Augusto,Edwin

Summer2014
AdvancedPlacement
UnitedStatesHistoryMs.Montes
Assignment#1
APeoplesHistoryoftheUnitedStatesbyHowardZinn

1Columbus,theIndians,andHumanProgress
A)ThefaithoftheArawakIndianswasforthemtoeventuallydieoff.Theirdeathscame
rightafterthearrivalofChristopherColumbusandhissailors.TheArawakwere
presentedinthebookaskindandgenerousuponmeetingChristopherColumbus.
ChristopherColumbussaid,TheywouldmakefineservantsWithfiftymenwecould
subjugatethemallandmakethemdowhateverwewant.(Zinn1).However,Howard
ZinndescribeshowtheArawakpeopleweretreated,Theyworkedatferociouspace,
anddiedbythethousands(Zinn5).
B)Illustration
C)Spainwasmotivatedtoexpandtheirempireinhopesoffindinggoldandother
valuablespices,Theysoughtgold,whichwasbecomingthenewmarkofwealth,more
usefulthanlandbecauseitcouldbuyanything.(Zinn2)Therefore,Spaindecidedto
sendChristopherColumbusonalongsailacrossanunknownocean,wherehewas
promised10%oftheprofits.
D)HowardZinnuseshistoricaltexttoshowthathistoryisusuallytoldfromthepointof
viewofconquerors,rulers,leaders,andgovernment.Thepointofviewofthelower
classpeopleisusuallyignoredwhenattheendofthedaytheyrethevictims.Howard
Zinninthisbook,APeople'sHistoryofTheUnitedStates,showsthepointofviewof
thepeopleincluding:Whites,Blacks,Indians,Asians,Slaves,etc..

2DrawingtheColorLine

A)SlaverydevelopedrapidlyintheNewWorld,Virginiansneededlabortogrowcrops,
andthatswhenblackslavestransportedfromAfricacameinhandy.Blackslaveswere
usedmoreandmoreforexploitationbecauseVirginianssawthemashopelesspeople.
B)IntheUnitedStates,blackswereseenashopelesspeople,inferiortowhites,and
withnotypeofrights.Theseslavesweretreatedmiserablyandwereforceddoallthe
workandmakeprofitsforthealreadywealthypeople.SlaveryinplaceslikeAfrican
states,accordingtoBasilDavidson,wasnotactuallyslaverybecausetheslavesof
AfricaweremorelikeserfsofEurope.(Zinn27)Theuseofslaveskeptincreasing,thus
slaveskeptbeingtransportedtotheU.S,manyoftheslavesdiedonthevoyagedueto
sickness.

3PersonsofMeanandVileCondition
A)Europeanmenandwomensignedindenture,whichwouldallowthemtocometothe
U.Swiththepassagefullypaid,butitwouldlaterhavetobepaidfor,byworkingas
servantsforaperiodoffivetosevenyears.Europeanswerecompelledbyhistorical
forcestomovetoAmerica.ManypoorEuropeansfilledthestreetsandlawswere
passedtopunishthem,imprisontheminworkhouses,orexilethem.(Zinn42)These
EuropeanscametoAmericatoescapethelivingconditionsinwhichtheylivedbackin
theirhomecountry.

B)

AfricanSlave

IndenturedServants

1.Periodofservitude

Lifetime

Between57years

2.Conditions/rights

Notypeofrights

Somelawsprotected

duringservitude

duringservitude.

afewoftheirrights.

3.Conditionsof

Africanslaveshad

Indenturedservants

Voyage

poorvoyage

aswellhadlowfood

conditionswith,low

supply,diseases,

foodsupply,

enclosedspaces,

diseases,enclosed

contaminatedwater,

spaces,

sickness,withthe

contaminatedwater,

onlydifferencebeing

andalongtimeat

theshortertimeat

sea.

sea.

4.Reasonsforor

AfricanSlaveswere

Becamean

causeofservitude

broughttoAmerica

indenturedservantto

byforce,toworkon

getafullypaid

thecrops.

passagetoAmerica.

Rebellion,workedat

Rebellion,

aslowpace,revolts

Resistance,ended

5.Formsofresistance

joiningblacksslaves
inrebellions
6.Methodsbywhich

Whippings,

Controlledby

theywerecontrolled

separatedfrom

contractstheysigned

family,treatedas

withtheirmaster,if

property.

contractisviolated
servitudeextends

4TyrannyisTyranny
A)Timeline

5AKindofRevolution
A)ThecolonialpoorweremotivatedtofighttheBritishbecausetheybelievedfighting
wouldrelievethemofhightaxesimposedbyBritish,whileothersweremotivatedtofight
inreturnofgettingpromisedhighpayiftheyjoinedthearmy.
B)Inmyopinion,themostappropriatethesisforthischapterisGeneralenthusiasmfor
thewarwasnotstrong.EventhoughZinnaddressedotherfactorslikeinequality
amongclasses,heneverthelesswentbacktopointoutthatthepartiesinvolvedinthe
revolutionhadulteriorreasonsforstandingupagainsttheBritish.Somediditfor

economicreasonsothersdidnotevenbothertoparticipate.GeorgeWashingtonputs
theideaofthecountrymenthroughthefollowingquote,ourcountrymenhaveallthe
follyoftheassandallthepassivenessofthesheepTheyaredeterminednottobe
freeIfwearesaved,FranceandSpainmustsaveus.
ThereasonastowhythisthesisbestfitsthechapterandtheRevolutionoverallis
becauseAmericawasnotstrongonitsown,thearmywasbarelydevelopingandthe
untrainedmilitianeededenthusiasmtogoupagainstthestrongestarmyBritainduring
thattime.EventhoughtheFrenchhelpedtheAmericansdefeatBritainintheBattleof
Yorktown,AmericadidntcompletelyrelyonthatsinglebattletowinitsIndependence.
AlthoughtheContinentalCongressmayhavebeendominatedbyrichmenitwasthe
poorwhofoughtthebattles.
C)Therevolutionaryelitehadsomemethodstocontrolthedisobedientandrebellious
colonistswithoneofthosemethodsbeingthemostusedone,bringinginthemilitaryto
putanendtoit,andtheotheronewas,usingthecolonistangerandaimingittoBritish
togainsupportforthewar.
D)NativeAmericansfoughtalongsidetheBritishwhenanagreementwasmade
betweenbothparties,withtheagreementbeingthatBritishwillnotestablishalinein
theAppalachians.ThisagreementwascalledtheRoyalProclamationof1763.
E)IthinkThomasJeffersonremainedaslaveholderallhislifebecausemaybeonlyhe
knewhowtotreatthemwhilestillfollowinghisfamousquoteAllmenarecreatedequal,
andhewasprobablysureslaveswilldobetterwithhimthananyoneelse.
F)Illustration


6TheIntimatelyOppressed
A)DuringthefirstyearstheEuropeansweregiventhechancetocometoAmericawith
thevoyageallpaid,butwouldlaterhavetobepaidbyworkingasanindenturedservant
foraperiodoffivetosevenyears.NowEuropeanwomensoldthemselvestosettlers
aswivesandthatwouldbethepricefortheirtransportation.(Page104)
B)Themasterswouldtreatthefemaleservantsandslavesharshlytheywouldeven
takeawaytheirprivacy.Thosefemaleswhowouldactupwouldendupbeingpoorlyfed
andlockedupinahouseofcorrectionuntilfurthernotice.Ashusbandsthemasters
tookovereverythingthatbelongedtotheirwivessuchaslands,andincomemadeby
herthroughlabor.Wiveswerebasicallyslavestoowiththeexceptionofharshtreating.
C)IthinkitwasbetterbeingmarriedincolonialAmericadespitethedisadvantages.In
colonialAmericawomenwhoweresinglewerepunishedandhumiliated,andsociety
nevertooksinglewomenseriously.
D)AnneHutchinsonconfrontedthegovernmentsauthority,andspokeagainstchurch,
thusendedupbeingbannedfromMassachusettsBaycolony.
E)MaryDyerwashangedforrebellion,andsedition.
F)AmericanWomenformedpatrioticgroups,andcampaignstofightagainstBritish
rule.ThesewomenadvisedpeopletobuyAmericanmadeproductsratherthanBritish
imports.

