-thumb would be five times mud weight (ppg). Hydraulics horsepower should be higher to account for mud motor losses and flowrate designed with special emphasis given to hole cleaning. Connection practices need to be optimized with special attention given to preventing stuck pipe, surge and bit damage. Trips (short and long) need to be optimized and supervised closely. Special reciprocating and rotating practices should be implemented when trying to remove cuttings that settle out on the low side of the hole. The key drilling parameters have to be recorded on a trend basis. A driller should be told to monitor: the pressure-stroke relationship; the drag trend (up drag-down drag and difference between up and down, sometimes referred to as a AW) and the torque trends. Many hole cleaning and stuck pipe problems can be caught in the early stages if good discipline is exercised at the drillers’ console. [See drill string design for “rules” applicable to bottomhole assembly design (Section XXID).] Rule 1 When a direction or drift angle is required to be changed (drop or build) the needed angle from a string (or compass) should be doubled. For instance if the hole angle had to be built from 20° to 25° (5° change) in 500 feet you would need to plan on 2°/100 ft (10° change) because the average angle is 1/2 this (previous drift + present drift + 2). This assumes you will have constant turn or angle change to the target. Ref. *: Special thanks are given to Bill McDowell, Jerry Haston, Jim Chappel, Preston Moore, Ellis Austin & Murchison Drilling Schools, 19:1‘Murehison Drilling 2chooks. Ane XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) Rule 1: (cont.) i ssiar Rule 2: To get the measured depth (MD) for the casing point (given in TVD) use the formula below. Formula: mp,,. = (Casing Point TVD = Present TVD) . yp Sr COS Average Angle r Where: MDa, = Is the measured depth at casing point (which is usually plotted on program in TVD) Casing Point TVD = TVD that casing is programmed to be run at Present TVD = Calculated TVD at present survey station Average Angle = The average angle between present survey station and casing point planned angle Example: A tool pusher needs to know the measured depth at casing point so that he can get his casing tallied and spaced out. Given: present TVD = 3000 ft; casing point TVD = 3500 ft; average angle between present station and casing point is anticipated to be 25°; and measured depth at current survey station (present depth) 4000 fi. 19:2Rule 3. STFS SSCS SSCS SSCS SSS SSCS SES SES SESE SESS See eS 1. Murchison Drilling Schools, XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) Rule 2: (cont.) Example: (cont.) Mp, = (3500 = 3000). 4099 f st "COS 25° = 4552 ft (measured depth for casing shoe) The average angle definitions and formulas are given below with an example of four survey stations calculated.” Definitions Surface Location: The position, latitude and longitude, on the surface of the Earth of the Well Bore. For directional drilling purposes, this will normally be considered as the "zero" point for all calculations and measurements to the Target Location ‘Target Location: While it may be given as a position on the face of the Earth in Latimde and Longitude, for practical purposes in directional drilling it will be regarded as a predetermined position at a specified distance and direction from the Surface Location. Measured Depth (MD): Pipe Talley measurements from Rotary Table to the Bit; total distance drilled at any given moment. Course Length (CL): The measured distance drilled between any two survey points. Drift Angle (Inclination): The angle of the wellbore at any given survey point in relation to vertical. Average Angle: The average between drift angles taken from any two consecutive survey points. True Vertical Depth (TVD): The distance straight down - vertical - from the Surface Location of the Wellbore to any horizontal plane which intersects the Bottom Hole Location, Ref. 7; Murchison Drilling School, Workshop Manual, Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. 19:3‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine. XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) Definitions: (cont.) 8, 10. 1. 12. 13. 19:4 Vertical Section (VS): The distance horizontally between the Surface Location and the Target Location along a straight line in a specified direction. This may be viewed on the Vertical Plan as the distance between a point directly vertical under the Surface Location at total TVD to the Target Location at total TVD, or on the Horizontal Plan as the distance between the Surface Location and the Target Location on the Surface. ‘These two lines as shown on the Vertical Plan and the Horizontal Plan are the SAME identical line. This is also called DEVIATION. (However, it is NOT to be confused with CLOSURE). Example description of Deviation or Vertical Section: 2250’ at NSOW. Deviation: Same as Vertical Section, except as seen from the Horizontal Plan. Closure: The horizontal distance and direction between the Surface Location and any given survey point on the Horizontal Plan. If a well were drilled perfectly, the Closure would be the same as Deviation and Vertical Section. However, since the odds against this are astronomical, for practical purposes, they must never be considered to be the same. Closure may be calculated at any interval in the drilling program or at TD (Total Depth). Example description: 2275’ in a direction of N77°20'15"W. Course Deviation: For clarity, regard Course Deviation to be the same as CLOSURE, DISTANCE, but only for that distance between two consecutive survey stations. Some confusion results from the use of this term. "Course Deviation” as well as the term "Deviation." Bear in mind that "Deviation" refers to the Planned, or Proposed Deviation (which is a predetermined distance and direction) from the Surface Location to the Target Location. CLOSURE refers to that Deviation actually drilled (which is the well bore distance and direction from the Surface Location as actually drilled). Course Deviation is that segment of Closure DISTANCE (but not direction) which exists between two specified survey stations. Average Direction: The average between two direction angle readings taken from any two consecutive well bore survey points, Directional Difference: The difference (absolute, that is, always a positive number) between the Average direction and the Proposed direction at any given survey point.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIX:_DIRECTIONAL DRILLING 15 14, 16. 17. 18. 19. Definitions: (cont.) Section Difference: The results of the final calculation for the Vertical Section for any given Course Length. This calculation (given under "Calculation Formulas") shows the true distance the well bore has moved from vertical toward the center of the Target Location and is NOT to be confused with CLOSURE. Itis to be added to any previous Vertical Section total to show the correct cumulative Vertical Section. Rectangular Coordinates (North/South): Distance North (+) or South (-) utilizing AZIMUTH calculations from Surface Location (considered to be "zero") Imagine the Surface Location to be on the Equator and you are facing NORTH. If you walk forward (North) for 10 feet, consider it to be PLUS 10 feet. If you walk backward (South) of the Equator line, consider it to be MINUS 10 feet. Always think of the Surface Location as sitting at "zero" on the Equator. Any distance North of this imaginary "Equator line" is a PLUS (+) number and any distance South of the line is a MINUS (-) number. Utilizing QUADRANT calculations, however, will NOT result in plus or minus numbers. You will always know the correct hemisphere because the reading will be, for example, NORTH 40 West, NORTH 40 East, or SOUTH 40 West, SOUTH 40 East. Rectangular Coordinates (EAST/WEST): Distance East (+) or West (-) utilizing AZIMUTH calculations from Surface Location (considered to be "zero" Imagine the Surface to be sitting on the Zero Meridian (North-South) line as well as the Equator (East-West) line. Now you are facing EAST. If you walk forward 10 feet, it is PLUS 10 feet. If you walk backward 10 feet (West) of the zero line it is MINUS 10 feet. Any distance East of the zero line is a PLUS (+) and any distance West of the zero line is a MINUS (-). Utilizing QUADRANT. calculations, however, will NOT result in plus or minus numbers. You will always know the correct hemisphere because the reading will be, for example North 40 East, North 40 WEST, or South 40 EAST, South 40 WEST. Proposed Direction: The “theoretical” or planned direction from the Surface Location to the Target Location. Azimuth Directions: All the points or compass readings from any given fixed location starting with 0° clockwise to 360° NORTH = 0°; or 360° EAST = 90°; SOUTH = 180°; WEST = 270°. Bearing Direction: Division of the Azimuth 360° points of the compass into four equal QUADRANTS of 90° each. NORTH is always 0° and SOUTH is always 0°. EAST is always 90° and WEST is always 90°. HENCE: Due NORTH can be either N 0° E or N 0° W; due SOUTH can be either $ 0° E or $ 0° W; due EAST can be either N 90° E or $ 90° E; due WEST can be either N 90° W or S 90° W. 45° Azimuth = N 45° E; 135° Azimuth = S 45° E; 225° Azimuth = $ 45° W; 315° Azimuth = N 45° W. 19:5Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) Definitions: (cont.) 19. (cont.) Azimuth to Bearing NE No change SE Subtract from 180° sw Plus 180° NW Subtract from 360° 20. — Conversion from Bearing to AZIMUTH: (@) NE QUADRANT: (bt) SE QUADRANT: No change N40°E = 40° AZ 180° MINUS Quadrant reading $40°E = 180° - 40° = 140° AZ 180° PLUS Quadrant reading S40°W = 180° + 40° = 220° AZ 360° MINUS Quadrant reading N40°W = (©) SW QUADRANT: (@) NW QUADRANT: 360° - 40° = 320° AZ Example and Formula: Calculation Formulas: Given: (1) Tie-in information: Measured Depth = 4023" Drift Angle = 18.75° True Vertical Depth = 3968.71’ Vertical Section = 327.01’ Direction STPW (257° AZ) South -73.97' West = -320.40" (2) Objective: 2350’ @ S83°W (263° AZ) (3) Survey Station Measured Depth = 4115" (point) #1 Drift Angle = 19 Direction = S79°W (259° AZ) o@wls These are the numbers utilized for the calculation examples, following a Wor the steps shown in the sample calculation sheet. ews *% Note: While direction may sometimes be shown in the "Hours, Minutes, Seconds" form (S79*15'20"W), both direction and drift angle must be calculated in the decimal form. Most hand held calculators will perform this function. 19:6LAA AAA ADAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADAAAAAAADAADAAD DDD ALAS Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) Example: $79°15'20"W = 79.26°W. [With the Hewlett Packard 41 calculator, Key-in: 79.1520, XEQ HR, = 79.2556 (S79.26°W)] 1. Calculate Average Direction: Average Direction = Pfevious Direction + Present Direction S77T?W_+ S79°W 2 Example: = $78°W; or BEES = 258° AZ Note: This example for BEARING calculations is applicable ONLY if both directions are in the SAME quadrant. If they are in DIFFERENT quadrants, other rules apply which are too complex for this short example. It is simpler to convert to Azimuth for calculations. 2. Calculate Directional Difference: Directional Difference = Proposed Direction = Average Direction Note: Directional Difference should always be a positive (+) number. If the result is negative (-), change the sign to positive (+) Example: $83°W - $78°W = 5°; or 263° - 258° = 5° 3. Calculate Course Length: Course Length = MD at present station - MD at previous station Example: 4115’ - 4023" = 92" 4, Calculate Average Drift Angle: Example: ‘Average Drift Angle - Previous Drift Angle + Present Drift Angle 5. Calculate 1e Ve th for this Station: True Vertical Depth = COS Average Drift Angle x Course Length Example: COS 18.875° x 92’ = 87.05' 19:7Murct mn_Drillis ‘XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) 6. 10. 1. 