mela ARE GRAMMATICAL.” PARTS OF SPEECH ‘Types of nouns: ‘Abstract Noun: ramet an Wea or concept ecuty inthe ee ofthe beeldar “Proper Noun: gives the speci, copiolized name of person, place orthing ace orting| “toi os proud ob tom Michigan win ected the best place he United Sots ‘our Nouns tha singer and pl ior andes people jc ht on Be cured ihe gees were eked bncnse the by cored tow them rum Noncounable Nout: dos ol havea ural, ad les o something tl canna becauned hing made Crs pie no bo poe Colectve Noun: nares tou af peopl or hinge. Acaeclve nov aes & singular verb even ‘hougn names ogeup of papier hs comree Ie aes vos hope an eet wes postpones ineorec: The eos ware heya the es wos postponed “Gendered Noun: tesa dierent orm depending onthe gender lhe person to whom # ters. deed neue usvly refer o porta occupations oll sce, bul he woltes wh esac hin wos lent ar any ain the noun or noun phrase that drecty precedes nthe following sentence, the grouchs on opocaive desc iy father. Hythe the gruehceso be hosged ‘erund 3roin fre by odng ing oer lve dancing. Pronoun: a word that replaces a noun without speelving @ name. THE OCCASIONS FOR THE TROUBLES OF THE WORLD Pres uenicg NOUN & PRONOUN CASES ‘The case ofa noun or pronounisheform tusesto late to.aher words in a sentence, There ae three cases, ‘object Case th tar ha nouns pronouns ake when ay ccies ebjers “em he bo. Youle ospaoa.s lo he cit. mle ors co ‘Object Case: ne form that nouns or pronouns tke when they re bjs ett orpreostns, nit Inseolons emi. Direct bac: orn, pronoun. eenaun phrase nat ecoe= Ne eteriela sie te dad obecternis eueibyaating hoa nhat anaes by te vets acon?" lathe Beoke my cavsn loa ee bss Indice objec: a nou, pronoun, o¢ naun phase acy the by fe action ofa ver, The ct abject an be found asking "Teo tor whom ar whatwasthever’sachon gas my aura he book hands him myopic, frase pire begun by 9 peponton gave 209 my cousin. > whem enous suomt my appicaton? osteseve Cate: the frm fat none or ponds Take when ‘The bli mine Eo yourasporogi, emt isrow bon ’SPARKCHARTS »° tris sonanca, eis the pronoun repladngine name | he person who wastes (ace wos trea" or aoe Anfacedent he word to which 0 pronaun refers. becass Joc sitin hury he forge Ns hncbog, Ini sefonc, Jack th one ‘Types of pronouns DDemensratve Pronouns: he words thi, these, hat ‘and those which place oneun iv uncrepfale, Tndefiite Pronoun: 2 procun alin nape ft quanti degrees Most were copay te pre misters es. Verb: a word that indicates action oo state of being, The predicates of sentences contain verbs Al verbs Rove fve properties. person, number, ‘mood, voice, and tense vet whese pos tense ferns mode phe odin of re “Tin ors thomahes us ts neon, Interrogtive Pronoun: 0 pronoun tha moles @ ueson i cted his oancon? ‘Objective Personel Pronouns he word a, you, at Pi uae thar use ona al he ronan he's the | stunctonng as on abject “sta wos gla nate gore Aeris st cfthvee persons which indicate To whem Me pronoun ter Fa Person xpress the init ofthe spk I ng myo Second Peron: addesses the pecker tener, ‘ronsve Vero veal eauites an ebactto com | —Randal anu othe soe Inronsive Vorb: ovr hal comma ke an obo. We ayedotthe esto! ang flea me ee re mone yd | Ura ob nrc oto opr ‘raglor Verb verb ose past forse orm cannot | The young man fener bouths ed ars erode with or ad ‘ng/cing,bringfbrough, a GEaLaHea z ‘sity or Helping Verb: a wors sich os be ean, | Iniiive: « corpound verb mage wih fo and he =n hava, doo wiht combines vith