Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Gas Metering
By SNGPL-Metering Department
OVERVIEW
Metering Department is responsible for accurate
measurement of gas, operation and maintenance of
all metering and regulating stations having following
major scope of work.
Transportation
Distribution
Exploration
In the early days of the industry, the only way of
locating underground petroleum and natural gas
deposits was to search for surface evidence of these
underground formations. Those searching for natural
gas deposits were forced to scour the earth, looking for
seepages of oil or gas
By surveying and mapping the surface and sub-surface
characteristics of a certain area, the geologist can
extrapolate which areas are most likely to contain a
petroleum or natural gas reservoir.
Once the geologist has determined an area where it is
geologically possible for a natural gas or petroleum
formation to exist, further tests can be performed to
gain more detailed data about the potential reservoir
area.
Arguably the biggest breakthrough in petroleum and
natural gas exploration came through the use of basic
seismology.
The basic concept of seismology is quite simple. As the
Earth's crust is composed of different layers, each with
its own properties, energy (in the form of seismic
waves) traveling underground interacts differently with
each of these layers. These seismic waves, emitted
from a source, will travel through the earth, but also be
reflected back towards the source by the different
underground layers. It is this reflection that allows for
the use of seismology in discovering the properties of
underground geology.
Seismology in Practice
Extraction
A Small Drill
Production
Well Completion
Once a natural gas or oil well is
drilled, and it has been verified that
commercially viable quantities of
natural gas are present for
extraction, the well must be
'completed' to allow for the flow of
petroleum or natural gas out of the
formation and up to the surface. This
process includes strengthening the
well hole with casing, evaluating the
pressure and temperature of the
formation, and then installing the
proper equipment to ensure an
efficient flow of natural gas out of the
well.
Well Heads
Production Continue ..
. Production
Transportation
The efficient and effective movement of natural gas
from producing regions to consumption regions
requires an extensive and elaborate transportation
system. In many instances, natural gas produced from
a particular well will have to travel a great distance to
reach its point of use. The transportation system for
natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines,
designed to quickly and efficiently transport natural
gas from its origin, to areas of high natural gas
demand.
There are essentially three major types of pipelines
along the transportation route: the gathering system,
the transmission/interstate pipeline, and the
distribution system. The gathering system consists of
low pressure, low diameter pipelines that transport
raw natural gas from the wellhead to the processing
plant. Should natural gas from a particular well have
high sulfur and carbon dioxide contents (sour gas), a
specialized sour gas gathering pipe must be installed.
Sour gas is extremely corrosive and dangerous, thus
its transportation from the wellhead to the sweetening
plant must be done carefully.
To ensure that the natural gas flowing through any one
pipeline remains pressurized, compression of this
natural gas is required periodically along the pipe. This
is accomplished by compressor stations, usually
placed at 40 to 100 mile intervals along the pipeline.
The natural gas enters the compressor station, where
it is compressed by either a turbine, motor, or engine.
Distribution
Local distribution companies typically transport natural gas from
delivery points along transmission pipelines through thousands of
miles of small-diameter distribution pipe. Delivery points to (Local
Distribution Company) LDCs (i.e. Distribution Regions), especially for
large municipal areas, are often termed 'city-gates', and are
important market centers for the pricing of natural gas. Typically,
LDCs (i.e. Distribution Regions) take ownership of the natural gas at
the citygate, and deliver it to each individual customer's location of
use. This requires an extensive network of small-diameter distribution
pipe.
Volume Measurement
Pressure of Gas
Container
Gas Molecules
Temperature of Gas
When the temperature of the gas present in the container rises the gas
molecules absorb the heat energy which results in increase in the motion
of the molecules (kinetic energy), hence more molecules will strike the
walls of the contained meaning that the pressure on the walls will
increase
Flow of Gas
114.7 psia
75 psig
89.7 psia
50 psig
64.7 psia
25 psig
39.7 psia
Zero Absolute Pressure
Vacuum
14.7 psia
MEASUREMENT OF GAS
1 cuft
cuft
L/2
GAS LAWS
Boyles Law:
Volume
1/Pressure
Pressure
P1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
Volume
Charles Law:
P= 1 atm.
P= 2 atm.
Volume
P= 3 atm.
Temperature
Gases consist of discrete molecules that are similar as regard to the mass and
size
Molecules are far apart and they exert no attraction on each other except
liquefaction
Gas molecules are in continuous random motion, straight line motion with
different V
Collision of the gas molecules and wall of the contained are perfectly elastic
Pressure exerted by the gas is due to the elastic collision of the gas with
container walls
Temperature
Volume
Temp
.
Facto
r
Uncorrect
ed Vol.
Bernoullis Equation :
V2 / 2g + P / + Z = constant
V = velocity g = Acc. Due to gravity
P = Static Pressure
= 62.4 lb/ft3
Pressure P2 = ?