12, 13, 19:8 ‘Add TVD this Station to Cumulative True Vertical Depth: Example: 87.05’ + 3968.71' = 4055.76’ Calculate Course Deviation: Course Deviation = Sin Average Drift Angle x Course Length Example: Sin 18.875° x 92' = 29.76' Calculate Section Difference: Section Difference = COS Directional Difference x Course Deviation Example: COS 5° x 29.76" = 29.65 ‘Add Section Difference this Station to Cumulative Vertical Section: Example: 29.65’ + 327.01’ = 356.66” Calculate Rectangular Coordinates (North/South) for this Station: (North/South) Coordinates = COS Average Direction x Course Deviation Example: COS S78°W x 29.76’ = South 6.19’ or COS 258° x 29.76" = -6.19 Add Rectangular Coordinates (North/South) this Station to the Cumulative (North/South) Coordinates: Example: -6.91' + -73.97' = 80.16" Calculate Rectangular Coordinates (East/West) for this Station: (East/West) Coordinates = Sin Average Direction x Course Deviation Example: Sin S78°W x 29.76' = West 29.11' or Sin 258! x 29.76" = -29.11" \dd Rectangular Coordinates (East/We tion to the Cumulative (East/West) Coordinates: Example: 29.11' + -320.40 = -349.51'Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine. XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) 14, Calculate CLOSURE: Closure DISTANCE = yTotal Latitude? + Total Departure” Example: 80.16? + 349.51? = 358.58/ ‘otal Departure ch DIRECTION = ArcT: > ose Tan (Tan) (Fr Latitude 349.51! 80.16" Example: Tan } = 77.08° or S77.08°W, or $77°04’57W or 257.08", or 257°04'57" Closure may be stated as: CLOSURE: 358.58" in a direction of $77°04’57"W or 358.58" in a direction of 257°04'57" Note: There are other formulas for arriving at Closure distance and direction. However, to avoid confusion in this limited example, we will utilize only the above. 15. Calculate Dogleg Severity: Dogleg Severity = COS# [(COS Prev, Drift Angle x COS Pres. Drift Angle) + (Sin Prev. Drift Angle x Sin Pres. Drift Angle x COS Degrees of 100 Direction Cha _ iretion Change) x :xampl COS" [(COS 18.75 x COS 19) + (Sin 18.75 x Sin 19 x COS 2)] x zg COS" [(.946930 x .945519) + (.321439 x .325568 x .999391)] x 1.086957 = COS" (.89534 + .104587) x 1.086957 = COS" (.999927) x 1.086957 = 693131 x 1.086957 = .7534 or .75 Note: To avoid error, Sin and COS results should be carried out to 6 decimal places. Hand held calculators perform this function automatically 19:9‘Murchison Drilling Schools. Inc. XIX: DIRECTIONAL DRILLING (cont.) 3 g 19:10‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XX. STUCK PIPE ‘The causes of stuck pipe are broadly classified as mechanical or differential. Mechanical sticking is caused by deterioration of hole stability (shale problems, hole cleaning, etc.) and/or directional (crooked-hole problems, Differential sticking is caused by mud pressure overbalance and is influenced by drilling practices, type mud solids, permeability, bottom-hole assembly clearance, permeability, bottom-hole assembly clearance, coefficient of friction and the lubricating characteristics of mud, Good monitoring and operating practices will minimize both types of pipe sticking. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Drillers are told two things when they are broken out (as drillers): don’t let the problem get on top of you and if you do get stuck take quick action to free up the pipe (or fish). Part of this recommendation deals with preventing stuck pipe and part of the recommendation deals with freeing-up the pipe or getting the fish out successfully. Time is of essence because hole stability deteriorates with time, What starts out as differential sticking either becomes mechanically stuck or a mechanically stuck problem worsens. The following priority rules-of-thumb are useful in solving stuck pipe problems. FORCE REQUIRED TO PULL FREE pall NORMAL FORCE/UNIT LENGTH) XUENGIMN CONTACT WT PERMEABLE FORMATION) XICOEFFICIENT OF FRICTION}. Differential Stckin Fe K (AP) Area K = Sticking coefficient (0.2 water base mud) (AP) = Differential pressure Area = Conact area in) xd Ara =O eX4) * 3 = 113 de suck Circumference = x Diameter Example CONCLUSION: 6-1/4" de = 3.1416 x 6.25 FORCE TO PULL FREE INCREASES AS = 19.635 (rounded off 20) (A) LENGTH OF PIPE IN CONTACT WITH 0 PERMEABLEFORMATIONINCREASES. 13 stuck = 2 65 (®) COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN 3 PIPE AND WALL INCREASES. ap :200 psi L 00 ft permeable zone = o.2) 1200 9200 (12 ny im) cr = 3,744,000 Ibs 20:1‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XX. STUCK PIPE (cont.) Rule 1: Rule 2: Rule 3: Rule 4: Rule 6: Rule 7: Rule 8: 20:2 Measure stretch and estimate stuck point (ESP). This will help evaluate whether the pipe is stuck in the blowout preventers, keyseated up the hole or stuck near the bottom hole assembly. (See the formulas at end of this section.) If the ESP is near bottom and if the driller can circulate, a further assumption that the pipe is differentially stuck can be made. Differential stuck pipe can be freed up by spotting oil; lowering bottom hole hydrostatic by one of the reversing techniques; drill stem test tools or; by other similar methods. If fishing* is necessary make back-off in unquestionable-free pipe (good torque response). Backoff in full joints (not crossovers, stabilizers, etc.). Always consider well control and particularly if kelly is in the surface blowout preventer. Sometimes a mechanical backoff, followed by spacing out, is necessary prior to running a wireline tool so that a lubricator can be used. *A fish is any undesirable item(s) (i.e., tool, equipment, or object) in a cased or uncased wellbore that stops or retards operational progress. It can be the result of stuck pipe - back-off operations; drill pipe, drill collar or other downhole tool failures (i.e., twist-offs); bit cones or bearings left in the hole; stuck logging tools; or any other undesirable item left in the wellbore. Make an analysis on how many days (or hours) fishing can be economically justified before fishing commences. Remember a successful fishing job is one that is economically and operationally successful. Many so-called operational successes are economic disasters. Draw a picture or diagram of fish and fishing string. Be accurate with OD’s, ID's, lengths, depths, etc. Lithology and other pertinent data will help in visualizing the problems. Make an operational plan that addresses items to look at before touching a fish and items to look at after touching fish (over fish or in fish). Play what-if? For example, what-if I can’t circulate after attaching to the fish? Is my mud safe to trip out with? Remember that well control and lost circulation are two major problems that are closely associated with stuck pipe. As fishing job progresses, update drawing and fish description. Also indicate if fishing conditions are the same, better, or "more sticky.” Itis a good idea to write notes of indications and reasons for carrying out any operation prior to doing the job, and then, subsequently evaluate whether the original thought was correct. It may well be that certain reasons for a particular "line of attack” may be valid at the time of proceeding, but when more information is available (as fishing proceeds), the original thought may prove wrong Write a conclusion report and site interpretation of reason for occurrence, and suggestions for future prevention or improved fishing techniques. EEE neeXX._STUCK PIPE (cont.) Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Formulas: Estimating Stuck Point (E.S.P. Method #1: as 1,000,000 x stretch Factor x overpull (w/pipe in tension) Where: Factor = 2) (80) x (cross-sectional area of dp) )x(30,000,000)x(cross sectional area) 12 x overpull (Ib) Method #2: p _ 735.294 xe x Wey - Where: € = Stretch (pipe in tension) We = Plain-end wt. of dp (without tool joints) P = Overpull (pipe in tension) Method #3: (Tapered drill string - below liner) 735,294 xe x e P Where: IfL > L, Stuck point is in (or below) L, IfL L, (10,000), weight W, = 17.93 Ib/ft; W, = 12.31 Ib/ft(5", 19.5 Ib/ft, *S", XH, NCSO; and 3-1/2", 13.3 Ib/ft, "X", IF, NC38). DC = 800 ft, 4-3/4" x 2" x 50 Ib/ft; stretch = 41 inches; stuck point is at (or below) L;. This ESP (12,412) is in the DC (BHA). If circulation is possible approach this overpull = 40,000 Ibs. stuck pipe problem as being caused by differential sticking and use one of the methods for freeing differentially stuck pipe. Example 3: What are the maximum number of fishing days based on the rule- of-thumb economic equation? Given: estimated replacement value of fish = $75,000; total estimated operational cost to redrill interval = $75,000; the daily operational cost (rig, service, and tools) is $30,000. = 75,000 + 75,000 30,000 5 days This analysis should always be made before drilling people become "attached" to the fishing job. Stop after reaching 5 days, no matter how optimistic the "next-run” looks. Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XX._STUCK PIPE (cont,) Example 1: (cont.) Esp = 735294 x38 x 1793 _ 19 595 40,000 This number indicates that the pipe is stuck in the bottom-hole assembly Ifcirculation is possible around drill collars one of the differential sticking methods should be used to free pipe. : Example 2: What is the estimated stuck point (ESP) for this tapered drill o o e a > - o po o o ° - » a p 20:5 sMurchison Drilling Schools, Ine. XX IR STEM TESTING (DS° ‘The formation test is used to gain knowledge of subsurface conditions related to pressures and reservoir fluid content (presence or absence of oil and gas). In addition the DST should indicate formation characteristics with regard to permeability and fracturing. DST are also used to evaluate liner tops, casing shoes and perforations for presence or lack of communication. There are many rules-of-thumb that apply to the key phases of a DST. Phase 1: While running test tools in hole: Rule 1: A drop in mud in annulus that corresponds with an air issue from the drill pipe is noted, The last 500 ft. of pipe should be pulled to locate leak. Rule 2: A bridge is hit off bottom. If the tools cannot be worked through bridge easily, the tools should be pulled out of hole and a bit run. Rule 3: A reduction in overflow (displacement) is noted, but no air issue is coming from the drillpipe. ‘The formation is probably taking fluid and the running in speed should be reduced to help eliminate pressure surges. Use trip tank to monitor displaced fluid. Rule 4: Correlate theoretical and actual displacement and note any difference. Rule 5: Use fluid cushion fill-up valve to fill test string with cushion. (This avoids aeration.) Rule 6: Limit Pressure Differential Across Packer to approximately 2000 psi to: minimize plugging perforated joint; minimize sticking of anchor and; minimize losing packer seat. F, - APL. Lg = <2 (MW,,) 0.052 Where: Lyg = Length of mud in test string to give a certain differential F, = Formation Pressure Differential Pressure Across DST Packer AP max MW,;s = Mud Weight in Test String, ppg Rule 7: Tension on test string lowers collapse resistance. Calculate effective collapse resistance based on tension force (load) hanging below point of interest (usually just above packer). This is very important if test string is going to be filled with hydrocarbons (particularly gas). Use the formula(s) on Page 21:2 or the biaxial yield stress curve in the API RP7G. 2a:1Murchison Drilling Schools, inc. XXI._DRILL STEM TESTING (DST) (cont.) Rule 7: (cont.) P. = Lp ~ Leyg)MW,)(0.052) Where: P, = Net collapse pressure based on Annulus mud column and fluid column in test string. Where Ze Tension Force (Yield str( Average Yield ' Minimum Yield *Aver Yield (Y) = from the RP7G "Min Yield (Yq) = from the RP7G P, Nominal = Collapse resistance from Table RP7G (Tables 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, of 2.9) Ly = Depth of Packer **Yield Str = Yield Strength from Tables 2.4, etc. in the RP7G Lins = Length of mud in Test String to give a certain differential MW, = Mud weight (ppg) in Annulus (behind Test String) Minimum Yield Average Yield *Deseription Ye y, Grade “E* 75,000 pst 85,000 . Grade “x? 95,000 psi 110,000 Grade °G" 150,000 psi 120,000 Grade *S* 135,000 psi 145,000 *** Yield (working) Strength = (Minimum Yield)(Cross-Sectional Area of dp) 21:2 mmemnmnmmnmmmnnnn nnn ww. wk kk lll tl kl aaaBPUVEVUEVETCELLUELUELECUUELUSUEUUEUEUSEUUBEUUUUUUUS Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXI._DRILL STEM TESTING (DST) (cont.) Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4: While setting the packer or at beginning of test: Rule 1: A sharp drop in the annulus denotes a packer failure. Pick up tools immediately to close main tester valve. Normally an openhole test will be unsuccessful after this because the packer seat is usually washed out. A vertical fracture will also give the same indications Rule 2: A slow drop in the annulus denotes either a leaking packer or a loss to formation. If the loss continues after closing shut-in valve, it indicates that the loss was to the formation. An accurate record of all losses during test should be kept Rule 3: Slipping of the packer to reach "true" bottom is noted. The initial flow should be lengthened to compensate for this piston action or supercharge to the formation. The initial build-up curve on first closed-in pressure will not be valid otherwise. ‘The tester valve has been opened for initial flow: Rule 1: A weak surface blow is noted. The flow period should be extended to at least 30 minutes, and the initial closed-in pressure build-up should be extended by approximately 50% of normal. Rule 2: Slipping of packer was noted. Allow for supercharging by flowing 10-15 minutes longer. Rule 3: A strong surface blow is noted. The flow period could be shortened, but, as a general rule, it should be 30 minutes. If surface observations indicate the well is coming in, then the period should be shortened. Do not bring hydrocarbons to surface before daylight. The corresponding build-up, after closing well in, is also faster and this period could be shortened to 90 minutes. Initial Shut-in Period Rule: _ Initial shut-in period should be long enough to allow bottom hole pressure to reach or approach static. One to two hours have proven to be sufficient, but never less than 30 minutes ‘The tester valve has been open for second flow: Rule 1: Experience should dictate the length of period. Consideration should be given to surface "blow." The weaker the blow, the slower the rate of formation influx and the longer the second flow period should be. For example, one hour of good flow is generally sufficient for good evaluation, 21:3Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXI._DRILL STEM TESTING (DST) (cont.) Phase 5: Phase 6: 2:4 ‘The tester valve has been open for second flow: (cont.) Rule 2: Rule 3: Rule 4: Rule 5: If 1% or more of H,S is detected, go into final build-up and reverse out during final build-up. If the drill pipe fluid load increases to the point that the hydrostatic head of the fluid column kills the inflow, the final build-up should be started immediately. For tests with a weak surface blow throughout the duration of the flow period, the tool must be left open longer to sample the formation effectively. Prior calculations should determine length of flow period. ‘When chokes are changed, it should be from small to large and not large to small. The 3-7/8" hydrospring has a 0.6" choke and the 5" hydrospring has a 0.75". Discuss surface choke sizes with tester before opening tool. Normally 3/8" and 1/2: are used. ‘The final shut-in time (FSD: Rule 1: Rule 2: Rule 3: Rule 4: ‘Should be at least equal to the flowing time if an accurate extrapolated pressure is to be obtained and if permeability changes nearby are to be detected. Should be longer on low permeability formations. Tools must not be moved during this build-up period. Be in the reversing position before the build-up starts. If an acid job has been performed, allow the final build-up to be longer because no damage is likely. Formulas for FSI: 1 Good flow F.S.1. = 1/2 x Final Flow Time Average Well F.S.1. = 1 x Final Flow Time . Poor Well F.S.1. = 2 x Final Flow Timeeee ee ee eee UU UU UU RUE UR UU UU UES Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXI_DRILL STEM TESTING (DST) (cont.) Phase 7: Phase 8: ‘Unseating the packer and reversing out: Rule 1: On hookwall tests, reversing should be done during final shut-in. Rotate to reversing position with control head manifold valve closed. Rule 2: Pull that can be safely be exerted on the drill pipe is drastically reduced when the drillpipe is not filled with a fluid of equivalent density to that on the outside of the pipe (biaxial loading). Rule 3: On openhole tests, it would depend on hole condition, but as a general rule, reversing would be done before unseating the packer. If lost circulation is expected after unseating packer, it would be better to reverse out before unseating packer. This should be determined ahead of time. Rule 4: Be sure the DCIP valve is in reversing position before unseating packer because weight is required before it can be rotated. Rule 5: Line up two (2) pumps on annulus before starting to reverse out because mud will fall in annulus and flow into drill pipe. On tests where influx of formation fluid has been low, allow pipe to fill against a closed in surface valve and observe pressure reading on head before continuing to reverse against back pressure held on choke manifold. Rule 6: After closing B.O.P.’s, the reversing pressure should be restricted to as low as possible to prevent lost circulation, Rule 7: Accurate measurements and descriptions of all recovered fluid is important to test interpretation. On a low producing well, the flowing pressure is indicative of drill pipe fill up and the sum of hydrostatic pressures of the recovery should equal the final flow pressure. The recovery has to be measured closely and the densities checked. All fluids or mixtures of fluids should be described Pulling test tools out of hole: Rule 1; Make sure annulus and drill pipe are balanced before reversing out is stopped Rule 2: If hydrocarbons have been tested, do not pull out after dark. Pulling to casing shoe would be permitted after reversing out. Rule 3: Watch annulus closely. Any upward movement after pipe stops should be treated as an emergency. Make sure hole is taking correct displacement. A trip tank should be used. Rule 4: Use mud saver and cap all oil-filled stands. 21:5Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXI._DRILL STEM TESTING (DST) (cont.) Phase 8: Pulling test tools out of hole: (cont.) Rule 5: _ Rate of loss (if any) should be determined before pulling out of hole. In cases of heavy losses, an LCM pill should be pumped in annulus. Reduce losses to a safe level before pulling out of hole. Example: ‘The Formation Pressure is estimated to be 6800 psi. To limit differential pressure to 2000 psi across a packer at 10,000 feet, how many feet of 13.5 ppg should be put in test string? What would the net collapse pressure be at the fluid depth inside the drill string? = (6800 - 2000) oot = “(73.5y(0.0s2) S888 feet AP pier = 6800 psi - (6838)(13.5)(0.052) = 2000 psi P. = (10,000-6838)(13.5)(0.052) = 2200 psi + Example: What is the effective collapse resistance of the given test string just above the packer and if the test string was full of, gas, with 500 psi flowing pressure, would it withstand the collapse pressure of the mud column behind the test string? Given: Test String = 10,000 ft., 5, 19.5, Grade "E", XH, prem class; Anchor assembly below packer creates a tension force of 50,000 Ibs; Yield Strength (working) = 311,540 Ibs; mud behind the test string = 13.5 ppg; Packer Depth = 10,000 feet (7000 psi hydrostatic). = —50,000__ _ 9.142 Eff. Coll. Res = ela = 300.142" - (0.142)] = 6514 psi The effective collapse resistance plus the flowing pressure (6500 + 500) is about equal to the mud hydrostatic (7000 i psi). ‘The weight of gas was ignored. I would recommend using a higher grade drillpipe. The effective collapse at 3143 feet, the top of the mud in test string when the packer was set, is approximately 3300 psi (Tensile Force of 204,000 Ibs) and the net collapse pressure (from the annulus mud) is 2200 psi. Collapse is generally a problem in the deeper part as the hole (near bottom) and that is true in this case 21:6Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine, XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN Drill string design is more important today than ever before because bits are designed to last longer and therefore the drill string is subjected to longer rotating hours between make-up and normal trip inspection. Deeper wells are requiring a closer look at tensile, torsional and collapse loads. Drill string failures lead to undesired trips and many hole stability problems related to trips. The following rules and formulas apply to drill string design. Rule 1: Design drill collars and bottom hole assembly to: effectively load the bit; provide stiffness to prevent dog logs and keyseats; improve bit bearing life and overall bit performance; produce a smooth bore full size, hole (effective hole diameter); minimize harmful vibrations; minimize drilling problems and; minimize pressure differential sticking. pe. W.OB. «BF x SF * Less “DC gc [Lges 8 DC wp) * Laesa*PCyp)] *Note: In Tapered DC strings the bottom sections (SI, S2) are generally chosen (not calculated) and the 2nd or 3rd section calculated or Ly = — BHA ‘* BFxDCy, _ 100 - %SF) 100 SF DCWT,, = 2.67 (COD? - DCID4) DCWTy = DCWTy - (CWT, x 0.039) Lig = HD eee ean wr np = —W.OB. DCyq x BF W.OB. = Ly, x DCy, x BF x SFMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 1: (cont.) SF, DC, = 107 (DCOD)* MHD - Bit Size + DCoD 2 MPBHDCOD = 2 (Cas. Coup. OD) - Bit Size I ys 4 YC = 0.0982 | POD" — PID" POD YC Ratio = UC Large Pipe Y/C Small Pipe Where: DCy, = Air weight of drill collars (the first step in designing a tapered de assembly a W.O.B. Weight on bit Wana = Weight of BHA desired below jars (which is equal to weight on bit plus jar tension) Ibs Wana = WOB + JT Wanac = WOB + JT (corrected for deviation to account for atl of weight supported by borehole ‘wall) cose: BF = Buoyancy factor SF = Safety factor %SF = 10%, 15%, 20%, etc. Lee = Length of drill collars (one OD size calculated in mud) DC yr = Weight drill collars, Ib/ft 22:2Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine. XXIL._DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 1: (cont.) HWwr Mw DCWTsy DCWTs NP SF, DcOoD DcID DC, MEHD MPBHPCOD Bit Size Cas. Coup. OD vc YC Ratio 4 Heavy wate drill pipe weight, Ib/ft Mud weight, Ib/gal Drill collar weight for smooth DC, Ib/ft Drill collar weight for spiral DC, Ib/ft Jar tension (all drilling jars should be run in tension) Approx. neutral point Corrected safety factor Maximum desirable length of drill collars to be run, ft Drill collar OD, inch Drill collar, ID, inch Drill collar torque (approximate, based on using API approved dope) Minimum effective hole diameter, inch Minimum permissible bottom hole drill collar outside diameter Bit outside diameter, inch Casing coupling outside diameter inches (ie., 9-5/8" cas. coup. = 10.625") Stiffness factor (if you double the diameter its stiffness increases 16 times) Comparing stiffness of two (or more) OD pipes ‘that screw together. The ratio between two different pipe sizes should be kept below 3.5 22:3Murchison Drilling Schools, In XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 1: (cont.) 1 Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: Example 4: 22:4 POD = Pipe outside diameter, inch PID = Pipe inside diameter, inch Design length of drill collars. Given: weight on bit desired = 40,000 Ibs; de = 6-1/2 x 2-13/16 x 91 Ib/ft; mud weight = 14 ppg; BF = 0.786; safety factor = 15% 40,000 Ibs. Lye = atts 000 tbs 658 feet % * 0786 x 0.85 x 91 “= Same as above except design drill collars to give 6000 Ib desired jar tension, ae ~ 40,000 + 6000) 643 feet (position of drilling jars from 0.786 x 91 bit. An additional 10,000 Ibs of de WT (4-5 joints) would be run for jarring weight, ‘Same as example 2 except the well is directional and hevi weight drill pipe is substituted for part of the required bit weight. Given: max dc length = 200 feet; HW = 49.3 Ib/ft (5 inch HW). Ly, = 643 (ex. 2) (643_- 200)91 Lyw = CEA = 818 feet aw 49.3 iz IS le 200 feet of de and 818 feet HW (approx. 