BSI BS*KB12 PART*L 75 W Lb24bbî 00224Lb O =

B8U
BS 812 : Part I : 1975
UDC [625.7.07 : 620.11 : 620.1 1

Testing aggregates
0

Part I . Methods for determination

of particle size and shape

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date of issue Text affected

2069 August 1976 Indicated by a line in the margin

4572 July 1984 Indicated by a line in the margin

4875 August 1985 Indicated by a line in the margin

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 This British Standard, hab iiig been approved by the Road Engineering Industry Standards Comniiitee, was published tinder the
authority of the Executive Board on 29 August 1975.
j? British Standards Institution, 1975
BS 812 first published October 1938 and rebised in 1943, 1951, 1960 and 1967.
BS 812:Part 1 first published August 1975
ISBN: O 580 08744 1
Copyright
Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all BSl publications. No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of BSI. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols and size, type, or grade designations. Enquiries by post should be
addressed to the Publications Manager, British Standards Institution, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes MK I4 6LE. The number for
telephone enquiries is 01-837 8801 and for telex 23218.
Contract requirements
Attention i s drawn to the fact that this British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
Revision of British S t a n d a r d s
In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries concerned, British Standards are subject to periodical review. Suggestions
for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to the notice of the committees charged with the revision of the
standards to which they refer.
British Standards are revised. when necessary. by the issue either of amendment slips or of revised editions. It is important that
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Department. Enquiries concerning subscribing membership, which has considerable advantages, will be welcomed. and should be
made to Subscriptions Department. Both departments are located at:
Linford Wood, Miiton Keynes MK14 6LE (Telephone 0908 320033: Telex 825777).

The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:

Committee reference RDE/5 Draft for comment 72/43777 D C

Co-operating organizations
The Road Engineering Industry Standards committee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of
representatives from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations:
*Asphalt and Coated Macadam Association *Greater London Council
Association of Consulting Engineers Institute of Petroleum
*British Quarrying and Slag Federation Institute of Quarrying
*British Tar Industry Association *Institution of Civil Engineers
*Cement and Concrete Association *Institution of Highway Engineers
*Concrete Society (Design and Development Divisional *Institution of Municipal Engineers
Committee) Institution of Structural Engineers
Contractors' Plant Association Ministry of Defence
*County Surveyors' Society Refined Bitumen Association Limited
*Department of the Environment Road Emulsion Association Limited
*Department of the Environment, Transport and Road Road Surface Dressing Association
Research Laboratory *Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors Society of Chemical Industry
Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment
and Cranes

The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were directly represented on the
committee entrusted with the preparation of the British Standard:
Association of London Borough Engineers and Surveyors
Department of the Environment (Building Research
Establishment)
Natural Environment Research Council-lnstitute of
Geological Science

8601 -5-2k-6

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B S I BS*ôL2 PART*3 7 5 M L b 2 4 b b î 0 0 2 2 4 3 7 2
_p_

=-
BS 812 : Part I : 1975

Contents Page Page

Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Appendix
Foreword 2 A. Text deleted

Methods Tables
1. Scope 1. Table deleted
2. References 2. Table deleted
3. Reporting 3. Table deleted
3.1 General 4. Table deleted
3.2 Certificate of sampling 5. Table deleted
4. Text deleted 6. Table deleted
5. Text deleted 7. Mass of sample for sedimentation method
6. Text deleted 8. Mass of sample for decantation method
7. Determination of particle size and shape 9. Table deleted
7.1’ Text deleted 10. Table deleted
7.2 Determination of clay, silt and dust in
fine or coarse aggregates Figures

A 7.3 x e a e k & c l
7.4 Text deleted
7.5 Determination of angularity number
1.
2.
3.
Figure deleted
Figure deleted
Figure deleted
7.6 Text deleted 4. Sedimentation apparatus for deterinination
of clay, fine silt and fine dust content
5. Figure deleted
6. Text deleted’