G)AbigailAdamsmadeanargumenttowardshishusbandandgovernmentsayingthat
unlimitedpowershouldntbeinhusbandshandsonly.Abigailalongwithherargument
said:Womenwillrebelifnecessaryinordertobeheardandhavetherighttovote.
H)ThomasJeffersonmadeastatementtowardsAmericanWomenthatsaid,Toowise
towrinkletheirforeheadswithpolitics.(Page110)Themainreasonforexcluding
womenfrompoliticscouldhavebeenthatwomenwereseenasinferiortomen.Another
reasoncouldhavebeenthattheydidntownland.
I)TheWorldAntislaverysocietyconventionof1840wasthebirthplaceofthewomens
rightsmovementbecausewomenwantedtofightforequality,alongsidethe
abolishmentofslavery.IntheWorldAntislaverysocietyconventionof1840womenmet
withotherdeterminedwomenandworkedtogethertoformthefirstWomensRights
Convention.

7AsLongasGrassGrowsorWaterRuns
A)NativeAmericansfoughtalongsidetheBritishduringtheAmericanRevolutionary
WarbecausetheBritishsignedforpeaceandeventuallyendedupgoinghome,butthe
AmericanskeptattackingtheNativeAmericanseventhoughtheywerehomealready.
TheycontinuedtheBattleinthefrontier.
B)JeffersonwantedNativeAmericanstoadapttoAmericanculture,andparticipatein
farming,trading,etcJeffersonwantedtoleadthemtoagriculture,manufactures

C)AmericansdividedlandandkickedoutIndiansfromtheirlands,whichwould
sometimesendupbeingsold.Indianshadtogiveuptheirlandtothegovernment.
ThesefactorsbenefitedtheTecumshesrebellion.
D)TheBattleofHorseshoeBendwaswonwiththehelpoftheCherokees.The
CherokeesswamandattackedtheCreeks,eventuallyleadingtothewinningofthe
Battle.CherokeeshelpedbecausetheUnitedStatesgovernmentpromised
governmentalfriendship.
E)AndrewJacksongotFloridabyforce.JacksonbeganraidsintoFlorida,insistingthat
itwasasanctuaryforescapedslavesandmaraudingIndians.(Page129)Andrew
Jacksonalsosaidthat,itwasessentialtothedefenseoftheUnitedStates.(Page
129)
F)TheSeminoleWarof1818,ledtothepurchaseofFlorida,in1919fromSpain.
G)AndrewJacksonactedunconstitutionallybypassingtheIndianRemovalAct,which
wouldmakeallIndiansmovetotheWest,leavingtheirlands.
H)TheCherokeesdecidedtofightusingguerillawarfare.Cherokeesguerillawarfare
althoughshortonsoldiersknewhowtoactusingmilitarytactics.
I)TheSeminolesjustliketheCherokeesusedguerillawarfaretoresist/fightremoval.
UsingguerillawarfaretheSeminolesbeganaseriesofattacksonwhitecoastal
settlements.(Page145)TheSeminolesmurderedwhitefamiliescapturedslaves,and
destroyedproperty.(Page145)Seminolesguerillatacticsweresoeffectivethatnoone
wasabletostopthem,theyeventuallygottiredinthe1840s,andaskedfortruces.This
wasaneightyearwarthatcost$20millionand1,500Americanlives.

J)ThehappiesteffectsoftheCherokeeremovalwasthewayitbenefitedwhiteswith
morelandandforcedCherokeestoleave/abandontheirlandstogotoanotherlandwith
terribleconditions.
K)Illustration

8WeTakeNothingbyConquest,ThankGod
A)Mexicoachieveditsindependenceintheyear1821,byarevolutionarywaragainst
Spain.
B)TexasbecameindependentfromMexicoin1836,withtheaidoftheUnitedStates.
Oncetheydeclaredindependence,theydeclaredthemselvesLoneStarRepublic
C)TexasbecameastateoftheUnitedStateson1845.
D)TheMexicanAmericanWarbeganonthesummerof1846
E)ThenewsmediasaidthattheAmericanscouldmakegreateruseofthelandifthey
weretohavecontrolofit,thelandswerentusedtoitsfullpotential.TheNewYork
Heraldwassayingby1847:TheuniversalYankeenationcanregenerateand
disenthrallthepeopleofMexicoinafewyearsandwebelieveitispartofourdestinyto
civilizethatbeautifulcountry.(Page155)
F)WaltWhitmanwantedMexicotobesoundlypunishedbecausetheyweretheonesto
startthewar.WhitmanwroteintheBrooklynEagle,Letourarmsnowbecarriedwitha
spiritwhichshallteachtheworldthat,whilewearenotforwardforaquarrel,America
knowshowtocrush,aswellashowtoexpand!(Page154)

G)ThroughtheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo,signedonFebruary1848,theUnited
StateswereabletobuyhalfofMexicofor$15million.Ithinkitwasabetterbargainfor
theU.Sbecauseitacquiredlargeamountsofland,morethanwhattheydidinthe
LouisianaPurchase
H)Illustration

9SlaveryWithoutSubmission,EmancipationWithoutFreedom
A)TheUnitedStatessupportedslaveryonthebasisthattheystillhadcompletecontrol
overslaves.
B)InordertosupportslaverytheU.Sgovernmentenforcedlawsthatwouldreturn
runawayslavesbacktotheirmasters,andpreventedabolitionistwritingstogetintothe
handsofthepeopleandslaves.Indeed,itsupportsZinnsassertionthatthe
governmentwouldnotallowslaverebelliontoendslavery.TheWhiteelitewantedto
makesureitwasthemwhowouldabolishslavery.Itwasnecessarytomakesurethey
hadtheimageofasuperpowerthatwouldnotbetakendownbyanyone.
C)InHowardZinnsquestion,Aretheconditionsofslaveryasimportantasthe
existenceofslavery?Zinnwasquestioningwhethertheyweretreatedjustasmuchas
theywereused.Slaveswereprovidedwithfood,clothing,andshelterbytheirmaster.
Slaveownerswouldperformwhippingtohangingsifslavesmisbehavedanditwouldbe
justifiedbythethingsthatweregiventothem.
D)Inordertomaintainamaincommunityslaveswouldtakecareofeachother.As
GeorgeRawicksummarizes,Theslavecommunityactedlikeageneralizedextended

kinshipsysteminwhichalladultslookedafterallchildrenandtherewaslittledivision
betweenmychildrenforwhomImresponsibleandyourchildrenforwhomyoure
responsible.(Page177)Slavesoftenrebelledthroughsongsanddanceshelpingthem
maintaintheircommunity.
E)FredrickDouglaswasthefamousAfricanAmericanmanofhistimebecausehe
wasabletoreadandwrite,andnotmanywereableto.Withtheskillsofreadingand
writinghewasabletowriteabouttheirchildhoodexperiences,questioningslavery.
Douglaswasanewspapereditor,lecturer,andwriter.
F)J.WLoguen,sonofaslavemotherandherwhiteowner,wasoneofthemanyblacks
whoorganizedresistancetotheFugitiveSlaveAct,denouncingPresidentFillmorewho
signeditandSenatorDanielWebsterwhosupportedit.J.WLoguenarguedthathe
receivedhisfreedomfromHeavenandthathehastherightstohisfreedom.J.W
Loguensaidthefollowinginameeting:Thetimehascometochangethetonesof
submissionintotonesofdefianceandtotellMr.FillmoreandMr.Webster,ifthey
proposetoexecutethismeasureuponus,tosendontheirbloodhoundsIreceived
myfreedomfromHeaven,andwithitcamethecommandtodefendmytitletoit.I
dontrespectthislawIdontfearitIwontobeyit!Itoutlawsme,andIoutlawit.(Page
181
G)Severalwhiteabolitioniststhoughtblacksandwhiteswerenotequalpeople.Awhite
personcanbebothanabolitionistandracist,forexample,awhiteabolitionistbelieved
thatslaverywaswrongbutatthesametimebelievedthatblackswereinferiorto
whites.Insomereligionsslaverywasbad,andthatmightbewhywhitepeople

