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    1K vues95 pages

    English Intermediate Grammar Worksheets

    Transféré par

    Cristina Dontu

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 95
    GRAMMAR Worksheets ANDY and AUDREY JACKSON Contents v_ Introduction vi Glossary Worksheet Ne (Z| 1 Grammatical terms [I] 2 Using the tapescripts Adjectival phrases Adjectives: Adjectives and adverbs: Adverbials: Miu E81) 12 Adverbs of degree: (0) 13 Articles: Ou 15 (1) 16 Nouns: [1) 17 Prepositional phrases I: (] 18 Prepositional phrases II (1) 19 Prepositions: [1] 20 Prepositions and link words: [E] 21 Prepositions of time: ea[1) 22 Pronow [1] 23 Punctuation: (1) 24 [1] 25 Quantifiers Relative clauses: © a7 Reported speech: €a[1) 31 Subordinate clauses: (1) 32 Time expressions: eal ss (1 84 Verbs: eal) 35 order position compound comparative and superlative order concession and contrast Purpose reason fairly, quite, rather definite/indefinite newspaper headlines with geographical names countable and uncountable at, by, for in, on, out of to + verb with gerunds at, in, on, from... to, by apostrophes commas defining versus non-defining whose passive forms questions reporting verbs time since, for, in, ago still, yet, already conditionals I and II conditional III When is a verb not a verb? T'm sorry, I'll say that again. ‘The man with the bald head The old grey mare This is something new! A five-day week Which shoes are the cheapest? They left. quickly for the station the next morning. Although it was raining, we went for a walk. Tonly did it to please you. ‘The plane was late because of the weather. ‘This is rather too easy for me. Is it a god or the god? ‘Man bites dog. Around the world in 8 days Quiet waters run deep. Will she be at home for a while? He's out of town on business. T object to doing this! Please pay before leaving. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. I prefer the black ones. Tcan't and I won't, so that's it! If, however, you agree, I'll do it. ‘There's little tea but lots of coffee. Shakespeare, who died in 1616, wrote many plays. ‘The man whose car was stolen Ten men are said to have been killed. He asked me where fish get their money from. He asked her to marry him. Tl help you as soon as I've finished this exercise. We've been married since 1973. Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? Ifhe applies, he'll get the job. Twould have called if you had told me. (0 36 37 (0 ss a1) 39 Verbs: elt) 40 ela 42 43 eal 46 ella 49 eal 50 eal 51 eait) 52 (0) 57 elt 58 (59 (Zl 61 (0 62 (1 63 (1) 64 eal 65 eal 66 (1) 67 Phrasal verb table conditional (It's time/I'd rather) conditional revision forget, remember, stop, try +-ing or to from adjectives future continuous future perfect, future review get infinitive phrases after question words in newspaper headlines modals of obligation and advice modals of past probability modals of probability perception + participle or infinitive passive, causative passive, general past perfect phrasal verbs I phrasal verbs II phrasal verbs III phrasal verbs IV plus gerund or to + infinitive plus object + simple infinitive plus object + to + infinitive present perfect versus past present simple versus continuous transitive and intransitive tense revision I tense revision II used to, be/get used to wish It’s time you got up! I would if I could. Let's try doing it this way. It’s too long — we must shorten it. She'll be coming round the mountain when she comes. We'll have finished by the time they get here. What will the weather be like tomorrow? Tve got to get ready. I don't know what to do! Man lands on Mars. You should be more careful. You must have been a beautiful baby. ‘You must be the new sales assistant. Tean hear someone coming. I must get my hair cut. The record has been broken. When I looked up, she had gone. T'm nearly ready ~ hang on a minute. Give it up! What does RSVP stand for? Mick’s gone down with ‘lu. Do you mind waiting? Please don't make me go home! Iwant you to help me. Have you been there? Yes, I went last week. I know what I'm doing! He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. Have a nice meal! She surprised everyone. Tused to enjoy this, but now I hate it! Iwish I had a car. i Worksheets marked with this symbol have accompanying cassette tape drills. The tapescripts for these drills are at the end of the book. They are numbered 1 to 22. Glossary subject verb object adverbial noun phrase verb phrase noun phrase prepositional phrase possessive definite proper noun modal verb article adjective noun | preposition article noun John couldn't find his pet dog. the garden| subject verb object adverbial noun phrase verb phrase subordinate clause quantifer definite adjective noun awsiiary ab ver pronoun Conjunction pronoun verb ‘Most of the new guests) had met him before they left. adjective adverb adverbial article auxiliary verb conditional demonstrative gerund infinitive: a) simple infinitive b) to- infinitive modal noun passive phrasal verb preposition prepositional phrase pronoun relative clause tense verb dirty, old, blue, wooden The tall girl wore a new dress. slowly, never, happily, sideways They often fly overhead. in the morning, when she spoke He found the mouse under the table. the, a have, be, do, was, did if, unless these, that walking, singing, laughing ‘make, play to do, to work can, would, must girl, chair, wind, love is made, was mended put up, look after at, beside, in front of, by The tea has an excellent flavour. She didn’t listen while they were talking. They won't hear unless you shout. This picture is nicer than that one. Do you enjoy swimming? I can’t play the piano. She wants to meet you. ‘You may be right. ‘The room has little furniture. My car has been stolen. What have you been getting up to? They arrived at the party in the evening. in the green dress, on his head _ The lady in the pink suit is sitting in the shade. we, myself, who, that who ran