Foreword -
y -

h I
‘This Part of BS 8 12 has been prepared under the
direction of the Cement, Gypsum, Aggregates and
Quarry Standards Policy Committee. BS 812 was
I

first published in 1938 and subsequently revised in I

1943,1951,1960 and 1967 and this 1975 edition of
BS 812 was originally published in four separate
Parts.
Subsequent publication of BS 812 : Parts 102, 103,
105 (Sections 105.1 and 105.2) and 106 has
superseded many of the tests originally specified in
this Part.
Reference should be made to BS 812 : Part 101 for
general guidance on testing aggregates, precision of
test methods and variance arising from sampling
errors.
Some of the tests in other Parts of this standard are
of limited application, and advice on the use of
simple tests is given, for example, when they can be
used for a preliminary sorting of aggregates to see
whether more expensive testing is justified.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
confer immunity from legal obligations.’
_-

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 E S 1 BS*A12 PART*1 75 W 1624b67 0022418 4
I Testing aggregates
I Part 1. Methods for determination of particle size and shape
I “1. Scope ----
I ‘This Part of BS 812 describes three methods for the
determination of clay, silt and dust in fine or coarse
aggregates and a method for the determination of the
angularity number.’ ._ - ._
2. References
The titles of the British Standards referred to in this
standard are listed on the inside back cover.
3. Reporting
3.1 General, The report shall affirm that the tests
were done in accordance with this standard.
Any departure from the specified test procedure
shall be described with reasons for the departure
and, if possible, estimates of its effect on the test
results. The report shall also include details of any
special processing of the sample, other than that
required by the test methods, carried out in the
laboratory. For example, crushing to provide larger
quantities of smaller sizes or the separation of
constituents from an as-dug gravel.
3.2 Certificate of sampling. The report shall affirm
that a certificate of sampling was received with the
sample and shall declare all the information given
on the certificate. If a certificate was not received
this shall be stated in the report.
3
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BS 812 : Part I : 1975
Clairse 6. Text deleted
Table 2. Table rleleted
Table 3. Table delefed
7.1 Text deleted. Superseded by BS 812 : Part 103.
Table 4. Table deleted.
Table 5. Table deleted.
Table 6. Table deleted.
7.2 Determination of clay, siit and dust in fine or
coarse aggregates
7.2.1 Introduction. Three methods are described.
The first by sedimentation detects material finer
than 20 pm, the second by decantation detects
materials finer than 75 prn. The third method is a
field settling method forming a guide only to the
presence of clay and silt in sand.
7.2.2 Sampling. The sample for these tests shall be
taken in accordance with BS 8 12 : Part 102.
7.2.3 Sedimentation method
7.2.3.1 General. This is a gravimetric method for
determining the clay, fine silt and fine dust. which
includes particles up to 20 pm. Differences in the
nature and density of materials or in the temperature
at the time of testing may vary the separation point.
7.2.3.2 Apparatus and solution. The following is
required.
7.2.3.2.1 A watertiglzt screw-toppedglass jar of
dimensions similar to a 1 kg fruit preserving jar
(for fine aggregate only).
7.2.3.2.2 A device for rotating the jar about its long
axis, with this axis horizontal, at a speed of
80 f20 rev/min ( f x fine aggregate only).
 7 5 W 3 6 2 4 6 6 9 0022llLï b W

BS 812 : Part I : 1975

7.2.3.2.3 A $sed depth scditiinitat ion pipette

generally as described in BS 3406:Part 2, of
approximately 25 ml capacity and of the general
form indicated in figure 4. This consists mainly of a
pipette (A) fitted at the top with a two-way tap (B)
and held rigidly in a clamp which can be raised or
lowered as required, and which is fitted with a
scale (D) from which the changes in height of the
pipette can be read.
The volume of the pipette (A), including the
connecting bore of the tap (B), is determined by
fillingwith distilled water, reversing the tap so that
the water is run out into a bottle, weighing and
calculating the volume.
7.2.3.2.7 A well iientilatedoven, thermostatically
controlled to maintain a temperature of 105 f 5 “C.
a
7.2.3.2.8 Distilled (or deionized) iiuter. Through-
out this method when reference is made to distilled
water deionized water may be used instead.
7.2.3.2.9 A solution containing 8 g of sodium oxalate
per litre ojdistilled irater. For use, this stock
solution is diluted with distilled water to one tenth
(¡.e. 100 ml diluted with distilled water to 1 litre).
7.2.3.3 Tc~stsainple. The sample for test shall comply
with the appropriate minimum mass given in table 7
and be taken from the original sample received at the
laboratory either by quartering or by means of a
sample divider, as described in BS 812 : Part 102. It
shall be brought to an air-dry condition by drying a t
I
room temperature or by heating at a temperature not
exceeding 1 10 “C.

