Ghapter-5 BEAM COLUMNS 5.1 INTRODUCTION ie It is almost impossible t . mien i imp\ '0 erect the columns perfectly vertical and centre loads exactly 2, Columns may be initially crooked or hav ending & prodiced! e other flaws with the result that lateral Zz In some cases, crane beams parallel to columns-line and other perpendicular beams rest on brackets projecting out from columns. This produces high values of bending moments. 4. Wind and other lateral loads act within the column height and produce bending. . The bending moments from the beams are transferred to columns if the connections are rigid. 5.2 CONTROLLING DESIGN FACTOR: SECOND ORDER EFFECTS Moments in tension members are not as serious as those in compression members because tension tends to reduce lateral deflections while compression increases them. Increased lateral deflection, in tum, results in larger moments, which result in even larger lateral deflections and more moments. The elastic analysis carried out to calculate deflections and member forces for the given loads is called 1" order and analysis. The high axial load present in the column combined with this elastic deflection produces extra bending moment in the column, as is clear from Figure oe The analysis of structure including this extra moment is called 2 order analysis. cra ys other higher order analysis may also be performed. In practice, usually 2" order analysis i sufficiently accurate with the high order results of much lesser numerical value. Phenomenon in which the moments are automatically increased a ae ie the bor ificatic ts. ¢ mom« is is ent magnification ot 2" order effect ti i a ae y factors but, in some cases, it may be higher enough to double the non depends on mmey more. In majority of practical eases, this magnifation i appre ee ae 's be considered for a safe design. 1 order deflection pote ene ponent ily bas a smaller 2"! order effect called P-O effect, wi oes ma; co io i (4) is much larger denoted by P-A effect hae ee = s). P. Deer o oeh ie i secondary effect of column axial loads and lateral = effect is define on the moments in members.SIDDIQIZ. 4, 152. STEEL STRUCTURES Ae \ i i i i @m) M=Pxe a) Out-Of-Plumb ) Initial Crookedness d, Zi ©) Eccentric Load Figure 5.1. Sources of eccentricity in Columns. The calculations for actual 2™ order analysis are usually lengthy and can only be performed on computers. For manual calculations, empirical methods are used to approximately cater for these effects in design. While discussing 2 order effects, sometimes it is thought that the deflections are usually very small in magnitude, in the order of only few millimetres, then why P-A effects are still so important? The reason is that although these deflections are very small ‘but their product with the load (P) may be considerable due to very high axial loads in columns. 2" order effects are more pronounced when loads closer to buckling loads are applied and hence the empirical moment magnification formula contains a ratio of applied load to elastic buckling load. The factored applied load should, in all cases, be lesser than 75% of the elastic critical buckling load but is usually kept much lesser than thig limiting value. \, Deflected shape ¥y0F elastic curve 7 due to applied j bending moment (4) “8 Maximum lateral deflection due to bending moment co) Extra moment = Pg, P which produces more deflections.CHAPTER 5: BEAMCOLUMNS 153 P.M, M, sages Me 4 h Axial Stress Bending Stross where,P/A is the axial stress and MM) mult Waralaxis is the bending strese lied with the extreme fibre distance from. the For a safe design, the maximum compressive stress P must not exceed the allowable material stress a) follows: se | Extra Moment M=Px4 Sa tp | Figure 5.3, A Deflected Beam-Column. Pra is the maximum axial load that may be applied on the column in the absence of any moment, Mzmar is the maximum moment M, that may be applied in the absence of all other forces and Mymar is the maximum moment M, that may be applied in the absence of M, and P. This equation is called interaction equation showing interaction of axial force and bending moment in an easy way. Each term in this equation deals separately with axial head or a Particular moment and tells that how much fraction of total strength (1.0) is utilized for this Particular action. Further, all terms are dimensionless making the equation convenient to be wed. If this equation is plotted against the various terms selected on different axis, we get an interaction curve or an interaction surface depending on whether there are two or three terms in the equation, respectively (Figure 5.4). Any point corresponding to a given beam-column Within the curve or surface represents a safe condition. Conversely, any point outside the Surface shows unsafe condition, indicating the need of revising the trial section. 1.0 0,0 Mg | Mame Figure 5.4. A Typical Interaction Curve.i 154 STEEL ‘STRUCTURES SIDDIQIZ, 4 ion is said roximate because it does not include the effect of The developed expression : caused by moments and their subsequent effect on the moments nee ae an approximate moment amplitication factor depending on the and thus the stresses. is applied for constant bending moment i di d to the elastic buckling loa 3 ons i fa ee emda the 2™ order effects and a moditication factor Cw is used to make correction for the shape of actual bending moment diagram, to be app! 5.4 AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS ‘The following interaction equations are applicable for doubly and singly symmetric members: we > 0.2, axial load is considerable, and following equation is to be satisfied: 2,8(Ma Mo) cag POM, M, a My oF p Py + by My + by My $ 1.0 (AISC HI-1a) Pp ac . ye ‘p «02, axial load is lesser, beam action is dominant, and the applicable equation is: A ae, or (AISC H1-1b) where P, = required axial a compressive strength (Py in LRFD) available axial compressive. strength = bePm $e= 0.90 (LRED) = PaIQ, Qe 1.67 (ASD) Fequited flexural strength (Mf, in LRFD) available flexural streng , boMe $= 0.90 (LRFD) M,/2%, Qy= 1.67 (ASD) P= 1p, ees Pe Tilliaaen For axial tension Plus flexure, Cy fe as apy” Ce ®t doubly symnme beams ; = = . trie may be multiplied with a 2° 1.0 for LRF¢ and 1.6BEAM COLUMNS 155 | CHAPTER 5: | 58 STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND K.vaLugs | qhe stability of structure means stability of the structure | components; such as the compression members, the beams, are an Of all of ts Loads corresponding to LRFD load combinations or 1.6 times ag as ard connections