ver fo modi | base fm fever emeaning at es fe pend grat dl fone paynens Thay were inher. Relative Pronoun: a pronoun thal is ona paseo ‘ain, Te wo gether are a emp vr, Pesesie Personal Pronoun: 3 proncun fc ralcles ne was glo at he ove bara. Reflexive Pronoun pronoun at eerste thesia! Ser Sah era in eer fe woulsspedk 0 whoever hod ensues “Sebjetive Personal Pronoun pronoun tht acs 3 he ws ld Bethe soe he ike, Ins srtonc, can he cunory vary rn the ‘Compound Verb: he cmbinaton of an ry er {and anaher verb. Compound verbs ar used eae verb tnaee hat conn be mode rom sige verb, fl come he psy yo are planing ome ~ ‘Modal Auisar Verb on ion verb ho expenses eves, obk goon potent or pees “She would goo Po she wets ahenPARTS OF SPEECH ( Mas SM coal) 2. Person: verbs must match the person ofthe subject. ies Parson: expresso ito the ierspecke. ‘Second Person: addons readers deel or oreteee ‘Third Person: refers o a subject that is neler the writer nor he wader sisted 3, Number: he frm ofa verb always matches he numberof he subject ‘orbs can be singular, usually ending in s of -es, or plural without a modified ending ‘ets te singular form when ‘aaubjea anor he co amps ve the moon Tho singular subjects ar ned by of, ther, o nather/noc Bie he ow othe rat jmps cer he mon. The verb sneate the singular sve! 0 compound sentence that has both @ England rl sbjet ed by oor noe _=Eiher he obs ore cow sping net The subj prcades by every x e0eh er con wha cid arp oer homeo ‘ors tke «platform whe: aut pl ne wedsng guests donee the music wo singular subjects ae omned by and he patter ond he ps! donee sigorushy ‘we plu sues jane oe ater, naar nae Ete! the bie’ cousins ar he goons ends are the ors doncrs ‘he verb naar he plu sujet in compound subject hathasboh asings lord rl subj ined by oo nar _—herhe bie’ ss or he looms ends are buying he Bide a hoseboat, 'SPARKCHARTS > 9 ‘Adjective: « word thot describes or modes nouns and pronouns. ‘iD Typer of adjectives Demonstrative Adoctvo: fhe words hi tht thes, ond thse, which speeiy rauns Domonshtve jects oe en's emonerarvs prone, Bt less peter nan ater thn plore them, Thi chor move coma han ha hale Indefinite Adjectives: joes hot ee fo nspeciod quotes Sor fo Wah ie pronouns ut wed loon porter nouns. "Most pple wel rather ave few does fend han many haw ‘axquitoees ‘nfeogatveadectves acc hance queso by eqvesing specication, hich caro you wan tka? — What sae you see? osresive Adjectives: oiecines ot indete ownership orposeeson His sit wos sone wen Bood Sulone was rustaes; noone was spats hares ESS ‘ve: 2 ward thet modes @ veh ace, phase o douse by ‘cong hon whee he oro uth. sb ted he sh | creer swoops too: 4, Mood: verbs may be used in one of three moods, which indicate the ‘otiiude of he speaker foward the action of th verb, Tnccatve Mood: sed in decorative senlances fo express fost eas opinions, ‘ond quemion oct, alloc writes beauty fron nswance orca Imperative Mood: used in impetve sentences sue commands eng myn. Subjunetve Mood: used in dependent couse indicate uneal oe couketawal Ceonatans. The subuneines ply ormed by using the pes! ene plu etm ot ‘ever even he sue! Sgr “i were hu, woul Be hope ‘he subjunctive oad ala follows verb af wishing requesting eh ot were nyo | ond tous Infepencent covet tht ute osectves necting urgency seared crcl that he gov th meelng on time - Voice indicals tho olationship belweon the subject ond the adton of verb, Verbs may be in one of fwo voices, active or passive ‘ete ole: he sub. partorms he ton Pastve Voie: he sujet ec he ation The oor was swopt by Sitch. 