Table7. Mass of sample for sedimentation

a
L

method
I
Nominal size Minimum mass of sample
,Scale graduated
mm kg
,E 63 to 28 6
20 to 14 I
10 to 6 O. 5
5 or smaller 0.3
C-

Ail-in aggregates shall be separated into fine and

’e coarse fractions by sieving on a 5.00 mm BS test
sieve and the two samples so obtained shall be .
tested separately.
7.2.3.4 Test procedure, The test procedure shall be
A/ as follows.
(a) Methodforjne aggregate. Weigh approxi-
mately 0.3 kg of the sample in the dry condition
passing the 5.00 mm BS test sieve and place it in
I
t
I
I
the screw-topped glass jar, together with 300 ml of
the diluted sodium oxalate solution. Fix the
rubber washer and cap, taking care to ensure
a
I
I watertightness. Then rotate the jar about its long
i 1000m! axis, with this axis horizontal, at a speed of
; measuriny cylinder 80 f 20 revlmin for a period of 15 min.
I
I
At the end of 15 min pour the suspension into
I the 1000 ml measuring cylinder and wash the
I
I residue by gentle swirling and decantation of
l
I I successive 150 ml portions of diluted sodium
oxalate solution, the washings being added to the
measuring cylinder until the volume is made up
Figure 4. Sedimentation apparatusfor determination
to 1000 ml. Complete the determination as
of clay, fine silt and fine dust content described in 7.2.3.4(c).
(b) Metltod.for coarse aggregate. Place the
7.2.3.2.4 A 1000 ml measuring cylinder complying weighed sample in a suitable container, cover it
with the requirements of BS 604. with a measured volume of diluted sodium
7.2.3.2.5 A scale or balancc of capacity not less than oxalate solution, agitate it vigorously to remove
10 kg, accurate to I g. all adherent fine material and transfer the liquid
suspension to the 1000 mi measuring cylinder.
7.2.3.2.6 A scale or halaiice of capacity not less than Repeat this process as necessary until all clayey
160 g, accurate to 0.001 g, material has been transferred to the measuring

