Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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PlP Pg
No
tt
o
JAl vgUw
2015
PlP oP AW (j.)
100 Cr v g, APj 3 Av,
AUg - 85
I
K
be T
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bl
is
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tt
o
(Constructive Approach)
No
K
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pu
bl
is
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. f.J. qArvAi,
UAz Pig
tt
o
R AAidPg
oP jgu U oP gZ
No
III
P zPg
PlP oP AW
AUg.
CzsPg r
JAl vgUwAi e Aiz F oP gAi oP Ul-2005
(NCF 2005)g Pg gavVz. AAz CPjUAz DzUAq
o Vz.
K
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No
tt
o
J. . Pn
IV
oP gZ w
CzsPg
q|| n.J. P CrU, v zsPg, As Ai, A.409, Z zAi g, AUq
Ug, AUg-27.
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CzPg
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No
AzQAi Aq
. JA.Dg. Ugd, Pt vdg, AiAP GUg, AUg.
q. JA.e. Azg gi, . Ds Aiif, g .Ai. Pe, Ur, AUg.
. Z.J. QgAit sl, v, Ag, .. gA, e Pe, AUg.
R AAidPg
sg f.J. qArvAi, AAidPg, o jgu v oP gZ w.
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UAz Pig, P zPg, PlP oP AW, AUg.
AqgAU, GzPg(sj), PlP oP AW, AUg.
PAiP AAidPg
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V
jr
CzsAiz
AS
CzsAiz g
lAS
zsU PU
CU
1-8
VP AU
jgz CzsAi
9-22
git gZ
23-34
git U E
35-43
fPU CzsAi
44-59
fU VPgt
60-73
P fU AZ
74-82
ZAi gu
83-95
v l ZAi AiU
96-106
10
Q v Czg gU
107-117
11
118-127
12
zA fz gAiPU-1
128-141
13
zA fz gAiPU-2
142-151
14
U dUv
152-164
15
165-178
zz wU
179-187
tAi dUv
188-210
Dg v Czg WlPU
211-226
19
ZQAi v Ggl
227-247
20
Gv U Avvw
248-253
21
AP zsU
254-267
22
Dg Gvz : t v j u
268-285
23
fz P
286-294
24
sAz DZU
295-313
17
VI
he
K
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No
18
tt
o
16
7
8
CzsAi 1
VP AU
VP AU Cx jg.
VP AU RvAi wg.
eP v CeP AU q vU Ugwg.
j eP R jg.
K
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vv CP jwAi U qv. CU P
fz. Ez f U. PwAi zgP, U GAiPU
U 'VP AU' JAz PgAiz. F VP AU
, GU CvUv. CU P CPvU gzP
GAiVqv.
tt
o
No
P VP A
U , P wAi rU s
V g gvz
. CU
`PgtU VP AU' JAz PgAiUvz. gQ, U, g,
fU, CgtU U P U PgtU VP AUU
GzguU. EU P PU gAvgV zgPv. GzguU, gQ
U U. CU jzUz AU JAz PgAiUvz. CgtU
v fUAv AU gAvg PAzV Cx i
PAzV Qtv gz. Dzg, CU j GP CU
gvw iqz. UV, EAx AU jzU AU JAz
PgAiUvz.
P VP AU sAi CAvgz AiUl U Az
GAmV. GzguU, AiP EAzsU v RdU. CAx AU
GAmUwg U, CU ig wg UQAv Pr Ez. UV,
1
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fU GU g CvUvVg MAz C U C VP
A. jgz w, fzsz G, EAzs gPu Cz DgU
j Avz fz QAiUU g MAz AU, jwPgP
CA. AzsU jU zV g Ai E. Q AP CP
AiiAiUgAv jU Aiiz jwAi AiiAi Egz, j .
PwAi g v gUU zUvzAiizg Cz v
AqAiz. s gZAiizU Ez g FU Ez.
tt
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No
ZlnP 1.1
MAz UtAi 2200 ml. g vUzP. Ez sAi g j
Ml it JAlP. MAz ZZAi P F vAz 12 ZZU g
EAz aP gzP vU U. Ez sAi , gg, P, CAvd
Avzq zgP g. zq vAig Gz g Ug, zU
zgP Gj it avz. 12 ZZAi jg vAz Jgq
ZZ g EAz aP Uf vmU U, EAz Czs ZZAi g
FU 10 ZZ jg Uf vAz vUj. Ez sAi j
ggUg j it avz. MAz Uf g AiAz aP
vAz MAz g vUj. FU vUz j it Ug
j it avz. t Uf vAi ig 9 ZZ jz. Ez
AdUqAi gzg j it avz. zs zsgPUg j
it .