away, that works goes, went, has gone run, find, give She's got the one that you want. ‘The person who spoke was angry. TU go as soon as they have arrived. She smiled at him. Grammatical terms When is a verb not a verb? Every word in English can be put into a grammatical category, such as noun, verb, preposition, ete. Some words may belong to more than one category, depending on their meaning and how they are used. Examples: She likes ice-cream (verb). He has many likes and dislikes (noun). You must do it like this (preposition). Alll good learner's dictionaries give the category after the headword, before the definition. Example: Biology noun [U) the scientific study of living things Exercise A Choose one of the grammatical terms from the box to describe each of the underlined words or phrases in the following sentences: article adverb of frequency | gerund [ phrasal verb | adjective | — preposition adverb reflexive pronoun [ conjunction | present participle | noun | adjective That bull looks friendly enough. adjective Which blue do you prefer, the dark one or the light one? Tve just bought a nice blue scarf. 1 sometimes wonder why I bother. ‘The cat was hiding under the table. ‘My boyfriend hates dancing. He made himself another cup of tea. ‘Welll all go home as soon as the bell rings. ‘Mary really works hard. 10 Last night I dreamed I was an elephant. 11 She has lovely smiling eyes. 12, T'm going to give up smoking next year. waraankene Exercise B ‘The verb in English has a tense. It can also be simple or continuous, active or passive, positive or negative. Describe the following verbs. Example: ‘The house was being painted. ‘past continuous passive ‘The moon had risen when they left. ‘The food will be divided amongst them. She has been sitting here for over an hour. He cut his finger. She won't have heard yet. What's happening? The lights weren't working at the time. This picture wasn’t painted by Picasso. ‘oussed ayduus eed @ ‘anne anneau snonuquos ysed 2 !aanze snonunueD “qian josoiyd gr ‘opdionod quaeasd TT juosaid g !annpe anneou ajduns y9p10d axmyry g ‘2[Rue OT “Guoape g ‘uonsuntuos g ‘anne ojdunsye0d “oan snonuruo9 s29psad quasaud funowoid aairoyes 2 “punsod @ ‘uonisodasd g ‘need ojduus aumany g ‘onnoe ojduutsyogjod sed { gq ‘Aouanbay jo quospe F ‘aanzelpe g ‘unoU g ‘aanoalpe TV ‘SUaMSNV 1 Using the tapescripts f= | I'm sorry, I'll say that again. Some of the Intermediate Worksheets (those marked with €B) have accompanying drills on the cassette. These drills take one of the grammatical points from the Worksheet and give a set of sentences using it with everyday vocabulary and situations. ‘There are always two examples given of the kind of response expected. These are given at the beginning and then repeated, introducing a bell sound to tell you when to respond. ‘Some of the responses may be quite long and complicated. You may be required to change tenses, or nouns to pronouns, etc. It is difficult at first to remember what to say and how to say it. To get used to using the drills there are a number of things you can do. 1 Listen to the drill all the way through ~ do not try to answer yourself. 2 Listen to the drill and repeat the answer silently with the speaker. 3 Keep your finger on the pause button of your machine, and stop your machine as soon as you hear the bell, to give yourself time to work out and practise the answer silently before you respond. Then start to speak as soon as you release the pause button. 4 Repeat the correct response again, immediately after hearing it, before the next question. This time, try to concentrate on getting the same intonation in your voice as the speaker. 5 Relax and enjoy the drills. You may find some of them silly or stupid, but all the language practised is useful! 6 Try to make up some more drills using the same grammar point, and check them with your teacher to see if they are correct. 2 Here is part of Exercise 1 from the tape. Before you listen to it, try to complete the sentences: Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met aman wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. 1 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard. 2 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat. 3 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara. 4 Mary: ‘ Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible. 5 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I mot a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose. 6 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I woke up! {osou sy ur Fu w yyeM sats ou e your nog TEAL cot atte w Haase youd w yous nog jsTeoN g jeAEN B RutABOM seapEMOD w UE MOA |AIM H ZOD MP P U STIUOP v 19uL nog iA6=Y {pq uo] w ype JooNpoud ww 29m Mog |IEOY g {APU AVY puns axCUS WIE LB OWE NOR (AE ‘SUaMSNV | 3 Adqjectival phrases | ome | The man with the bald head To describe a noun we can use an adjective (an old woman — see Elementary Worksheet 1), a relative clause (people who are in their eighties ~ see Elementary Worksheets 31 and 32) or we can use an adjectival phrase. This can be: 1 a preposition plus a noun, usually with an adjective Examples: a dog with a shaggy tail, a news reader with glasses, a doctor in a white coat 2 a present participle plus object or adverbial (active) Examples: a stranger carrying a box, a room smelling of flowers, a plant growing in the shade 8 a past participle plus agent or adverbial (passive) Examples: a flower worn by the bridegroom, a picture painted by Rembrandt, _ giraffe wearing a a bird seen in the spring bowler hat Exercise A Rewrite the pairs of sentences below as one sentence. Examples: ‘The car was taken by the actress. She had a Welsh accent. The car was taken by the actress with a Welsh accent. ‘The notice says the game is cancelled. It is pinned on the board. The notice pinned on the board says the game is cancelled. 1 The treasure has been identified as Roman. It was discovered last week. 2 The children must have seen it. They were playing outside. 