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 m BSI B S * â L 2 PART*L 75
cylinder. Make up the volume to 1000 ml with
the diluted sodium oxalate solution and complete
the determination as described in 7.2.3.4(c).
(c) Finalprocedure. Thoroughly mix the
suspension in the measuring cylinder by inversion
and immediately place the cylinder and contents
in position under the pipette. Then gently lower
the pipette (A) until the tip touches the surface of
the liquid, and then lower it a further 100 mm
into the liquid. 4 min after placing the measuring
cylinder in position fill the pipette (A) and the
bore of tap (B) by opening (B) and applying
gentle suction a t (C).Asmall surplus may be
drawn up into the bulb between tap (B) and
tube (C), but this shalI be allowed to run away
and any solid matter shall be washed out with
distilled water from (E). Then remove the pipette
from the measuring cylinder and run its contents
into a weighed container, any adherent solids
e being washed into the container by distilled
water from (E) through the tap (B).
Dry the contents of the container at 105 f 5 "C
to constant mass, cool and weigh it.
7.2.3.5 Calculations. The proportion of clay, fine
silt and fine dust shall then be calculated from the
following equation :
Percentage of clay, fine silt and fine dust
=-( 100 1000 M2
M1 V - 0.8)
where
M1 is the mass of the original sample (g);
M 2is the mass of the dried residue (g);
V is the volume of the pipette (mi);
0.8 is the mass of sodium oxalate (g) in 1 litre of
the diluted solution.
NOTE. No correction is made for water-soluble salts which
may be present in the sand, since the amount of such salts is
normally small.
7.2.3.6 Reporting of results. The clay, fine silt and
0 fine dust content shall be reported as a percentage to
the nearest whole number above 10%, to the
nearest 0.5 % between and including 10% and
0.5 %, and to the nearest O. 1 % below 0.5 %.
7.2.4 Decantation method
7.2.4.1 General. This is a method for determining
the amount of material passing a 75 pm BS test
sieve.
7.2.4.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is
required.
7.2.4.2.1 A scale or balance of suitable capacity
accurate to 0.05% of the mass of the test sample.
7.2.4.2.2 A well ventilated oven thermostatically
controlled to maintain a temperature of 105 f 5 "C.
7.2.4.2.3 A 75 pm BS 410full tolerance test sieve
and a nesting sieve to protect the 75 pm test sieve,
e.g. a 1.18 mm sieve.
7.2.4.2.4 A container of a size sufficient to contain
the sample covered with water and to permit
O vigorous agitation without loss of any part of the
sample or water.
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BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975
7.2.4.3 Test sample. The sample for test shall
comply with the appropriate minimum mass given
in table 8, and be taken from the original sample
received at the laboratory either by quartering or
by means ofa sample divider, as described in BS 8 12 :
Part 102.
Table 8. Mass of sample for decantation
method
Nominal size Minimum mass of sample
mm kg
63 to 28 6
20 to 14 1
10 to 6 O. 5
5 or smaller 0.3
7.2.4.4 Test procedure. Dry the test sample in
shallow trays in the oven for 24 f0.5 h, at a
temperature of 105 f 5 "C,cool and weigh it
(mass A).
Then place the test sample in the container and
add enough water to cover it. Agitate the contents
of the container vigorously and immediately pour
the wash water over the sieves, which have
previously been wetted on both sides and arranged
with the coarser sieve on top.
The agitation shall be sufficiently vigorous to
result in the complete separation from the coarse
particles of all particles finer than the 75 pm BS test
sieve, and to bring the fine material into suspension
in order that it will be removed by decantation of
the wash water. Take care to avoid, as far as
possible, decantation of the coarse particles of the
sample. Repeat the operation until the wash water
is clear. Return all material retained on the sieves to
the washed sample. Dry the washed aggregate as
before, cool and weigh it (mass B).
7.2.4.5 Calculfitions.The results shall be calculated
from the following equation :
Percentage of material passing a 75 pm BS
A - B
test sieve = -x 100
A
where
A is the mass of oven-dried sample (g) ;
B is the mass of portion retained on the 75 pm
BS test sieve (g).
7.2.4.6 Reporting of results. The amount of material
finer than a 75 pm BS test sieve shall be reported as
a percentage to the nearest whole number above
10%, to the nearest 0.5 % between and including
10% and 0.5 %, and to the nearest O. 1 % below
0.5 %.
7.2.5 Fieldsettling test. This is an approximate
volumetric method, which has its main application
in the routine checking of supplies of sand from a
given source, when the results can be correlated
with those obtained by the decantation method; it is
not applicable to crushed stone sands or coarse
aggregates.
 _ - ~ I I I _ -

BSI BS*812 P A R T * 1 75 lb24bb9 0022423 4 m

BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975
_-
The test is intended as no more than a guide to
the percentage of silt and clay, since the result will
' L
vary according to the fineness and type of clay.
Prepare a 1 % solution of sodium chloride
(common salt) in water. Two teaspoonsful of salt to
1 litre of water will suffice. Pour 50 ml of this
solution into a 250 ml measuring cylinder,
Gradually add sand in the condition as received
until the volume of the sand is about 100 ml. Then
make up the volume to 150 ml by the addition of
more salt solution.
Shake the mixture vigorously until adherent
clayey particles have been dispersed, and then place
the cylinder on a level bench and gently tap until
the surface of the sand is level.
After three hours standing the height of the silt
visible above the sand-silt interface shall be
expressed as a percentage of the height of the sand
below the interface to the nearest whole number.

7.3 Text deleted, Superseded by BS 817 :

Section 105.1.

Table 9. Table deleted.

Figure 5. Figure deleted.