supporteditsabolishment.Itcouldhavealsohelpedthenorthernelitejustifyeconomic
inequalityinafactorysystem,becauseslaveswereaperfectexampleofinjustice.
H)Lincolnspokefrombothsidesrichandblacktogainalargersupport,andtogaina
viewoftheirperspectives.Lincolnusedtheirperspectivestotryandfindabalance
betweenboth.Lincolnalsousedtheviewstobenefitbothsides.
I)TheEmancipationProclamationwasissuedonJanuary1,1863,itdeclaredslaves
freeinthoseareasstillfightingagainsttheUnion.TheEmancipationProclamationwas
amilitarytacticusedintheSouth.ItwasamilitarymovegivingtheSouthfourmonths
tostoprebelling,threateningtoemancipatetheirslavesiftheycontinuedto
fight(Page191)BygivingfreedomtotheslavestheywouldmostlikelyjointheUnion
tofighttheSouth.
J)ZinntellsusseveralthingsaboutFrancesEllenWatkins,firstthatsheandother
womenwerehelpingoutintheSouthaftertheeventsoftheCivilWar.Franceswas
fightingforcoloredwomensrights,ZinnalsotellsusthatFrancesarguedoverhow
womendidthesamethingsasmendid,laborwiseandgotlittlepay.Thepointisto
showwomenwerebecomingstrongandindependent.
K)Illustration

10TheOtherCivilWar

A)ThefactorsthatcontributedtothegrowthofmonopoliesbeforetheCivilWar,was
thedevelopmentoftechnologyandpeoplemovingtotheWest.Moneywasneededto
startfundingmoreinventionsitwasatimewheretechnologywasstartingtogrow.
B)Astechnologydeveloped,morecapitalwasneeded,moreriskshadtobetakenand
abiginvestmentneededstability.(Page219)Someexamplesofmonopoliesformedin
themid1850sweretheNewYorkRailroadandtheAmericanIronAssociation.
C)TheFederalandStategovernmentsdidnothingagainstmonopolies.Thefollowing
showshowthegovernmenthelpedthebusinesses,Anotherwaytominimizeriskswas
tomakesurethegovernmentplayeditstraditionalrole,goingbacktoAlexander
HamiltonandthefirstCongress,ofhelpingthebusinessinterests,thisshowshowthe
governmenthelpedthebusiness.Thegovernmentwouldalsohelpthebusinessesby
providingthemwithrightsandlaws.
D)AftertheCivilWartheconditionsoftheurbanpoorwereworst.Morepeoplewere
livinginthestreetsandthebuildingsforthepoorweresocrowded.Poorneighborhoods
werefulloftrashanddeadlydiseases.
E)MenoftheNationalLaborUnionvotedtoincludeblacksandwomenamongtheir
numbersin1869becausetogethertheyhavemorepowertoprotestforbetterwages.
NationalLaborrealizedthatnomatterwhatraceorsexeveryonehastherighttofair
wages

11RobberBaronsandRebels

A)Steamandelectricpoweredmachineswerethetechnologythattransformedthe
workplaceformof18651900.
B)Thisnewtechnologyincreasedtheproductionspeedofgoodsanditreducedtime.
Forexample,BeforetheBessemerprocess,ironwashardenedintosteelattherateof
3to5tonsadaynowthesameamountcouldbeprocessedin15minutes.(Page253)
Technologybenefitedsocietywithbettermeansoftransportation,electricitytopower
lights,betterwaystopreservefoodproductsandmuchmore.
C)AccordingtotheInterstateCommerceCommissionaround22,000railroadworkers
werekilledorinjured.Therailroadworkersworkedmanyhours,andtheworking
conditionswerenotsafe,safetywasntapriority.
D)J.PMorganjustifiedhismethodsofdoingbusinessbecauseaccordingtohim,he
believeshechangedbusinessindustry.
E)ZinnarguesthatthemembersoftheSupremeCourtconsistedofwealthypeople,
whoweremostlikelyinfavorfortheupperclassratherthanthelowerclass.Zinn
questionswhethertheycanactinaneutralfashion.
F)Theeducationalsystemprovidededucationforlowerandmiddleclass,assuring
themaspotonthenextworkingclassforfutureindustries.Besidesteachingthemthe
fundamentalsnecessaryforfuturejobs,theeducationalsystemenforceditsstudentsto
respectandobeyhighauthority.Nowindays,theeducationalsystemhaschangeda
lot,oneasstudenthastheoptionofchoosingthejobunlikeinthenineteenthcentury
wereeducationalsystemschose.

G)Thelabormovementhadsomesuccessesinthe1880sand1890sstartingwith
puttinganendtochildlaborinAmerica,managing8hoursadayforallworkerswith
minimumwages,andsafetywasstartingtobecomeatoppriority.
H)AfricanAmericanworkerswerereluctanttojointhePullmanstrikebecausethey
werebeingraciallydiscriminatedbythestrikers,andbecausetheysawnoreasonto
join.
I)ThestrikeatthePullmanplantinChicagobecameanationwidestrikebecause
Pullmancarswereusedallaroundthecountry,andpeoplehadbeentellingothersto
boycottthem.
J)Thefederalgovernmentsidedwithrailroadownersbecausetheywantedtomaintain
controlandorderoverpeople.

12TheEmpireandThePeople
A)TheodoreRooseveltwrotetoafriendin1897:Instrictconfidence.Ishould
welcomealmostanywar,forIthinkthiscountryneedsone.Rooseveltthoughtawar
wouldbeperfecttodeflectrebelliousenergyfromstrikerstoanewenemy.Roosevelt
alsothoughtthatawarwouldunitethepeopleandgovernment,preventinganyattack
fromthepeopletowardstheirgovernment.
B)TheCubanrebelswelcomedtheMcKinleysultimatumbecausetheyhopedthe
TellerAmendmentwouldguaranteeCubanIndependence.TheCubanslaterrealized
thattheU.SwasjusttryingtoreplaceSpain.

C)DuringtheSpanishAmericanWar5,462Americansoldiersdied.379outofthose
5,462soldiersdiedfrombattlecasualtieswhiletherestdiedfromdiseasesandother
causes.
D)TheFilipinosdidntliketheU.Stotakeovertheircountry.Filipinosbegantorevolt
againsttheAmericans,andfoughtagainsttheAmericansoldiers.TheU.Stookthree
yearstocontrolthePhilippines.
E)Illustration

13TheSocialistChallenge
A)ThesuffragemovementwasincludedinthechaptercalledTheSocialistChallenge
becausethesocialistswereforthesuffragemovement.Advocatingsuffrageforall
wouldhelpempowertheworkingclass.Socialismcallsforthepowertolieinthe
governmentshandsinsteadofthealreadyrichcapitalists.
B)EmmaGoldmansargumentthecauseoftheSpanishAmericanWarwastheprice
ofsugarreferredtoU.SbusinesseswantingtotakeoverCubajusttogainmore
money.TheU.ScouldmakealotofmoneyiftheytookoverCubabecausesugarwasa
veryprofitablebusiness.
C)MotherJoneswantedtoendchildlaborbecauseshesawmanychildrenwith
missingfingers,EverydaylittlechildrencameintoUnionHeadquarters,somewiththeir
handsoff,somewiththeirthumbmissing,somewiththeirfingersoffattheknuckle.
(Page346)MotherJonesbegantoprotestwithlittlekids,Thechildrenmarched
throughNewJerseyandNewYorkanddowntoOysterBaytotrytoseePresident