3 You'll find it on the table. The table is in the living room. 4 Judith has just shown me a blackbird’s nest. It has six eggs in it. 5 They're looking for a graduate. He or she must have a degree in Sociology. 6 Anew play has just started in London. Arthur Daley wrote it. 7 A soldier was first on the scene. He was wearing full dress uniform. 8 That special sign means this antique is genuine. It is printed on the bottom. 9 A tall, dark girl opened the door. She had shoulder-length hair. 10 The green leather jacket would look rather good on me. It’s on display in the window. Exercise B © Do Exercise 1 on the cassette. ‘9 uo poo 300) pom mopar ‘yp wt Keydssp wo yoy soya wad. 24, OT “s00p o43 pouodo stey YpAUaT-rapIMONs HAE EE LEP ITM V6 “OUINU st ‘onbruw sq) sueow worrog axp uo pajuid ue jersods yey, g “SUDNS ou Wo Iely Sw kHacyTUN Seasp Try HuLABOM sOIpIOS VL ‘wopuer ut paxers snk sey Kaye IMIPEY Ky UDR Ko|d MOU YQ “ABO|ODOS UI 9asHap v UIE ayEMpEAM v.05 HEPyOOT aycouy, 9.21 UL SRO xs qiun SoU SpNEyDETG vou! UnoYS Yank SEY PME. F “woos Ruta ox UI |e OMA UO 1 PUY ILA vi des aaey yen opisyno HuxKw[d UDIpIIYP aug, % "WEWOY SB paynUeps uoad sex aA ISH PALOACDSIp AUNEOR) ML, TV. SUaMSNV | Adjectives: order eI The old grey mare ‘When we use more than one adjective with a noun, there is a general rule for the order in which we use them. This rule says that the more specific or objective the adjective, the closer to the noun. Adjectives expressing opinion (wonderful, horrible) usually come first: o i “*& a beautiful black leather handbag a big fat French chef a fierce black German dog We can also use certain guidelines to help us decide how specific an adjective is: Material is closer to the noun than nationality: an Egyptian stone statue ‘Nationality is closer than colour: a green Australian lizard Colour is closer than shape: a thin white line Shape is closer than age: an old round table Age is closer than size: a large young elephant Opinion comes first: a magnificent old Chinese vase Exercise A Put the adjectives given in the correct order. Example: a bag (plastie/smalV/black) a small black plastic bag 1 a grapefruit (pink/delicious) 2. a motorbike (Japanese/white/noisy) 8 many buildings (new/concrete/huge) a mouth (wide/big) 4 5 some spiders (African/red/tiny) 6 a meal (Mexicanhotitasty) 7 a jacket (blue/leather) 8 lots of men (fat/short) 9 a trunk (old/tin/fascinating) 10 some students (young/Italian/nice) Exercise B Now list all the adjectives used in the exercise above into their categories opinion ize age shape colour nationality material small black plastic Exercise C Do Exercise 2 on the cassette. pes asondinniod funeusey were ang yous 04 on ueonay4 pal unos ‘ton ase sone, USE anus 8 Pre aq sou annbuo —asoudep yur apm now ainy snoop [eum —Seuoryeu —anojos deus one ons worudo squopmys unter] Sunog aw awos OT “UNA un plo BuNLUISE E 6 ‘wow 36) uo0ysj0 si0| g “aYDET aqTEA| ana w f, “ou! WOEHD,, 704 ASE vg ‘SuOprds WEoLAY par KUN OWS g “YOM! apim tig y 'sBurpimg manouoo mou any KUDU g ‘OyqIO}OW asouRdup oy KetOU eg SHMyadA ULE sNORNAP eT Y ‘SuaMSNV | Adjectives: position This is something new! A number of adjectives are not usually used in the normal position before a noun, but are only found after the noun and a link verb such as be or feel: 5 =~ 0 : Tfeel ill! « ges f Here is a list of the most common ones: afraid / alive / alone / asleep / awake / due / glad / ill / ready / sorry / sure / well Exercise A Choose the correct adjective from the list above to complete these sentences, 1 The money is at the end of the month. Don't forget to send a cheque. 2 I missed the end of the programme because I fell 3 She went to see the doctor because she was feeling 4 Don't be this won't hurt! 5 We're leaving in five minutes. Are you 2 6 % 8 ‘My sister believes that Elvis Presley didn’t die from drugs and is still ‘You don't look - Don't you think you should see a doctor? 1 love company. I just hate to be I think I know the answer but I'm not really __. 10 He was so tired that he could hardly keep during the party. 11 T'mterribly but I cannot accept your invitation. 12 Tm you enjoyed the film. ‘Most adjectives can also come after compounds with some-, no- or any- as in: somebody/nobody/anybody somexhercnnwhenngre bing noe something/nothing/anything Examples: something wonderfullmobody different/anything interesting/somewhere nice Exercise B Rearrange the following phrases and choose a suitable adjective from the list given to complete these sentences. suspicious / new / alive / exciting / cold / stupid / quiet / strong 1 to help push my car/someone/I'm looking for/ 2 anywhere/for your holidays?/Did you go 3. asked if we had noticed/anything/The police officer/last night. 4 would play/such a crazy trick!/Only somebody 5 but it had nothing/It was/in it/the latest sportswear catalogue 6 so we can talk//It's too/Let's go somewhere/noisy in here. 7 tofind anyone/They didn't expect/after the explosion. 8 to drink,/something/I could just do with “yup 0 poo FuxyroWos Yiu op FEN" pos | g -uorsO[dxo axp Joye axtye auoue puy o} BedxD yuUPIP AOU, J "y[E1 UD OM os yunb axoqmows of 5,37] 2x04 ut Kstou om; $3] FI MOU RUNMIOW pry 3 nq anROFEIED eAMELEOdS JEN af SEM IL ‘ou Aces yons Keld pinom pdms Kpogowtos Kyu) y IYBIU Ise] sno}Edsns AUIYAXuR Paotou Pe am J pase JaDYO aotjod a4, © gsKepyoy anos 20j Bunioxo auoymcue of nos pig] g 9 Cur Ysnd diay oy Buass guoddHos 40} BUYOUT ‘Eppa e ‘prey FI g sdooyse & ‘op Ty ‘suameuy ‘pois GI “AuOs TT ‘oyeKE OT ‘oun g ‘9UOTe g “Im Lome ] Adjectives: compound | ome | A five-day week rs) vw eS 8 GWE a five-man team carrying a four-hundred-pound box across an eight-foot bridge When we want to describe something precisely, and give its height, weight, length, ete., we often use a compound adjective, with the amount and the unit. The unit is always in the singular, for example: DISTANCE: a five-mile walk ‘TIME: fa three-hour exam a six-pound fish NUMBER: a four-man team a ten-foot wall LENGTH: asix-inch nail Rewrite the following sentences using a compound adjective on the model above. Example: He took off on a balloon flight which took six hours. He took off on a six-hour balloon flight. 