be considered for the stability analysis. Following factors are necessary to Con tos HE stability analysis of any structure: Ty to be considered in the a) Flexural, shear, axial, and all other d 3 Hoabiliyofjeins, leformations of the members / structure. * g) Presence of residual stresses, 4) Stiffness reduction due to inelasticity. e) Ger coeecatang. a crookedness and out-of-plumbness causing moment | f) Second order effects, P-A and P-deffects. g) Buckling pattern in the presence and absence of sway. h) Uncertainty in stiffness and strength. AISC specification takes care of the above factors in the following ways: i a) All the deformations of the structure must be considered based on the method of analysis. ») Reduction in stiffness of the members is considered to approximately take care of flexibility of joints, residual stresses and stiffness reduction due to inelasticity. ©) The effect of initial out-of-straightness is considered within the axial strength formulas of the AISC Specification. The effect of out-of-plumbness is indirectly considered by applying notional lateral loads. d) P-A and P-é effects and the buckling pattem are considered by one of the following methods: i. Detailed P-A and P-6 analysis using Direct Analysis Method given in Chapter C of AISC Specification. ii, Approximate PA and P-é analysis using Approximate Second Order Analysis of Appendix-8 of AISC Specification. iti, fea P-A and P-6 analysis using First Order Analysis and Effective Length Factor Methods of Appendix-7 of ‘AISC Specification. ©) Uncertainty in stiffness and strength is considered by applying the resistance factors in LRFD method. i ing the load effects, The Direct Analysis Method considers the seoond order ffs by increasing fhe ad ET whereas, the effective length method considers the same effects by Tmalcldl Cr Ou petts. The first method uses geometric ae 1.010 calculate the in-plane iming the structural analysis. Hence, it is io equations. The second method Strength, P,, for use in the beam-co If these methods are coh uations. "eludes these effects indirectly within the member strength edSIDDIQIZ. 4 \CTURES, : d. In other words, the d 156 STEEL STRU tly disturbed. > rect structure ea - d K = 1.0 in the beam-column strength aaa vpal stiffness in the analysis and K from a f the 8 the economy 0} et Leen pee redeed Ene ino nominal Tength me check, while eect leg the strength check. sidesway buckling anal ‘ened to carry gravity loads only and its connections are is ae In general, lateral stability can be provided ‘not designed to provide resistance tems, moment frames or any other suitable lateral load by braced frames, shear-wall oe ‘ne pei .d and designed as vertically cantilevered pin. resisting systems. a any significant first or second order moments. The effective connected truss systems, wit! ints of the braced frame can be taken equal to 1.0. Moment. length factor, K, of ne flexural stiffness of the connected beams and columns. The frames idesway due to mns. effect pieces deformations can be important for deep members and the reduction in the stfiness due to these should be considered. In traditional method, the design of all columns and beam-columns is based on an effective length, KL, greater than the actual length. Columns in gravity framing systems can be designed as pin-ended columns with K = 1.0. The P-A effect of the gravity load on all such columns and the load transfer from these columns to the lateral load resisting system is considered in the design of the lateral load resisting system. Combined systems are composed of two or more lateral Joad-resisting systems of different types. In such systems, the lateral loads are assigned to the various systems depending on the relative sutness of each system and the load transfer path between them during the analysis, ‘A Leaning Column is a column des 5.5.1 Direct Analysis Method For a analysis method, the required strengths of various elements are determined Co ay Benet requirements of ASC C2.1, initial imperfections accordin; : ig to AISC C2.2 and reduction of stiffness as Per AISC 2.3, All types of deformations of the members and connections are considered that ma il Oi contribute t of the structure. Factored loads are considered wh SURED aut all eey oe analysis, in general, must include both P- -A and P-Seffects. H = 6 may be neglected when the following conditions are eno ieunetat Gravity loads act through vertic b, maximum second order drift maximum first order dfrin < 7 for all stories using adjusted stiffnesses. © The gravity load supported by trans! i er lation being Considered ig | dP. ‘al columns and walls. the moment-resi esa isting frames in the direction of ‘an or equal to one-third of the total gravity imperfections can be Considered ei f sper PY the applicati : either by direct modeling of Retin only inthe gravity-only joaqnotonal loads. It is allowed i include involving lateral loads 'y load combinati Under the following conditions 224 Not the load combinations| \ pAellss BEAM COLUMNS 157 a. Gravity Toads act through vertig, ‘al columns, mayintum second order ditt and walls, masini frstonder dig S17 forall stories using Adjusted stitfnesses Tie notional Toads ate anplicd t0@ model of th goometty, but the use of notional loads to represent ij suai foals ate Pomanly supported by versal sete es tcl Wada level 7 (A) exual 19 00024; i applied aa aor iq orthogonal ditections far all load exe S. Wis the design gang eee in aulevel dan cris 10 for LRED and Le for ; ee Mty load acting all other loads within the : destabilizing efeet. The coetl mawinnum out-ofplumbness values. Iti allowed to include notional loads only in the suavity-only load combinations and not the load combinations involving lateral loads wider the following condition: ft rea SLT fe i fi i Ramune for all stories using adjusted stiffnesses. AML stitnes other than flexural stitfhesses are reduced by a factor of 0.8 for the members where these are considered to contribute to the lateral stability of the structure. {is allowed to apply this reduction to all members to avoid the artificial distortion of the structure, The flexural stiftnesses for the members, that are considered to contribute to the lateral Stability of the structure, are reduced as under: Et = O8NET Where, 1 = moment of inertia about the axis of bending an =10 for aP, /Py $0.5 = 4aP,/P,[1-(aP,/P)] for aP,/Py> 0.5 P, = required axial compressive strength P, = AF, member yield strength and @ = L.0(LRED) ~~ @ == 1.6 (ASD) ae \d aP, /P, > Tis allowed to use 1 = 1.0 for all members