TheodoreRoosevelt,butherefusedtoseethem.(Page346)MotherJonessaid,But
ourmarchhaddoneitswork.Wehaddrawntheattentionofthenationtothecrimeof
childlabor.(Page346)
D)TheRockefellersmighthavewantedtobuycoalminestoeliminatethecompetition
andpossiblytomakemoreprofits.
E)Illustration

14WarIstheHealthoftheState
A)WorldWarOnebeganin1914,andthePresidentatthetimeWoodrowWilsonsaid
TheUnitedStateswouldstayneutralinthewaryettheU.Shadbeenshippinggreat
amountsofwarmaterialstoGermanysenemy.Inearly1915,theLusitaniawassunk
byaGermansubmarineaccordingtotheUStheLusitaniawasaninnocentcargo
carryingAmericansthateventuallydied,butitlaterturnedouttobeashipfullofheavy
warmaterial.OnApril,1917theU.SofficiallyenteredWorldWarOne,J.PMorganhad
somethingtosayaboutthewar,hesaidthefollowing,TheWaropenedduringaperiod
ofhardtimes.Businessthroughoutthecountrywasdepressed,farmpriceswere
deflated,unemploymentwasserious,theheavyindustrieswereworkingfarbelow
capacityandbankclearingwereoff.
B)WorldWarOneofficiallyendedonNovember1918withitbeingoneofthebloodiest
warinU.Shistory,leaving50,000Americansoldiersdead

C)WorldWarOnecanbecalledawarofattritionbecausebothfoughtforyearsuntil
oneranoutofsuppliesandtroops.Assoonasonesideranoutofsupplies,itwill
immediatelycollapse.
D)AmericawasinterestedinlandslikeAfricabecauseoftherawmaterialsithad.
DuringWorldWar1,Americasawtheopportunitytoruleoveraprofitableland.Dubois
wouldhaveagreedwiththisashesaidbefore,AfricaisthelandoftheTwentieth
Century,becauseofthegoldanddiamondsofSouthAfrica,thecocoaofAngolaand
Nigeria,therubberivoryoftheCongo,thepalmoiloftheWestCoast.(Page363)
E)ManysocialistswhoopposedAmericasinvolvementintheFirstWorldWarargued
thattheworkingclasssuffersallthedamagewhilethewealthyjustorder.Thishasbeen
thecasesincethediscoveryofAmerica.Anotherreasonwhymanyopposedtothe
involvementofthewarwastoldbyJ.PMorganwholatertestifiedthefollowing,The
waropenedduringaperiodofhardtimesBusinessthroughoutthecountrywas
depressed,farmpricesweredeflated,unemploymentwasserious,theheavyindustries
wereworkingfarbelowcapacityandbankclearingswereoff.DespiteAmericafacing
tougheconomicsituationathome,manybelievedthattheFirstWorldWarwouldhelp,
asothercountrieswouldneedsomeonetosupplythemwithgoods.WilliamJennings
Bryan,althoughabelieverinneutralityofthewarhealsobelievedthattheUnited
Statesneededoverseasmarkets.WoodrowWilsonaswellgaveareasonastowhy
supportthewarthroughthefollowing,Ourdomesticmarketsnolongersuffice,andwe
needforeignmarkets.
15SelfhelpinHardTimes

A)ThereweremanystrikesdirectlyafterWorldWarOnebecauseworkerswanteda
betterlifenowthatthewarwasover,workerswantedthefollowing:wageincrease,
shorterhours,andbetterworkingconditions.AccordingtoHowardZinntellingthestory
inthepeoplesperspective,35,000shipyardworkerswentonstrikeforawage
increase,hecontinuesbysayingThecityhadstoppedfunctioningexceptforactivities
organizedbythestrikerstoprovideessentialneeds.(Page377)Thisshowshow
determinedthestrikerswereinordertogetthethingstheywanted.
B)Thedepictionofthe1920sasprosperousandroaringismisleadingbecauseofthe
manyterribleevents.StartingwiththerevivaloftheKuKluxKlanbestknownasKKK,
whichhad4.5millionmembersby1924,withtheriseoftheKKKAfricanAmericans
beganfacingdiscrimination,hatred,andviolence.Despitethereductionof
unemploymentrates,theworkingclassdidntbenefitasmuchcomparedtothe
upperclass.TheGreatDepressionledtoahugecrashintheeconomywhichwestill
dealwithinpresenttime.Manybusinessesclosedandjustasunemployment
decreaseditimmediatelyincreased.
C)Workingclasswomendidntcelebratethepassageofthenineteenthamendment
becauseonlythemiddleandupperclasswomenhadtheprivilegeofvotingandthe
privilegetodiscusspolitictopics,whileworkingclasswomenwereworking12hoursa
day56aweek.
D)JohnSteinbecksGrapesofWrathhadsomehistoricaleventsstartingwiththe
migrationoftheoakies,andmigrantfarmers.JohnSteinbeckinhisnovelGrapesof

Wrathwrotethefollowing,Andthedispossessed,themigrants,flowedintoCalifornia
twohundredandfiftythousandandthreehundredthousand.(Page389)
E)Illustration

16APeoplesWar
A)Takingintoconsiderationtherecordingsonworldaffairsbefore1941,thebehavior
thenationanditspeopleshowedtowardsforeigncountriesanditspeoplewouldmake
nodifferenceintreatinganationthatwasaffiliatedwiththeminthepast.Americahas
provenitselfdeceitfulasitoftentakesitsowninterestintoaccountinsteadofthe
people.JustasZinnhadmentioned,Rooseveltwasasmuchconcernedtoend
oppressionofJewsasLincolnwastoendslaveryduringtheCivilWartheirpriorityin
policy(whatevertheirpersonalcompassionforvictimsofpersecution)wasnotminority
rights,butnationalpower.
B)TheMarshallPlanof1948wastheAmericanaidtoEuropewhichconsistedof$16
billion,tohelprebuildEuropeaneconomiesafterWorldWarTwo.TheMarshallPlans
economicgoalwastobuildupmarketsforAmericanexports.Bygivingeconomicaidto
certaincountriesinEuropetheU.SwascreatinganetworkofAmericancorporate
controlovertheglobe.GeneralGeorgeMarshallquotedthefollowing,Itisidletothink
thataEuropelefttoitsownefforts.wouldremainopentoAmericanbusinessinthe
samewaythatwehaveknownitinthepast.ThepoliticalgoaloftheMarshallPlanwas
topreventthespreadofcommunism.TheU.Sforeignpolicysupportedrightwing
dictatorshipbecauserightwingdictatorshipswerenotagainstcapitalism.TheU.S

overthrewthemostdemocraticgovernmentGuatemalaeverhad.Thepresident
(JacoboArbenz)wasaleftofcentersocialist.Itwasoverthrownbecausepresident
(JacoboArbenz)hadtakenaway234,000acresoflandownedbyUnitedFruit.
C)Illustrate
D)Illustrate

17orDoesItExplode?
A)ThepoembyCounteeCullenIncidentcapturestheinnocentthoughts,andthe
extremepainhemusthavefelt.Thispoemalsotellsushowimportantracismisinthe
livesofitsvictims.Thepoemtellsusaboutan8yearoldwhostayedinBaltimorefor
months,buttheonlythingheremembersfromthereisracism.
th
B)JustasDuBoisoncesaidlongago,theproblemofthe20
centuryistheproblemof

thecolorline.(Page448)DuBoiswasntwrong,theconflictsgrewandmanywhites
includingthepresidentatthetime(HarryTruman)weresurprisedbecausefor
years/centuries,whiteshaddominatedandbothlivedseparately.AfricanAmericans
begantospeakup,andwhitesfeltuncomfortablefromfearofchangeandtheywere
alsointimidatedbytheBlackPanthers.
C)JustasTrumanscommitteesaid,oursmallestactionshavefarreachingeffects.
(Page449)Trumanscommitteerealizedthatdiscriminationwascostlytothecountry,
anddecidedtopasslawsagainstlynching,stopvotingdiscrimination,andsuggesteda
newlawtoendracialdiscriminationinjobs.