1 Mary gave birth to a beautiful baby weighing four kilos. 2 ve just had an interview with the boss which lasted twenty minutes. 3 Acaravan which measures seven metres is suitable for a family of four. 4 The crew, consisting of eight men, was rescued by helicopter. 5 The architect wants to erect a block rising to 150 feet in the centre of the town, 6 The walk, which covers ten kilometres, is one of the most exhausting events. 7 On 11 November every year, people observe a silence lasting two minutes, 8 Because of the lack of orders, the company now works a week of only three days. 9 The bridge was damaged by a juggernaut weighing 38 tonnes. 10 She was wearing a coat worth 500 dollars and a hat which cost 200 dollars. @ Exercise B Do Exercise 3 on the cassette. “yeu 1.0p-00% ® pe B09 ze110p-99K ® RULIBaM sem ay OT “yREUIRAPAS ouUE,-gE v Kg paslemE sem ABPLAq IU & “yom sop-oniy 8 som Mou KuDdioD 949 'S9pI0 Jo yPe] aM Jo IETUDOA] g "saUaTES AUTU-OM) ¥ an198q0 dood ‘sH0K Kia49 sqwaKON TT UO £ "SWOs9 JuREMeND ysour Uf Jo BuO SI >EA ANPUO}D-UD} AY, g "UMO} Hf JO-AFUDD ANA UL Y>O|G IO} OST " yo0u9 0) stb oyiyaae ayy, ~soydoytay Aq ponasad sh mas9 URL ai, j ‘sMo} Jo IUNRY w 3 agen st ABIES anou-uanes yg “S009 ay ike mauAsogUt HUTU- + 94.9% “Om NOG TV SUaMSNV T 3 Articles: definite/indefinite x Is it a god or the god? DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 1 Information already known or mentioned ‘The man in the car is my father. 2 Describing a group of people the rich, the poor, the unemployed 3 Specifying something with a following phrase He's the man I love. 4 With unique objects the earth, the moon, the stars 5 Specifying a group of people or things ‘The modern woman is more independent. Who invented the telephone? 6 With superlatives the smallest coin, the most expensive car 7 With musical instruments She plays the piano and the violin. 8 With names of nationalities The French eat a lot of cheese. 9 With most geographical names (see Elementary Worksheet 9) the Alps, the United States, the Red Sea Names of places with of the Bank of England, the Tower of London 10 1 New information Aman ina car waved at me this morning, 2 With professions She's a doctor and he’s a bus driver. 3. Expressing frequency twice a week, £1000 a year, once a day 4 Expressing ‘only one’ when there are many Tl have a sandwich please. 5 General statements A washing machine is essential. NO ARTICLE 1 General statements Washing machines are essential. Modern women are more independent. 2 Abstract ideas Beauty is only skin-deep. 3 Days of the week, months, names of shops Monday, April, Harrod’s 4. Names of people: Charles, Diana, Lovejoy ea guarded (6), like (11), to (20). people look back at (23) ancient Roman god, (2) ‘god who protected (4) beginning of (5) time of leaving on (9), journey, and (10) ‘year just past and ahead to (24), In the following passage, write a, the or (~) as necessary: Janus, was (3). things. He spring planting of (7) wheat, (8) entrances doorways and (12), city gates. So that he could be wise, (13) ___ Janus had two faces, one to look backward into (14)___ past and (15), forward into (16), (17)_____ first month of (18), other to look future. year is (19) entrance new year. It is (21) time when (22)___ year to come. When our modern calendar was put together, this first month was named (25) January after (26), two-faced Janus. Roman god, (27), ‘Three other months that were named after (28), March, (30) July and August. famous Roman gods and citizens are (29)_ = of = 6g = 8e Lz mH 9 81 UL 21 2H OF Sow ST ou BE gE aE TT ‘oun ve ‘on Be 2 ‘oun s08 Hg ‘IN OF “OKN BI ‘KN Sores OMe Loe =o oH FON Ez UL T ‘SUGMSNV 1 Articles: newspaper headlines 4 MAN BITES DOG Newspaper headlines often miss out articles to save space. Verbs are often put into the simple present instead of the past (see Intermediate Worksheet 45). Example: QUEEN GIVES PRESENT TO ITALIAN AMBASSADOR (The Queen has given a present to the Italian Ambassador.) When we expand the headline, we use the articles as normal. The definite article is used for unique references, when the reader knows who or what is being referred to, or specific groups. Examples: the Queen, the Moon, the Chinese The indefinite article is used when new information is given, Examples: a present, an earthquake, a discovery No article is used for new information whieh is plural or uncountable Examples: snow, riots, inflation, boredom MAN BITES DOG (Aman has bitten a dog.) (See Intermediate Worksheet 13.) Look at the following collection of headlines and make complete sentences for each one, putting in articles where necessary. 1 VILLAGER CALLS FOR ACTION AT ROAD JUNCTION 2 QUEEN GOES TO CHANNEL ISLES 3 FOOTBALL FAN FALLS OUT OF 125 MPH TRAIN 4 CHANCELLOR OF EXCHEQUER RAISES TAXES HOUSE IS BLASTED AS COUPLE SLEEPS 6 MINISTER IS GUEST AT OPENING OF NEW SUPERMARKET 7 BOREDOM MAKES JOBLESS TURN TO CRIME 8 FLOODS ARE EXPECTED ON EAST COAST AS MOON APPROACHES EARTH 9 MAN GETS SECOND LIFE SENTENCE 10 LABOUR PARTY ATTACKS GOVERNMENT POLICY ON SCHOOLS ‘sjooyos wo foqod usuUs9408 (ayn (poyoENE sey) SHEN Lue INOgeT ays OT “URU® jy puooos 9 (208 sey) sma8 wow ¥ @ “yuaRa a4) soypmoudde UooUs 947 se IPOD Y860 247 Wo PonDadKD aL¥ spool g “OUD o tuamy ssoygofay7 soem woparog “joxseUsadns sou vo Zuruodo ay) 78 ysond D sea) st mysTULME Y 9 “(ado[) Son oKdN09 W se ponsejq (sea) st asnoy yg “sox (postea sey) sostes ronboypxg 9y7 Yo soOUEYD ay y “UE Yu EET yO 190 (UAL EU) SI) ue) 18e300} ¥ g “SBI PLUEYD 24) oy (aUEH sou) S08 UaDMe ys @ "UORINE poos Dye NORE 205 (aIIED =e) x09 OAS | SUaMSNV | ] 5 Articles: with geographical names cy Around the world in 8 days Intermediate Worksheet 13 deals with the general rules for