=3.14(6.065)2/4=28.89in2
P2 P1 / = V12 V22 / 2g
Inferential Meters
The meters which uses some
property of fluid flow usually
velocity to inference volume,
hence in-direct measurement
Diaphragm Meters
Turbine Meters
Rotary Meters
Orifice Meters
Sonic Meters
Meters
Meter Capacity:
Rangebility:
Cyclic Volume:
Diaphragm Meters
Rotary Meters
A is emptying
B is filling
C is empty
D is full
A is empty
B is full
C is emptying
D is filling
A is filling
B is emptying
C is full
D is empty
A is full
B is empty
C is emptying
D is filling
DIAPHGRAM METERS
REMUS G4
MKM250
RW275 AC250
SP250
RW310 MKM400
RW415
AL425
RW750
AL800
SP1000
AL1400
RW1600
RW3000
AL2300
RW5000
RW10000
DIAPHGRAM METERS
RW-750
SP-1000
1400
RW-1600
RW-5000
RW-5000
Al-2300
RW-3000
Al-
Rotary Meters
Fundamentals of Rotary
Measurement
Clearance b/w impeller tips cylindrical walls & head plates:
0.001 0.015
Rotary Measurement
Advantages
Disadvantages
Compact, smaller
sizes
Low-flow limitations
Various sizes
available
Maximum pressure
limitation
Potential service
interruption
Susceptible to
contamination
Requires lubrication
Wide variety of
readouts
ROTARY METERS
RC3M175
RC5M175
RC7M175
RC11M175
RC16M175
RC23M175
RC38M175
RC56M175
RC102M175
D5
D6
D7
D8.8
D14
D23
DELTA G400
UGI 56M
RVG100
RVG160
RVG250
ROMET3000
ROMET11000 ROMET23000
ROTARY METERS
CVM-5.3
38M175
D-9
Delta D-23
RVG-250
Rc 7M175
Delta G-100
Rm-38000
Rc6M175
Delta D-23
UGI-56000
G-1000
Rc
Inferential Meters :
These meters do not directly measure the volume
of gas but uses some property of fluid flow to
inference the gas volume. Usually velocity of fluid
stream is measured through the fixed Area and
volume is computed by using formula
Q = VA
These meters are further sub divided into: (i) Turbine Meters
(ii) Orifice Meters
(iii) Sonic Meters
(iv) Vortex Meters
Turbine Meters
Gas turbine meters are velocity
sensing devices as are orifice
meters. The direction of flow
through the meter is parallel to a
turbine rotor axis and the speed of
rotation of the turbine rotor is
nominally proportional to the rate
of flow. Gas volumes are derived
or inferred from the rotations of
the turbine rotor.
FLOW PROFILES
LAMINAR
56
57
58
Actual Turbo-Meter
Mechanical Friction
Fluid Friction
Installation Effects
Negative swirl
Positive swirl
Jetting
Pulsation
Turbo-Meter Fundamentals
Inferential
Measurement Device
Basic Components
of a Turbo-Meter
Readout
Gear Train
Q= V A
Flow
Rate
Velocity
Area
Nose Cone
Rotor
Installation Consideration ?
Body
Main Rotor
Mechanical Volume
Sensing Rotor
Main
Rotor
Sensing
Rotor
Performance
Self-Checking Feature
Detects changes in
retarding torque
Detects changes in
upstream flow
conditions
Detects installation
effects
Indicates deviation
from factory
calibration
Self-Adjusting Feature
Adjusts to original
calibration for changes in
retarding torque
Adjusts to original
calibration for changes in
upstream flow conditions
Records deviation from
factory calibration for
long-term analysis
Adjusted Volume
at Initial
Calibration
Basic Adjustment
Principle
Operating
Changes in
Retarding Torque
Self-Checking
Feature
110% of
Flow Rate
10% of
Flow Rate
Self-Adjusting Principle
Assume
Vol.
108% - 8% = 100%
Ideal
Self-Checking Principle
Amount
Field
Factory
of Change = Adjustment Adjustmen
t
A =
100
- A
Vm
-1
Vs
A =
A =
A =
100
- A
Vm
-1
Vs
100
Vm
-1
Vs
100
108
-1
100
Vm
Vs -1
100
110
10 -1
A = 8%-10% = -2%
Self-Checking Feature
Compatible
Electronics
Programmable
measurement
factors
60 days of hourly
data
Fixed factor
Recordable
evidence of
tampering and
fraud
Reverse flow
Air in meter
Ultimate in Flexibility
Standardized and
compact installations
In an inferential
meter, the capacity
expands in direct
proportion to the
pressure multiplier
factor
Measurement Principle
Transducer A
Piezoelectric
transducers generate
and detect waves
Volume = velocity x
cross sectional area of
flow tube
Transducer B
Fundamentals of Ultrasonic
Measurement
Single Path Low Flow
Outlet of Flow
tube
Outlet of
Meter
Positive O-ring
seal prevents
leakage from
inlet to outlet
and to
atmosphere
Disadvantages
Ultrasonic Measurement
No
Advantages
Low
pressure loss
across meter
No mechanical
components
Bi-directional flow
mechanical
backup
Reliability on
electronics
Velocity profile effects
Complex calibration
requirements
On site power
requirements
System complexity
Vortex Meters
The vortex meter like turbine meters measure
the angular velocity with the Rotar. Rotron USA
used to manufacture these meters but due to
financial loss its manufacture has been
stopped now. Only a few of these types of
meters were used on our system.