D)In1954theSupremeCourtfinallystruckdownthetheseparatebutequaldoctrine
thatithaddefendedinthe1890s.Thecourtsaid,theseparationofschoolchildren
generatesafeelingofinferiority..thatmayaffecttheirheartsandmindsinaway
unlikely,evertobeundone.(Page450)AlthoughtheCourtdidnotinsistonimmediate
change:ayearlateritsaidthatsegregatedfacilitiesshouldbeintegratedwithall
deliberatespeed.Althoughtenyearsafterthesocalleddeliberatespeedabout75%of
theschoolsintheSouthcontinuedtoremainsegregated.
E)BlackweredefinitelytiredofracismandtheRosaParksincidentwasjustanother
addition.WhenRosaParksrefusedtoobeyMontgomeryslaw,whichonlyallowed
blacktositinthebackifanyseatsareavailable,shesatinthefront,Rosaexplained
whyshesatinthefrontinthefollowing:Well,inthefirstplace,Ihadbeenworkingall
dayonthejob.Iwasquitetiredafterspendingafulldayworking.Ihandleandworkon
clothingthatwhitepeoplewear.(Page451)TheMontgomerybusboycottbeganwith
Montgomeryblackscallingamassmeetinginwhichtheyvotedtoboycottallcitybuses.
Unfortunatelytheboycottledtooneoftheleadersdeath,MartinLutherKingJr.Even
afterKingsdeaththeboycottwenton.TheboycottendedonNovember1956withthe
SupremeCourtoutlawingsegregationonlocalbuslines.
F)AccordingtoHowardZinn,therewastwosuccessivetacticsonewasthe
MontgomerybusboycottwhichresultedintheSupremeCourtoutlawingsegregationon
localbuslines,theothersuccessivetacticwasthesitins,althoughtherewasviolence
againstsitinnersandarrest,thesitinswereaswellsuccessive,bytheendof1960,
lunchcounterswereopentoblacksinGreensboroandmanyotherplaces.

G)MartinLutherKingcontributedthemostimportantthingduringthecivilrights
movementwhichwasstrongleadership.Kingbelievedinracialjustice,hefoughtfor
freedomandequalityforAfricanAmericansbutnotthroughviolencebutthroughthe
powerofprotest.MartinLutherKinginameetinginspiredmillionsofpeopletodemand
racialjusticehesaid,Wemustusetheweaponoflove.Wemusthavecompassionand
understandingforthosewhohateus.Wemustrealizesomanypeoplearetaughtto
hateusthattheyarenotusuallyresponsiblefortheirhate.Butwestandinlifeat
midnightwearealwaysonthethresholdofanewdawn.(Page452)ZinnfollowsKings
inspirationalspeechbysaying,Kingsstressonloveandnonviolencewaspowerfully
effectiveinbuildingasympatheticfollowingthroughoutthenation,amongwhites,as
wellasblacks.(Page452)
H)Racismstillcontinued,onFebruary1,1960,4blackfreshmanstudentsattendinga
NegrocollegeinGreensboro,NorthCarolina,decidedtositdownatWoolworthslunch
counterdowntown,whereonlywhitesate.Thesefourblackstudentswererefused
serviceandwhentheydidntleavethelunchcounterwasclosedfortheday.Moreand
moreblackswouldgodayafterdayjusttositdownquietlyandthelunchcounterwould
keepclosing.Thiseventeventuallyspreadtofifteencitiesandfivestates.Thepurpose
ofthesitinswastoletwhitesandblackseatinthesameplacewithoutdiscrimination.
I)Thefinalresultwasthatblackswerenowabletoeatinplaceswerewhiteseat,
withoutservicebeingdenied.HowardZinnwrotethefollowing:Butbytheendof1960,
lunchcounterswereopentoblacksinGreensboroandmanyotherplaces.(Page453)

J)AftertheGreensboroincident,theCongressofRacialEquality,organizedfreedom
rides,whosegoalwastobreakthesegregationpatternininterstatetravel.Freedom
RidersboardedtwobusesthatleftWashingtonD.C,theyplannedtotravelthroughout
theSouth,eventuallyendingupinNewOrleans,andfreedomriderswerebeatenand
arrestedthroughouttheride.Theywereabletoachievetheirgoalbyridingbusesinto
theSouth,oneafteranother,untilfederalgovernmentswereforcedtoprotectthem,
besidesridingbuses,Blacksusedthepowerofprotesttodemandtheirrights.
K)HowardZinnexplainshoweventhoughthecivilrightsemphasizedvotingitdidnt
reallymatterbecauseitwasntgoingtohelpthefiftypercentoftheblackpopulation
belowthepovertyline.Takingasanexamplemodernsociety,racismandpovertystill
existeventhoughthemajorityofpeopleareabletovote,HowardZinnwordswereright
Votingwasnotafundamentalsolutiontoracismorpoverty.(Page458)
L)TheWattsRiotwasoneofthemostviolentoutbreakssinceWorldWarTwo.Theriot
beganafterthefollowing:ayoungNegrodriverwasforciblyarrested,theclubbingofa
bystanderbyapolice,andtheseizureofayoungblackwomenfalselyaccusedof
spittingonthepolice.TheWattsRiotendedwhenNationalGuardswerebroughtin,
severalblacksdiedbytheshootingbuttherioteventuallyended.
M)Illustration

18TheImpossibleVictory:Vietnam
A)The1954GenevaPeaceAccordstipulatedthefollowing:Frenchwouldtemporarily
withdrawintotheSouthernpartofVietnam,leavingVietminhintheNorth.(Page472)

The1954GenevaPeaceAccordalsostipulatedthatanelectionwouldtakeplaceintwo
yearsinaunifiedVietnamtoenabletheVietnamesetochoosetheirowngovernment.
TheU.SthenlaterpreventedtheelectionsbecausetheMinhregimewasmorepopular
thantheDiemregime.Withthatsaid,Minhwasmostlikelygoingtobecometheleader
oftheVietnamesegovernment,theU.Sdidntwanthimbecausetheythought
communismwouldgrowunderhisleadership.
B)TheKennedypolicywastosendaround16,000militaryadviserstoSouthVietnamin
anattempttomoveSouthVietnamesepeasantsintofortifiedvillages.Themilitary
adviserswouldtrainSouthVietnamesesoldierstofightagainstcommunismrule.
PresidentKennedywouldalsosendfinancialandmilitaryaidovertoSouthVietnam.
ThispolicyissimilartotheonetowardsCubainthewaythatKennedysentadvisorsto
trainsoldiers.
C)ThebombingsofVietnambyAmericanforcescausedAmericanreaderstostart
questioningtheU.Sinvolvementbecausetheywouldntjustbekillingtheenemybut
manyinnocentpeople.TheAmericancontentionisthattheywereVietcongsoldiers.
(Page477)
D)OperationPhoenixwasasecretprogrambytheCIAthatexecutedatleasttwenty
thousandciviliansinSouthVietnamwhoweresuspectedofbeingmembersofthe
CommunistUnderground.TheAmericansweremostlikelykeptignorantofitsexistence
becauseitwouldleadtoamuchlargeroppositionofthewar.
E)ThemajorityoftheAmericanvoteswantedtheirpresidenttostopsendingtroopsto
VietnamandwantedAmericansoldierstobebroughtbackhome.Americanssawthe

VietnamWarasalostbecausemanyoftheU.Ssoldiersweredeadorwounded.The
newelectedpresidentRichardNixonrespondedbysayinghewouldgettheU.Soutof
Vietnam.NixonbeganwithdrawingAmericantroopsandbyFebruary1972,lessthan
150,000wereleft.(Page483)NixonsetupapolicywhichwasVietnamizationinwhich
NixonwouldsupplytheSaigongovernmentanditsVietnamesetroopswithmoneyto
keepthewargoing.
F)TheVietnamWarendedonApril1975.
G)Illustration

19Surprises
A)DuringWorldWar2,womenwererecognizedforhelpingathomeduringthewar,but
returnedtotheirprisonofhouseworkwhenthewarwasover.Womenwantedchange
becausetheywerentprivilegedlikemenwerewithfreedom,andrights.Theirhelp
duringthewarshowedtheirindependenceandvalue.
B)Womencouldntseeklegalactionbefore1967becausethepracticeofsex
discriminationagainstfemalesinworktimewasntillegaltherewasnolawthatcould
haveprotectedthem.Finallyin1967,PresidentLyndonJohnsonsignedanexecutive
orderthatwouldeliminatesexdiscriminationatwork,althoughitwasntreallyenforced.
C)Abortionisperceivedasafeministissuenotamedicalorcivilrightsissuebecause
thewomanhastherightonwhethershewantstobearachild.Feministsbelievedthat
nooneshouldforcethemtohaveachildagainsttheirownwill.Afeministissueisan

issuethatconcernsnooneelsebutthewomen,whilecivilrightsisanissuethataffects
everyone.