the use of articles. There are also specific rules for their use with geographical names. With the Without the RIVERS the River Danube/the Danube CONTINENTS Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia SEAS the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea COUNTRIES _ Italy, Brazil, Germany OCEANS: the Atlantic Ocean/the Atlantic STATES California, Ontario, Bavaria CANALS the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal COUNTIES Yorkshire, Kent, Fife CHANNELS the English Channel crrtEs Paris, Madrid, Sao Paulo BAYS the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal TOWNS Calais, Bournemouth, Seville GULFS the Gulf of Mexico VILLAGES —_Sawston, Gretna Green STRAITS the Straits of Hormuz STREETS Oxford Street, 5th Avenue MOUNTAIN GROUPS the Alps, the Rocky Mountains MOUNTAINS Mount Everest, Kilimanjaro ISLAND GROUPS the British Isles, the West Indies ISLANDS Bali, Jersey, Majorca DESERTS. the Sahara Desert/the Sahara LAKES Lake Vietoria, Lake Michigan ‘UNIONS the United States, the United Kingdom PLURAL PLACE NAMES the Netherlands, the Tropies REGIONS. the Antarctic, the Costa Brava Read the following holiday advertisement, putting in the when necessary, or leaving blank. AROUND THE WORLD IN 8 DAYS WITH RUNWAY TOURS We start our exciting tour in (1)___ London, (2)__ capital city of (3)__ England. Then we fly over (4)___ English Channel to (5)___ France where we can admire the magnificent view of (@____Alps before landing in (7)___ Geneva for our first night. From (8)___ Switzerland we fly south to(9)__ Mediterranean Sea, (10) Suez Canal and (11)___ Red Sea, before heading east over (12)__Saudi Arabia and the rest of (13)___ Middle East. Our second night is spent in (14)___ exotic Madras, where you will taste a real curry! Then over (15), (16)___ Thailand where (17), Bay of Bengal to Bangkok, on (18)___ Gulf of Siam, awaits all those who like shopping! On the fourth day we fly south over (19)__ Malaysia and spend a romantic night on (20)____ Bali Island, (21)__ Timor Sea separates us from (22)__ Australia, where we spend our fifth day, gazing down on (23)__ Great Sandy Desert and (24) _ magnificent Macdonnell Ranges as we cross over to (25), and (27) Zealand, and then over (30) Great Barrier Reef on the east coast, and then south to (26)__ Sydney Canberra. The sixth day takes us across (28)__ Tasman Sea to (29)_ New North America. The exciting city of (32)___ San Francisco is where we spend our seventh and penultimate night. Finally Pacific Ocean to the great continent of (31). it’s off to (33)___ majestic Rocky Mountains and over (34)__Great Plains to (35)_ Lake Erie and (36)___ Lake Ontario in (37)___ Canada where our last night will be spent in (38). fascinating Quebee, on (39), ‘St Lawrence River. Don't delay ~ book today to see (40)__ rivers, seas and mountains of our wonderful earth! om OF Som 6 ' #E Le 9 $e ‘0 ye Son ee ae Ig co Og 6x YOM BE LE 9% ‘OM Ge ‘oun VE OMT ex Be UL IZ = 08 = GT ‘am ST LT OF fou gt pr om st arom TT MN OF OM BB LIMES My EM ZT SUIMSNY 1 f Nouns: countable and uncountable 4 Quiet waters run deep. All English nouns can be categorised as either countable or uncountable. Some can be classified as both, although they change their meaning slightly, depending on which category they are being used in. Most English learning dictionaries indicate which category by placing [C], [U] or [C/U] after the headword. COUNTABLE nouns can be counted. They can be either singular or plural. Examples: a flower /six flowers, a bird |ten birds, a theory/a thousand theories ‘A few nouns are only found in the plural, or with a plural verb. Examples: clothes, belongings, goods, remains, people, police, cattle Agirl wearing jeans drinking milk Some nouns are always plural, and must be used with the phrase a pair of to describe one. Examples: trousers, jeans, shorts, dungarees, braces, pants, tights, glasses, scissors, UNCOUNTABLE nouns never use the article a(n) or a plural. They use some or a unit noun such as a bit Of a piece of... a cup of....@ loaf of..., ete. Examples: a piece of news, a loaf of bread, some milk, some cheese ‘Some nouns are usually uncountable, but can have a countable form which means ‘one unit or specific example of... Examples: Like chocolate. ‘Would you like a chocolate? Cheese is made from milk. Camembert is a French cheese. ‘The present was wrapped in paper. The Times is a right-wing paper. Delete the wrong alternative in the following sentences. In the column on the right mark if the noun is countable (C), uncountable (U) or always plural (PL) in this context. Category Example: I have e-good-news/some good news for you. eicloss 1 She was wearing a tight blue jean/tight blue jeans. Thave just bought a new furniture/some new furniture. Do you like it? Would you like a wine/some wine? I have just opened this bottle. I need an information/some information about my examinations. 2 3 4 5 He always eats a bread/bread with his soup. 6 He was wearing a silk pyjama/silk pyjamas when they arrived. 7 She has made good progress/good progresses in her studies. 8 I'm really thirsty. I'd like another beer/beer. 9 Let me give you some advice/an advice: don't make him angry. 10 T've got some pain/a pain in my stomach. That food was bad. 19) uted wpated owes OF #71) amApe-uRDIApe AMOS g {(D) 499qH20q JoIPOUE g Hn) YeHsARONE pods asaisoxd ood 2 '1q) SRUTELKE ASpRUNNKE- g “(C) PRDIC/pEEG- g “(() UONEULOWUT aus EReEEOHEE sip) suum ouoeppuiee g \() auninuany MOU owOR/eaNAREARF ADU Z *C'1d) SUEDE Ong UB VEOK MENEN T ‘SUaMSNV Prepositional phrases I: at, by, for Will she be at home for a while? lose cans | Is this for sale? Thate travelling by bus. Here is a list of common prepositional phrases. AT at atime at first at home at the beginning at once at times at last at work at the end at least at lunch at intervals, at school at the moment at all costs at dinner at speed at university at present, at war at night at rest at sea at the weekend at peace BY by bus by mistake by yourself by heart, by car by chance by all means by name by air by accident by degrees by sight FOR for sale for example for ever for a change for hire for instance for a while for the first time Choose the best phrases from the boxes above to complete these sentences. I came round to see you last night but you weren’t 1 2 She learnt the whole poem __ for the examination. 