26 JT of HW) would be run below jars. An additional six to eight joints of HW would be run for jarring WT above jars. ‘Same as example 2 and 3 except the weight BHA is corrected for deviation. Given: draft angle = 25° (cos = 0.9063). (40,000 + 6000) Woune 200 +6000) ~ 50,755 tb 50.755 _ 710 feet 0.786 x 91 Law * io mrt = 941 feet (30 Joints)SESSSSSSSTTSETCESEESUSETsE Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc, XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 1: (cont.) Example 4: (cont.) lle Pore ule Rule 6: Note: Below the jars the BHA would consist of 200 feet of drill collars, 941 feet hevi wate dp (approx. 30 joints). Above the jars an additional 6 to 8 joints of hevi wate drillpipe (8-10,000 Ibs) would be run for jarring weight. Generally speaking, more non-magnetic collars (monel) are needed when drilling a high angle directional well east-west than north-south. A stabilizer should not be run below motor. If needed for control place stabilizer at least 60 feet above the mud motor. With mud motors use 1 to 2 stands of drill collars. Match bits to mud motor. In directional holes use more heavy walled drill pipe (Hevi-wate) and less drill collars (approximately 200 feet drill collars). See calculations below Rule 1. The most efficient and practical way to input a sizeable negative side force to the bit is to use a pendulum type assembly. Formula: Fy ~ (1/2)(DCy)(L,)(BF\Sin 0) Example 3: Where: F, = Pendulum force, Ib L, = Tangency length, ft (tangency length is the distance from the bit to the next point of contact), Calculate the maximum pendulum force (F,). Given: 12-1/4 inch bit; DC = 20, 7" x 2" x 120 Ib/ft; mud = 10 ppg; Tangency point is roughly 30 feet from the bit; survey angle = 5°; BF = 0.85. Calculate the maximum pendulum force Fp F, = 1/2 (120)(30)(.85)(Sin 5°) F, = 133.4 Ibs You had to increase the mud weight to 15 Ibs/gal. What is the new pendulum force? BE S77. 22:5Murchison Drilling Schools, XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Example 3: (cont.) (7) Fr, = 13342 — <- apply new B, P (85) ipply F <- remove old Be F 120.9 Ibs. Example 4: You have placed a stabilizer 60 ft from the bit. What is the new pendulum force for 10 Ib/gal mud? | F, = 133.4 (60) <- apply new Ly i G0) <- remove old Ly ! F, = 266.8 Ibs Example 5: You have another survey which indicates the new inclination angle is 15°. ‘What is the pendulum force for the case above, i.e., Ex. 4? F, = 26,8 Sin 15 <- apply new 0 (Sin <- remove old 0 Fp = 792.3 Ibs Example 6: You have increased your collar size to 9" OD by 3" ID. What is the pendulum force for 10 Ib/gal mud at 5° inclination? Take the tangency point to be at 30 ft. ® Ww, = = [489110 - 3)I H 376 [489][9)° - Gy] W, 192 Ibyft ss BF = 85 Fp = 1/2(192)(30)(.85)Sin 5° Fp = 213.4 Ibs Rule 7: Stabilizers can be used: as Fulcrum (lever) to build angle; as a tangent for pendulum control (create negative force); as a neutralizer to counter the reaction above, i.e., a packed hole assembly; as a centralizer to keep wall contact to a minimum. Rule 8 ‘The smaller the collar size in relation to the hole size, the more the hole tends to build and walk 22:6Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 9: Effect of weight-on-bit and rotary speed Increase WOB to build angle Decrease WOB to drop angle Slow rotary, increase WOB - hole walks right Fast rotary, decreases WOB - slows right-hand walk Small holes, (less than 8-1/2 in.), the higher the angle the less the walk. Example 1: The following bit course is most typical for a turbine drilling a directional hole (no bent sub). Target wel Example 2: The following bit course could occur while drilling a directional hole with a turbine and increasing the rotary speed from 10 RPM to 100 RPM. Rule 10: Bit performance in di i Bits tend to "walk up-dip" until the formation dip reaches approximately 45 degrees. When dip exceeds 45 degrees, they tend to walk "down-dip." Cone offset from center on tricone rock bits tends to increase right-hand walk. "True Rolling” bits without cone offset decreases right-hand walk. Cone offset is desirable, (it allows better cleaning), in most cases due to the increased penetration rates. Target Target Target Fight Hare Wake} 4 bet Hand Wak }e-ten Hand wokMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XX DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 11: General Rules Don't bring angle back any faster than it got off. Holes which are off more than 3 degrees are normally considered to be directional wells. Don’t drill more hole than you can keep; hole cleaning is extremely important. Top-drive units help eliminate keyseats. Rule 12: Basic bottom hole assemblies i 1. Packed - hold angle 2. Pendulum = - — drop angle 3. Belly - build angle 4. Mud motor - —_build/drop/turn Note: Sce following general responses assemblies. 22:8‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIL._DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 12: Basic bottom hole assemblies (cont.) VARIOUS BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES WITH GENERAL RESPONSES UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS (NO HOLE CURVATURE EFFECTS props 4.5: paoy Nena aT BLT FACE To LERDIKE oak rages Sib ttdce Ee of statins wee fer sure 10 @ ‘BUILD e a“ a0 a ‘BUILD 7 = a ‘BuILO ae er) “6 aui.a 18 “0 wna 53 pe ae pe a sui 42 SS 2) auttoconaes worn 3-2 pipet pe eas CERTAIN chRcUNSTANCES) @ BuILO ce DROP preg an Yo 10 Sz 9 yD ap woo ' pplig ig my aa Hon ‘ pei eege eee a oun oy >be ao ron 14 ppp a8) noe we en S10 (SHRLLER an mor WOES CRE pg acTTER THEN 118) = an Hie et ff (QOD peopcar MTOHER INCL ABUTLD pee HMD/ORUAT LOWER NCL) [¢ Sene eoe G9) baOP of BUTLDCINBHLY DEPENDENT ON COLLAR 00) "NO 18 THE HIGHEST AND 1 THE LOWEST Note 15) From General Response Assembly List Holes larger than 9-7/8" 1. Run stabilizer at top of third de. 2. Make sure the bottom three de are the largest you can use. Holes 9-7/8" or smaller 1. Run stabilizer at the top of second dc. 2. Make sure the two bottom collars are the largest you can use.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 13: Design length of drillpipe based on overpull and slip crushing. Choose the smallest length between the two methods. Y, x 0.9 rT] u, Lee no. ® Formula(s): _ (Y,,x0.9) - (M.O.P.) — (WT,) | Ligg SE eee CR) (Yq X09) ) L (ase =| WT) oe OP W)BF) MOP. = (¥, x 0.9) - WT, Where: Loyep = Length of drillpipe that can be used based on a margin of overpull (M.O.P.) 2 M.O.P. 5" dp = 100,000 Ibs 4-1/2" dp = 100,000 Ibs 3-1/2" dp = _75,000 Ibs Laue = Length of drillpipe that can be used based on slip crushing (S,/S;). The ratio of hoop stress to tensile stress (S,/Sr) constants can be found in the following tables. Y,, = Minimum yield strength based on pipe grade and wear classification. This number is usually taken from RP7G tables and then downgraded by 10% by multiplying the minimum yield by 0.9. An option to this is to take the inspection report, showing the remaining cross-sectional area, and calculate the working strength from this; i.e., 92% remaining cross-sectional area in 5", 19.5 lb/ft, Grade "E", XH, NC 50 drillpipe. 22:10Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) Rule 13: (cont.) Working Strength = 0.92 [(Tube OD? - Tube ID*)0.7854 x 75,000 Ib/sq in] Grade Min Yield (Y.,) Grade E = 75,000 psi Grade X = 95,000 psi Grade G = 105,000 psi Grade $ = 135,000 psi WS. = (min yield Y,) x (cross-sectional area of tube) WT, = The buoyancy weight of all pipe hanging below the pipe being designed. WT, = (Air Weight of pipe) (BF). WT, = Total buoyancy weight hanging below top joint of drill pipe being calculated for M.O.P. DPaw = The tube weight plus the upsets averaged into an approximate weight per foot; i.e OD Nominal Connection DPaw (ins) Ibs Grade Type abit 19.5 = XH 20.89 19.5 XH 21.44 19.5 XH 21.92 195 XH 22.60 16.6 cE: IF 17.98 16.6 x IF 1834 16.6 c IF 1834 16.6 32 IF 13.61 133 = IF B77 133 ese IF 14.69 BF = Buoyancy [65.44 - MW(ppg)] 65.44 S,/S = Ratio of hoop stress to tensile stress acting on drill pipe in the slips (see Slip Crushing constants below); i.e., 5" DP, 16" slip, 0.08 coefficient of friction = 1.42; 4- 1/2 dp = 1.37; 3-1/2 = 1.28. 22:11Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIL._DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) wrwzin RATIO 5/5, TO PREVENT SLIP CRUERINO Pipe sine - 1nches uingha Se tora Ean ES eee 2 tae har has aso rarer 28 iB ES 1S $ O ne nh rp ide re oS an nb re at Eg i ; i ae ve OS a te i e UR URE OER EE ig mm an Ex RB OR ER eH I A cefcient offson 0.08 pil or vee sp , Example: Design drill string to reach 16,000 feet i Design Requirements: Max. Weight on Bit = 40,000 Ibs i Jarring Tension (JT) = 6,000 Ibs i DC to Give Jarring WT = 60 ft i HW to Complete Jarring WT = 10,000 Ib TOT i (less 2 de) Available Drill String: DC = 6-1/2 x 2-13/16 x 91 Ib/ft, NC46 DP = 5, 19.5, Grade "E", XH, NC50, Prem. Class 5, 19.5, Grade "X", XH, NCS5O, Prem. Class 5, 19.5, Grade “S", XH, NCS5O, Prem. Class HW = 5"x 3" x 49.3 Ib/ft, NCSO Mud Weight = 17.0 ppg Buoyancy Factor = 0.74 (40,000 + 6000) (0.74 x 91) 1.0 Drill Collars: be = 683 ft below jars *DC TOT = 683 ft below jars + 60 ft above jars = 743 ft 22:12Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIL_DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) 000 Ibs-(60 x 91 x 0.74) (49.3 x 0.74) 2.0 Hevi-Wate DP: Lyw = = 163 feet Round off HW to 6 JTs = 186 feet *Note: On a directional well or a well that differential sticking is a concern the drill collars may be shortened to approximately 200 feet and the heavy walled drillpipe increased to give Jar Tension and Jarring Weight. 3.0 BHA Summary: Length = 743 f(DC)+186 ft (HW) = 929 feet Air Weight = (743x91)+(186x49.3) = 76,783 Ibs Buoy WT = 76,783x0.74 = 56,819 Ibs 4.0 DP Design, Section 1 (Above BHA) | 5, 19.5, Grade E, XH, NC-50, Prem Class, Y,, = 311,540 Ibs = 11,540 x 0.9) - 100,000 - 56,819 L, = 7,989 ft ‘spor (20.9 x 0.74) GUSH x09) _ 56619 Lips = ——14#2 ____ = 9,093 ft (20.9 x 0.74) Use the smallest length (therefore design is limited by overpull). Length of Grade E = 7,989 ft 5.0 Summary: BHA and Section 1 (E) Buoy Weight BHA Weight = 56,819 Ibs Grade "E" Air WT = 7,989 x 20.9 = 166,970 Ib Grade "E" Buoy WT = 166,970 x 0.74 = 123,558 Ib Accumulated Buoy WT = 56,819 + 123,558 = 180,377 Ib 6.0 DP Design, Section 2 (Above Grade "E" dp) 5, 19.5, Grade "X", XH, NC-50, Prem Class, ¥, = 394,600 Ib L,__ = (394,600 x 0.9) - 100,000 - 180,377 = 4,721 ft (214 x 0.74)Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XXII._DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) 6.0 DP Design, Section 2 (Above Grade "E" dp) (cont.) 394,600 x 23) ~ 180377 1.42, : Lee = = 4,402 ft oe (214 x 0.74) Use the smallest length (therefore design is limited by slip crushing). Len Grade X = 4,402 ft 7.0 Summary: BHA + Section 1 + Section 2 Buoy WT BHA Weight = 56,819 Ib Grade "E" = 123,558 Ib Grade "X" Air WT = 4402 x 21.4 = 94,203 Ib Grade "X" Buoy WT = 94,203 x 0.74 = 69,710 Ib Accum. Buoy WT = 56,819 + 123,558 + 69,710 = 250,087 8.0 DP Design, Section 3 (Above Grade "X" dp) 5, 19.5, Grade S, XH, NC-50, Prem Class, ¥, = 560,760 Ibs (560,760 x 0.9) - 100,000 - 250,087 Gren (22.5 x 0.74) = 9,285 ft 1.42 . = 6,326 ft ‘deec (22.5 x 0.74) 560,760 x 23) ~ 250,087 Use the smallest length (therefore design is limited by slip crushing.) Length of Grade S$ = 6,326 (max 9.0 Summary: Total Length & Buoyancy Accum, Weight DC Len = 743 ft HW Len = 186 ft Grade "E" Len = 7989 ft Grade "X" Len = 4402 ft Subtotal Len = 13,320 ft Grade "S" Len = 16,000 - 13,320 Total DS = 16,000 ft 2680 ft* Accum. TOT WT = 250,087 + (2680 x 22.5 x 0.74) = 294,709 Ib * Note: Only part of calculated Grade "S" drillpipe was required to reach i 16,000 ft (a deeper depth could have been reached based on Grade "S" working strength)XXII. _DRILL STRING DESIGN (cont.) 10. Margin of Overpull Check (M.O.P.) Grade "E” DP = (311,540 x 0.9) - 180,377 Grade "X" DP = (394,600 x 0.9) - 250,08 Grade "S" DP = (560,760 x 0.9) - 294,709 100,000 Ib (ok) 105,000 Ib (ok)* 209,975 Ib (ok)** *Note: This section was limited by Slip Crushing, therefore the M.O.P. is greater. **Note: This indicates the hole could be drilled to a deeper depth (approx. 