20TheSeventies:UnderControl?
A)OnJune1972,5burglarsbrokeintotheDemocraticNationalCommittee,andwere
caughtstealingwiretappingandphotoequipment.Thefiveburglarswereconnectedto
Nixonscampaigncommittee,totheCIA,andtoNixonsAttorneyGeneral.(Page543)
ThepurposeforthisactwastoreelectNixon.
B)AccordingtoSamuelHuntingtontheexcessofdemocracywouldbewhenthe
governmenthadavastamountofsuppliesandsoldierswillingtosacrificethemselvesif
anewthreatweretoarise.
C)ThepurposeoftheTrilateralCommissionwastoachieveagreaterunityamong
Japan,WesternEurope,andtheUnitedStates,andstandtogetherincasethirdworld
countriesbecomeathreat.

21CarterReaganBush:TheBipartisanConsensus
A)HowardZinndescribespost1960sasatimewiththelastparticipationofvoters.On
Page564,Zinnstated,In1960,63percentofthoseeligibletovotevotedinthe
presidentialelection.By1976,thisfigurehaddroppedto53percent.Mostpeopledidnt
haveanyinterestinvotingsincemanybelievedthatitwouldnotsolvetheirproblems.

AftertheeventsoftheVietnamWarandtheWatergatescandal,peoplebegantolose
theirtrustinthegovernment.
B)TheU.SacquiredthePanamaCanalbyaidingPanamaduringtheirrevolutionfrom
independencefromColumbia.TheU.SlaterimposedatreatygivingtheU.S,military
bases,controlofthePanamaCanal,andsovereigntyinperpetuity.PresidentJimmy
CartergavethePanamaCanalbacktoPanamabecausehebelieveditwasntright,
anditwasnttheirland.Americanpeoplecaredbecausethecanalprovidedprofits.
C)Amultinationalisacorporationthatmadeitsmoneyfromothercountriesasideits
homecountry,98percentofthetopexecutiveswereAmericans.Africaprovedtobethe
mostprofitablewithaninvestmentof$5.2billionandaprofitof$14.3billion.Theleast
profitablewasEuropewithaninvestmentof$8.1billionandonlymaking$5.5billionin
profit.Thedifferencesinprofitabilitywereveryobviousbetweenthesecountries,Africa
showedtohavethelargestofprofits.DuBoisoncesaidAfricawastheLandofthe
TwentiethCenturyhewasright.
D)TheU.Smadepoliticalloyaltyastipulationforforeignaidbecausetheysawnoneed
tohelpnationsthatopposedthem.Byprovidingforeignaidtoloyalnations,nations
wouldbemoreinclinedtosidewiththeU.S
E)CarterendedfederalpriceregulationsonoilandgasbecausetheGulfoilcorporation
highlyoverpricedtheproducts.TheU.SsupportedElSalvadorsmilitaryJuntabecause
thepeasantrebellioninterferedwiththeprofitsofbusinessthathadtakeninterestinthe
land.

F)FerdinandMarcosmighthaveusethe$300millionU.Said,tokeephisstrongrule
overhispeopleandtofightagainstthosewhoopposedhim.Bygivingagenerousaidto
thePhilippines,U.Sgotthemontheirside,andstoppedthespreadofleftwingrebels.
G)Bushslastinglegacyalthoughnotseeninagoodway,wasthepooreconomic
choiceshemade,cuttingbenefitsofthepoor,loweringtaxesfortherich,inorderto
increasemilitarybudget.ReaganslastinglegacywasthefalloftheSovietUnion.
H)InJune1992morethanahundredcountriesparticipatedintheEarthSummit
environmentalconferenceinBrazil.TheU.Stookapositionofobjectionasshowninthe
following:ButwhenitwassuggestedthattheEarthSummitconsidertheeffectsofthe
militaryonenvironmentaldegradation,theUnitedStatesdelegationobjectedandthe
suggestionwasdefeated.(Page577)
I)Reagansrationaleforhispositiononwelfarewasthatitwouldbenefittherich,and
wasonlyusedtohelplazypeople.HistaxcutsledtotheterminationofSocialSecurity
benefitsfor350,000people.Manypeoplebegantolosemedicalinsurance,
unemploymentratesrose,themortalityratesofinfantsbegantorisein1981.In
addition,morepeoplebegantofallintopoverty.
J)Welfareaidedpoorfamiliesandsinglemotherswith:foodstamps,healthcare,and
$500$700amonth(thebenefitsdifferedfromstatetostate),evenafterthebenefits
thesefamilieswerestillbelowthepovertylevel
K)Page579statesthatmiddleclasstaxpayersweretrickedbypoliticiansintobelieving
thattheirtaxeswentintosupportingteenagemothersandpeopletheythoughttoolazy
towork.Thewordwelfarewasusedinawaythattrickedpeopleintobelieving

welfareandassistancetothepoorwastwodifferentthings.Althoughbothterms,
Welfareandassistancetothepooristhesamethingbecausebothaimtohelpand
aidthepoorwithfood,healthcare,andmoney.Eventhoughbothtermshavethesame
definition,middleclasstaxpayersweremorethanlikelytosupportassistanceforthe
poorbecauseitwasamoredirectapproachandtheybelieveditagoodthing.

22TheUnreportedResistance
A)Thereisevidenceofthisadversarialculture,millionsofAmericanswerenothappy
withthewaythegovernmentwashandlingthings.Thepeoplestartedtogrow,being
tiredofthegovernmentsactionsandstartedtoprotestforspecificchanges.The
systemhasmanagedtostaythesameforsolong,soitmightpotentiallybe
permanentadversarialculture
B)Thefollowinggroupsdidntwanttotakealeadershiproleintheantinuclear
movement:Scientists,Physicians,Catholics,Women,andCollegeProfessors
becausetheydidntbelievewarwastheanswer,theysaidinsteadofenormously
fundingnuclearweapons,theyshouldaidthepoor.
C)TheReaganAdministrationchosetoprosecutedraftresisterasatactictoforcethem
tojoinandnotopposeit.
D)In1983theunemploymentrateforAfricanAmericanswasabove50percent.
E)TheeconomicpositionofAfricanAmericansshowedthattheywerestillnotgiven
anyhighpriorityofbeingbroughtoutofthepovertyline.AfricanAmericanswerenot
lookedasequaltowhites.

