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From: Linear Systems and Signals, 2nd ed. B. P. Lathi, Oxford University Press, 2005.
1.1-2 Find the energies of the signals illustrated in Fig. P1.1-2. Comment on the effect on energy
of sign change, time shifting, or doubling of the signal. What is the effect on the energy if
the signal is multiplied by k?
t3
1
(a) Ex = t dt =
=
0
30 3
1
(b) Ex1 =
( t )
(c) Ex 2 = ( t )
1
t3
dt = t dt =
1
3
0
1 1
= 0 =
3 3
1
t3
1
dt = t dt =
=
0
30 3
1
(d) Ex 3 = ( t 1) dt =
2
(e) Ex 4 = ( 2t )
1
t3 2
( t 2t + 1) dt = 3 t + t = 13 1 + 1 = 13
0
2
t3
4
dt = 4
=
30 3
Neither sign change nor time shifting effect the energy of a signal. However, multiplying a signal
by some factor k results in the energy being multiplied by k2.
1.1-6 Figure P1.1-6 shows a periodic 50% duty cycle dc-offset sawtooth wave x ( t ) with peak
amplitude A. Determine the energy and power of x ( t ) .
Determine the power over one period ( 0 t < T ) , half of which is zero
2
1 T /2 A
4 A2
Px =
t dt = 3
T 0 T / 2
T
t3
4 A2 ( T / 2 )
A2
=
3 = T3
3
6
0
T /2
Ex =
A2
=
6
1.2-1 For the signal x ( t ) depicted in Figure P1.2-1, sketch the signals
(a) x ( t )
(c) x ( 3t )
(b) x ( t + 6 )
(d) x ( t / 2 )
(c) Determine the powers Px1 , Px2 , and Px3 of the signals x1 ( t ) , x2 ( t ) , and x3 ( t ) .
(a) 1 = 2 f1 =
2 = 2 f 2 =
(b)
2
=1
T1
T1 = 2
2
=
T2
T2 = 2
k2 T1 2
= =
= integer
k1 T2
2
1
(c) Px1 =
2
Px1 =
1
4
1
cos ( t ) dt =
4
2
1
1 + cos ( 2t ) dt =
4
t + 2 sin ( 2t )
0
1
1
1
2 + 2 sin ( 4 ) 0 + 2 sin ( 0 ) = 2
Px1 =
1
2
Px 2 =
1
2
1 2
1 2
1
1
Px 2 = sin 2 ( t ) dt = 1 cos ( 2 t ) dt = t
sin ( 2 t )
2 0
4 0
4 2
0
Px 2 =
1
1
1
1
sin ( 4 ) 0
sin ( 0 ) =
2
4
2
2
2
1
Px 3 = lim
T 2T
cos ( t ) + sin ( t ) dt
T
1
Px 3 = lim
T 2T
1
Px 3 = Px1 + Px 2 + lim
T T
cos ( t ) sin ( t ) dt
T
1
Px 3 = Px1 + Px 2 + lim
T 2T
1 1
sin ( t + t ) + sin ( t t ) dt = + + 0 = 1
2 2
Px 3 = 1
x (t ) =
3 t
0
0 t <1
1 t < 2
2t <3
otherwise
E 1.0417
1 1
E y1 = E x = x
0.0579
18
18
3 2
Ex 1.0417
0.2604
4
4
(c) Stretching a signal also stretches its period. Thus, only the amplitude effects the power.
Because of squaring
Py 3 =
Py 2
9
Ex 1.0417
0.0289
36
36
1.4-2 Express each of the signals in Fig. P1.4-2 by a single expression valid for all t.
(a) x1 ( t ) = ( 4t + 4 ) u ( t + 1) u ( t ) + ( 2t + 4 ) u ( t ) u ( t 2 )
x1 ( t ) = 4 ( t + 1) u ( t + 1) 6tu ( t ) + 2 ( t 2 ) u ( t 2 )
(b) x2 ( t ) = t 2 u ( t ) u ( t 2 ) + ( 2t 8 ) u ( t 2 ) u ( t 4 )
x2 ( t ) = t 2u ( t ) ( t 2 2t + 8 ) u ( t 2 ) 2 ( t 4 ) u ( t 4 )
x2 ( t ) = t 2u ( t ) t 2 4t + 4 + [ 2t 4] + 8 u ( t 2 ) 2 ( t 4 ) u ( t 4 )
x2 ( t ) = t 2u ( t ) ( t 2 ) u ( t 2 ) 2 ( t 2 ) u ( t 2 ) 8u ( t 2 ) 2 ( t 4 ) u ( t 4 )
2
sin 2 ( t 2 )
1 t
(d)
( )
t2 + 4
1
(e)
( + 3)
j + 2
sin k
(f)
( )
[Hint: Use Eq. (1.23). For part (f) use LHpitals rule.]
(c) e t cos ( 3t 60 ) ( t )
sin t
sin 0
(a) 2
(t ) = 2
(t ) = 0
t +2
0 +2
2
j + 2
j0 + 2
(b) 2
( ) = 2
( ) = ( )
9
+9
0 +9
1
(c) e t cos ( 3t 60 ) ( t ) = e 0 cos ( 0 60 ) ( t ) = cos ( 60 ) ( t ) = ( t )
2
sin 2 ( t 2 )
sin 2 (1 2 )
sin 2
1
(d)
(1 t ) =
(1 t ) = (1 t ) = (1 t )
2
2
1+ 4
t +4
1 +4
5
1
1
(e)
( + 3) =
( + 3)
j + 2
2 j3
sin k
sin k
k cos k
(f)
( ) = lim
( ) = lim
( ) = k ( )
0
1
1.5-1 Find and sketch the odd and the even components of the following:
(a) u ( t )
(e) cos (0t + )
(b) tu ( t )
xo ( t ) = 0.5 u ( t ) u ( t )
xo ( t ) = 0.5t u ( t ) + u ( t ) = 0.5t
xo ( t ) = sin (0t )
xo ( t ) = 0
10
(f) xe ( t ) = 0.5 sin (0t ) u ( t ) + sin ( 0t ) u ( t ) = 0.5 sin (0t ) u ( t ) sin (0t ) u ( t )
xo ( t ) = 0.5 sin (0t ) u ( t ) sin ( 0t ) u ( t ) = 0.5sin (0t ) u ( t ) + u ( t ) = 0.5sin (0t )
(g) xe ( t ) = 0.5 cos (0t ) u ( t ) + cos ( 0t ) u ( t ) = 0.5cos (0t ) u ( t ) + u ( t ) = 0.5 cos (0t )
xo ( t ) = 0.5 cos (0t ) u ( t ) cos ( 0t ) u ( t ) = 0.5 cos (0t ) u ( t ) cos (0t ) u ( t )
11
1.5-11 Figure P1.5-11 plots a complex signal w ( t ) in the complex plane over the time range
( 0 t 1) .
The time t = 0 corresponds with the origin, while the time t = 1 corresponds
12
13