METER READING
0195100
6590383
7618700
0776919
Class
Capacity Range
Approx:
Designation
Min. Max OIMLMODEL
Ft3 /h
Ft3 /h
Equivalents
1.Class-50
2.Class-175
175 249 G4 RW-175, RW- 200, Gallus 6/20-C, UGI-200,
UGI-DO7, Sprauge-175, AL-175
3.Class-250
250 399 G6
Sprauge-400, AL-250.
4.Class-400
400 499 G10 RW-415 , RW-415, 1-1/2, AL-425 ,
AL-425 1-1/2
5.Class-500
6.Class-900
900 1399
7.Class-1400
1400
2299
8.Class-2300
2300
3499
9.Class-3500
3500
2259
G100
RW- Rockwell
Sp- Sprague
AL- Singer American Meter
50
METER
RW-10000, AL-3500.
Calculation of Bill
Domestic Consumer:
Meter Reading (Previous Month) = 0.450 M3
Meter Reading (Current Month) = 68.000 M3
Difference (Gas Consumed) = 67.550 M3
Apply P and T factors to arrive at Standard Volume. In case of Domestic Consumers such
factors are not applied
Conversion to Hm3 = 67.550/100 = 0.67 Hm3
If the Readings are in Cuft then conversion to Hm3 as follows: (Cuft 0.02817385) / 100
Conversion of Hm3 to MMBTU = (0.67 100)/0.02817385 CV
(Btus/SCF)
1/1000,000
Usage of gas in
Hm3
Upto 1 Hm3
95.0
1 to 3
190.0
3 to 5
800.0
1006.4
Conversion Factors
1 m3 (Cum) = 35.31467 ft3 (Cuft)
1 MCF = 1000 CF
Metering Stations in
Distribution
CMS (Consumer Meter Station) supplies
consumers at the desired pressure.
Regulators
ON/OFF VALVE
Meters
ON/OFF VALVE
Pressure
Gauge
Regulators
gas to
Gas Flow
Regulators
Valv
e
Meter
Gas
Flow
Gas
Flow
RECORDER CHARTS
READING THE
CHARTS
FOR READING THE CHART ONE MUST
READING OF LINEAR
CHARTS
Meter
1.
2.
3.
now we know the yearly work load and work norms in each
category, it is simply to work out the no of teams required
= work load / work norm
Activity
No of cons.
Frequency
of
Operation
Work load
Work norm
No of
teams
required
Gen. Ind.
100
100
750
0.13
General
Checking
Ind
100
200
1500
0.13
Emergenci
es
1000
500
2.00
.
.
.
Total
2.26
REGULATORS
Fundamentals of
Pressure Control
GAS REGULATOR
A DEVICE USED TO CONTROL OR
DECREASE THE PRESSURE IN GAS FLOW
DEFINITION: -
WORKING PRINCIPLE
IT CONTROLS THE PRESSURE BY
DECREASING OR INCREASING
THE GAS FLOW RATE
APPLICATIONS
GAS REGULATORS ARE USED TO
CONTROL / DECREASE THE GAS
PRESSURE AT:
BASIC ELEMENTS OF
REGULATORS
REGULATING ELEMENT
(VALVE OR EXPANSIBLE SLEEVE)
SENSING ELEMENT
(DIAPHRAGM OR BOURDEN TUBE)
LOADING ELEMENT
(SPRING OR DIAPHGRAM)
3.
Valve
Diaphragm
Rate of Flow
Ideal
Diaphragm Effect
Rate of Flow
} Diaphragm Effects
} Spring Effects
} Body Effects
Rate of Flow
Inlet Pressure Effects: The inlet pressure acts on the front side
of the regulator seat, whereas outlet pressure acts on its back.
The force due to differential pressure acts in the direction of the
force exerted by the diaphragm i.e. this force should be added to
the upward force., which means that as the inlet pressure will
increase from the initial conditions.
Zero Flow: The hard seat does not provide complete lockup at
zero / low flows. The soft seats provide complete lockup at
zero flow.
Boosting Outlet Pressure: All effects such as diaphragm effect,
spring effect and body effect tend to reduce the outlet pressure
from the set point.
Out let Pressure
} Diaphragm Effects
} Spring Effects
} Body Effects
Rate of Flow
Plug Balancing
Unbalanced Valve Plug
Tight Shot off because
only one leak path when
closed
Suitable for high
temperature application
when metal to metal
seating is specified
Because of unbalanced
design very large stem
force is required so
these are available in
smaller sizes
Flow Direction
Flow-up
Flow-Down
Pressure-tends-to-open PTTO
Pressure-tends-to-close PTTC
Unbalanced Plug
Flow Direction is Flow up
Pressure Tends To Open
Balanced Plug
X = dP/P1
Flow
Characteristics
Relationship
between the flow
coefficient and
valve travel as the
valve travels from
0 100% open.
The three most
common flow
characteristics are
illustrated below.
ED:
1.
As downstream
pressure decreases,
the pilot opens and
provides additional
loading pressure to
overcome the spring.
Bleed gas is
discharged to the
pipeline, thus no gas
is lost to atmosphere.