F)SomeAfricanAmericanswerestillattendingsegregatedschools,buttheSupreme
Courtusedthedesegregationbusingtohelptheraceproblem.
G)TheU.S.governmentlikeseveraltimesbeforethewarwiththeSandinistas
attemptedtooverthrowagovernment.SimilarastohowtheU.S.governmenthandled
theVietnamWar,secrecyanddeceptionwerethetwomajortoolsthegovernment
used.
H)Lawswerepassedtokeeppeopleundercontrolbutinmanycases,thosewhomade
andpassedthelawswouldoftenbethosewhodisobeyedit.Disobeyingthelawcaused
themnofearsincethesepeoplehadthemoneyathandorknewtheloopholestoavoid
anypenalization.Treatiessignedbetweentwogroupsofpeoplewouldoftenbebroken
byonegroupbecauseofaprobablebenefit.Sometreatiestrickedonegrouptostand
downandremaincalmwhiletheotherpreparedanattack.Greedwouldoftenstandin
thewayofthesetreatiesassomesoughtprofitsonly.
I)TheU.SgovernmentcontributedtothestabilityofElSalvadorsgovernmentby
providingthemwithmilitaryaid.Themilitaryaidhelpedpreventanyrebellions.
J)TheCongresshadmanythingstofeelembarrassedfor,likethekillingofthe
ArchbishopOscarRomerowhoevenaskedPresidentCartertostopprovidingEl
Salvadorwithmilitaryaid.Congressmayhavealsobeenembarrassedtomany
AmericanswhoopposedtheU.SinvolvementinthefirstplaceZinnstatedthe
following,demonstrators,mainlymiddleaged,protestingattheFederalBuilding
againstU.SinvolvementinElSalvador.(Zinn608)

K)CollinPowellwantedtoprovethatthelavishmilitaryanditsweaponswerenota
wasteaswellastoshowcasethemilitaryeminenceoftheUnitedStates.
L)LikeapowerfulnationAmericawasandstillisthegovernmenthadcontrolovermost
partsofthemedia.Thereforethemediasjobwastocontroltheinformationfedtothe
peopleandconcealthedetailsofthewar.
M)TheUnitedStatesdidnotremoveSaddamHusseinfrompowerbecausekeeping
himwasawayofmaintainingbalanceinIran.BushbelievedthatHusseinwouldhelp
shutdownrebellionsinhiscountrywithouttheneedofAmericanintervention.
N)ArabAmericanswereoftentheobjectsofattackduringthePersianGulfWar
becauseAmericansmostlikelyviewedArabslivesasworthless.Brzezinskisaid,The
veryintensityoftheairassaultonIraqgivesrisetoconcerntheconductofthewarmay
cometobeseenasevidencethatAmericansviewArablivesasworthless
O)LikeinanyotherconflicttheU.Sisinvolvedinthegovernmentonlyfocusesonits
lossandnottheothercountries.TakingintoconsiderationtheantiArabracismthat
arosemadeAmericansindifferenttoracialgroup,thereforecausalitiesintheIraqiwar
didntmattertothecountry.
P)Illustration

23)TheComingRevoltoftheGuards
A)Eventhough64percentofAmericabelievedintheactofgenerosityofthe
governmenthelpingthepoor,only23percentwantedmoneytobesetasideforthe
welfareprogram.Thestatisticsshowthatpeopledontbelieveinwelfaredespitetheir

desiretohelpthemuchneededpoorbecausetheyfeelwelfareisineffective.People
whodisagreewithwelfarebelieveitsineffectivebecausetherearestillmillionsof
peoplelivingonpoverty.Apossiblewayinwhichthegovernmentcanhelpisby
providingjobstothoseinneed,orsimplytostopthegovernmentfromfavoring
capitalists.
B)ManyLatinosliveasomewhatlifeinpovertyinthe1990scomparedtothe
AngloAmericans.
D)ZinndefinedtheVietnamSyndromeasthenegativeimpactsithadontheU.Sand
itscitizens,havinglostmuchduringtheVietnamWar.InonewayoranotherZinnsort
ofquestionedthegovernmentanditspower
E)TheVietnamWarfrightenedpeopleandmanyrefusedtogothroughitagaininthe
IraqWar.ThosewhoopposedtheIraqWarrefusedtoseesomanyinnocentlivestaken
away.ItwasthislegacyoftheVietnamwarthefeelingamongagreatmajorityof
Americansthatitwasaterribletragedy,awarthatshouldnothavebeenfoughtthat
plaguedtheReaganandBushadministration.
F)ThereasonwhytherewasahugedisparitybetweenwhitesandAfricanAmericans
whosupportedthewarwasbecausemanyAfricanAmericansweregoingtobedrafted
intheupcomingwarandprobablybecausetheyweretiredofsufferingandmaking
otherpeoplesufferhowtheydid.Whitesontheotherhandweresomewhatprotected
bythestructureofsociety.
G)Warsparksagreatfeelingofnationalismacrossthecountryasitdidafterthe9/11
attack,butitdoesnttakelongbeforeitstartsfadingawaybecausepeoplebeginto

realizethedamagetheyhavecostandtheinnocentpeopletheyhavekilledinorderto
showasenseofnationalism.
th
H)Therewerenationwideprotestsallarounduponthe500
yearcelebrationof

ColumbusslandingonHispaniola,notonlybyNativeAmericanswhodemandedan
apologyforColumbusatrocities.TheprotestalsoconsistedofAmericansandLatinos.
I)ManyofthosewhoopposethequincentennialarguedthatColumbushadperformed
anactofinjusticeuponsettingfootontheNewWorld,whichistruetoacertainpoint,
takingintoconsiderationtheangershownbyNativeAmericans.Ontheotherhand,
thosewhopushedforColumbuscelebrationtotakeplacebelievedthathisactions
werejustandnecessaryforthefuturewestandintoday.

24)TheClintonPresidency
A)
Clinton,throughouthispresidencyallowedhispridetotakeoverthenationandnot
thislogicalthinking.Duringhisyearinofficehehadscandalsinvolvinghispersonallife.
PresidentClintonwhileholdingofficehadanaffairwhichalmosteveryoneknowsnow
andcommittedanactofmurderbyapprovingtheFBItoattackagroupofreligious
zealots,killingnearly86men,women,andchildren.Clintonhadwishedtobecomeone
ofthegreatestpresidents,buttheactionshetooklefthimwithnolegacy,butZinnlater
stateshe,likeotherpoliticians,wasmoreinterestedinelectoralvictorythaninsocial
change.AccordingtoHowardZinn,Clintonwaseagertoshowhewastoughon
mattersoflawandorder.Therefore,inmyopinionClintonwasanunorganizedselfish

leaderwhoonlycaredforhispublicity.Clintonwasntabletoriseasaleaderandbring
peacetothenation.
B)Inmyopinion,Zinnsopeningcomparisonwassomewhatuseless.BillClintoninmy
opiniondidnotsharethequalitiesofaleaderlikeMartinLutherKingJr,both
representeddifferentsocialphilosophies.AlthoughbothClintonandMartinLutherKing
wantedtorevolutionizeAmericabypromisingabetternation,Clintononlycaredfor
himselfasZinnstatedearlyinthechapterhewantedtobeknownasoneofthe
greatestpresidentsofthenation.Ontheotherhand,MartinLutherKingJrwasfighting
forequalityamongallthepeople,fromallraces,withoutanythinginexchange.What
distinguishesboththesemenisthatClintondidntbelieveinthedreamofasociety
rejectingviolenceasdidMartinLutherKingJr.
C)AccordingtotheCrimeBillof1996inwhichClintonwasendorsedenthusiasticallyin,
accomplishednothingbutfearamongthepeople.TheCrimeBillsmainpurposewasto
emphasizepunishment,notprevention,butallthisemphasizingonpunishmentwasa
waytopersuadevotersthatpoliticiansweretoughoncrime.AccordingtoToddClear
whowroteaboutthecrimebillintheNewYorkTimesTougherisDumbersaiditgives
theU.Sthehighestrateofincarceration,andyetviolencecontinuestoincrease.Todd
pointedoutthat70%ofallNewYorkprisonerscomefromeightdifferentrural
neighborhoodsprofoundlysufferingfrompoverty,exclusion,marginalization,and
despair,andallthesesnourishcrime.
D)Intheearly1990sjobswerebeinglostandcorporationsweremovingoutofthe
country.Immigrantswereeventuallyblamedfortakingthejobsfromcitizensofthe