3. We are leaving the area, so our house is up 4 Charles is doing a degree in French and Drama ___ this year. 5 [didn't like him ___ but after a while I grew very fond of him. 6 I'm tired of cooking. Let's go out for dinner ‘a 8 9 ‘This letter is for you. It was given tome Inever want to leave you! I will love you It was very crowded ~ there must have been ___ 50 people at the party. 10 Tknow him ___ but I can never remember his name. 11 Bats sleep during the day and only come out to feed _ 12 I'm sorry I can’t help you. You'll have to doit__ assmos A 21 Sa8su 98 1 Ss a 01 ‘1860178 g ‘2040 20) g ‘owESTU KGL fafuEYD w0} Q H8Iy We g ‘hayOMUN Ie py ‘pes an} g sitvOH AGE faNOY Ie T ‘SUAMSNY ] 8 Prepositional phrases II: in, on, out of x He’s out of town on business. David's in hospital at the moment. He's on a diet. Here is a list of common prepositional phrases. IN in theory in hospital in town, ina hurry in future in practice inbed inthe country in my opinion in conclusion in fact. in trouble in public in abad mood in particular in detail in danger in private in any case in part ON on the lefvright on my own on fire ‘on purpose on a tripfourney ona diet on duty on sale on holiday on occasions on business on loan OUT OF out of control ‘out of money out of work out of date out of breath out of order out of practice ‘out of the question out of reach Choose the best phrases from the above boxes to complete these sentences. We'll have to use the stairs — the lift is but it will never work. His idea is great It’s well protected. There’s a guard all the time. ‘Most school children are during the month of August. Do you like my new trousers? They were at half price. ‘Many foreigners find it strange to drive in England. Tean't stop to talk just now. I'm afraid I'm 1 2 3 4 5 We must warn them immediately. They are___ 6 7 8 9 He's been running so hard, he can’t talk ~ he's 10 Their marriage is breaking up, although they always appear the ideal couple 11 Nearly three million people are __, with no income. 12. He said it was an accident, but I was sure he had done it ‘sodund uo g1 uo", 1N0 TT ‘augnd Ut OF sayeaiq jo ano g KunyeuL g "YP 94} UO Z “TEE UO g “aFUEP UE g “AepYOY UO F -KMP UO g “AaOoyY UE g “Mp0 JO WE T SUaMSNV | ] 9 Prepositions: to + verb | object to doing this! ‘The particle to is either a preposition, followed by a noun or pronoun (to the end, to them) or an infinitive particle with a verb (to eat, to smile, to dance). However, there are a few occasions when fo is used as a preposition, but is followed by a verb. In these cases we have to use the gerund — the ‘noun’ form of the verb ending in -ing. Here are the most common examples: Hey, I object to doing this! be averse to -ing Tam averse to getting up early on Sunday mornings. be different to -ing Surfing is very different fo skiing. be close to -ing They are close to signing the agreement. bbe opposed to -ing The government is opposed to supporting the railways. getbe/grow accustomed to ing We are not accustomed to dealing with such large amounts. get round to -ing He hopes to get round to finishing the work next week. get/be used fo -ing Teould get used to eating Indonesian food. look forward to -ing Mary is really looking forward fo meeting your son. object to -ing ‘The Council has objected to games being played on Sundays. prefer ing to -ing ‘These days I prefer watching football to playing it. take to -ing Ahmed has taken to calling late at night. Use each phrase from the list above in one of the following sentences, together with one of the verbs from the set below. Put it in the most suitable tense. dance / visit / write / wear / collect / eat / work / take / smoke / agree / measure 1 Charlie has a brand new hobby — he matchboxes in a big way. 2 I'm sorry, but you can't have a cigarette in here. I most strongly in publie. 3. He's really lazy: he always sleeping. 4 The two delegations have been arguing all day, but I think they at last. 5 Iwas brought up with Fahrenheit and I'll never the temperature in Celsius. 6 Jane hasn't had a holiday this year so she’s Disneyland in October. 7 Iknow you're very busy, but I hope you can. those letters this week. 8 She's not. but she just can't stand the waltz. 9 Some people claim that drinking alcohol is drugs, but they are both bad for you. 10 Since we've been living in Spain, we dinner much later, although I haven't really got used to it, 11 Most British people fur coats these days because it means killing wild animals. ‘Suuwom oy pasoddo axe 11 ‘Sune oy uayey any OT “Bunge (wosy 40} oy wase IP g ‘FuRDUEp or asLaKE g FURLN ey punos 308 L BUNIIA.O pURAIDJ RUE g Suuinsvous oy pasn 98 ¢ ‘BuloeUHe oy aso(2 ase y FunfIOW oY" suapaud g BuryouS oy" polGo z “FUNPATOD.O UOT YT ‘SUaMSNV 2 0 Prepositions and link words: with gerunds Please pay before leaving. PREPOSITIONS are normally followed by nouns. Example: Monkeys live in trees. ‘The gerund (the -ing form of the verb) is a noun formed from the verb. We can use this form after prepositions, Example: Y'm not very keen on living in trees. LINK WORDS such as after, when, while join two sentences to make one. If the subject is the same, we can often reduce one of the sentences by using the gerund. Example: He often whistles while he is working. — He often whistles while working. You shouldn't use the phone while driving. Choose a suitable preposition or link word from the list in the box and complete the sentences using the verb given at the end of each one. without / when / since / after / by / in spite of / after / instead of / for 1 