5 Verb tenses: indicate the lime in which he action is performed. English has tree tenses: pas, presen, ond future. Each feise has four forms: Simple, perl, progressive, ond perfect progressive. Simpl Tenses cote past, resort of ure ation, Perec Tenses: nate completed acon ol sore pol inv Progesve Tentes: indica an tha cornues oro ped i, Simple Perect min Past played hos ploed had ben lng Present ply hove ployed have boon poyng Fete wi iy wil havea 2 Dearoes of ealctves: in comparing nove. adecves chnge by nding on the numberof objects being compared, Pie Degree: on opt mosiying 9 sgl obect happy Compertive Degre: an adscie impifng o comparison betwesn Iwo ables Superative Degree: on adlecive nplyng © comparison oneng Ines or mare bets happiest ‘5 Pariciple: on adjective formed froma ver resent Ponce: escrbesecton ithe preset; ade by adding ing evar ‘nd sing as on asective ee runing ran loneshan he goaping horse Post rtp: debos acon nthe os kat an sreglr frm, Grew en should know bale than ore erp ans 2, Degrees of adverbs: wien they compore elements, adverts change in segre. Postive Dagree: dexibor aang sora at “L Genjunctive Adverb: an adver iat fins Iwo dauses together or sich as therefor, consequently, nd thus re conjnev oars he basket gre wos eds consequently, wer! ie overtime. Cine wiekosasse 1. Conjunetion: « word hat inks ather words, phrases, or clauses togeth- ‘8 Common conjunctions include and, If, or, ond but. ‘ecrdnting Contin: corjtio that ois words proses orindopender ‘Gauss witout dean soon, {wer ungr 20 wontod eo, “Comparative Degree; compares Wo eran festor _Seperove Degree: inpls a conparson EelweenIneeor more eras fasteeh ones and doctors aerate wal pk, Coreltve Conjunction: @ conjuction tot inks, aque, or opposes Kaos Corloe eoninctons ar lays used pars —Hetwarad ether psa or hamburg. —Bomndenocas and Republicans re opts about he urePARTS OF SPEECH (continued) OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH (continued) Subordnating Conjunction «cn Prepestina Phrase: ine combination ofa pepostin, is bj andthe words Incas te eltorehip ofthe dependent cave fotheindependent cause” | between hen, youre god. you can have oar |_ SS re sgtelsot under the toe ‘Aller she oma sit Angela doled flaom snoubeord esse mhaioeduces dependent couse and Common prepositions 2. Interjection: a word that is not related grammatically to the rest of the ‘about ‘behind = down tke since vp Sen cr te Sa ee eS hipaa ns eaiene =x or mse ara Sse ee err PUNCTUATION MARKS 1. Aposrophe indoles possesion whan ode fo 9 oun, An 4 lips: three prods sporeod by two spacos tht inte Sposrophe as snseotes tha one ot mor lear hove Exe ‘misson mr qoted materi urn seonvocton and 32, my flow Amercans,. osk Wha You an do forour po Fors mit-conury philosophy siuenrl cern cure ‘codec comer. 7, Exlamation marks ends decarive ond inperaive eononcet tina sons of exctemen or ugen. Gat utothatl 2 erockets:incole wad, punctuation and frating eared "reward oven lg Sven yes oe. 5 fyphen ons Inked words patie especl hey ave bang Used ogotor a on adecibo. 