UnitedStates,andreceivinggovernmentbenefitssuchas:foodstamps,andpayments
toelderlyanddisabledpeople.Bothpoliticalpartieseventuallypassedlegislationthat
wouldremovewelfarebenefitsfromnotonlyillegalbutlegalimmigrants.Asidefrom
financialaidbeingrejected,medicalaidwasaswell,makingAmericavulnerabletothe
respreadingofdiseases.
E)Clinton,barelybeinginofficeforsixmonthsdecidedtoshowhisstrengthby
bombingBaghdadduetoarumoraboutaplottokillGeorgeBushduringhisvisitin
Kuwait.AccordingtoColumnistMollyIvinsthebombingofBaghdadhadthepurposeto
sendamessageneverthelessthismessagefitthedefinitionofterrorism.Theresultsof
thebombingweredevastating,thereweresixpeoplekilledallbecauseofarumor,
whichwasnotaccurate.
F)AmericasbiggestmistakewasinterveninglateandbadlyinSomaliaasthecountry
wasfacingacivilwaranditspeopleweredesperateforfood.WhilebeinginSomalia,
AmericaonlycaredforitselfandabandonedtheSomalians.AnothermistakeAmerica
madewasstoppinganddetainingtheUNfromsendingsupportandhelpforthepeople
inRwanda,whicheventuallyledtothedeathofmany.
G)FreeTradebecameanimportantobjective,asitwassupportedbythemajor
politicalparties.TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementNAFTAhadthepurpose
toopenuptheexchangemarketbetweenMexicoandtheU.S,andbenefitingtheU.S
economy.
H)TheMonicaLewinskyscandalhadpeopletalkingandnewspaperstakingoverthe
coverpageformonths.MonicaLewinskywasexposedbyafriendwhotapedtheir

conversationsabouthavingsexualcontactwithClintonhowever,Clintondeniedhis
relationship.Therefore,theHouseofRepresentativesvotedtoimpeachhimonthe
groundthathehadliedindenyingsexualrelationsandobstructedjusticebytryingto
concealinformationabouttheirrelationship.
I)NATOintendedtoreachpeacefulagreementswithKosovo,implyingatreatybutwas
thendenied,thereforeNATObeganthebombingofYugoslavia.
J)Zinnendedthechapterbydemonstratingthatifdemocracyweretobegivenany
meaningifitweretogobeyondnationalismandcapitalismitwouldhavetogothrough
citizensmovements.

25)The2000ElectionandtheWaronTerrorism
A)AlbertGorechosenascandidateforpresidencybytheDemocraticParty,and
GeorgeWBushbytheRepublicanPartyhadmanysimilaritiesastheybothdidnthave
aplanfor:freenationalhealthcare,extensivelowcosthousing,makingdrasticchanges
totheenvironment,andfinallytheybothsupportedthedeathpenaltyandgrowthof
prisons.UnlikeBushandGore,RalphNaderhaddifferentviewsheemphasizedon
healthcare,educationandasaferenvironment,buthewasshutoutofthenationally
televiseddebatesduringcampaigns.UnlikeBushandGorewhohadthesupportofbig
corporations,Naderhadtoraisemoneyfromthesmallcontributionsofpeoplewho
believedinhisview.
B)Bushseconomicpolicypushedtaxcutsforthewealthy,opposedstrict
environmentalregulationsthatwouldcostmoneyforthebusinessinterests(businesses

whomhelpedhimduringhiscampaign),increasemilitarybudget,privatizeSocial
Securitybyhavingtheretirementfundsofcitizensdependonthestockmarket,and
lastlytopursuethescientificmissionStarWars.
C)OnSeptember11,2001nineteenmenfromtheMiddleEast,knownasAlQaeda
hijackedthreeplanesloadedwithfuelandattackedtheTwinTowersinNewYorkand
thePentagoninWashingtonD.C.PresidentBushafterthefatalattackimmediately
declaredawaronterrorism.TheattackrushedtheCongresstopassresolutionsthat
gaveBushthepowertoproceedwithmilitaryaction.Theterroristattacknotonlyunited
bothpoliticalpartiestofightagainsttheenemy,butthepeoplewerestartingtoaccept
Bushasapresidentastheybelievedhehasprovedhimselfworthyofgivingthenation
asenseofsecurityduringaperiodofcrisis.AftertheattackontheTwinTowersthe
governmenttookactionsveryquickastheypassedtheUSAPatriotAct,whichgavethe
DepartmentofJusticethepowertodetainnoncitizenssimplyonsuspicion.However,
theUSAPatriotActwasseenasaracistactionbecauseitbasicallyaimedtowards
MiddleEastpeople.Forexample,theNewYorkTimescolumnistAnthonyLewis
reportedthataMiddleEastmanwasarrestedonsecretevidence.Afterthegovernment
sawthathewasnothreattothenationalsecurityhewasreleased,butafterSeptember
11theDepartmentofJustice,ignoringthejudgesfinding,imprisonedhimagain.The
bombingsbytheU.SonAfghanistanwerenotonlykillinginnocentpeoplebuttheU.S
governmentwasprohibitinganytypeofnewsorstoriestobeleakedoutonnational
televisionforAmericanstosee.

D)AfterthefatalattackontheTwinTowersandthePentagon,Bushorderedthe
bombingofAfghanistan.ThebombingbytheU.Swasnotonlykillinginnocentpeople,
buttheU.Sgovernmentwasprohibitingthemediatoleakanyinformationonthewar.
Controllingtheflowinformationwasextremelyvitalbecauseitwouldeventuallyshow
howtheU.Swasmurderingpeoplewithouthavingcleartargets,sotheU.Sbombed
AlJazeera,thebuildinghousingthelargesttelevisionstationintheMiddleEast.For
example,iftheAmericanpeoplewouldhaveheardthestoryfromajournalistofthe
BostonGlobefromahospitalinJalalabadonatenyearoldwholosthiseyesand
handsafteraSundaydinner,andthousandsofotherkidsbeingwoundedandkilledby
thebombing,Americanswouldhaveprobablyfeltcompassionanddemandedaretreat.
E)Afterthefatalattackon9/11theU.Swasshatteredandalert,thereforethe
CongressdecidedtopasstheUSAPatriotActwhichgavetheDepartmentofJustice
thepowertodetainanyonewholookedsuspicious,withoutchargesandwithoutthe
proceduralrightsprovidedintheConstitution.TheintendedpurposeoftheUSAPatriot
Actwastofindanyonerelatedtotheterroristattack,buttheActwassomewhatracist,
asitwouldmainlyaimforMiddleEastpeople,PresidentBushcautionedthenationnot
toreactwithhostilitytoArabAmericans,butinfactthegovernmentbegantoroundup
peopleforquestioning,almostallMuslims.ForExample,NewYorkTimescolumnist
AnthonyLewisreportedonamanwhowasarrestedonsecretevidenceandthen
releasedwhenconcludedhewasnothreattothenationalsecurityhoweverafter9/11
hewasimprisonedagainnotbeingallowedtoseehisfamily.

F)HowardZinnendedthechapterbydescribingthewaysinwhichAmericaisnot
hatedbyothercountriesbecauseofthepracticeofdemocracy,valueoffreedom,or
upholdhumanrightsbutbecausetheGovernmentdeniesthesethingstothirdworld
countries.Zinnaswellconcludedthechapterbydemonstratingthatthepeoplenotthe
governmentwasthefutureofdemocracyandthegrowingconsciousnessofwhatwas
thedecentwaytorelatetohumanbeingsallovertheworld.HowardZinnspurposeof
writingthebookwastomakepeopleawakengreaterconsciousnessofclassconflict,
racialinjustice,sexualinequalityandnationalarrogance.Beforereadingtheissues
presentedinAPeoplesHistoryofTheUnitedStatesIwasawareofsome,notall,but
thethingsthatchangedwastheperspectives,HowardZinnfocusedontheperspective
ofthepeopleratherthanontheperspectivesofrulers,orGovernment.