19,000 ft). The driller is always limited on overpull to weakest section in drill string, which is Grade "E" (100,000 Ibs) 11.0 Summary of Design Item Description Length | Air WT | Buoy | Accum | M.O.P. WT WT DC: 6-1/2x2-13/16x91, NC50 | 743 67,613 | 50,034 | 50,034 HW: 5 x 3 x 49.3, NCSO 186 9,170 | 6,786 | 56,819 BHA Summary 929 76,783_| 56,819 | 56,819 DP: 5,19.5, Grade "E", XH,NCSO | 7,989 166,970 | 123,558 | 180,377 | 100,000 5,19.5, Grade "X", XH,NCSO | 4,402 94,203 | 69,710 | 250,087 | 105,000 5,19.5, Grade "S", XH,NC5O_ | 2,680 60,300 | 44,622 | 294,709 | 209,975 Totals 16,000 ft | 398,256 | 294,709 | 294,709 | 100,000 Limited Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc.‘Murchison DrillingSchools, Inc. XXIII._LOGGING RI ‘OR DI Common types of well logs can be a valuable tool for all drilling personnel. Good drilling operations are dependent upon the ability to plan ahead of the bit and accurately predict what combination of drilling variables will result in the most efficient penetration of the formations encountered. Most log analysts are experts in defining exact intervals in the wellbore which contain pay, and performing precise calculations which indicate the saturations of water and hydrocarbon within the rock. However, logs are also one of the best sources of information available to identify the properties of the rocks themselves. Since most subsurface rocks contain saltwater and the salinity of the water usually does not change drastically over short intervals, most of the changes in the response of a log parameter are due to the character of the rock. There are exceptions such as fresh water bearing rocks or hydrocarbon bearing rocks. Rule 1: Study the trend of the logging curves Since drilling people are interested in the hole from top to bottom, they are interested in the entire log, and not just select intervals. Rather than performing many calculations on a small interval, the drilling person is interested in trends of values which indicate the variations in drillability he can expect from the formations to be penetrated. Rule 2: Use logs to assist with bit selection Using bit records and logs, poor bit selection can be avoided. Suppose the contractor ran a J44, and drilled the interval at 14 ft/hr. On another offsetting well, an X3 was used at this depth and averaged 35 fvhr. Without the logs on the intervals from both wells, ‘we cannot definitely say we should also use an X3. But if the two logs indicate roughly the same drillability for the two intervals, we would expect that an X3 would at least Gouble the penetration rate over the J44 providing other factors are equal. This similar drillability would be indicated by approximately the same percentage of sand-shale, and by similar resistivities of the sands and shales . If we anticipate the same sequence in ‘our proposed well, we would also use a series 1-2-4 bit, unless there was other information to indicate that some other bit might be superior. We could also expect penetration rates of approximately 35 f/hr. Although it is possible to do some optimizing of drilling variables without logs, their proper use makes it possible to do a much more effective job of planning, monitoring and post appraisal of drilling programs. Common drilling data, such as bit records, and penetration rate data, such as TOTCO’s, can be misleading without formation data. A short tooth bit run in anticipation of harder formations will make the penetration rate drop, which is often misconstrued as indeed drilling a harder formation. The converse is also true in that a long tooth mill or button bit is run when there is a major formation drillability change, anticipating only "a few hard stringers." Such costly mistakes can often be prevented by the simplest examination of a log. Ref. 8: Murchison Drilling Schools, Drilling Manual. 23:1Murchison Drilling Schools, inc. ‘XXIIL_LOGGING RULES FOR DRILLING cont.) Rule 3: Use logs to hel mud program and to post appraise mud program Rule 4: Rule 5 Rule 6: Mud recaps, although a valuable post appraisal tool, can be misleading without consulting a log. Mud treating problems can frequently be prevented through pretreatment or a change in mud type after determination of the lithology from a log. Mud weights used in offset wells are often unnecessarily high, and pore pressures determined from logs can be used as a guide to reducing mud density A caliper log will help evaluate whether the mud maintained hole stability. Hydraulics, however, may be the cause of hole enlargement. ‘Use offset logs to "drill ahead of the bit" Logs can also be applied to solving other drilling problems. They can indicate the offending formations when torque, drag, ledges, or tight spots occur. Hole problems such as washout, sloughing, lost circulation, and differential sticking can often be better resolved after examination of the offending formation using well logs. For instance, if you were looking at an offset log correlation indicating the driller had just drilled a permeable sand, the driller can be told to keep the pipe moving at all times while the bottom hole assembly is across the permeable zone. The driller could be especially alerted to have pipe moving when engaging the pump. ep a rate of ration plot on same scale that log is recorded on; inch r 100 fi, etc, Use this to correlate with any porosity log (neutron, densit sonic) or one of the other logs. During drilling operations, a correlation of penetration rate to the lithology curve of a log frequently helps the operator keep up with the depth in relation to the geologic sequence. Virtually every well drilled has new tops picked for some formations, Many times the correlation between the drilling rate and the log is adequate to confirm or disprove the predicted formation tops, and the drilling program can be adjusted if necessary. These tops indicate thinned or thickened formation sections and the information can be used to plan a more practical and economical bit and mud program, tailored to the anticipated formation. logs for optimizing drilling program ‘The normal logs, commonly run to locate and evaluate potential pay sections, are very useful when used with other data as part of a comprehensive drilling program based on improved mud and hydraulics, newer bit types, predicted formation tops, and optimum weight and rotary conditions. ‘The logs most commonly used in drilling operations provide information about the formation type, drillability, and the bore hole condition.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXII._LOGGING RULES FOR DRILLING (cont.) Rule 7; Calculate the percent shale, in the section of hole to be drilled, before finalizing bit selection In soft formations (top hole) sands/shales can be drilled with same bit. Vary type bit with formation hardness starting with an API class of 1 1 1. Refer to resistivity curve to estimate hardness (1-2 ohm-m would be soft). Series 4 & 5 - Designed for shale. Also PDC bits are designed for high percentages of shales, Series 6 - Assumes formations contain less than 30% shale. Series 7 - For hard sands/limestone. Less than 10% shale. Series 8 - For dolomite/limestone and chart. Series 7 & 8 cannot handle high shale. Aso use the resistivity, conductivity, or one of the porosity logs to estimate formation arillability Formula: (GR. at Point of Interest)-(G.R. Lowest Reading in Clean Sand or LMST) % Shale = {G:R_at Point of Tnverest) (GR owest Keane my Cian sane or © = “GR. at Highest Reading in Clean Shale)-(G.R. Lowest Reading Sand) Where: G.R. = Gamma Ray Log Example: Calculate % shale. Give reading (clean sand) = GR at point of interest = 110; GR at lowest AR at highest reading (clean shale) = 135 _ (110 - 30) % Shale = 110-30) - 9.76 76%) le = 35-30) ° Therefore, a bit that will handle shale must be selected. (A bit that is RPM and hydraulic responsive--not weight responsive.) Rule 8: Use the logs on the right hand side of depth scale to pick changes in drillability In non-permeable zones when the logs shift to the right the formation is harder and when they shift to the left the formation is softer (usually more porous). Porosity logs can be used even when the zone is permeable but not the resistivity logs because they are influenced by fluids which counteracts this trend. Use the conductivity, resistivity and porosity logs to estimate formation drillability (functions of porosity and permeability). Pick a bit that will drill a multiplicity of formation drillability intervals. 23:3‘Murchison Drilling »choots, snc. XXIIL_LOGGING RULES FOR DRILLING (cont.) i Rule 8: Rule 9: Rule 10: 23:4 ‘Use the logs on the right hand scale to (cont.) Use SP and GR logs to detect percent shale and non-shale. The points farthest to the right can be used to draw shale baseline. Shale does not respond to bit weight (RPM responsive). Sandy shale, limey shale and pure shale can be differentiated by observing the deflection of resistivity and conductivity logs (normally deflection is to the right of the log). If hard streaks are making the bit wear under gauge, the Series 6 could be used with 50 to 80% shale if mud condition is excellent so that the bit can respond to bit weight. Series 7 and 8 can’t handle high percents of shale. Good mud (or bad) has a greater affect on a Series 6 bit than a Series 5. Whether Series 6 will drill will depend on mud condition. Permeability affects formation drillability depending on the condition of mud (good or bad). With poor mud the soft formations become less bit weight sensitive and become RPM sensitive. Porosity affects formation drillability, regardless of mud Shale gives the most problem in drilling and hole stability. ‘The right side of depth scale on logs almost always can be used to estimate formation drillability. The left side of depth scale on logs is used for estimating shale or non-shale. Logs that carry a ve yuld r evaluating hole condition with one of the non-radioactive (source) logs. Ifa source log becomes stuck do not allow the logging operator to pull out of the rope socket. Cut line and strip overshot over wire line to pull logging tool out. Make sure logging operator keeps winch turning to minimize sticking of wireline and toolsMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XXIIL_LOGGING RULES FOR DRILLING (cont.) Rule 10: (cont.) Rule 11: Density and Neutron Rules 1. The heavy "Dense" line is the Density Curve. ‘The thinner line is the Neutron Curve 3. For porosity, read 50 to 60% between lines (halfway) 4. Lithology Rules-of-Thumb: A. Dolomite: The Density Line is to the right of neutron. Read 60% to left of density for porosity. B. Limestone: The Density and Neutron have very little separation. C. Sand: In clean sand you have 6% (3 spaces - each space equals 2%) - separation between Neutron and Density. D. Sand: ‘The Neutron Line will be to the right. E. Shale The Neutron Line will be to the left. F. Anhydrite: Density kicks off scale to right and back on near depth scale. Neutron = "0" porosity. 23:5Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE Most blowouts and many other drilling problems, such as lost circulation, differential sticking and liner lap leaks, occur when formations containing gas are drilled. The severity of the drilling operational problems are influenced by: thickness of the formation containing gas; permeability; the presence or lack of fractures; and the amount of mud-overbalance increase that develops when drilling the hydrocarbon section. Rule 1: Choose a contractor that has well trained and motivated people--no matter how much more the day rate costs. Remember a blowout cost millions of dollars and a thirty-day drilling program thru gas and hydrocarbons would only cost $150,000 if the daywork rate was $5000/day higher than another rig without the best trained people. Look at people when making a rig selection, Remember the kick tolerance for a 30-barrel kick would be far less than a 10-barrel kick. Crew awareness and knowledge could be the difference between a costly underground blowout (lost circulation) and a routine kick problem. Now let’s look at each red flag separately. MONITOR TRENDS OF: © Pump Pressure/Pump Strokes © Drag Up & Drag Down © Torque © Flowline Temperature © Total Mud the Hole Requires on each Trip Out and Mud Gained when Pipe is Run In and Compare the Actual vs. Theoret Trend of these Numbers with Previous Trips. Rule 2: Rig-up equipment to: easily detect kicks and be able to start fluid in the annulus if lost circulation occurs. A rig's circulating and surface system must: have good supervision; have excellent discipline in reference to pit measurements and volume building or jetting; have sensitivity to volume changes; contain a safe working volume; and have adequate mechanical equipment to catch a loss or gain in volume. Remember, however, that mechanical pit monitoring equipment will not replace a good pit supervisor. 