1 clon must follow on independent couse and may not come hat nde denlancy-are tae gel you nowhere betsen aver ad bee inearac Jo covers mater 8 gl aboek or 2eueue! Correct: hn gov is mother hes tings agit book ond bouguaiis “E Gommar indctes sigh pauses w reading, ond aferemicas ’ SPARKCHARTS » 9 Porethesan slo aloosely ied pave “—Hisides formed ingen hours of ring in aay rl wae ets Commas ore sedin the flowing sia 10, Period: ands sneer al rene questons lars «eaerinaing conjunction that connect to independent “alwas ocoudy dy “hough woul nena "iran inroducory prose er the rail he son ome cut Toseporas es ina seron he rock po jae Bue, cura op. Tose «porenheticl or nowrestctve pease “mater sas deers ary! whom hore ie fomiory wth roatonlSpnish mise, olen meso very dierent dances ‘echaethe mambo onde sonbe, otwoon th doy and yer ota date ‘rn Rugs! 8,197, the wat of usc was changed oe. et off quotations rat acurwhn a sentence Soon soe you" ond she mean "olways happens wey hereped ond never row what El i El TH Guesion mark: ends sentences hal are questons, Haass aquery ua con ir 1B, Qucation mark serve sora pupoves They con ‘aprser oe or epee “would hve been reehe nse idcote veri excep om onahar wits work tet rey ee a str oss” inde of soem and shor eo "—haleys Ode 1 Styl son extended radoren on spnloness eke crest Sat | Poros and amas avays go inside queen marks, Guesion To subside numbers our lvoe digi ‘mars, exclomaon mars, serclos, colons and dase go ou! ar Sige giotaion orks, ules they ere or a the quotabon 1S, Semicalon: sed on independan couse by lakng he place the cancion. Semicon are dso wed fa separ Heme res ha conan commos win sgl tem deserpons ees testo sew twos har poss eed anol, rroeing sweaty, onawr secker ond ‘odd tem pot tore 1 Sloss sed once ralipe posses = “Speakon senator aniorte preset, Te rote dec caress Gre, ge metheremctecontl” To spare noncumulative edjectves “ha ht hum ey doy made sone! seo ined ond Sony ko the Mes Fea he Anges an rok he Morn “Det sis ff a pavenhateal phase of pons enon loo au sary consi "Ihe ne frie ntosuced athe fashion show wa yrs ago has become exes popula Her ips, her eyes, ar taste in poey—hey wet 1S, Slides some srbolor the slash, deals Tne breaks quo™ Taions sftp tne of poetry “Sil ior er ender fkentraath And lve eer oF sles scento dent" i prtac,Ea} afoot} is aeE Rome se complete thought. al sentences ore made up of subject and a predicate 1 Subject the noun or noun phrase tha els ‘whom or what the sentence odatesses, Roger Sed save rare money Falls Complote Subject hs subj andl fe words thal mec —patick Hany doom offreadom eal ctzens compl am fo makes fous decorate, ‘Simple Subject: the ra nou oe comet subject Compound Subjet « copie sujea wh mains ‘Stopesbjets —Higue ond the boy from Seville Seca ns ‘or verb phrase fling whet Full 1 Complete Predicate: ihe ve of he serene fonda ne mora hat me deg eb showy up the sto ‘Simple redcate he main verb nthe tl peeckene ‘hot indeats te ton ott of Bang heels subject “Tipe og eben the soe Compound Predicate: « complete predicale with “Ti thovgi fis ver and mist br dort ie goss was leokngseight ehoad and roning ‘ortho pond. the subject does. 5 1 he arethe song of pg? “lino rng doy ace called a neighbor fo ask abou his car Sentence: 0 group of words that expresses a |. Clause: a part ofa sentence that contains its ‘Sentences con be defined according other content or ntention’ Declorative Sentence sentence ha sae ofc or onde tnterogave Sentence: sonnel aks a quesion and ends a aueston atk, Imperative Sentence sinanca hal Sse Gnd or males 6 vauest “Eadlomatory Senfance: 0 sentence thot issues © command or makes © dromatic ‘Shraraton Exeomoton pons sould na urea dlr serene en if 3 HE BIB |, cenoting soca: ootyng word prot tot nc propery ac wh 2 Bug “| tewodurnciee aogiog mtn clanoer