in a el eed 5, but an additional notional load of 0.001; is applied bey’ "Nuirements tor the imperfections. : fects, the design is {hsases where the direct analysis method is used t0 Se ede of stability 2c out by using the normal procedure without any for oan cing Using effective length factor (A) of ee nae along with the transfer "urements for individual columns, beams an extemal loads must be satistied.Sippy eters 1212.4 sree St8! [ss 8 sis Method aud Order Analy {grate Secon pron = gannnt ointer Analysis Method, amplification factors g : * 1 aN trade Agere S ‘eo as to obtain the approximate second-orge eae andes ee der appa @ whe HESEERE TN ound in advance of designing individual ae Sout OE ox AwL in the AISC expression of Bs. Drift im ® ‘ous caregorss of buildings in building codes, which ber However, stability checks cannot be neglected consieraag the dn bares alone, A detailed second-order elastic analysis is to be by oo 8) is larger than dO The axial forces must also be amplified according ig dhe Ase prevecure for braced and moment frames. When first-order end moments, R y 8; and B: factors, the moments in connected members rium. The larger of the Bo values from the sy ae the beam moments. Since second order analysis procedures are neces, the second-order intemal forces fom separate structural analyses cannut be combened by superposition, sung the target detined oe des the ettect of Swe The tactor Cy a Ge en column and a vase members, sssion for B, takes the effect of moment gradient in the beam- be used conservatively for all transversely loaded AS already exziamed X velse is used in the determination of the elastic critica These elastic critical buckling loads are then sponding amplification factors By and By. The factor Bi moments (M,,) for the P-6 effects whereas the factor 8: moments (§M;) for the P-A effects. The contribution of buckling strength is considered zero and these SLES = che sommation of expression for Bs. However, the vertical sSuctures that carry gravity loads by vertical columns "exc orSer Hlexural strengths are determined as follows: 2] strength for second order effects (AISC A-8-1) ength for second order effects {AISC A-8-2) =o gue “Ewe w take care of PA effects for SW) ach srmned for each story of the structure OM" ©, Of the story. B: multiplier is applied 1 1° forse as, columns, Ri Sen apace SSSR system, suchei CHAPTER BEAM COLUMNS 159 Mu = first-order moment with the struct is ‘ture restraii usually results from gravity Lo, ‘ined against ads, not producin : = moment magnificati . 8 appreciable lateral ee taken ear nee M0 take care of P,-8 effects for ane - 0 for memb slation determined for each direction of bending of the met nis compression. This ig r. Py = first order axial force due to lateral translation of Pa = first order axial force with the structure Festraine lateral Tanslation, This the structure only. d against lateral translation, 5.5.2.1 Moment magnification factors Moment magnification factors (B; and B,) i m 2) are used t magnification produced in the column moments due to ™ pie ee) i separately calculated for sway or lateral translation case (it. e /-case) and for no-sway or translation case (nf-case). Accordingly, the frame is to be separately analysed for Toads Producing sway and not producing sway. 5.5.2.2, No-sway magnification Vv o (AISC A-8-3) Where @ = = 1.0 (LRED) and 1.60 (ASD) Pa = Euler elastic critical buckling strength of the member inthe plane of bending Corresponding to no lateral translation EP 1(K, LY 0 K effective length factor in the plane of bending for no lateral translation, equal to 1.0 or a smaller value by detailed analysis EL (0.8 2 El) for direct analysis method EI for the effective length and first-order analysis methods AISC allows the use of P, = Py + Pi in the expression for Bi. Cn — = Defined in the following sub-section. Multipliers B), and By, are applied to the corresponding total member moments not depending on loads that cause these moments. : | 5.5.2, Adjustment Coefficient (Cm< oF as on the rotational restraint at the member ends Moment adjustment factor (Cm) is based nly defined for no-sway cases and and on the moment gradient in the members. It is o is applied in only such situations. 1. For beam-columns in a, not subjected to transverse bending: M, Cu= 06-04 37 Where M; is the smaller end moment joi idesway) and inst joint translation (no si braced agatmeen their suppor in the plane of and M; is the larger end moment,SIDDIQIZ.A JOO STEEL SERUCTURES Figure §.$2) and it itis 6 rie PE My ig positive when the meraber is tnt? . single curvanste nogative when the member 1s ent mn singe ? - hu de 7 wg a G > a) Reverse Curvature 6) S Figure 5.5. Columns Bent i & a os or 2, When transverse load is applied berween the suopceis ut jount translation sway is prevented, Cy ia comservatriery taen eral © 1.9. Orserwase, in such cases, Cm May be approxicnaten aa follies OP, Cy 2 1+ a { 7%] Where, 6, = maximum deflection due to teanaverve icatane M, = maximum first-order moment wits te memmer Gue wo the transverse loxding = 1.0 for LRFD and 1.6 for ASD a9 x a nee Note: Greater values of Cy if considered in glace of scmuxt are conservative and safe, ° tec smaller values 5.5.2.4 Minimum and maximum values of B. Although the magnification factor £) i abwx, dered than ot i Me oom meaning that first order moment ace nes ts ne somone ee ecu ra 8; lesser than 1.0 has another significance. Fog comk gy ae e Come out to be negative. For Cy Z eeiapedahanarenr ed = LO and nang LEED cescecure. ws (Suppose equal to -10) means the followings ERAS S cecnsaice, sepseve vatue of By —r7™ -10CHAPTER 5: BEAM COLUMNS 16]. PB oa Ll 8 ce ae LIP, It means that the applic i Herts Gee es load P, is greater than the Euler’s critical buckl i, lowed in any case. In fact, P, should not be more than 75 percent of P., which gives (By)max = eas GBi)max = 4 Cm, The maximum value of B, usually allowed 5.5.2.5 Sway magnification The sway magnification factor, By, 1 can be determined by the following formula: Bp = 210 aP,., (AISC A-8-6) P. soy Where, @ = 1.0 (LRFD) and 1.60 (ASD) Pury = total vertical load supported by the story, including loads in columns that are not part of the lateral force resisting system Pe, swry = elastic critical buckling resistance for the story in the direction of the translation - ate An Ru = P-é effects modify the overall response and hence P-A effects through the factor Ry. Its value can be taken equal to 0.85 for stories with moment 1 frames and 1.0 for no moment frames. The following expression