24:1‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV. _GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) HOW SURFACE AREA AFFECTS PIT VOLUME For maximum pit-volume change use minimum surface area or 3 in = 10 bbl of volume gain 30 bbl of volume gain with 3 pits 3in But the pitvolume toalizer moves the same distance A TRIP TANK WITH DIMENSIONS OF 5.8 FT BY 5.8 FT AND 8.0 FT IN HEIGHT WOULD GIVE: © TOTAL VOLUME - 48 BBL (269 CU FT) © SENSITIVITY —- 0.5 BBL/IN - 2.0 IN/BBL CAUSES OF KICKS TO ALLOW A KICK BY NOT FOLLOWING A PROPER FILL UP PROCEDURE CAN ONLY BE CLASSIFIED AS NEGLECT Reduction of hydrostatic pressure through loss ‘of drilling Muid to formation-losteieulationMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV. _GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO. SURFACE (cont.) Rule 3: When drilling a formation containing gas expect gas-cut mud. Porosity gas, from drilled Et chips, will cause gas cut mud. Gas cut mud does not necessarily require mud weight increases because the expansion of gas (and cutting of mudweight) will occur regardless of hydrostatic pressure. If a driller observes the well to be flowing, and shuts the well in, and has a measurable drillpipe pressure, he should then calculate a new mud weight and make a kill plan. Many operations only require a change in drilling practices not a change in mud weight. Operations that drill shallow gas may need to: reduce the rate- of-penetration; reduce the hole size; or a combination of the above. Formulas: Pang = Nx 2.3 x Log P, ap = Av x —OM__ ‘Ann. Vol. MW, - MW, nef ) MW, __ Depth x MW, x 0.052 he rg Where: P, | = Formation pressure, psi V, = Initial pit gain (assumed* to be equal to original volume of intruding gas (barrels). Note: When drilling with oil mud this assumption is not valid because some gas is dissolved and the pit gain can be misleading. P, = Hydrostatic pressure at any depth in the wellbore, psi V, = Expanded volume at pressure (P3), barrels. P, may be atmospheric pressure 14.7 psi (15) F Pyrm = Reduction of hydrostatic pressure in atmospheres (one 4 ATM = 15 psi) N = Ratio of gas to mudMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV. _GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 3: (cont.) Therefore: Example 2: MW, = Original mud weight, (uncut in ppg) MW, = Gas cut mud weight at surface, ppg Log P; = Log of hydrostatic pressure on bottom, atmospheres Depth = True vertical depth in feet AP = Hydrostatic pressure reduction on bottom, psi AV — = Change in pit volume in barrels GM = Mud gradient, psi/ft (MW x .052) Vol. = Volume between casing and drillpipe in barrels/ft {A formation containing gas is being drilled. Calculate the reduction in bottom hole pressure. Given: TVD = 12,000 ft; 9-5/8" x 5" Ann. Vol. = 0.0459 bbI/ft; Pit gain from porosity gas-cutting = 6.0 barrels; mud weight = 14 ppg; gas cut MW = 7.0 ppg. Estimated porosity gas @ 8536 psi = 0.44 gal (or 0.01 bbl). 12000 x 14 x .052 15 P= = 582 ATM Pare = (1)(2.3)(Log 582) = 6.36 ATM AP = 6.36 ATM x 15 psi/ATM = 96 psi reduction 14 x .052 (psifft) 6.0 bbl x 14 052 (Psilf) _ 96 ps * 9.0459 (BbI/A) AP The bottom hole pressure reduction is approximately 96 psi. This would probably be within the trip margin or hydrostatic pressure overbalance. ‘What is reduction in hydrostatic pressure due to gas cutting of the mud? The mud weight is cut from 18 ppg to 9.0 ppg, depth(s): 1,000 ft; 5,000 ft; 10,000 ft; and 20,000 ft. BREBRBRARABRBBBRBRERRBRAERRAEBRARRBERREBRBBABBLLRule 4: ‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Example 2: (cont.) 1000 x 0.052 x 18 15 1,000 ft. P, = = 62.4 ATM 18 N= 1 9 Par = (1)(2.3)(Log 62.4) = 4.12 ATM AP = 4.12 x 15 = 62 psi 20,000 fh. p, = 20000 aie BE Sane 2 =1 Pama = (1)(2.3)(Log 1248) = 7.12 \P = 7.12 x 15 = 107 psi NORMAL HEAD REDUCED HEAD DEPTH 18 pps MUD HEAD REDUCTION 1,000" 936 psi 866 psi © psi 5,000" 4,680. psi 4,598 psi 82. psi 10,000" 91360 psi 91265 psi 95. psi 20,000" 18,720 psi 18,615. psi 105. psi Inan open annulus (circulating or drilling), without back pressure being held, the general gas law applies. Basically it states if the pressure is cut in half the volume of gas will double (P,V, = P;V,). Most of the doubling (gas expansion) tak: place near the surface. In oil muds the gas will expand nearer the surface. H,S gas is also more soluble and expands nearer the surface than sweet gas. Boa 555] Where vs expanded volume at pressure P; (OD) Allowing gas rise in a controlled expansion v, int pit ean (assumed to be equal to keeps bosom hole pressure constant, reduces ginal vo. of intruding g23),0b) pressure-effectve gradients at casing shoe » formation pressure, (ps) and reduces sain on surface equipment. Py = hydrostatic pressure at any depth in the wellbore, (psi)Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 4: (cont.) Rule 5: 24:6 Example 1: What is the approximate volume of expanded gas? Given: Formation pressure = 6050 psi; mud weight = 12 ppg; 9-5/8, 43.5 Ib/ft casing and 5 inch drillpipe; true vertical depth = 10,000 feet. Case 1:_0.25 bbl at 5000 ft and at surface (6050)(0.25) Vo. g = —L605000.25)__- 9.50 bbl Yam ® ~ (G000 x 12 x .052) ae * ene) = 100 bbl (Approx. expanded volume of gas) Case 2; 1. 3000 ft and at surface . (6050)(1.0) . Vg 8 (5000 x 12 x .052) 194 bbl = (6050)(1.0) Vem 15 = 403 bbl (Approx. expanded volume of gas) When a gas kick is closed in assume percolation can take place. Bottom hole pressure must be maintained constant by correct monitoring and bleeding to allow the gas bubble to expand. Percolation is fastest in salt (brine) water and slowest in oil muds. ap, Perc = cM P, x Amn. Vol. Vint = — GM Where: Perc, = Estimated percolation rate in feet per hour APs, = Pressure increase on drillpipe (psi per hour). The drillpipe (SIDPP) pressure is monitored for about 10 to 15 minutes and this pressure equated to one hour; i.e., 100 psi increase in 10 minutes would be 600 psi/hr. GM = Mud gradient, psi/ft RBRARABRRARERRRARRREKRRKERRRRRRERREBRERBRBRERRBERBBREMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 5: (cont.) Veus = Volume of mud in barrels that must be bled to maintain constant bottom hole pressure with a gas bubble percolating (rising) P, = Incremental pressure step(s) that the casing pressure will be allowed to increase (psi). Ann. Vol. Annular volume between drillpipe and casing (or dp/OH) in barrels per foot. Example 1: What is the estimated rate of percolation and how would bottom hole pressure be maintained constant? Given: SIDPP = 583 psi; SICP = 1150 psi; TVD = 13,500 ft; Fp = 10,762 psi; pit gain = 30 bbl; length of influx = 854 feet; Ann. Vol. = 0.0489 bbl/ft (8.681" x 5" annulus); pressure increase per hour = 500 psi; MW = 14.5 ppg. Bit not plugged. 500 psi Petey = Gaga psy 7 S62 eethour Since the bit isn’t plugged bottom hole pressure can be maintained during percolation by maintaining constant drillpipe pressure. Choose a small safety factor; i.e., 50 psi over SIDPP (633 psi) and do not allow the drillpipe pressure to go over this number. Mud will have to be bled on the annulus choke to keep pressure at the 633 psi on the drillpipe. Example 2: _ If the bit was plugged how many barrels would have to be bled to step the bubble out volumetrically so that bottom hole pressure is maintained constant? How is this done? Same given information as Ex. 1. Pressure increment to calculate bleed volume = 100 psi. = (100)(0.0489) _ (14.5 x .052) For each 100 psi increase on casing. nd To maintain constant BHP using the volumetric method: 1. Choose a small safety factor; i.e., 100 psi 2. Allow casing to rise to 1250 psi (1150 + 100 psisf) 3. When the pressure increases to 1350 psi bleed 6.5 bbl while maintaining 1350 psi. (Max. overpressure is 200 psi.) 4. Allow the pressure to increase to 1450 psi. Maintain 1450 psi while bleeding the 6.5 bbl. 5. Keep repeating this procedure until the gas bubble is at surface (do not bleed gas without lubricating mud in at surface). 24:7Murchison Drilling School; XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 5: (cont.) Example 2: (cont.) Plugged drilipipe Unplugged drilipipe coy Pressure t won At 4 ve Rule 6: Use the ratio technique to estimate: the position of the bubble when kill weight is at the bit (FCP); and the number of strokes to move the bubble to the casing shoe. The greatest pressure is applied to the shoe when the bubble is in the open hole. The number one associated problem to well control is lost circulation. Lost circulation is caused by exceeding the maximum allowable pressure based on a leak- off test at the casing shoe. The calculated maximum allowable pressure applied when the bubble is in the open hole. Keeps kicks small to avoid reaching breakdown pressure. Eormula(s): Ratio - (Ann. Vol) (OP Cap) Final circulation pressure = slow circulating pressure x ill MW_ orig. MW. ICP = Initial circulating pressure = SIDPP + slow circulation pressure SIDPP = Shutin drillpipe pressure 1D Bror ~ Pa ~ (Zan - CS,) DPCAP x Ratio P.O. STK, Paige = Fp ~ [Hydrostatic pressure of all* fluids below shoe] Pysp = Fp ~ (Hydrostatic pressure of all fluids below surface] BPRRABRRRRRERERRRERRRERRRRBREBBREBL‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 6: (cont.) “Possible Fluids: (1) Original Mud (2) Influx (3) Sometimes kill weight - MW,)0.052 x shoezyp Poort 0.052 x Shoe yp, Bubble Pressure Bp = Fp x Kv/(Kv + By) Mig = My» [ Bubble Depth Bd = TVD - [(Fp - B;)/MW x 0.052] Where: B = Bubble pressure, psi Bd = Bubble depth (bum) ft F, = Formation pressure, psi Kv = Kick volume, bbl By = Bleed volume, bbl TVD = Original TVD, ft Ratio = The ratio factor (no units) between the annulus and the drillpipe Ann. Vol. = The annular volume calculated either in dp/OH or dp/csg (bbl/ft) DP CAP = Drillpipe capacity (bbl/ft) Bre = Estimated bubble top after circulating capacity of drill string (kill weight at bit or at FCP, ft Ds = The depth of the top of bubble before circulation begins, (FT) (usually TD - length of influx) 1D = Total measured depth STK,, = The strokes to move the influx bubble to the shoe Es = Casing shoe measured depth, ft‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 6: (cont.) P.O. = Pump Output (barrels per stroke) Pye = Pressure being applied to casing shoe with a kick in the hole, psi Pout = Casing pressure at surface with a kick in the hole, psi F, = Formation pressure, psi Hydrostatic Pressure of all fluids |= Each fluid is calculated individually [HP = Len fluid x MW(ppg) x .052] MW; = Mud weight equivalent at casing shoe, calculated from shut in casing pressure and the mud weight in the hole (Shoe to surface), ppg ! APs = Maximum allowable surface pressure on casing when the influx bubble is in the open hole. It is based on a } leakoff test below the shoe. L.O.T.jw = The equivalent mud weight calculated from an applied pressure on the surface to the point the formation took fluid (leaked-off). MW,. = Mud weight in the hole, ppg Shoe;yy = The true vertical depth of the casing shoe where leak-off test was run, and calculate the estimated position of the bubble when the kill weight is circulated to the bit (FCP). Calculate maximum allowable pressure and the equivalent mud weight applied to the shoe when initially shut-in and after circulating the bubble to the shoe. Given: Depth (MD and TVD) = 13,500 ft; SIDPP = 583 psi; SICP = 1150 psi; Fp = 10,762 psi; mud weight = 14.5 ppg; length of influx = 854 fi; Influx = 30 bbl; D, = 13,500 - 854 = 12,646 ft; annular volume = 0.0459 bbl/ft; drillpipe capacity = 0.0170 bbI/ft; pump output = 0.095 bbl/sik; leakoff test mud weight = 17.7 ppg @ 10,000 feet (casing shoe MD and TVD) shoe; kill weight = 15.33 ppg; Mg = 0.7540; Fg = 0.7972. Example: Calculate ratio. Estimate the strokes to move the bubble to the shoeMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 6: (cont.) _ 0.0459 bbi/ft _ 0.0170 bby (12,646 -10,000)0.0170 x 2.7 STK,, = {12:646-10,000)0.0170 x 2.7 . 