As the downstream pressure increases, loading pressure is
decreased and spring forces the valve to closing position. When
pilot shuts off, the spring force closes the valves, since no
pressure differential exists across the main diaphragm due to the
bleed.
This system provides excellent regulation at any operating
pressure
It requires minimum differential pressure to operate the regulator
If
Instrument Loading:
These are another class of regulators with wide
application
Normally used for larger pressure cuts such as SMSs
Have inherent advantage of pressure sensing from
downstream of the regulator, eliminating chances of
freezing within small orifice of the pilot.
Principle of Operation:
Main valve is operated
with pressure applied to
one side by the
instrument controller with
the other side exposed to
atmosphere and a spring
Spring pulls the valve open
Valve is air to close type
In the above figure another device, small set point spring is added
If set point spring is compressed to produce 50 psig pressure. It
will restrict the movement of the bellows up to 50 psig. The
movement of the flapper will occur after the downstream
pressure exceeds 50 psig. This means that control valve
remains full open up to 50 psig downstream pressure.
This set point spring permits the lower limit of control point
In this case the valve will half open at 100 psig
This picture shows further
refinement in
arrangement/pressure regulation.
The nozzle has been shifted
close to open point of the
flapper.
Installation of 441-57S
Regulator as Monitor
Both the sketches show the monitor
in the downstream position when
installed in this way, the 441-57S is
usually set for an outlet pressure 2
4 psi higher than the operating
regulator and thus is wide open
during normal operation.
The monitor can be located
upstream, with this arrangement,
the regulator is usually set for an
outlet somewhat higher than the
above.
These regulators have a fast
response and therefore will take
control quickly in case of
emergency.
Downstream Wide-Open
(Standby) Monitoring System
The upstream regulator is in
working condition and the
downstream monitoring
regulator opens only far
enough to pass the required
flow and changes position with
each flow rate change. The
upstream working regulator
automatically supplies the
correct intermediate pressure
required to keep the
downstream monitoring
regulator open to the correct
position
If
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
BASED ON
APPLICATION
1.
SERVICE REGULATORS
1.
2.
FIELD REGULATORS
3.
4.
2.
3.
SPRING LOADING
REGULATORS
PILOT LOADING
REGULATORS
INSTRUMENT GAS
LOADING REGULATORS
SPRING LOADING
REGULATORS
PAK
B-36R
RW-043
B-32R
RW-042
S-402
RW-141
RW-441
RW-461
BIGJOE-630
PILOT LOADING
REGULATORS
FISHER-EZR
FISHER-299H
CL-31R
FISHER-399
1813
MOONEY
CL-34
RW-243-8
INSTRUMENT GAS
LOADING REGULATORS
FISHER-657
USED AT LARGE CAPACITY
TBSS
CMSS
SMSS
SERVICE REGULATORS
PAK
RW-043
1813
S-402
CL-31R
B-32R
B-36R
RW-042
6 WC
14 WC
2 PSIG
2 PSIG
8 PSIG
5 PSIG
8 PSIG
12 PSIG
FIELD REGULATORS
RW-042-M
50-100 PSIG
RW-141
50-100 PSIG
BIGJOE-630
50-100 PSIG
8-12 PSIG
8-15 PSIG
8-15 PSIG
20-100 PSIG
FISHER-399
20-100 PSIG
RW-461
20-100 PSIG
RW-441
20-100 PSIG
MOONEY
20-100 PSIG
Introduction
Proper Design of meter and regulating station is required for :
Sustained Safety
Accuracy
Pressure / flow control
Pressure Conditions
Inlet pressure
Does it have wide variation
Whether it is more than normal MAOP of the instruments,
good to deliver outlet pressure e.g. normally MAOP of
meters in distribution system is 175psig and that of
Emcorrector is 100psig. If inlet pressure is more than
90psig than a regulator at the inlet of the meter would be
installed.
The maximum pressure will determine the MAOP of the
instruments, particularly of regulator
The minimum value of the pressure will be used for sizing
the regulator and metering equipment.
Pressure Conditions
Outlet Pressure
This pressure is set by the contract / operational
requirements
The regulator should be designed according to the
minimum and maximum outlet pressure acceptable to
the customer.
The amount of pressure reduction is a major indication
of whether a single stage pressure regulator will be
satisfactory or if multiple stage reduction is required.
Pressure Conditions
Type of Load
Cyclic loads needs critical analysis, to ascertain the exact
peak load (design load)
Loads that goes to zero require regulators capable of
tight-shut-off
For wider variation of loads, we would require higher
rangibility meters.
Special consideration should be given to select a meter
for continuous loads, such as process industries, city
loads etc. In these cases usually inferential meters which
does not block are more suitable. Sometimes to
omprove rangibillity multiple meter runs are installed
with switching equipments
Noise
A metering / regulating station should preferably
have noise level less than 85 db (decibel)
Metering
Station Survey
Survey of metering
station should be done
very carefully because
design of meter and
regulating station depend
on this survey. A poor
survey can result in
undersize or oversize
design.