interpolates the values. j = 1=0.15 (Pry! Psy) L = story height total vertical load in columns in the story that are part of moment frames in the direction of translation (= 0 for braced frame systems) dy = first-order interstory drift due to lateral forces, calculated using the same stiffness as that required for the analysis. Where Ay varies over the plan area of the structure, Ay may be taken equal to the average drift weighted in proportion to vertical load (or the maximum drift) determined by using combined stiffnesses of all columns roach is only an academic simplification that can never Pay = ‘Ay may roughly be of the story. This app! is be recommended for a practical design. HU EI (0.0075(2 G) 6(LG)+12*RIL A 4 Jo) STEEL STRUCTURES rie ateael ened (1M, Valensay II frame colw fee oa eee be considered equal 10 anil that atthe " ata eae ‘can be considered equal to | columns in the story. S(Er/Lof columns cach end of column, AIL of all beans iat hy © * “FS Ei/t/of beams adjusted for their type of connection with the column story shear produced by the lateral forces used to compute Ane Ay (HM niay bie nie is the nut OH AE Danas 2 based on any lateral loading that provides a value of the story lateral stiffness Au/L = represent the story drift index, that is defined as the ratio of lateral deflection to the height of the building. For the comfort of occupants of the building, the index is usually limited at working loads to a value of 0.0014 to 0.003 and about 0.004 at ultimate loads. This represents stilliens of the columns of a story while acting like separate bracing clementy lo provent lateral movement, The B, amplifier can be estimated in preliminary design by using a maxinwuin deift lint corresponding to the story shear. However, there is no guarantee that we will get the wet dni after complete design and performing analysis using the desi 201 sizes, u = = Using a /L= 0.004 = 1/250, we get the approximate expression for Pe yyy at Pe. sory = 250RyH and 1 Try OR, H By = 5.5.3 First Order Analysis Method The first order analysis 5 . ; The fir sis method is applicable when the following conditions are & Gravity loads act through vertical coh bp, Maximum second order drift maximum frst order drift S15 forall Stories using factored lo: ‘umns and walls, uals, pier drift to maximum first 2 Multiplier of Appendix X of 8 to unreduced stiff; iffness« toreduced stiftinesses. aval luc of 1.7 Corresponding omparable toCHAPTER 5: BEAM COLUMNS 163 c. The required axial stren; th lateral stability through their Mecgey members (P *) that cor : heir flexural stiffnesses im, ene ol provige ae ust satisfy the following: Where, P, = required axial compressi f al ipressive strength Py = APy, axial yield strength i and @ =1.0(LRED) q = 1.6 (ASD) The required strengths of all members are determined considering flexural, shear and axial member deform deformations of the structure that contribute towards the displacement of the structure. The nominal geometry and the nominal elastic tffnesses are used inthe analysis The following two additional requirements must also be satisfied, : a) The following additional lateral load, N,, must be applied in all combinations and at each story level. This lateral toad must be applied in a direction that increases the destabilizing effect. The minimum value of 0.0042Y, is based on a first-order drift of 1/500. M =2.1(WL)¥, > 0.0042¥; Where, a =1.0(LRFD) a@ =1.6(ASD) ¥; = gravity load applied at level i. The additional lateral load is distributed over the plan in the same manner as this gravity load varies. AL = the maximum ratio of A to L for all stories in the structure. by using first-order analysis tions along with all other A. = first-order interstory drift due to the design loads. Where A varies over the plan area of the structure, A is the average drift weighted in proportion to vertical load or, alternatively, the maximum drift. L_ = story height. b) The nonsway amplification of beam-column moments is done by applying 5, amplifier of Appendix-8 The available strengths of the elements of the structure are evaluated by the normal design procedure using effective length factor (K) equal to 1.0. Bracing required to hold the ends of unbraced lengths of the members must be properly designed. 5.5.4 Effective Length Method ‘The effective length method is appli a. Gravity loads act through vertical columns and walls. maximum second order drift < 1 5 for all stories using factored loads. maximum second order drift ¢ | maximum first order drift cable when the following conditions are satisfied: b. .ond-order drift to maximum first order drift is The value of ratio of maximum sec o endix 8 of AISC. allowed to be taken equal to Bz multiplier of AjSIDDIQIZ. A 164 STERL STRUCTURES ‘ed to a model of the structure according to its nominal a h geometry. A minimum lateral load at level i (Ni) equal to 0.002aY, 1» applied at eacl i ions. evel of the structure in two orthogonal directions for gravity load only combinat 1.0 for LRFD and 1.6 for ASD. design gravity load acting at level i and ais cr a the pensnal lateral Toad ig added to all other loads within the samme combination in direction that increases the destabilizing effect. The coefficient of ie ee to 0.02 is based on out-of-plumbness of 1/500 and it is allowed to adjust this coefficient for other values of maximum out-of-plumbness values, Full nominal flexural stiffnesses for all the members are used in the analysis. All types of deformations of the members and connections are considered that may contribute towards the displacement of the structure. Factored loads are considered when using LRFD and all gravity and other loads that may influence the stability of the structure must be included. The analysis, in general, must include both ?