I
7.4 Determination of elongationindex -
-_
7.4 Text deleted. Superseded by BS 812 :
1 .Section105.2
.~ -

-
.. _- - -

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 B S I BS*icBL2 PART*L 75 m L b Z q b b ï 0022422 b
’ ‘Figure 6. Figure deleted
__
h of Part 2) the percentage of voids will be different.
7.5 Determination of angularity number
7.5.1 General. The angularitynumber is determined
from the proportion of voids in a sample of
aggregate after compaction in the specified manner.
This property is used mainly in the design of mix
proportions and in research.
Angularity or absence of rounding of the particles
of an aggregate is a property which is of importance
because it affects the ease of handling of a mixture
of aggregate and binder (e.g. the workability of
concrete) or the stability of mixtures that rely on
the interlocking of the particles. The least angular
(most rounded) aggregates are found to have about
33 % voids and the angularity number is defined as
the amount by which the percentage of voids
exceeds 33. The angularity number ranges from O
to about 12.
Since considerably more compactive effort is used
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BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975
than in the test for bulk density and voids (see 6.1
Weaker aggregates may be crushed during
compaction and the results will be anomalous if
this method is applied to any aggregate which
breaks down during the test.
7.5.2 Sampling. The sample for this test shall be taken
in accordance with BS 8 12 : Part 102. I
7.5.3 Apparatus. The following apparatus is
required.
7.5.3.1 A metal cylinder closed at one end, of about
0.003 m3 volume, the diameter and height of which
should be approximately equal (e.g. 150 mm and
150 mm).
The cylinder shall be made from metal of a
thickness not less than 3 mm and shall be of
sufficient rigidity to retain its shape under rough
usage.
7.5.3.2 A straight metal tamping rod of circular
cross section 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm long
rounded at one end.
7.5.3.3 A balance or scale of capacity 10 kg,
accurate to I g.
7.5.3.4 A metal scoop approximately 200 mm x
120 mm x 50 mm (Le. about 1 litre heaped
capacity).
7.5.3.5 BSperforated-plate test sieves from
20.0 mm to 5.00 mm aperture size (but see note
to 7.5.5(a)).
7.5.4 Calibration of the cylinder. The cylinder shall
be calibrated by determining to the nearest gram
the mass of water at 20 f 2 “C required to fill it SQ
that no meniscus is present above the rim of the
container (mass C).
 BS 812 : Part I : 1975

7.5.5 Prcpmitioii qf‘rhe test sariiple. The test sample across the upper edge of the cylinder, and continue
shall be prepared as follows, this finishing process as long as the aggregate does
(a) The amount of aggregate available shall be not lift the rod off the edge of the cylinder on either
sufficient to provide, after separation on the side. Do not push in or otherwise force down the
appropriate pair of sieves, at least 10 kg of the aggregate, and apply no downward pressure to the
predominant size as determined by sieve analysis tamping rod, which shall roll in contact with the
on the BS test sieves. metal on both sides of the cylinder.
The test sample shall consist of aggregate Then weigh the aggregate in the cylinder to the
retained between the appropriate pair of BS test nearest 5 g.
sieves from the following list: Make three separate determinations, and
20.0 mm and 14.0 mm; calculate the mean mass of aggregate in the cylinder
14.0 mm and 10.0 mm; (mass M ) . If the result of any one determination
10.0 mm and 6.30 mm; differs from the mean by more than 25 g, three
6.30 mm and 5.00 mm. additional determinations shall immediately be
NOTE. In testing aggregates larger than 20.0 mm the made on the same material, and the mean of all six
volume of the cylinder should be greater than 0.003 m3, determinations calculated (mass M ) .
but for aggregates smaller than 5.00 mm a smaller cylinder
may be used. The procedure should be the same as with 7.5.7 Calculations. The angularity number of the
the 0.003 m3 cylinder, except that the amount of aggregate shall be calculated from the equation:
compactive effort (mass of tamping rod x height of fall x 100 M
number of blows) should be proportioned to the volume
of rhccylinder used.
Angularity number = 67 - -
CGA
(b) The aggregate to be tested shall be dried for where
at least 24 h in shallow trays in a well ventilated M is the mean mass of aggregate in the
oven at a temperature of 105 f 5 OC,cooled in an cylinder (g);
airtight container and tested. C is the mass ofwater required to fill the
7.5.6 Testprocedure. Fill the scoop and heap it to
cylinder (g);
GA is the relative density on an oven-dried basis
overflowing with the aggregate, which shall be
placed in the cylinder by allowing it to slide gently of the aggregate determined in accordance
off the scoop from the least height possible. with clause 5 of Part 2 of this standard.
Subject the aggregate in the cylinder to 100 blows 7.5.8 Reporthg of results. The angularity number
of the tamping rod at a rate of about two blows per shall be reported to the nearest whole number.
second. .4pply each blow by holding the rod vertical
with its rounded end 50 mm above the surface of
the aggregate and releasing it so that it falls freely.
Do not apply any force to the rod. Evenly distribute
the 100 blows over the surface of the aggregate.
Repeat the process of filling and tamping exactly
as described above with a second and third layer of
aggregate; the third layer shall contain just
sufficient aggregate to fill the cylinder level with the
top edge before tamping.
After the third layer of aggregate has been
tamped, fill the cylinder to overflowing, and strike off
the aggregate level with the top, using the tamping
rod as a straight-edge.
Then add individual pieces of aggregate and
‘roll them in’ to the surface by rolling the tampingrod

