4 » IB Psychology Review Melanie Arnold, Elizabeth Holden, Taylor Karam13) Ethical Considerations in Research into Genetic Influences on Behavior Genetic Research: Genetic research is still imited, as there is still unknown information regarding the roles of specific genes so psychologists are cautious when making definite conclusion (genetic research is reductionist so it does not take environmental factors into consideration) Participants of any research or genetic study has the right to be fully informed about the research, procedure, possible results of the study, and how the study could be used (informed consent). This is because genetic research can reveal unexpected information or information that may cause distress to the participant. The participant also must know that they have the abilty to refuse or withdraw from the experiment at any time. Anonymity and Confidentiality: Participants in a genetic study has the right to keep their name anonymous and confidentiality protected. They also have the right to know who ‘owns their genetic information and what will it be used for in the future because it can result in a “stigmination.” Examples of Ethical Violation: Nazis in Germany, Stanley Milgram’s experiment (obedience to authority)Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process Cognitive process: Memory- internal record of some prior event or experience Flashbulb memory: an emotional memory which contains vivid and detailed memories of a highly emotional event Example: Knowing exactly where you were when you found out about 9/11 Thus emotional events are better remembered than less emotional events.36) Research on Conformity to Group Norms © Conformity is the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in specific situations (social norms). © “Peer pressure” is used to describe conformity in school. Ex. Student wanting to become popular so they conform to peer pressure and drink alcohol so they can fit in with a specific group, even if it may not match up with their morals © Asch (1951-ine test) carried out a study to find out what extent a person would conform to an incorrect answer on a test if the response from the other X A members of the group were unanimous. Nearly 75% of the participants agreed with the confederates’ incorrect responses at least once during the trial. 32% of the participants agreed with incorrect responses in half or more of the trials. 24% of the participants did not conform to any of the incorrect responses given by the confederates. o—— —_——39) Sociocultural: Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behavior. 1 Individualism: loose ties; everyone is expected to look after one’s self or immediate family but no one else (capitalistic societies) Collectivism: implies that people are integrated from birth into strong, cohesive groups that protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (hunter/gatherer societies) (Both influence behavior by determining how individuals will interact with each other and what motivates relationships ) 2. Uncertainty avoidance: a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to a man’s search for truth (influences how humans react and proce; for example, uncertainty avoiding cultures try and minimize the possibil by strict laws and rules)40) Sociocultural: Using one or more examples, explain “emic” and “etic” concepts. e Emic perspective: the “insider's” or “native’s” interpretation of the same customs/beliefs. What culturally specific things mean to the members of a society. EX: A Jewish coming-of-age tradition is having a bar mitzvah and a similar tradition in Spanish speaking countries is having a quinceanera e Etic perspective: the external researcher's interpretation of the same customs or beliefs. What things mean from an analytical, psychological perspective (applying universal human behaviors cross-cultt EX: All cultures have and celebrate a point of reaching adult!Discuss the relationship between etiology and therapeutic approach in relation to one disorder Depression is a psychological disorder in which people have low moods and self esteem as well as a loss of interest and pleasure Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: deals with current issues and symptoms, this therapy aims to identify and correct faulty cognitions and unhealthy behaviors. Ex: a depressed individual may focus mainly on their failures but the therapist will have them notice what he or she does well and note their successes CBT also aims to encourage individuals to take part in activities wh rewarding such as a sport or meeting new people. This targets depression where people stop engaging in activities they enj