-A and P-6 effects. However, the effect of P-5 may be neglected when the following conditions are satisfied: “The notional loads are appli ¢. Gravity loads act through vertical columns and walls. maximum second order drift maximum first order drift stories. b. The gravity load supported by the moment-resisting frames in the direction of translation being considered is less than or equal to one-third of the total gravity load. S 15 (because of using full stiffnesses) for all P-6 effect must be considered for evaluation of the individual members. For Aso, the second-order analysis is carried out using 1.6 times the ASD load combinations and the results are divided by 1.6 to get th a ry get the required strengths of the ‘The design in this method is carried out by effective length factor (K) calculated as under: Jn braced frame systems where the stabilit columns, the effective len; equal to 1.0, unless a low: using available strengths employing the ity does not depend on the flexural stiffness of igth factor (K) of the members in compression may be taken er value is appropriate. Jn moment frame systems where the stal colurnns, the effective length factor ae depends om the flexural stiffness of of the members in compression may be determ ernined by sing side sway buckling analysis of the structure. ‘The effective Tength compres: Ure including the effects of geometric imperterrions. deen empirical column stresses, K = perfections, distrib ited i = 1.0 may be considered if the following condition is aisted cal ‘Maximum second order drift : maximum first order dria & |! forall stories AISC commentary to A, ppendix-7 contains si Moment frames, which are reproduced in the fella oe 2 evaluate K-values for following subsections,| CHAPTER 5: BEAM COLUMNS 165 5.5.4.1 K-factor For partially restrained al The determination of value of K; fi Chapter 3. Consider the example of eon at ends is determined by the ratio of Telative fl : joint to the flexural stiffness of be: | or y and is determined for each Patally fixed ends was presented in ‘own in Figure 5.6. The fixity at the ealiay ‘ural stiffness of columns meeting at a are 8 at that joint. This ratio is denoted by G '¢ column by using the expression given below: | yorGateachend = 2EI/L)of columns | DX (EI/L) of beams | olumns AL \ 1B Part-X Column AB of Part-X wm WE 7 7 OO Figure 5.6. Partially restrained Columns. Alignment charts, given in Design Aids, are then used to find the effective length factors. The method to use these charts is explained in Figure 5.7 (This figure does not give the actual values). First step is to select the alignment chart depending upon the presence or absence of the sidesway. Next, points are marked on two outer lines for values of G or y at end A and B of the column, according to the provided scale. These points are then joined by a straight edge and the K-value is read from the central line according to its graduations. Gaorya Ge or We Gaorya Gyor ve . ie ef ete ae [ Not TpScale] + nL ale a : Unbraced Frame: ‘Sidesway Not Prevented Sidesway Pre ted : se a aan of K-Values for Partially Restrained Columns igure 5.7.SIDDIQIZ. A. 166 STEEL STRUCTURES ‘The alignment charts are based on the following formulas: G,G, 2 (G,+ alK ) 2-0 x A : No sidesway: 220 (2) +f li at G,G,(a/K)-36__ 2/K__ Sidesway present: Geen tan(7/K) ‘According to the AISC Commentary, the alignment charts are based on the following assumptions: 1) Behavior is purely elastic. b) All members have constant cross section. ©) All joints are rigid. : : : : 4) For columns without sidesway, single curvature is considered with rotations at opposite ends of the member considered equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. | €) For columns with side-sway allowed, reverse curvature is obtained due to rotations at opposite ends of the members being equal in magnitude and direction. f) The stiffness parameter defined by LV P/£/ of all columns is equal. g) Joint restraint is distributed to the column above and below the joint in proportion to EI/L for the two columns. h) All columns buckle simultaneously. i) No significant axial compression force exists in the girders. In cases where the above assumptions are not valid, the following adjustments are to be made for the determination of K-value (to be applied for both sway and no-sway conditions): 1. For Columns with Differing End Conditions: For column ends not rigidly cannesed fotings, G-value may be taken as 10 for practical designs. While G-value may be taken equal to 1.0 if the col is ri maybe eq if the column end is rigidly connected to a properly designed 2. For Column Inelasticity: To account for inelasticit oe is replaced with 7(E, J.) for all columns in the ‘or % accounts for both a reduction in th imperfections and spread of. ao a) For aP, ») ty, the column flexural rigidity expression for Ga and Gp. The ess of columns di i Plasticity from residual stresses, B°O™ENE Py S 0.5, section is considered elastic, 4 = 1.0 For aP,/ Py > 0.5, section is considered inelastic, tel) column squash load = Fy % 4 aeCHAPTER 5: BEAMCOLUMNS 167 3, For Girders with Signi : “cant Axial Loads: Fo. load, (E//L), is multiplied br Oads: For girders i Y the factor (1 0, Containing si x). O is the axial =10, Jac is the in-plane buekli ee Kling load of the girder based on k=} 4. For Girders with Digfe ignificant axial load in the girder and ving End Conditions; Following adjustments are to be made for beams in no. ‘sWay condi an : ondition: 7 u : te a i“ a girder is fixed, multiply the (EU), of the member by 2.0 Sirder is pinned, multiply the (E//L), of the member by 1.5 t boundary o i be modified as under: Sones inthe sway Ty = Ly > Me/My) for the sway frames: 8. Ifthe far end of a girder is fixed, multiply the (EV/L)g of the member by 2/3. b. If the far end of the girder is pinned, multiply the (E//L), of the member by 0.5. ty: Obviously, only FR connections can be used directly in the determination of G. The members having shear connections are ignored. (EIL), of beams with PR connections must be adjusted according to their flexibility. 5.5.4.2 Effective length for story stability For the estimation of column flexural buckling strength the effective length factors, Ks, is determined by an elastic or inelastic buckling analysis. However, if column axial Stress at start of buckling, Fe, is determined by any method, there is no a to calculate X:. Following empirical relationships may be used to estimate the K value: Braced Fram = | is preferred because K< 1 will put additional demands on stability bracing and will increase the moments in the beams. i =26. Krfactor Moment Frames: The leaning columns can be designed using K= : a. _ for for calculation of P, in moment frames may be estimated by ie rd. the story buckling method or the LeMessurier metho Story Stiffness Method XK; according to the story stiffness method is defined as follows: (Psi) = Ga) E Le (0.85 +0.15R,)P,SIDDIQIZ. A. 168 STEEL STRUCTURES deration, produced by the lateral .der consideration, um value for K; in the column un‘ d side is a minimu: 2 The term 1s the sear in the column righ a non-side-sway buckling. The sed to compute Ay. side-sway . The R oak for the interaction between for some columns in a story. a at a n 1.0 value of Kz may come out to be s ee mes on the sidesway stiffness of the columns