8
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BSI B S * ä 1 2 PART*L 75 1624669 0022424 T

BSI publications referred to in this standard

This standard makes reference to the following British Standards:
BS 4 i0 Test sieves
US 604 Graduated measuring cylinders
. BS 812 Testingaggregates
Part 101 Guide tosamplingand testingaggregates *
Pari 102 Methods for sampling
Part 103 Methods for determination of particle size
distribution
Part 105 Methods for determination of particle shape

A -
Section 105. I Flakiness index
'Section 105.2 Elongation index of coarse aggregate
Pari 106 Method for determination ofsliell conte;

A -
i n coarse aggregate

-
- _

A 'BS 3406 Methods for the determination of particle size distribution

Part 2 Recommendations for gravitational liquid sedimentation methods for powders and suspensions'.
~

ISBN: O 580 08744 1

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 ,
c - -
P I
BSI BSdB12: P A R T * L 75 ‘1624667 0228200 T ’

AMD 6587
Amendment No. 4
published and effective from 30 April 1991
to BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975
Testing aggregates
Part 1. Methods for determination of particle size
and shape

AMD 6587 Foreword (as amended by Amendment Nos. I , 2 and 3)

April 1991
Delete the foreword entirely and substitute the following:
‘This Part of BS 8 12 has been prepared under the
direction of the Cement, Gypsum, Aggregates and
Quarry Standards Policy Committee. BS 812 was
first published in 1938 and subsequently revised in
1943,1951,1960 and 1967 and this 1975 edition of
BS 812 was originally published in four separate
Parts.
Subsequent publication of BS 812 : Parts 102, 103,
105 (Sections 105.1 and 105.2) and 106 has
superseded many of the tests originally specified in .
this Part.
Reference should be made to BS 812 : Part 101 for
general guidance on testing aggregates, precision of
test methods and variance arising from sampling
errors.
Some of the tests in other Parts of this standard are
of limited application, and advice on the use of
simple tests is given, for example, when they can be
used for a preliminary sorting of aggregates to see
whether more expensive testing is justified.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
confer immunity from legal obligations.’

Contents (as amended by Amendment Nos. 2 and 3)

Delete the titles of clause 7.4 and figure 6 and substitute ‘Text deleted’ for each.

Clause I . Scope (as amended by Amendment Nos. I and 2)

Delete the existing text entirely and substitute the foliowing:
‘1. Scope -
This Part of BS 8 12 describes three methods for the
determination of clay, silt and dust in fine or coarse
aggregates and a method for the determination of the
angularity numbër.’
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clause 7.4 Determination of elongation index (as amended by Amendment No. 2)
Delete the clause entirely and substitute ‘7.4 Text deleted. Superseded by BS 812 :
Section 105.2’.

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