978 stokes = 0.095 bbl/STK To move bubble to casing shoe Therefore the bubble would be up in casing before Kill weight leaves the drill string. APyax = (17.7 - 14.5)0.052 x 10,000 ft = 1664 psi 1150 MW, 52x 1 Gnitally) = 14.5 +> The equivalent mud weight applied to the shoe when the well is closed in initially. (10,762 psi)(30) Vy (at shoe) = ——> __* = 42.82 bbl (14.5 x .052 x 10,000 ft) L, (at shoe) = sao BODE = 933 ft 0.0459 bbl/ft Paroe = 10,762 - [(933 x 0.1) + (3,500 - 933) 14.5 x 0.052] 8733 psi 8733 psi Mw, - ———— Po 0.052 x 10,000 = 16:79 ppg or Pyor = 10,762 - [(933 x 0.1) + (13,500 - 933)14.5 x .052] = 1193 psi MW, . s+ 1193 ) r 0.052 x 10,000, Note: There was only a slight increase in pressure applied to shoe comparing initial condition with bubble @ shoe.Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV. GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 7: The estimated maximum surface casing pressure, with the bubble expanded at surface, should be calculated before implementing kill plan, There are cases where burst is the limiting factor, particularly if casing wear has taken place due to long rotating hours. Formulas: Method 1 (Quick Estimate ‘Method 2 (More Accurate) v = war P “@ («y [savor Jr -0399 +616) (F)N(-0.394) + (4.16) Viana. 7 a Poogmax Where: DS Vol. -DS Vol. i) -,x0.1 (fa Wo fe Me Gx. A= 2 Poy an = Approximate maximum casing pressure resulting from circulating a kick out using the wait and weight (constant bottom-hole pressure) method, psi P= Formation pressure in thousands of psi (Fp x 10°). V_ = Pit gain (volume of gas at bottom of hole), barrels. MW, = Mud weight required to balance formation pressure (kill wt), ppg C = Anmular capacity at surface (DP/csg annulus) in barrels per 1000 feet. 24:12 BRBRRBBRBRABRRRABRBRBERBRABRBARRRRRBREBRERBRERERERBRREBBBBLLEL‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV. GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Where: (cont.) F, = Formation pressure, psi (hydrostatic pressure + SIDPP) F, = Formation pressure gradient, psi/ft (formation pressure/TVD) LN = Natural log DS Vol. = Drill string total volume, barrels. Ann. Vol. = Annular capacity at surface (DP/esg annulus) in barrels per foot. M, = Mud gradient original mud psi/ft. L, = Length of influx when well is initially closed in, (Calculated from pit gain and annular volume around drill collars or drill collars and drillpipe.) Vyanmx. = Maximum pit gain (total of original gain and the pit gain due to expansion with the calculated maximum casing pressure), barrels Example: Use the given data under Rule 6 example. Calculate the maximum casing pressure and maximum volume gain when circulating the gas bubble to surface. Compare Method 1 to Method 2. Method 1: (10.71 Pee ee: = 200 = 2012 psi > can (eset ‘gainmax. \ 15.33 = 128 bbl Method 2: oe 7972-0.754)-(854x0.1 a - |_004 = 56.24 Prag max 756.24 (620 (core aap }O7972)100,782) (-0.394)+(4.16)) = 1683 psi 24:13XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Method 2: (cont.) y, ee 1683 = 96.3 barrels iz iS ie Method 1 calculated a higher casing pressure and more expanded gas volume than Method 2. Therefore, Method 1 would be considered more conservative (if casing and wellhead is safe with higher pressure the operation should be safe) Rule 8: A lubricating technique can be used to lower surface pressure if gas is at surface. ‘An example might be no pipe in hole or a plugged bit but gas at surface. A lubricating schedule is calculated and mud is pumped in below the ram(s) while pressure is reduced by bleeding gas off. This is done so that another operation, such as stripping, can be performed. The breakover from snubbing to stripping rule is that it requires approximately 1 foot of drillpipe for each psi of surface pressure; however, 1 stand (90 ft) of drill collars will counterbalance approximately 250 psi (0.35 fv/psi). If gas is at surface lubricating can be done to reduce surface pressure and consequently avoid having to snub. Formulas: Fa = Lye X DCwr (COD) 0.7854 EF, P, = —* - SF ic MW, x .052 = oe Incremental Press. Incremental Vol. = ina Where: Fe = The force created by one stand of drill collars, Ib. Le = Length of one stand of drill collars, ft. 24:14Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Rule 8: (cont.) DC, = Drill collar weight, Ib/ft. Aw = Drill collar area based on drill collar outside diameter. Note: A float (backpressure) valve would have to be used: consequently, the total area is considered, in sq. in DCOD = Drill collar outside diameter, in inches. Bs = The safe pressure to begin stripping operation with, psi. SE = Safety factor below balancing pressure, psi oe = Lubricating factor, pressure per barrel of mud (psi/bl). MW, — = Lubricating mud weight (ppg). The best lubricating mud is a low gel strength salt saturated mud. The worst mud to lubricate with is an oil mud. We Volume of casing, bbl/ft. Vie = The total lubricating volume to reduce the surface pressure to the desired stripping pressure, barrels. Pe = Initial pressure on casing, psi (before lubrication). Incremental Vol. = Incremental volume for pressure increment, barrels Incremental Press = Incremental pressure, psi (chosen for convenience - usually 50 to 100 psi). Example: Make a lubricating schedule, Given: pressure on casing = 500 psi (gas at surface); mud weight to lubricate with 17 ppg; casing 7", 35 Ib/ft; volume = 0.035 (bbi/ft); drill collars = 4-3/4" x 2" x 50 Ib/ft x 90 fi/std; SF required = 100 psi; incremental pressure = 100 psi. Make stripping schedule. No pipe in hole (Gas Pressure below Blind Rams), F,, = 90 ft x 50 Ib/ft = 4500 Ibs Ag = (4.75) 0.7854 = 17.72 sq. in 4,500 Ib P, i 17.72 sqin ~ 100 psi = 254 psi-100 psi = 154 psi (say 150 psi) 24:15Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXIV._GAS KICKS AND BUBBLE RISE TO SURFACE (cont.) Ly = G1 xOSDpBIIE _ 95.76 psipsl (0.035)bbI/ft (weight of gas ignored because SF is being used) (500 - 150)psifft _ 15 5 tb 25.26 psi/bbl Total volume to lubricate pressure down to 150 psi. 100 psi ; tal Vol = 100 PS!_ ~ 3.96 bbY/100 Incremental Vol = 5505 Fo 1/100 psi Iniiat Condition Volume (bbl) Pressure (Casing) ne 0 500 psi “m 3.96 400 psi [rssreome 7.92 300 psi 11.88 200 psi 13.9 150 psi Gas is very compressible at surface. Pump in each increment of mud slowly and surface pressure shouldn’t change much. Give time for gas to u-tube or break through the mud. Bleed gas off and lower pressure in incremental amounts until desired pressure is reached. Use an exact tank to measure the mud increments. After lubricating pressure down to desired level strip in drillpipe. After a few stands a constant bottom pressure circulating method can be used to clean up surface and this will make it easier to measure stripping volume (stripping volume = DP capacity + DP metal displacement). « a « i a a « a a a a a a a ie., 3-1/2", 13.3 Ib/ft, IF, "E", Adjust DP = 14 Ib/ft capacity = 0.007386 bbI/ft metal disp 14/2748 = 0.0051 bbl/ft total 0.0125 bbi/ft total for 94 ft/std = 1.17 bbl Stripping Schedule Stands (DP) | Casing Press Volume ° 150 ° 1 150 17 2 150 Li 3 150 117 24:16Murchison DrillingSchools, Inc. VOL! BUILDING A pencil should be put to material and volume requirements before the volume building process starts. This will ascertain that volume requirements are met and the materials are on hand Rule 1: To build volume from water to some final mud weight, the following procedure should be implemented: 1st calculate the starting clay base mud (V,); 2nd calculate the starting water volume (V,,); 3rd calculate the required clay (clay req., pounds); 4th calculate the required barite (barite req., pounds); and 5th calculate the material balance (volume check). The formulas are based on high density solids having a specific gravity of 4.2 and the low density solids having a specific gravity of 2.6. The required known information is: final mud weight (MW,); mud weight of water-clay mix (base mud) (MW); and the final required volume of mud (V;). Formulas: vy, @5 - MW, «les a 21.66 - MW.) * /@1.66 - MW,) 910(MW, - MW,) hes | (21.66 - MW) 4 z atone gay. (ee, @5 - MW) Vol. Check = V, + (=) = fee en) 910 1470 Where: V. = Volume of clay base mud, barrels. V; = Final volume required, barrels. MW, = Final mud weight, ppg. MW, = Clay base mud weight, ppg V, = Volume of starting water, barrels. MW, = Weight of water, ppg. 25:1Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXV: MUD VOLUME BUILDING FORMULA(S) (cont.) Rule 1: (cont.) Clay Req. = Clay required to build weight (and viscosity) to desired level, (Ibs.) Barite Req. Barite required to reach final mud weight, (Ibs). Vol. Check ‘Volume check to assure material balance (also checks arithmetic because if the number isn’t close to Vp a mistake was made), barrels Example: Calculate the material and volume requirements. Given: desired mud weight = 13.5 ppg; final volume required = 1000 barrels; estimated claybase mud weight based on experience = 8.6 ppg; weight of starting water = 8.33 ppg. ens. ~ 13.5) 1000 ———— = 814 barrels of clay-based mud. 5-86) pea ‘i (21.66 - 8.6 i = 814 ——~—___—. = ]98 of starting iter. (21.66 - 8.33 2 ear vt 910(8.6 - 8.33) Reg. =798 ——=2 — “=> - 15.012 tbs cel (21.66 - 8.6) of clay (or bentonite) eo Barite . = 814 rite Rea @5 - 135) 272.109 Ibs of barite required to raise 1900 ‘weight from 8.6 to 13.5 ppg, (35 oa ai vel eee ms 15,012 _ 272,709 910 1,470 Vol. Check = 798 = 1,000 bbl Rule 2: Add water with barite to maintain good mud properties (Av, Pv, Yp and gels), if raising the mud weight of a field mud laden with drill solids. 26 - MW,) 6 - MW, 1092 (MW, - MW, Reg. Barite = V, ee (26 - MW,) 25:2Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc XXV:_MUD VOLUME BUILDING FORMULA\S) (cont.) Rule 2: (cont.) ae Req. Barite _ ae 1470 . Reg. Barite = ——— + V, +V, Z 1470 Pais of Starting volume before barite and water are started, barrels. Yao = Volume water, barrels. V, = Final volume, barrels. MW; = Final mud weight, ppg. MW, = Initial MW, ppg. Example: A kick was taken at 13,000 feet requiring mud weight to be raised from 13.5 ppg to 15 ppg. The solids are on the high side. Water is needed with barite to keep mud properties in reasonable shape. Calculate the starting volume, barite, and water to build 15 ppg volumes, final volume is required to be 1000 barrels. V, = 1 eee = 880 bbl start with this volume to end up with (26 - 13.5)} required final volume (1000 bbl). 