sents the see ness method. Basically a me The ena of Bp factor is based on an a a { ee eo vids sufficient overall story stiffness in relation to the total the designer has vertical load. r tio of the vertical column load for all leaning columns in the story to = ratio ° - the vertical load of all the columns in the story XP of leaning columns : PF of all columns Story Buckling Method K; according to the story buckling method is defined as follows: Where Kya is the value of K; determined directly from the alignment chart, The value for K; calculated from the above equation may be less than 1.0. The right hand side of the equation provides a minimum value for Ky to account for the interaction between side-sway and non-sidesway buckling. YP, is the sum of all vertical loads of a story including load on any leaning columns. LeMessurier Method Another formula for Ky, Considering column inelasticity. ; fd sone an, a nelasticity, is based only on the column i; ee for leaning columns SA taning columns 6>°P for nonleaning columns Mis the smaller and My the larg order analysis of the Poi ey sari moment in the column determined from a first- Column inelasticit Th 08d (MM is positive for reverse curvature). ty is considered i ‘ A u . K, = [deat raysCHAPTER s: VALUES FOR F) BEAM COLUMNS 169 ce RAME BEAM.COLUMNS frame columns with parti K-values for fi pattally fixed ends gy oe naka However, if details of a be evaluated using alignment following approximate estimate may be used: Joining members are not given, K 15 : sidesway is permitted with partially fixed ends Sidesway is prevented but end conditions are not mentioned Note: Ifsidesway is prevented by bracing, K value isto be considered equal to1.0, 01.0. 5.7 SELECTION OF TRIAL BEAM-COLUMN SECTION The only way by which interaction of axial considered, is to satisfy the interaction equatioi a trial section is needed. For this trial section, maximum axial c ive bending strengths may be determined. The difficulty in selection of a tal seston tree beng column is that whether it is selected based on area of cross-section or the section modulus. No direct method is available to calculate the required values of the area and the section modulus in such cases. For selection of trial section, the beam-column is temporarily changed into a pure column by approximately converting the effect of bending moments into an equivalent axial load. Various methods are available for such conversion but no one can guarantee true conversion and the result can be far off in some cases. Successive trials using interaction equations are then used to refine the solution. I compression and bending moment can be n. However, in order to satisfy these equations, Py = —_ equivalent or effective axial load = Pet Mrp itty + My ty : 2000 7500 or Pa P,+ Mx es ) +a 3, Mound My, are taken in KN-m, P, in kN, while d and bare to be measured in mm bal ry m, (for first trial) = = 8.5 0.7Kislx ‘my (for first trial) = = 17-1.4Kiyly : = 10 14(d/ 1000)" - 0.7KixLx o = 20 — 28(d/ 1000)? - 1.4KiyLy . and a column section is selected from the evaluated for Peg umn tables for that I ‘Another section is st Toad, The equation for Py is solved again The above equation is ‘lected and checks are then applied for concentrically loaded co! using a revised value of ™. this trial section. COMPRESSION 88 SECTION LOCAL STABILITY UNDER z i able 5.1. : tion are listed in Tal The Tequirements of local stability of the sectiorSaige 170 STEEL STRUCTURES Table $5.1, Requirements to Prevent Elastic Local Instability, Width- ‘2, For A36 Thickness Steel Element fs Ratio Unstiffened _ oe 1. Flanges shaped sections in pure compression, plates projecting from compression ¢lements, outstanding legs of pairs of angles in continuous contact, and flanges of cl in pure compression. ingle angle struts, legs of double angle struts with separators and other un- stiffened elements supported along one edge. 4. Flanges of built-up F-sections and projecting plates or angles, 1, Walls of rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness used for — uniform compression. 2. For webs of doubly symmetric I-shaped E sections and channels. ‘ ofr 3. Circular hollow sections in axial OL (E/FY compression. 4. For other stiffened elements, & E z 149, fe 4 Tae (between 0.35 to 0.76) The value of 4, for flexure in webs of doubl snl y symmetric I-shaped sections and channels is 161, (161.2 for A36 steel) and for uniform compression in webs of doubly symmetric I- Shaped sections is 1.49 |=. (42.1 for 36 steel), 5.9 SHEAR CAPACITY Shear capacity of a b i eam column is determined just li selected for flexure and a ictermined just like a beam element, However, the section ixial compression is usually sufficiently cafe fax ahCHAPTER > : BEAM COLUMNS 17] 5.10 FLOW CHART FoR DESIGN oF BEAM-COLUMNS The flow chart, in brief, consists of g compression carrying capacity as q column, calculation of checking the interaction equation, The 1 a fective Length method and Approximate S structural stability. *econd-Order Analysis Method to consider Known Data: Pus Muss Mes Muy, Myy Kel, K, Ly Calculate and apply the Tequired notional loads for the effective length method. Me= Mu=My+M,, for the first trial Calculate M, both in the x and y directions Assume an approximate magnification of 15% for the moments only. Fa = Prt Myx tty + My my Where Mj, and My are taken in kN-m, P, in KN, while d and byare to be measured in mm m; (for firsttrial) == = 8.5-0.7K Ly my (for first trial) == 17 LAK Ly my = 10 — 14(d/ 1000)? - 0.7K Ly my = 20~28(d/ 1000)? - 1.4KyLy ; 2000 7500 = + My +My, |—— or Peg Ft aa (2200) »(S} where d and by may reasonably be assumed for the frst trial. | dat i Minimum weight Select section as a simple column <= eine Depth of W-section < 360 mm hh f P. column selection tables may also be employed to select the section using the values of Peg selection K, and kL, | See ry/ry from column selection table for selected section ee r/rySIDDIQUZ, A, 172. STEEL STRUCTURES Calculate (Kya > n/t eee for greater of Ky and (Kyla and revise (0 obtain suitable section for the Re-enter the table for grea by load Peg: \ + a new section and repeat until values of Find new values of m for subsequent trials. Select Toad capacities, Pay and m are stabilized. | Calculation of critical buckling loads: Calculate Euler buckling strength (Pai) (Pet) (Pea) and (Peay for both ft and nt cases. = Euler buckling strength for braced frame Pa = EI/ (Ky LY / 1000 (KN) KL, K,,L, Cateutate Kiet Kacbs | Sule gna “2 eee r R= maximum of the above values Check for