athe oganegestsanacee BES94 gf “Chcretrg cori tm toeool orl E1825 SIE mms sonore, mevoma nos mean descrbo the person who ros bt ay i SIRE instead i describes tres, which don’ rove a al, One correct version would be: EEEHD HRD Thevang norm toric thot heres got smote 2 Sang Moder a niet ha pad alge 6 el HE dew people who trowel in rope ton profes to sayin offordabl ota this ou mean ster Prope wn rl fleninfrope peer stay nordble hott or Gen, posre whe ravl inure por ost adobe hoe 5 bronoun Confusion: ronan ha dona have dsoranacadoni make reensre ENGLISH GRAMMA wn subject and predicate. ‘dependant lav: o loves tht could fonction oF When the Cowboys ae ployina the stadium sul ‘Dependent Cause: cous tht cao uncon oss vn senence. A dependent avs rales ono nde | endent dauseto competes meaning A depandent cous con fueton as 9 noun, reso tht owed Pak fy dle onan adver, —inen te Conboy ere ployng. he sosum stu) rasan edlectve. | —nefed ce het te foram gvo me geen, | ‘pial Cours: ¢ tps of dependent douee eh SS ee ae Seve | “mh mop es sme mine doe Ano enappy tees on a hewn oiled eihoun chewes! nhopet | R0yeeto para adel waka objector poco ‘Noun Phrore: 2 phrase thol acl os @ noun Dun pre con tnchon o> 2 subect “Tine aring og snes azar fe han propectonal object | — ihe oe he sfey ne. gerund pase Dancing te ean-can i populate degowne To draam'= fo be homer, | is boc doy. bya conjoetn. ‘Compound-Compiex Ser 5. Modifier: a Sentences can olso be defined occording to thelr structure: ‘Simple Sertence: a sentence nade up ofa single ndependen cause ‘Complex Sentnes: a serene made up ol one 6 more depend course con secouso ig beaut oy. coperogo ous ‘Adjective Phrase: pivore thal modes nouns ot pronouns. Porcini proses ond many preperonal Brrass ore eset posse. "he ato plang mre rch 0 be dese, ‘Advert Pras o phrase hat begins wih 9 prapost flonan ot umclons aso oor “Tha ctr ns coy with he cr fas. Prpostonal Paseo prose mac upc prepesten, "sober and sedis, “ihe tot ofthe lpia heter vse boy Word or phrase thal modilies or ‘adds information to oher pars ofa sentence ‘Adjectives, adverbs, and many phases ond loses are modifiers Limiting Moder: 0 word or phrase hat mie the cape or deg of on deo Words almot ony ot borely oe oes “thos almost tne fr roar Resting Modifier: a phos or dauss thal eskice aoa. te santenc. too vernon ined ‘Nenresrting Modifier: rosie tht ade forme Hon But sat necessary fo the sanfence. Cones, ashes, or paramtheses set apart nonesticing moder Seraiianh-cniay pets many of whom were ‘ke devout Cvslons cle relent pas lhecouid aor ns sing beta wren, pero, oF arobin—rrougnut ore ‘Compound Sentence: 0 swence made us of io Independent davies connected risa bet dy onan eager go oie nce: senienes made up of mule rdependent ‘eguses ons phan ene dopenset coven verpinoniniie roy snshne, on because bocuru doy, m eogerto go ett. ETI: novn Ue ur Gann) Hi caldoter 00.09 oF Wo olor. & ate! vercon woul be eco call a reighbor sk about \ahoors car {Sp iftves: when possible, ro words should come bniwoen fo ard the ala rec: Ho Joc 4 Bld go wnere ns Nan Ned gone blo cc Heda togo balay hare na ea nod ge lore 5 comme Splicing, loring two ndapenden claves wih @ coma rather Thon emicolon opel siesanin-onsotonee. ct ory peel inal, thay dont ec wear lo shss. comeet ary people tine el they don ela wear pletion she {Double Negatives: When applied ahs some word phse fro negate mod ers confuse he mooing otha sanance et havan ray oon nk lan for os yor oth ofr pons fora yoo