1092.05 — 135] _ 131.040 tb, Mix this much barte Reg. Barite = sso (6-15) J} (along with water). + 880] = 30.86 bbl Add this water with barite. ) + 0.86) + (880) = 1000 bbl Final volume of 15 ppg mud } required, use 1470 Rule 3: The general procedure for mixing and pilot testing oil muds is listed in steps on Page 25:4. The formulas and calculator programs for oil (and water base) muds can be purchased, as part of Rig File Program for HP-48, (later will have on PC) from Murchison Drilling Schools, P.O. Box 14577, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87191 25:3‘Murchison Drilling Schools. Inc. XXV: MUD VOLUME BUILDING FORMULA(S) (cont.) Rule 3: (cont.) OIL MIXING PROCEDURE. Step 1 Put oil in clean mixing tank Step 2 Add emulsifier, wetting agents and mix thoroughly. Step 3 Add lime - mix well. Step 4 Mix brine water (CaCI, or NaCl) in separate tank. Mix wel. Step 5 Blend brine water with oil mix and agitate thoroughly. Step 6 Add necessary chemicals to give tight emulsion (stability test). Step 7 Add weight material and mix thoroughly. PILOT TEST GUIDES VISCOSITY ‘A. Insufficient 1, Improper Oil/Water Ratio a. Add water b. Add necessary chemicals 2. New Mud-Normal Thinning a. Add lime and necessary chemicals b. Add necessary chemicals 3. Water West Solids a. Add necessary chemicals b. Decrease salt content 1) Adjust water fraction above saturation point of salt 2) Add new mud 4, Rapid Salt Increase a. Adjust water fraction above saturation point of salt b. Necessary chemicals c. VG-69 and/or basic package if additional viscosity is needed 5. Chemical Undertreatment a. Add basic package b. Add necessary chemicals 6. Gas Stripping a. Increase density of fluid b. Add barite with necessary chemicals 28:4Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. V: MUD VOLUME BUILDIN JA(S) (cont.) VISCOSITY (cont.) B. Excessive Viscosity 1, Fine and/or Excessive Volume of Solids a. Displacement with new mud b. Dilution 2. Water-Wet Solids a. Add necessary chemicals b. Displace with some new mud 3. Improper Oil to Water Ratio (Excessive Water) a. Displace with some new mud b. Treat with necessary chemicals 4, Acid Gas (Co, and Hs) a. Add lime (Mp greater than 5.0 cc of 0.1 N H,S0,) 5. High Bottom Hole Temperature a. Displacement with some new mud b. Add lime and necessary chemicals EMULSION STABILITY. A. Decreased Electrical Stability 1. Decreased Oil/Water Ratio (Volume Water Gain) a. Displacement with some new mud b. Chemical treatment as necessary 2. Insufficient Treatments a. Add necessary chemicals b. Add lime 3. Salt Increase a. Add some water b. Treat with necessary chemicals 4. Periods of Mud Inactivity B. Increased Electrical Stability 1, Increased Oil/Water Ratio (Volume Water Fraction Decrease) a. Addition of diesel or crude intrusion 1) Add necessary chemicals 2) Add necessary chemicals b. Evaporation of water 1) Add water 2) Add necessary chemicals 2, Normal Stabilization of Oil Muds a. Improved stabilization of oil muds . Chemical treatmentMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ee XXV:_ MUD VOLUME BUILDING FORMULA(S) (cont.) (IGH jH_ TEMPERATURE FILTRATION A. Excessive Oil 1, Improper Oil/Water Ratio (Water Fraction Too Low) a. Add water b. Treat with necessary chemicals 2. Insufficient Chemical Treatment a, Add necessary chemicals and lime b. Add necessary chemicals 3. New Mud a, Shear and heat through the hole will decrease filtration b. Chemical treatment with necessary chemicals and lime B. Water in Filtrate (Poor Emulsion) 1. Insufficient Shear During Make-up a. Add lime b. Add necessary chemicals c. Add basic chemicals if necessary 25:6Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXVI._ESTIMATING PRODUCTION RATE (BPD) Rule: Use a five gallon bucket and measure the seconds required to fill the bucket with well fluid. Divide the seconds into 10,285 to get production rate in barrels per day. Formula: BPD = 10,285 (Seconds to fill 5 gal. bucket) Where: BPD = Barrels per day Example: Calculate the production rate in BPD. The time to fill the 5-gallon bucket was 100 seconds. ppp = 19285 . 193 100XXVII._ESTIMATING GAS WELL FLOW RATES (MCED) Rule: The approximate flow rate of a gas well through a blowdown line choke can be estimated by multiplying 24 hours/day times the tubing pressure plus 15 times the square of the choke size in inches. Formula Q = 24x (P,+15)x(Da)? io 0 Flowrate, MCFD 2 i Pressure upstream of choke, psi = Choke size, inches Calculate the estimated flowrate of this gas well. Given: tubing pressure 3500 psi; choke size = 1/4 inch. Q = 24 x (3500 + 15) x (1/4) = 5,273 MCFD 27:1XXVIII:_ESTIMATED HORSEPOWER REQUIRED TO CO! PRESS GAS Rule: The estimated horsepower to compress natural gas can be calculated by multiplying 22 times the volume of gas (MMCF) times the ratio of discharge pressure to suction pressure. Formula: P, HP = 22 x volume of gas MMCF) x => Where: HP == Horsepower Volume of Gas = MMCF Ph " Discharge pressure, psi P, Suction pressure, psi Example: Calculate estimated horsepower to compress 4 MMCF of natural gas. Given: suction pressure 300 psi; discharge pressure = 1400 psi 140) «a HP = Q2x 4 300 28:1 Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc.‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine, XXIX._TI OSS A PRESSURE REGULATOR (CAN BE ESTIMATED Rule: Calculate the temperature drop for each 15 psi pressure drop (1 ATM) across a pressure regulator by multiplying the atmospheres pressure drop times 1°/ATM. Formula: - Py)psi Ps oe x 1°/ATM Wher Top = The temperature drop, degrees P, = Gas pressure before the regulator, psi P, = Gas pressure after the regulator, psi ATM = 1 ATM is equivalent to 14.7(15)/psi Example: Calculate temperature drop if the gas pressure is reduced from 1000 psi to 500 psi across a regulator. _ (1000 - 500)ATM Teg * =? x 1°/ATM 33 ATM x 1/ATM 33° temperature drop 29:1XXK.A, Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. NDI MPERA’ Since the well has more temperature than the air above ground, an elongation would always take place. Rule: By knowing the temperature at the time the pipe was tallied and also knowing the average temperature of the well the elongation can be estimated. Pipe will elongate about 0.83 inch per 100 feet of length per 100 decree increase in temperature. Note: elongation (stretch) is also caused by hanging weight of pipe Formula(s): T, = AT = AL, = 12 infft x 0.000069 aL, - Ee Tt - T00 * T00°F aT ALr x sept + MYT °F VE 100 ft BHT + MYT 2 T, - Tally Temp. xLx AT °F L AT x 0.83 Bottom hole temperature, °F = True vertical depth, ft = Means yearly temperature, °F = Average temperature, °F = Change in average temperature, °F = Elongation in, inches Length of pipe, feet‘Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. ‘XXK.A. ELONGATION DUE TO TEMPERATURE (cont.) Example: Calculate the estimated elongation of this string of tubing. Given: tally = 12,000 feet, measured at 40°F; MYT = 65°F, use 1°F/100 ft to estimate BHT. BHT al 1°F 12,000 ft) + (65°F) = 185°F (100 fi pee eS CSE ee = 2 AT = 125°F - 40°F = 85°F AL, = 12 x 0,0000069 x 12,000 x 85°F 84.5 inches (7 ft) or AL, = 200 x SOF x 083 = 84.6 inches (7 ft) Difference in length due to thermal elongation. 30:2Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXX.B. ELONGATION DUE TO STRETCH AND THE PISTON (BUOYANCY) ‘The weight of pipe creates a tensile force and a resulting tubular stretch. The modulus of elasticity is a term used to describe the stiffness or stretchiness of a substance. A rubber hose acts differently than a steel tube of the same diameter because it has a different modulus of elasticity. Steel's modulus of elasticity is 30,000,000 Ib/sq.in. ‘The grade of the pipe does not effect the stretch. For a given pipe size (same cross sectional area) and with the same force (or weight) applied, J-55 and P-110 will have the same amount of elastic stretch as long as the elastic limit of the weaker pipe has not been exceeded Rule 1: to-f ! 1 58-] l Stress (8/5 in) “Amount of Stretch Bue to Strain When calculating length change, due to stretch, use air weight and calculate each weight-section (different cross sectional area) separately. Use average weight of each section. Note: Buoyancy is handled as a piston effect (and negates some of stretch effect) and does not effect the stretch caused by pipe weight. ‘Temperature stretch and piston effects should be considered separately and accumulative. A rough rule for stretch is 0.75 ft per 1000 ft of pipe. Formula(s): “Note: For each weight section of pipe starting at bottom. A,t = Pope ~ Pyp:)0.7854 Total L, = AL, + AL, + AL,, etc. Where: AL, = Change in length due to stretch, ft. . We, = Average E = Modulus of elasticity, constant 30 x 10°, Ib/sq.in.- Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. XXX.B. ELONGATION DUE TO STRETCH AND THE PISTON (BUOYANCY) (cont.) A f 5 t 30:4 = Cross-sectional area of each pipe section, sq.in. = The air weight (accumulated) at the top of each pipe section, Ib. Note: Start at bottom and calculate the air weight of each section. = The air weight (accumulated) of each section of pipe, Ib. (start at bottom of string and calculate each section, moving to top). = Pipe outside diameter, in. (tube) = Pipe inside diameter, in. (tube) The accumulated length change due to stretch, ft [when there is more than one pipe weight (x-sect area) being considered]. = Stretch, Section 1 (bottom), ft = Stretch, Section 2, ft = Stretch, Section, etc. ft ; Calculate elongation, due to stretch, for the following casing string. Given: 12,000 ft of 9-5/8 casing: Section 1 (bottom), 3000 ft, 9-5/8, 53.5, Ib/ft, ID = 8.535 Section 2 (middle), 7000 ft, 9-5/8, 43.5, Ib/ft, ID = 8.755 Section 3 (top), 2000 ft, 9-5/8, 47.0, Ib/ft, ID = 8.681 Section 1 (Bottom): Wyop Joint = 3000 x 53-1/2 160,500 Way = 192:500 = 0 (ott) - 0,250 tb ‘we 2 A, = (9.625? - 8.535) 0.7854 = 15.55 sq. in. (3000 x 80,250) a, = Ox ee 30,000,000 x 15.55 = 0,52 ftMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc, ATION DUE T SUOYANCY (cont.) Section 2 (Middle): W,,pJoint = (7,000 x 43.5) +160,500 = 465,000 Ib Ww, = 465,000 + 160,500 _ 391750 ee 5 ey A, = (9.625? ~ 8.755%) 0.7854 = 12.56 sq. in ' = (7000 x 312,750) _ ER ‘5 * 0,000,000 x 12.56 ~ SL nae | soon i Section 3 (Top): a WiopJoint = (2,000 x 47) + 465,000 = 559,000 Ib W,, = 552000 : 465,000 _ 519 000 1b A, = (9.625? - 8.6817) 0.7854 = 13.57 sq.in. AL, = (2000 x 512,000) +s ~ 30,000,000 x 13.57 ~ = Summary: Total L, = 0.52 + 5.81 + 2.51 = 8.8 ft ‘Therefore: The total elongation due to stretch is about 8.8 ft Rule 2: The piston effect is caused by pressure, either hydrostatic or applied (with pump) This pressure (outside and inside) acts on the particular area and causes a force (up or down). The differences in these forces either cause a string to shorten (most of the time) or lengthen depending on which force (inside vs. outside) is the greatest. A conservative estimate of length change (a little more than actually occurs) can be made with the following formulas 30:5Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc. (cont.) Inside Area Outside Area Example: 30:6 ELONGATI HAND. PIST YANCY =F = (Inside Area)(Hydrostatic or Total Pressure), Ib. = (Outside Area)(Hydros or Total Pressure), Ib Modulus of elasticity (30,000,000 Ib/sq. in.) = Cross sectional area calculated in section with smallest cross-section (lowest weight pipe), sq. in = (Pipe ID or OD} 0.7854, sq. in. = Pressure outside x area, Ib = Pressure inside x area, Ib (Casing OD? - Casing 1D*) 0.7854 = Taken near bottom; i.e., casing ID bottom joint = Taken near bottom; i.e., casing shoe OD bottom joint Calculate the shortening of string due to the piston effect. Given: 12,000 ft of 9-5/8" casing as follows: Section 1 (bottom), 3000 ft, 9-5/8, 53.5, Ib/ft, ID = 8.535 Section 2 (middle), 7000 ft, 9-5/8, 43.5, Ib/ft, ID = 8.755 Section 3 (top), 2000 ft, 9-5/8, 47.0, Ib/ft, ID = 8.681 Mud 12.5 ppg (Inside and outside of casing) Hydrostatic Press 12.5 x .052 x 12000 = 7,800 Area Inside (8.535)* 0.7854 = 57.21 sq. in. Rd = 57.21 x 7800 = 446,265 IbMurchison Drilling Schools, Inc. Example: (cont.) Summarizing: TO STRETCH AND THE PISTON YAN Area Outside = (9.625 0.7854 = 72.76 sq in. Ft = 72.76 x 7800 = 567,528 Ib Force t = 562,528 - 446,265 = 121,263 AL, = _12,000 x 121,263 4 30,000,000 x (9.625? - 8.535%) 0.7854 3.12 ft t The change in length for this 9-5/8" casing string 12,000’) examples in Chapter XXX Temperature = 7.044 (Longer) Stretch = 884 (Longer) Piston = 3.9t (Shorter) Net Change in Length = 12.74 Longer Or approximately 1 ft per thousand feet when all three changes are taken into consideration. Rule 3: When drilling a hole to fit the casing the stretch effect of the drillpipe and the set down weight on the bit at completion of the hole must be considered. Examples’ Using the same casing string discussed in Chapters XXX (12,000 ft of 9-5/8"). ‘The drilipipe is 11,500 ft, 5", 19.5 Ib/ft, XH, "S", Approx. weight of DP is 22.5 Ib/ft (DC = 500 ft, 9-1/2" x 3" x 216 Ib/ft = 108,000 1b). Air Weight = (11,500 x 22.5) + 108,000 258,750 + 108,000 366,750 now ‘The hole was drilled to 12,000 ft (stretch not considered). The 11,500 ft of drillpipe was tallied on the surface as the hole was being drilled. The set down weight on the bit was 30,000 Ibs when the hole was TD'd. How deep is the hole when stretch is considered?