maximum slenderness ratio: R< 200 OK Axial strength of trial section: Calculate gf. corresponding to the R-value or directl i . . ly read it frc i i i and evaluate the compression capacity by multiplying with the ne eters eed Pe = Pa = deFerdg/ 1000 a Calculation of moment magnification factors: Calculate Cu and Cyy for no sway conditions By c l-a@ a), where a= 1.0 for LRFD procedure. Note: Pin the above fornulas is the actual factored axial | 0: \ ad and not Peg.CHAPTER 5: BEAM COLUMNS 173 saoulate actual deflection of story, A, on In the absence of computer oe may be calculated only for acade; v for arbitrary or actual horizo or avialabili ‘MIC purposes, ntal load H in both x and y "Y of formulas for defelction, approximate Calculate Pnyand Ry for each direction Calculate P, story Calculate Bz, and B2, for sway magnification, 1 = 210 By icra P e079 where @= 1.0 for LRFD procedure, | Calculation of design moments: Ma = Mux = Bix Mnx + Box Mix Ae = My = Biy Muy + Bry Mix Bending strength of the trial section: ee Oe pact areas is bending is the : shances of lateral buckling because the lateral direction for y-ax oa Check conditions of Ae section, given in the chapter on beams. inst Lis .d check against Juma table an¢ Find L, and L, from col fy, as for a inj beam usi . Use C, = 1.0 in the Lie Ep» br and beam selection tables. ing Lox Lp» culate $Mn, as for pressions, |SIDDIQUZ. A. 174. STEEL STRUCTURES Check interaction equations: Calculate © to see which interaction equation is applicable. 7 Get the value of Left Side of equation (LS) up to 2™ decimal place, truncating the 3 decimal digit, which should not be more than 1.00. This means that LS can be as high as 1.0099 but not 1.01. Values of LS between. 09 and 10 > Very economical design Values of LS between 08 and 0.9 > Economical design Values of LS between 0.7 and 08 > May be acceptable, but better to try an economical section Values of LS lesser than 0.7 —» Revise by selecting a lighter section Values of LS greater than 1.0099 cad Select a stronger section Note: If the section is to be revised, all calculations except the determination of trial section are to be repeated. For example, new values of Myx and My are to be calculated using the fresh magnification factors. Check shear strength, which may usually be omitted in hot rolled W sections because of high available strength. oo Write the final solution using standard designation, Soluti Total Factored Loads 1 Load Combination 1, Gravity Load Combination (1L2D+16L) P, 2 Py * 1.2(1025) + 1.6(410) = 1886 kN wy, _ Wa - 1.2(7.3) + 1.6(22.0) = 43.96 KN/mApTER S: oe BEAM COLUMNS 175 Notional load, N; = 0.002 g y, * 90021 x x 18864-4306 55 2 Lead Combination 2, Wind Loag Combination (1.20 +052+13m) a 12025) +0.5¢410) = 1435 xy oe 6h y= 8.30.kN = 448.5 kN eae, = 19.76 kN/m = 1025 KN dead load = 410KN live load = 7.3 kN/m dead load = 22.0 kN/m live load = 345 KN wind load Figure 5.8. Frame and Loading for Example 5.1. tion: The member forces are shown in Figure 5.9. Au sen 1886kN 10.85 kN-m 14.05 RN-m 14.05 kN-m J Z Y 5.86 kN fsa6 kN (b) Notional Loads (a) Gravity Loads 5.9. Partial Gravity Load Analysis Results, Fioure 5.9.SIDDIQUZ. A. 176 STEEL STRUCTURE: ds and, Y c arately shown for gravity loa Pout The member forces are separate! Wind Load Combinations lateral loads in Figure 5,10. = X(I/L) forcolumns 20/6). 9 oy L/L) forbeams — 1.41/8.5 1.0 for sway columns 1.0 for braced frame 1.45 for unbraced conditions Ge = on i \ 1435KN_ 448.5kN = 19.76kN/o sb S86kNm O (No Sway Part ) (Sway Part ) Figure 5.10. Partial Lateral Load Analysis Results. alue of Ky: Ky=10 The design of column should be safe for both controlling or critical combination is unk combination is assumed as critical, design is gravity as well as the wind load combination; the ‘nown in the start of the solution. One load made for this combination and then check is made Design for Combination 2: Peo = 1435+ 138 + 19.76 x 8.5/2 = 1656.7 kN Notes: 1) According to AISC, maximum moments for different types’ of loading (nt or It case), which may be at different locations or of different signs, are torbe added magnitude-wise in any combination where they act together, 2) The Right column is critical for the axial load.ey (CHAPTER 5: : BEAM COLUMNS 177 Muze = 51.2 kN-m. Mu = 759 kN-m. Muy = My =0 Kaas 145x6 = 37 m for lt-case Kiks = 1.006 = 6.00m for nicase Kily = 1.003 = 3.00m ms (for firsttrial) = 507K), = 85-0.7x6 = 43 Assume 15% magnification of moments Peg Py 1.15 Myc (ms) 1656.7 + 1.15 (51.2 + 759.0) (4.3) 5663 KN wood Using column tables of Design Aids for this Psy and Ky, = 3.0 m; Trial Section = W360 x 216 Revised, = 10 ~ 14(d/ 1000)? -0.7KixLx = 10-14 x 0.367 - 0.7x6 = 3.99 Peg Put VAS Mac (tmx) 1656.7 + 1.15 (51.2 + 759.0) (3.99) = 5374 kN (Kyle = Kobe 97/159 = 547m nIr, Trial Section-I: W360 x 237 A= 30,100 mm? r,= 162 mm, r= 102 mm rdry = 1.60 Ig = 79,100 x 10% mm* Paz = PEL (KL i x? x 200,000 x 79,100.10" _ KN for nt-case = 22 %200,000x79100x10" _ 43,371 60007 x 1000SIDDIQLZ A 178 STEEL STRUCTURES 2x2.02+2 x10 = 24.404 ie - Hv ae ae FowIsteG) - 0420) +120.) 8300 6000" = 550,000% 7910010" (0.0075(24.404)? ~ 0.624.404) + 2 = 0.82 mm for H = 8.30kN a 8300 x 6000 /0.82 = 60,730,000 N = 60,730 KN a R, = 0 (no leaning columns) TP, = 2x 1435+ 19.76% 8.5 = 3,038 kN 2 4 BPEL/ (Ly)? = 200.000 79100110". 43.570,000 N = 43,370 KN 60007 . o 4 —e——ee en 10" = 41,260,000 N = 41,260 kN liv il ye) eee tA nEl = yg“ KL) = | 43370 ( 3,038 1656.7 (41,269) = 1146 =i Story Stiffness Method: k= | 2h (wert a Voas+oisene UP) Saiz) - {333 a0 f 0 43370 0.85%1,656.7 66,739 7 1.7% 60,730 = 1241 > 0.648 = 1241 Final Ka, = larger of the two values = 1.389 Ee? El (Kazala) = 2 (# (2a: L a)ER 5: our BEAM COLUMNS 179 = 6.0%1000 _ a fore ( for nt case) _ 13896000 _ r, 162 1-44 =~ ( for it case) K,L, _ 3.0x1000 7 ior 72941 R = 52 < 200 on Fe = 194.95 MPa 194.95%30,100 P.= Pn = GoFor Ag = = GPn = GeFor Ag | 7000 5,868 kN Cox = 06-04 of is positive because of reverse curvature 25.6 = 06-04|—="]=04 ($5) B, =—Cm—>19 =——®4 __=042 Bu = 1.0 ” rar [Pn ~ 129%1656.7/43,371 4 EPy = 1435 x 2+ 19.75 x 8.5 = 3038 KN Png! Pstory = 1.0 (all columns are part of moment frame) Ru = 1-0.15(Pay! Paton) = 0-85 Pax sory = Ry TE = 0.85 x 60,730 = 51,620 KN Ay By = —1L_ 210 1 a ase ee 21.063 Use Bar = 1.063 1103038 51,620SIDDIQNZ. A 180 STEEL STRUCTURES _ My = Bix Max + =1061. are i oesc759, 00) = 858.02 kKN-m_ Py = Pu + = ios ie 063(138) = 1665.67kN From column selection table: Ly = 5.06 m, Ly = 25.43 m Check conditions of compact section: bt 265 < 10.8 (more critical as a beam) OK Ap = 1 1656.7 aT Fe $P, _ 0:9%(250/1000)x30,100 For web, Ag = 318 (29- no } 2 42.3 for A36 steel oly = 66.3 4. 