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We are now ready to look at some applications of Newton's laws. There are
three types of forces that we will deal with in this course. The first is applied
forces. The other two are natural forces and contact forces.
Applied Forces
Applied forces are those that arise due to the interaction of the object with
some other object. Usually the two objects are in contact for a brief period. An
example of this type of force is the force exerted by a person pulling a block or
the tension in a line. These forces always depend on the situation being
examined.
Natural Forces
Natural forces are those that arise from fundamental interactions in nature. In
reality, both direct action forces and contact forces are applications of natural
forces. There are four known natural forces. From our knowledge of particle
physics we know that all of the natural forces can be characterized as a force
field times a charge. Each charge is associated with a particle.
The first of the natural forces to be studied was the gravitational force. This is
the force that attracts to bodies together. It creates weight and keeps the planets
in orbit around the sun. It has an infinite range. The equivalent charge is the
mass of the body, and the associated particle is called the graviton. It is the only
one we will look at this semester.
The second force that was known classically is the electromagnetic force. This
is more commonly recognized as electric forces and magnetic forces. As with
gravity, it has infinite range. The charge is the electric charge, and the
associated particle is the photon. It is studied in the second semester of this
course.
The third force is the strong nuclear force. This is the force that holds an
atomic nucleus together. It has a limited range (roughly the diameter of a
nucleus). The charge is the strong nuclear charge, or color charge, and the
associated particles are called gluons.
The last known natural force this the weak nuclear force. This is another short
ranged nuclear force. It is responsible for the decays of certain particles. The
charge is the weak nuclear charge, or hypercharge, and the associated particles
are called the gauge bosons.
Since the early 70's there has been considerable effort to unify these four
forces into a single theory that describes the forces as a single force. To date,
only the electromagnetic and weak forces have been unified, although there are
various theories, called grand unified theories, that unite electromagnetic, strong
and weak forces. Attempts to unify these with gravity are found in the various
superstring theories, or the theories of everything, that are being postulated.
Contact Forces
The last class of forces we will deal with are the contact forces. These forces
raised due to the contact of one object with another. They can be decomposed
into two components. The normal force, which we encountered earlier, acts
perpendicular to the contact surfaces. The parallel component is the friction
force and acts to either hold the objects at rest or to resist their motion. In
general, the true nature of the friction force is complex and difficult to describe.
However, there are certain general properties which can be described and serve
as an easy means to describe the force. The main property is that the magnitude
of the friction force is proportional to the magnitude of the normal force. The
constant of proportionality depends on whether the objects are moving relative
to each other or not.
If the objects are moving relative to each other, then the magnitude of the
friction force is given by
f = mkN
(28)
normal. Konstanta proporsionalitas tergantung pada apakah objek bergerak relatif terhadap
satu sama lain atau tidak.
Jika objek bergerak relatif terhadap satu sama lain, maka besarnya gaya gesekan yang
diberikan oleh
f = mkn (28)
mana mk disebut koefisien gesekan kinetik. Koefisien gesekan kinetik adalah properti dari
objek dan harus ditentukan berdasarkan komposisinya. Jangan lupa bahwa gaya gesekan
bertindak sejajar dengan permukaan kontak dan berlawanan arah gerak.
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