It’s dangerous to swim immediately (cat) 2 You should save some of your money all of it (spend) 3 Low ceiling. Mind your head your seat. (eave) 4 This knob here is the volume. (change) 5 She never went skiing again her leg. (break) 6 He's very rude. He just left the party good-bye to the hostess. (say) 7 She didn't get the job a high mark in all the tests. (get) 8 They've travelled a great deal (retire) 9 Mary found the answer the word in an encyclopedia. (look up) dn Buryoo} 44 g “Suunar sous g ‘Sumas joayds oy 4 uykes mnoxgen g “Burypaq aye g “FusSuimyo cy y ‘Fusavoy uous g ‘Bufpuods,o pearsur g ‘Sune soye 1 SUaMSNV Prepositions of time: at, in, on, from... to, by It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. at first (in contrast with a change later: At first I liked him but then I changed my mind.) at last (after a long wait: At last the bus is here we've been waiting for ages!) at the beginning/at the end (with something which has a beginning and an end: At the beginning of the month I get ots of bills. At the end of the month I get my salary.) at the time (at that moment: Teouldn't phone you as I hadn't got your number at the time.) in the morning (times of the day) in the end (after difficulties or effort: I took my driving test 5 times, but passed in the end.) in a month (after a period of time: Ill be going home ina month.) AT IN ON at four o'clock in April (months) on Saturday (days) at the weekend in 1994 (years) ‘on 20th June (dates) at night in spring (seasons) on holiday at Christmas in time (before it is too late) ‘on time (at the appointed time) FROM...TO from May to July (a period of time) BY by 5 o'clock (within a certain time limit: I'l finish this by 5 o'clock.) Put the correct prepositions into each space. 1 I'm watching TV -T'll phone you back __ 9.30, _the end of the programme. 2 We're going ____ holiday three weeks’ time. 3 Sothere you are___last! Can’t you ever be __ time? 4 ____ first, I intended to stay the whole time, but _ the end I decided to leave before the end. 5 Shouldn't you have finished this now? ~ I've got to leave noon at the latest. 6 ____ Saturday morning I'm going to work 9.00__ 11.30. 7 We usually stay at home Christmas, but go out. New Year's Eve. 8 Tve never been to Greece May. 9 I didn't understand what he meant 10 the time we got there we were just spring before ~ I didn’t realise it would be as warm as this time for dinner. the time, but it became clear the end. ‘ur“éq OF ‘ure aoe 4 for woay~uQ g :Aq~KG g TUEIY F SUOIE g CUE-UO ge T SUSMSNV | 2 2 Pronouns: one | prefer the black ones ‘The pronoun one /ones is used very often instead of repeating the noun. ‘One can be used on its own. Example: Ive got one. or with an article + adjective. Example: Iwant a green one. Give him the old one. ‘Ones always follows a noun modifier (article, adjective, ete.). Example: Which ones would you like? I want big ones, We use some instead of ones on its own. Example: ve got some. Exercise A ‘Would you like one?” "Yes please, I've never had these ones before!” Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with one or ones and a suitable article where appropriate. 1 A: There are three pairs of shoes here - which B: _____with the mud on them. 2 A: Fm having a cup of tea. Do you fancy B: No thanks, I've just had i 3 A: How many fish did you catch? B: Only a couple of small . But 4A: Iwanta pair of jeans. How much are B: in the corner? A No, in the window. 5 A: Ineed some new gloves - thick B: What happened to you bought last year? Exercise B What do the following statements refer to? Example: You need one to go abroad. 1 You must have one to drive a car legally. 2 Ifyou haven't got one, you are unemployed. 3 You need one to shoot an arrow. 4 You wear one to keep your neck warm. 5 You may find a Picasso or a dinosaur in one. 6 You wear woolly ones to keep your feet warm. & Exercise C Do Exercise 6 on the cassette. are yours? _______ that got away was enormous! over there? that will keep my hands warm. ‘pos g “unasn eg {ws w smog eg "gore z ‘ooueoy Auiaup eT ‘souo ayysouo g ‘sou atpysoU /SOU0 OM ‘buo ayysouo ‘ouojouo g ‘souoayysOu0 TY SUIMSNVY | 2 3 Punctuation: apostrophes |can‘t and | won't, so that’s it! The apostrophe (’) has two uses in English: 1 To indicate that one or more letters are missing: a) from verb phrases to indicate how they are pronounced in informal language. Examples: can't (cannot), won't (will not), that’s (that is), I'd (I would /I had), it’s (it is/it has), ete. In writing, this is normally only used for informal language, such as personal letters. b) from a single word, which has a popular short form. Examples: *flu (from influenza), "phone (telephone) (These are now less common.) 2 To indicate the possessive: a) before the -s for singular words. Examples: Mary's book, the fish’s tail, the man’s job, one’s duty, nobody's fault NOTE that words ending in y do not change: (the lady's handbag). Itis also placed before the -s where a word has a special plural form. Examples: the people’s champion, the women’s movement, b) after the -s for plural words. Examples: the boys’ jobs, the ladies’ committee, the birds’ nests It may also be placed after the -s in words that already end with s. Examples: Jesus’ disciples, the Jones’ new car. In these cases the ‘missing s is usually still pronounced (Jesus’s, the Jones's) Exercise A Insert apostrophes in the correct places in the following sentences. 1 Annes mothers dogs won a prize at the show. 2 The womens team are going to Paris in a weeks time. Well see them there. 3. Wed better stop ~ theyve realised what were doing. 4 Whats the noise? Its the car thats lost its silencer. 5 The Davis house isnt one of the biggest ones. Exercise B Write out the sentences without contractions. Example: I'm pleased we've found the girls’ shoes. Lam pleased we have found the girls’ shoes. 1 Td rather you'd given it to the children’s home. 2. He's going to show us the pictures he’s taken. 