Sample Station
Survey Forms
%age of initial
Differential pressure
25
50
75
100
Example
Conditions
Working Pressure = 100psig, Flow Rate = 60,000 ft3/Hr
Maximum Allowable Pressure Drop = 6 psig
Differential Pressure for replacement of elements =
= of Maximum Allowable Pressure drop =1/26= 3psig
Now 3 psig is the maximum pressure differential limit for filter
element replacement. According to 75% plugged rule 3psig
(80 in W.C.) differential will be experienced when filter
elements are 75% plugged. So the initial differential pressure
needs to be 80 = 20 in W.C.
Example
2 FA AND FS FILTER CAPACITY TABLE
In the table see the capacity at the intersection of 100psig inlet pressure
and 20 in W.C. differential pressure. The capacity is 66,000 ft3/Hr. which is
good for given conditions.
Removal of Condensate
Removal of condensate is accomplished by installing a
knock-out vessel at the inlet of the metering station.
Normally the direction of gas fluid is changed either by
putting an obstruction plate or by employing multiple
cyclones in parallel to remove liquid particles. The change
in velocity enables the liquid particles to drop down in the
bottom of the scrubber.
Line Heater
Pressure
Gas
Condensate
Gas
Hydrocarbon Dew
point Boundary
Temperature
Line Heater
Line Heater Selection is based on :
Normal inlet station pressure
Minimum outlet station pressure
Design flow rate
Inlet gas temperature
Outlet gas temperature required
Maximum pressure drop across Heater Coil at design flow
(less than 10 psi)
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of given
quality of gas to desired temperature is calculated from the
enthalpy curve.
Line Heater
Regulator Selection
Regulators are required to control the downstream
pressure in the metering station at one or more points
Regulators are sized for maximum anticipated flow
requirement with the minimum inlet pressure
Although many regulators can operate over a wide flow
and pressure ranges, often it is necessary to consider
parallel runs to have better control, redundancy and
capacity increase
Regulators required to operate nearly closed position
over long periods of time will tend to have more valve
and seat damage, than a unit that is sized to have valve
open at least 10%
A small regulator can be installed in one line and the
larger regulator in the parallel line to handle larger flows
up to the required capacity
Regulator Selection
Adequate working space should be available for regulator,
plug valves maintenance
Regulators with an external control line should have
sensing point 5 10 pipe diameters. Control line may be
,1/2 or depending upon the types of regulator and
distance from the pressure sensing point to the regulator
Each regulator should have a separate sensing tap and
control line.
Sensing tap should not be installed on the fittings such as
expanders, Tees, Elbows etc.
Continuity of operation is the most essential consideration.
In case of fail to close regulators, freezing possibilities, it
is a good practice to have parallel regulator runs.
Regulator Selection
Pilots require clean and dry operating supply, heating
taps, small filters can be installed on the pilot lines
For safety of regulator operation normally, regulators
with relief valve or monitoring regulators are used. For
distribution system monitoring operation is preferred
whereas relief valve is used for remote locations in
general
Regulator by-pass and parallel legs are good for
performing routine maintenance
For fixed factor applications the droop should be in 1%
(accuracy). However, for field tapping up to 10% droop
is available.
Regulator Sizing
Most control valves are rated with a capacity term called C v,
which is defined as the number of gallons of water per
Minute that will flow through the valve with 1 psi pressure
drop across the valve.
Cv = Q / (P 62.4/6)
Where Q = quality of water in gpm
P= Pressure drop in psi
Normally Cv or K values of the regulators are given by the
manufacturers and formulae for calculating the regulator
capacity at critical and non-critical flows are given. The
capacity tables can also be used.
According to AGAs recommendation
Regulator Sizing
If P is less than 8% of (P1) inlet pressure than use formula:
Qh = 76.99Cv(P(P1)) MSCF/Hr formula - 1
Otherwise use formula
Qh = 54.5 Cv (P(P1+P2)/2) formula - 2
Capacity Formula as given by different manufacturers
ROCKWELL (Now SENSUS)
Q = K (P0(P1-P0)) for P1/P0 < 1.894
Q = K P1/2
Single Port
Double Port
1/8
3/8
3/4
2 1/8
33
132
292
520
850
1300
2000
4270
5450
8880
17740
Regulator Sizing
Example:
P1 = Minimum inlet pressure = 100psia
P0 = outlet pressure = 60 psia
Capacity = 200,000 SCF/Hr
P1/P0 = 100/6- = 1.66 <1.894 use formula 1
200,000 = K (60(100 60))
K = 4081, so from the above table we can select the
orifice size of 1 having K=4270
for monitoring total capacity of both regulators is
normally taken as 70% of the capacity of a single
regulator. So 2 dia regulator with an orifice size of 1
will be selected
Regulator Sizing
Find Q for K=4081
Q=4270(60(100-60)) = 209,230 SCF/Hr
If monitoring is required,
calculated K=4081 will become = 5830
Which means now we need an orifice size of 2 1/8 dia.