15.3 < A, = 42.1 (more critical as a column) OK 4, =6.00m > Lp, bending strength is to be calculated using the inelastic LTB formula Conservatively consider C, = 1.0 Mp = 1058 kN-m. My — = 1058/0.9 = 1175.6 kN-m M 0.7 x Fy x S;/ 10° (not actually required to be calculated) 0.7 x 250 x 4160 x 10°/ 10° = 728.0 kN-m BF = ) =21.94KN (21.90 KN directly) Mz = [Mp ~ doBP(Ls —L,)] = [1058 - 0.9 x 21.9 (6.0 ~ 5.06)] = 1039.7 kN-mHAPTER 5: : BEAM COLUMNS 18] check Interaction Equation: M, 8858.02 =| <= | 0.284 + | O22) P (ir) sisi) 1.018 > 1.00 NG qrial Section-2: W360 x 262 A= 33,400 mm? r= 163 mm, F, = 102 mm nity = 1.60 J, = 89,100 x 10’ mm* K,,L, KyLy), = Sue . 37 ic | (KyLy)eq nly 169 ~ 544m (not critical | | Pag = PEI (Kip LP _ 2? x 200,000 x 89,100.10" 6000? x1000 Bzc= 1.063 _ as for the previous trial for I-case | _ 77 x 200,000 89,100 x10* - 60007 = 48,854 kN for ni-case mBI/(L,) = 48,855,000 N = 48,855 kN Story Buckling Method: . Ea? BL (Kyla)? = 2 OBEN OO IO 6,473,000 N = 46,473 KN " $700 ie. EL Kala)? (for nt case)SIDDIQIZ, A. 182 STEEL STRUCTURES 1,389x6000 _ 5) 13 (for It case) 163 Kuby _ 3.01000 _ 99 4) 5 1 OK R= 52 < 200 Fer = 194.95 MPa 194.95x33,400 _ kN Po Aaa Ain dy = PASSBAO 6511 | Cu = 0.4 (as before) po oes Se le 1-aP/P,, 1=1%1656.7/48,854 — | Ma = Bix Max + Bre Mix = 1.0 (51.20) + 1.063(759.00)= 858.02 KN-m 2 Bu=1.0 Pr, =P + Br Py = 1518.98 + 1.063(138) = 1665.67 kN From column selection table: Lp=5.08 m, L,=30.44 m Check conditions of compact section: by Fr 760 < 4=108 2, Ma = [Mp— ABE (Ly ~ 1,)) = OM, ~ ABF(L, 1,)) 179-09%19960~ 5.08))= 1162.5 tneCHAPTER 5: | BEAM COLUMNS 183 2, _ 1665.67 _* Bsr 79256 > 02 Check Interaction Equation: Tess) “912 < 109 ox stion Selected For Wind Combination: W340 x 26 Check for Combination 1: P= Py = 1886+43.96 x 8.5 = 2073 kN Me =75.8KN-m, Mi = 14.05 kNom Cu = 06-04 “i ~ 0.4 same as before M, ¢ 04 By, =e. 04 1 B= “Tab /P,, ~ Tixzorzagasa "94? a Bx, = 1.063 (as before) Ma =BirX My + Boe X Ming 0.x 75.8 + 1.063 x 14.05 = 90.8 KN-m Kz, and R vlue remains same as for the first combination R = 52 < 200 OK t Fer = 194.95 MPa Pe= cP, = 6,511 KN | Z _ 2073 Pp ~ Fes = 0318 > 0.2 Poa Check Interaction Equation: ) = 0.388 < 1.00 oKSIDDIQIZ. A. 184 STEEL STRUCTURES inal Selection: W360 x 262 Example §.2: Design the column for the following data: 5.2 Braced frame in both x and y directions P. = 1750 kN Mnx = 330KN-m Mr SO I ee po t F, =250MPa Solution: a Kis = Kiy = 1.0 (as the frame is braced in the two directions) Pog = Put Mc + Muy my For firsttrial: m= 850.7 Kil, = 85-07x73 = 3.39 17-14 Kyl, 7-14x73 = 6.78 Assume 15% magnification, my Pay = 17504 1.15 x 330 x3.39+ 1.15 x 105 x 6.78 = 3855 kN KL =73m From column load table, the trial section is: W360 x 196 m™ — = 10-14 (a/1000)? 0,7 Kil = 10-14 (0.36 -07%73 2 3.08 my 28 (d/1000)? ~ 1.4 Kyby ~14%73 = 6.15 750 + 1.15 x 330 x 3.08 + 1S x 105 x 6.15 661 kN, From column load table, the trial section is; W360 x 179 Cnterpolated strength for Ky, = 73 m is 374 9.5 kN) dry = 1.67CHAPTER 5: BEAM COLUMNS j | (ibe! 1.67 = 4, : Kile! 1 37< Kly 2 Kis Critical | Tria Section No. 1: W360 x 179 | | i n ny Lp Lr ie = 57,400 x 10 mm* rE = 20,600 x 10* mm Ze =3,474x 10 mm? % = 1,671 x10? mm? Se =3,110x 10° mm? Mp = 782 KN-m BF = 19.70kN Me = $Me = 736.43 KN-m Cn = 0.85 (given) 7.3%1000 _ 46 49 158 = 13%1000 _ 46 94 95.0 . | OK O-Fep = 164.32 MPa 1 Po Woda Ts 2280 A108 EN 7 x200,000%57,400%10" _ 91,262 kN 7300" x 1000 3? x200,000% 20,600x10" _ 7.630 kN 7300" x1000 Pei = Pery= 185186 STEEL STRUCTURES ty 7,630 P, is not magnified as Pp = 0. Mar = Bis Mu Muy = Biy X Myy= 1.10 x 105 Ma = doMpy - Ce sea 4 br 2t¢ =7.8 < Ay = 108 hl te =193 02 74 = Interaction Equation: F 8{ Ma, Mo 8(_330 | 115.5 +o) 2 4—% | = 0.467 + —| 4 = reset 9173643 37558) 138 > 10 Trial Section No. 2: W360 x 196 Ay vs Li L, L, 5. t= 63,700 x 10 mm* 4 2,800 x 10* mm* Z— =3,835 x 10° mm? OK OK NG SIDDIQIZ. A.CHAPTER 5: Z = 1,852 x 10? mm? Se = 3,420 10 mm? | eM, = 863 kN-m BF = 19.70 kN | n= be Cu =0.85 (given) Kyl, _7.3x1000 % 160 K,L, ty*y % 95.5 ReT7 < 45.62 GeF er = 164.32 MPa 4 164.32 Pe $eFerAg = Tan 1 7300? x 1000 ie 0.85 OSS = 092 _1x1750 23,595 P, les 0.85 1_1x1750 8,445 P, is not magnified as Pa = 0. By= = 1.07 Mux = Bix * Mraz May = Bry X Muy = 1.07 x 105 x 25,000 = 4108 kN BEAM COLUMNS — 187 = 817.79 KN-m OK = 23,595 kN = 8,445 kN 1 Buz 1.0 =330kN-m = 112.5 kN-mTURK NtLitd. STRUCTURES My bf 2 =71 Alte fh = thMpy : 0.9 250%1,852 10" = 416.7 Nm 10° 4 02 108 | Imeraction Equation: PM, M, 8/_ 330 cha] 42 | 0.426 + =| = 1.025 > 1 Bat Mate] 9\ 817.7 : Trial Section No. 3: W360 x 216 Ag = 27,500 mm? rn = 16mm 5 = 10mm Ly =5.03m . L, =25.43m 4, = 71,200 x 104 mm* 4 = 26,200 x 104 mm* 4, = 4,260*10 mm 4 = 2,180 «10 mm? Si = 3,800 «10? mm? uM, = 959 kN-m 4K = 19.60kN Mer = QrMas = 918.96 kN-m Cn = 0.85 (given) 7.31000 a = 45, 161 2 231008 a7 101 OK SIDDIQIZ. A. NGCHAPTER 5: An 73 200 | PF or = 169.63 MPa | { = Ferg = 6 O88 oy 500 4665 kN Pury = 2_*200,000% 28,200 19 9300? tog 1000 = 10,446 kN Bix=1.0 (as before) OS e Po pat Ta = 102 104s Mu = Bi Mug =330kN-m May = Biy X May = 1.02 x 105 = 107.3 KN-m { tM = dhMy = 0.9% 250x2,180x10? 10° | b¢/ 2 = 7.1 < Ay = 108 hl ty =16.8 < A, = 42.1 1 = 0.375 > 0.2 Interaction Equation: 2 8(M om 330_, 107, xy a Pp side) 0.375 + (sess 490. = 490.5 kN-m = 1750 ” ie 0.889 > 1.0 x21 Final Selectio BEAM COLUMNS OK OK OK OK 189190 STEEL STRUCTURES SIDDIQUZ. A. Example 5.3: Design the beam column shown in Figure 5.11, if sidesway is allowed along weak axis but is prevented along strong axis. The moments shown are factored and are due to lateral loads. The column ends are partially fixed. Solution: Although lateral load is present, sway is not allowed along strong axis. Hence, the moments may be considered to be of n/-case. Py = 290 KN; My = 320 kKN-m; Mi, =0kN-m Due to unavailability of the connection data, P.=2904N uuse approximate values of K, and K, as follows: 320 kN-m Ky=10 5 Ky=10 ; Ky=12 Kuby= 52m -Kiyly= 5.2m Kyly= 624m Ee, eon J KN-1 For first tial: me = 85-0.7 Kile 320 kN. = 85-0752 = 486 S Assume 15% magnification, P.=290kN Figure 5.11. Column of Example 5,3 Poy = Py LAS Mur(m) a 90 + 1.15 x 320(4.86) 1079 kN W360 x 110 is uneconomical. From column selection table, the trial section is: W310 x 97 m= 10-14 4/1000) 0.7 Kyl, = 10-14 (0.31)"-0.7%52 = 5.01 Pug = 290+ 1.15 x 320 x 5.01 = 2134 kN i ‘rom column load table, the trial Section is: W310 x 97 rlry = 1.75 1