3 One's got to help ones friends, even if one’s in trouble oneself. 4 They won't agree because they can't allow exceptions to the rules they've made. 5 You'd better go. If he'd had any sense, he'd have left too. ‘00 yo, ‘ns pom oy ‘suas Au poy poy au J 08 49NAq PEY TOK g ‘ape aney Koya Soja a or ‘souo asoiig auf J ou Aust omnoy AEC HLL, suondaoxo mote ours Aoxp a5M2309 90:30 YOU [8 KOM soou9[8 S180] 33648 1 OTA Sal Z9sIOU NH SACU F “asouo ayqnoss ‘Sutop axam yey pastyeas o4,Sa471— dors JOMEM PAM. & lust auo 3 uaxo spuotay souo doy 04908 eet uC) ox Soy ay saumgord ay sn mous on SuO8 8 FL ‘uo = uauplyo ay 0 3! 9A pey Mos Jo4rEA OM | 2x04 WY 98 LOM ‘ou §00m W UH Stan oF Bus as tee SORION aL a "Moys ayp 18 aztud Uw SBOP Santo SAUUY Ty SUIMSNV Punctuation: commas If, however, you agree, I'll do it. ‘There are no clear rules for the use of the comma in English. The safest way is to use a comma if it helps to make the meaning of the sentence clearer. In general terms, it is wise to use a comma: 1 whenever the normal order of the sentence (subject->verb—vobject/adverbial,ete.) is disturbed as, for ‘example, when a sentence starts with a long adverbial or a clause. Examples: ‘ADVERBIALICLAUSE | COMMA SUBJECT ‘VERB ‘OBJECTADVERBIAL, ETC. ‘On most days of the week ‘ Sebastian ‘goes fishing. ‘With the utmost eaution : she edged out into the main road. Ifyou don't stop laughing : I won't help ‘you to lay the table. ‘As soon as the rain clears : we ‘can set off for home again. Nevertheless zi thedirector | has decided to dismiss him. | 2 where there is a list of similar parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, ete. Examples: I've got to get eggs, bread, potatoes and a bottle of sherry. He stood up, smiled, raised her hand to his lips and kissed it It’s an ugly, green, hairy thing. 3 with a non-defining clause (see Intermediate Worksheet 26). Example: The new editor, who used to work in advertising, has adopted a fresh policy. 4 to mark an interjection. Example: The chief reporter, on the other hand, has no intention of changing his style. ‘The commas in these cases, as in most others, indicate a pause or a change in intonation. Add commas to the following sentences as necessary. 1 Visconti the film producer made strange avant-garde films in black and white. 2 As soon as she arrives you must I insist apologise to her. 3 Sue David and Allan all decided to share. Sam however insisted on a separate room which was typical of him. 4 Had she known she would not have given in in any case. 5 Mary the victim must never find out if you see what I mean. 6 The winger cut in side-stepped the defender glanced quickly up and shot straight past the keeper who had no chance of saving it. 7 What it was was no concern of theirs as they had unknown to him already come off duty. 8 [could do with a long cool drink to refresh me after a really difficult dangerous and dirty job. ‘of Ayyp pus snoxesizep ajrouprp Ayqeax 8 Tye au YsOA}As YUE [009 “BuO w HAL OP PICO | ‘mp yo a Apeane uy 2ywaDuyLN "PY oxy sox Jo EID ow Heo! “y Bas yo aounye ou pay ox ‘sadaay aun eed asians 2048 pur da fpypmb paoueys “sapuasep ayy poddans-opts “ur Ino JOU OUT, ‘wsour 7eys 296 nos Jt “yno pul 19AOU yoMU SUTTON nN “KIEL ‘auto Cue uu UaAiS OxRY 04 [ROM ays UROL 9YS PEE, ‘uy Jo wx Som yprym “tons ayezed9s w uo poystsut‘ZaxaMoY ‘WHE “azBYS on PEPHAP [Le WELTY PUE PIAE "OAS ‘at asoqode“stsut | “stuns “SanLLT aYS SE UOOS SY ‘on pus yoeg ut sty apsed-ueae ‘aires spews ‘s9onpoud Uy ayy AUODSEA, 2 5 Quantifiers here’s little tea but lots of coffee. ‘When we don’t know or are not interested in how much or how many, we use some. (There are some people outside.) We can be more specific by using another quantifier, as in the following table. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS COUNTABLE NOUNS Ihave no no Idon't have any bread any apples Ihave little cheese few books Ihave alittle information afew cars Ihave ‘some money ‘some enemies Have you ...? any space any problems Ihave a lot offlots of time a lot offlots of thoughts Idon't have much many NOTES 1 No is used with both countable and uncountable nouns with a positive verb. Any is used with a negative verb. Examples: Ihave no energy = haven't got any energy. There are no eggs = There aren't any eggs. 2 any is used with questions. Example: Did you bring any water? 3 little and few are negative ideas, a little and a few are positive. Examples: Thave little time, so I must hurry. I have a little time, so I can stay for a while. Ihave few problems, so I am quite happy. I have a few problems, so I am rather worried 4 much and many are normally used with a negative verb (or the question How...) in informal language. ‘They are found with a positive verb in formal language. We normally use a lot of lots of in positive statements. Examples: She doesn’t need much encouragement. She has lots of courage Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue with appropriate quantifiers from the table above, "We need (1) more milk. There isn’t (2) left in the fridge.” ‘You're right. In fact we'll probably need (3) milk this morning, because you said you'd invited (4) friends around for coffee this morning.’ ‘Yes, but only (5) colleagues from the office.” © 2 How (7) exactly?” ——' Well, seven, actually. That's not (8) , is it? ‘But that means I'll have to buy (9) sugar and biscuits as well. I haven't done (10) shopping this week. I've been rather busy and had very (11) time? ‘Haven't we got (12) biscuits in the cupboard?” left last night but I ate them before I went to bed.’ ‘Don't worry — we won't need (14) enough.’ ‘No. There were (13) biscuits. All my friends are on diets. One packet will be ‘Just as well. I didn’t get to the bank yesterday, and I've got (15) cash on me at all.’ “That's unlike you ~ you usually have (16) money in your pocket.’ ‘uosgo 0490 19 © QT “ou OT “AuoM FT ma} YawOS ET ‘ue gr ‘om LL SKuv OF ‘oWOs g ‘AuoM g

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