Which is available in 3 dia as RW-441-57S regulator. Its
MAOP is 175 psig which can handle inlet pressure of 100
psig
FISHER REGULATORS
Capacities can be calculated / regulator selected from
the
software developed by them
Capacity tables can be consulted
Regulator Sizing
(FISHER REGULATORS)
Formulas
(i) Q = P1(abs) (Cg) (1.29) when P0/P1 0.5
(ii) Q = (520/GT) Cg Sin (3417/C1 p/P1) DEG
When P0/P1 >0.5
where
P1 = Inlet Pressure
P0 = Outlet Pressure
C1 = C g / C v
Important Considerations
A regulator is usually capable of having more than one orifice
size. MAOP of the regulator defines the maximum operating
pressure of the regulator body, but pressure rating for different
orifices may be less than MAOP. So great care should be taken
for the selection of orifice for a particular orifice size, otherwise
regulator would not provide tight lock-up.
Measurement
First of all determine the type of meter that will be best
suited for the load applications
In SNGPL following types of meters are generally used
Domestic / Low Capacity Commercial Metering Station
These consumers have very large variations in load which
require very high rangibility as such diaphragm meters
having rangibility of 1:100 are used
General Industry /High Pressure Large Capacity
Commercial Metering Stations
Comparatively lower fluctuations in load. Normally large
capacity diaphragm or positive displacement rotary meters
are used which have rangibility of 1:20
In case of process industry where it is not desirable to
have gas supply shutoff, turbine meters are more suitable
Measurement
Large Capacity Meter Stations such as fertilizers
Cement and Power
Normally inferential meters, orifice or turbine meters are
used for such applications
Orifice meters have a rangibility of 1:3.5 and turbine
meters have rangibility of 1:18 (at 40) and 1:44 at a
pressure of 75psig
For diaphragm and rotary meters there is no specific
requirement of straight upstream and downstream
piping
Measurement
Selection of Diaphragm and Rotary Meters
Load in SCF /Hr (maximum and minimum)
Metering Pressure (Minimum)
In diaphragm meters the capacity does not increase
corresponding to the pressure factor, as such consult
table against the maximum load and minimum metering
pressure to find select the adequately sized meters
Company is presently switching over to rotary meters
due to their sustained accuracy, smaller size and nonadjusting accuracy features
Measurement
Rotary Meter Selection
Calculate the pressure factor against the metering
pressure, suppose metering pressure = 40psig (min.)
P.F. = (40+14.65) / 14.65 = 3.73
Maximum load = 12,000 Cuft/Hr
Calculate uncorrected volume i.e. compressed volume of
the gas to be passed through the meter at metering
pressure = 12,000 / 3.73 = 3217 ft3/Hr
Divide this volume by 0.85 as a facor of safety = 3785
Capacities of rotary meters in company used are: RC3M175 = 3000 ft3/Hr , RC5M175 = 5000 ft3/Hr
RC7M175 = 7000 ft3/Hr , RC11M175 = 11000 ft3/Hr
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Q = 167,000
Fb= 167,000 / (1.291 118) = 10970 (given value of about 7 orifice dia.)
Now find the value of orifice dia from the tables of AGA-3
report
Meter run dia can be found by using ratio=d/D=0.5,
hence D= d/0.5, D=7/0.5 =14 pipe dia for meter tube
The meter run can also be sized by using a computer
software programme developed by manufacturers
Normally 100 differential pressure recorder is used for
recording hw in the company
Provide maximum possible straight pipe upstream and
downstream of the orifice fittings as recommended in AGA-3
other pertinent instructions of AGA-3 should be followed
ON/OFF VALVE
Gas Flow
Diaphragm /Rotary
Meters
ON/OFF VALVE
Pressure
Gauge
Regulators
Regulators
Regulators
Filter
ON/OFF VALVE
Meter
Gas Flow
ON/OFF
VALVE
Regulat
ors
Gas Flow
Regulat
ors
Mete
r
Filter
Gas Flow
Example
Other Information
Type of Industry = General Industry in Private Sector
Monitoring Required = Yes, by way of Data Logging
Delivery Pressure Required = Constant
Gas Quality = Probability of Presence of Dust
Example
Proposal
Type of Measurement = Meter with EVC will be suitable
Filters = Filters will be required for the removal of dust
Regulation = Pilot Operated with minimum droop
Filter
Pressure (minimum) = 40 + 15 = 55 psia
Q(max) = 20 MCF/Hr
Example
Regulators
P1/P0 = 55/23 = 2.39 >1.890
so, we will use Q = K P1/2 or K = 381
for K=381, orifice size of is suitable
for monitoring K=381/0.7 = 544 implied orifice size of
Consult Regulator catalog of various regulator manufacturers
and select regulator size with orifice or equilent
P0/P1 = 23/55 =0.41
use formula Q= Pabs Cg 1.29
Cg = 20,000 / 1.29 55 = 281
Fisher 1 399 at 60% has Cg =359
Fisher 299 has Cg=200 and has Cg=430
So Fisher 299 will be selected for monitoring
Example
Example
Meter
Rangibility = 2:20 i.e 1:10
Diaphragm or Rotary Meters can be selected.
since Rotary meters are more rugged and EVC is required,
we will go for Rotary Meter with EVC
Minimum Metering Pressure = 40 psig
Pressure Factor = 40+14.65 / 14.65 =3.73
Uncorrected Volume = 20 /3.73 = 5.36 MCF/Hr
maximum flow through the meter should be 0.85 of the
maximum rated capacity of the meter.
so uncorrected volume for design purpose = 5.36/0.85=6.3MCF
RC 5M = 5 MCF and
RC 7M = 7 MCF
So meter RC 7M175 with EVC or equivalent will be selected
which has connection size of 3
Example
Piping
Inlet Piping:
Inlet Pressure (Minimum) = 55
Qmax = 20 MCF/Hr
D = (0.7520,000)/(6555) = 2.00
Outlet Piping:
Outlet Pressure = 23
Qmax = 20 MCF/Hr
D = (0.7520,000)/(2350) = 3.16 4
To check if relative 2 dia section of pipe can be used
against calculated 4 dia pipe, assume pipe section = 1ft
Darcy Equation:
dp=(w/144)xfx(L/D)x(V2/2g)
dp=0.0471/1440.851/2(5050)/(232.17)
dp=0.0054 psig 0.148
Example
Filter
ON/OFF
P/VALVE
2 Pipe
32
Gas Flow
Diaphragm /Rotary
Meters
ON/OFF VALVE 2
32
Pressure
Gauge
Regulators
Example
Regulators
2 dia.
Filter
22
ON/OFF VALVE 1
Meter
12
12
6
3
Gas/Air Flow
Pipe Dia. 2
1/2 Needle Valve
(0 100psig)
Tee to be connected
with Air Compressor
ON/OFF VALVE 1
Height from
Floor 42
2.
237
238
EMCORRECTORS
6. Less accurate
7. Mechanical Recorders were
becoming obsolete
239
The device obtains data on the gas flowing through via impulses (N) from an LF or
HF sensor located in the gas meter.
The volume at the measuring conditions (V) is calculated from the number of
impulses (N) and gas meter constant (kp).
The
device obtains other data on the gas flowing through from the temperature and
pressure converters gas temperature (t) and absolute pressure at measuring
conditions (p). This data is used to calculate the conversion coefficient (C) which is
influenced also by these other factors: Absolute temperature at base conditions (Tb),
absolute pressure at base conditions (pb) and compressible factor of the gas at
base conditions (Zb).
Volume
Conversion coefficient:
Volume
Gas
242
value can be used for other gases besides natural gas. If the
pressure or temperature value gets out of the limits of validity of the chosen
standard for calculation of compressibility, the device calculates using a default
compressibility value.
Operation of EVCs
V unc, Vflt,err
Volume
Alar
m
If P or T violated the
P T limits/range
A/D
Conve
r.
Micro
Proce
ssor
If P or T
within
limits
Low Batt
Alarm
Firm
war
e
V unc, Vb,
Volume
updated
in the
memory
and then
on LCD
EL-GAS EVCS
Normal Condition
Pulse
ERROR CONDITION
Pulse
Ve
P
T
V
Ve
Pd
Vb
Veb
Td
Vb
Veb
244
DRESSER EVCS
Normal Condition
Pulse
ERROR CONDITION
Pulse
Vf
P
T
V
Vf
P
Vb
Vb
245
246
EVC COMPONENTS
An EVC typically consists of
enclosure
index or pulse-input device (normally a reed switch which
senses a magnet passing by it and generates a pulse
against each magnet rotation )
pressure transducer (a device used to convert the
pressure into electrical signals)
temperature transducer (a device used to convert
temperature into electrical signals, usually an RTD,
Resistance Temperature Detector)
display
keypad
electronic circuit boards
communication port
power supply
247
EVC COMPONENTS
248
Accuracy
. Computation: 0.3% of corrected volume reading
. Pressure transducer: 0.4% of full scale
. Temperature Sensor: 1.0F.
. Combined computation: 0.5% of full scale
(pressure & temperature)
249
Flow Rate
Supercomressibility
Battery Voltage
Current Date
Current Time
Corrected Residual
Uncorrected Residual
Firmware Version
Corrected and uncorrected volume may be scaled by a
factor of 10 or 100 to enable synchronization with
mechanical counters.
It is possible to specify which parameters are displayed on
the LCD and which one is displayed by default. We select
the corrected volume as the default parameter during
initial configuration of the units. However in the event of
an error condition the display defaults to give an error
message.
In alarm and/or fault conditions a message is displayed on
the LCD indicating the nature of the alarm/fault.
251
252
LCD Alarm
Code
Alarm Condition
Additional
Symbols
HP AL
N/A
LP AL
N/A
Ht AL
N/A
Lt AL
N/A
HF AL
N/A
LF AL
N/A
LCD Fault
Code
Fault Condition
Additional
Symbols
Lo bAtt
LOW BATTERY
BATTERY ICON
P FLt
PRESSURE FAULT
ALARM BELL
ICON
T FLt
TEMPERATURE FAULT
ALARM BELL
ICON
Int FLt
INTERNAL OPERATIONS
FAULT
ALARM BELL
ICON
253
Flag
Value
Condition
HIGH PRESSURE
LOW PRESSURE
HIGH TEMPERATURE
> 65 deg C
LOW TEMPERATURE
WATCHDOG
16
Timeout
CORRECTION
FACTOR
32
Z CALCULATION
64
Z<0.9 or Z>1.1
LOW BATTERY
132
Low battery
254
MERCURY EVCs
The LCD of Mercury EVCs (Model Mini-Max AT) can display any
Mini-Max item but we configure it to display the corrected
volume by default. The LCD is also used to indicate alarm
conditions and to display the items in the Meter Reader List.
Normally we configure the Meter Reader List to display the
following parameters
Corrected Volume
Uncorrected Volume
Drive Rate
Unit Serial Number
Live Pressure
Live Temperature
Battery Voltage
255
256
ALARM DESCRIPTION
ITEM
CODE
E CODE
099
.0.9.9.
102
.1.0.2.
103
.1.0.3.
A/D FAULT
104
.1.0.4.
PRESSURE LOW
143
.1.4.3.
TEMPERATURE LOW
144
.1.4.4.
PRESSURE HIGH
145
.1.4.5.
TEMPERATURE HIGH
146
.1.4.6.
DAILY CORRECTED
VOLUME
222
.2.2.2.
.H.E.L.P.
.H.E.L.P.
257
ELSTER EVCs
The data display in the EK210 is structured in a tabular
form. The individual columns in the table contain the
following lists:
1.
User list
2.
3.
4.
Pressure list
5.
Temperature list
6.
Correction list
7.
Status list
8.
System list
9.
Service list
10.
Inputs list
11.
Outputs list
258
259
STATUS LIST
260
Calibration lock
Manufacturer lock
Supplier lock
Customer Lock
261
El-Gas EVCs
The LCD display is normally in-active/off. On Pressing either of two
available buttons the LCD display becomes active/on. It has two list
of parameters that can be displayed on the LCD by pressing
respective Buttons. The following parameters can be displayed on
the LCD.
FIRST LIST
Base Volume Vb
Primary Volume V
Gauge Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Temperature
Compressibility Factor
Correction Factor
Status
262
Second List
Error Base Volume eVb
Error Primary Volume eV
Flow Rate
Gas Meter Constant: Drive Rate
%age Composition
Time and Date
%age Battery Power
The Pressure limits are being set 18 150 psig so, if a EVC is to
be installed at sites where line pressure is likely to go beyond this
limit then please advise to change the limits
263
264
EL-Gas EVCs
Indication of Error State:
Corrected Volume
Uncorrected Volume
Correction Factor
Uncorrected Volume Under Fault
Line Pressure
Temperature
Average Corrected Flow Rate
Peak Corrected Flow Rate
268
269
MERCURY EVCs
The Mercury EVC Model Mini-Max AT records operational
information of 40 days on an hourly or daily basis. At the
beginning of each interval, the instrument records four
items into memory. We configure the following four Audit
Trail Report Items for Audit Trail Memory.
(Any Mini-Max item can be selected for the Audit Trail)
1.
Corrected Volume
2.
Uncorrected Volume
Interval Average Pressure
Interval Average Temperature
3.
4.
270
271
ELSTER EVCs
ARCHIVES
The EK 210 & EK230 have three archives:
Logbook (event logbook);
Here, the last 250 status changes are archived.
Changes logbook (audit trail);
Here, the last 200 settings changes are archived.
Measurement period archive;
Here, the counter readings and measurements are archived
in the cycle of the measurement period. The archive has
1500 data rows, corresponding to a memory depth of about
2 months for a measurement period of 60 minutes.
272
EVC TYPE
Manufact
urer
DRESSER
UNCORRECTED
READING
VOLUM
E UNITS
Dresser
Inc.
9 DIGITS
12345678 10
9 DIGITS
12345678 10
ft3
or m3
Dresser Inc.
9 DIGITS
1234567 100
9 DIGITS
1234567 100
ft3
DRESSER
(Older Version of
EVC/IMC )
(only if installed on 16M & above meter for other above configuration applies)
Dresser Inc.
8 DIGITS
12345678 1
8 DIGITS
12345678 1
m3
MERCURY
Mercury
Instrume
nts
9 DIGITS
12345678 Cuft 10
9 DIGITS
12345678 Cuft
10
ft3
or m3
ROMET
Romet
Intl.
9 DIGITS
12345678 Cuft 10
9 DIGITS
12345678 Cuft
10
ft3
El-Gas
Corp.
9 DIGITS
123456789.000 Cuft
9 DIGITS
123456789 Cuft
ft3
El-Gas
Corp.
10 DIGITS
1234567890.00 Cuft
10 DIGITS
1234567890 Cuft
ft3
8 DIGITS
12345678.0000 Cuft
8 DIGITS
12345678 Cuft
m3
CuM UOM)
El-Gas
Corp.
El-Gas on a RVG-
El-Gas
7 DIGITS
7 DIGITS
m3
meters)
El-Gas (meter of
EVC RATIO
READING 1
CORR= 076658000
UNCORR= 004573600
Mech. CTR = 4573500
EVC PRESSURE = 75 PSIG
EVC Temperature = 63 F
Example
READING 1
CORR= 087657000
UNCORR= 005673800
Mech. CTR = 5673300
EVC PRESSURE = 77 PSIG
EVC Temperature = 65 F
276