2
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av 1.1
sAi j vgu
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No
ZlnP 1.2
Cx quAi j zP,
Utlz Pgv U j Pgv MAz R
AiiVzAi? PgtU v ir.
Vz Uv?
he
w iZ 22gAz zzAv d
JAz DZjUwz.
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t J UU g v ReAU
av 1.2 d
MzV VP A. CzgAi P Dzsjv
UU Cz xP PU . evU, Jg, KrU, QlU U
CP UAi PfU Ai DVz.
t, g jPAq, Avg Cz U PU MzVvz. t
fUwzAv g zUvz.
tt
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No
CgtU
K
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bl
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Pz
20-30
U
Cgtz U w
V, EzjAz EAz jgP AAz
CP U Jzjwz. dZP ngzjAz zs
zVz. t
j P Vg Pgt t
P
w
Vz. EAz
g Cgt Pgt
zAv ZlnPU
P CgtU
wU PAqAi PVz.
Vz Uv ?
No
tt
o
w iZ 21 gAz zzAv
Cgt DZjUwz.
av 1.3 Cgt
fU
Pr Eg U t szU fU JAz
PgAiUvz. C CgtU, zU U UgU
zsAi fszU wv. mAiiqz, Vz
U g rAiz Avz i ZlnPUAzV PqfU wV
l, CP C zsU V. CP zsU zsz
CzU UAqAvg Jzjw.
5
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K
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Pz Cw Z itz P Eg VP A. iV
g UAi Pz PU UgwUvz. DAxm ig 80% P
Ez, EAz UAiiz Um 50 jAz 65% P Ez. l Pz
40% VAv Pr P Ez.
tt
o
No
Rd AU
s
Ai gz
g
z
s PV zgP , fgAz Gvw
DUz CeP
z Rd Jv. sAi AiUl U CAi
qz sUs QAiU s F RdU. UV, RdU PjUz
AU JUvz.
K
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1. EU MAz F UAU g.
J. g
. PqU
. m
r. t
tt
o
. zs v
. tUU Dg MzV
r. t svvAi Pq.
No
II P zUAU ng swir :
1. PwU swAiiU AU ___________ Jvg.
2.
m v Ju E ___________ VP AU.
III F UU Gvj :
1. VP AUAzg?
PgtU v PgtUz AUU Eg vU w.
3.
j GAiUU nir?
4.
UtUjP JAzg?
2.
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6.
he
IV A gj :
Cw Z P CA
J. Um
2.
PgtU A
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3.
UAzsP CA Pr Egz
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4.
t GAmUP
r. J..f
1.
Js. CAxm
f. sP C
No
tt
o
E. AqU yPgt
CzsAi 2
jgz CzsAi
fz GU j R CxirPg.
vUgAz r P P Pg.
K
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g Aqz s MAz C U
tt
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No
s
Ai .71g
g Djz JAz wj. s
Ai
F sU dgt (hydrosphere) JAz PgAiUvz. gAqz Cg
itz zgz jg KPP U sAiiVz, Ez sAi fz
zsvU Pz CAU MAz. Evg U PtUz, fz EgPAi
P swP U gAiP UtU j.
v aP U zgAz C gP zu Az
g CP itz QAi Pvz. CP vg zAz,
j DPgU Ai G jPAq vgtz vi
vVjv. Ai VzU, jPAq G, gAi
gz vgtP AgUvz. fU GU F jwAi AiAvt
uAiPzz.
9
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K
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bl
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s
Ai EAz v
A
iAzg Czg vgt
(atmosphere). s
Ai
Djg Ez C, g U P zsAz Prz. vgtz
78g m d U 21g DQd Ez, P qDP q, DU Avz
CU Gz sU vAv.
j J fU GU Pgtz vgt
PP
t EA wAi vz.
tt
o
No
fUz jP
sAi dgt, vgt U gtU j fUVz. Ez
J fU U CU U MUArz. Ez sAi Az
P Q..U
iv M
P vgt
z MU P Q..U
iv z.
10
he
No
tt
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K
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F GzguAi U. g U tAz g v tU
jPv
. F U JU
, s
U , wvg
sUU
QlU , QU
, fAPU
wv. F tU Evg tUU DgUv. F J U, tU Evg
tUU DgUv. F U, tU vU, CU z sUU Pv
PfUAz WlU MUUv. sdUAq zxU Pt t
g P, F J WlPU MAzUrv.
av 2.1 fU q gg wvU
PwAi EAx CPP AAzsU. F PArU Uz d
vz CrUUV. jg e F Jgq sv AiU
wv.
11
VP Ai AvU
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B
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tt
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No
K
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bl
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av 2.2 Pw Ai dU
No
tt
o
jgAi zsU
jgAi jg e CzsAiz WlP JA CA
FUU jZAi irPArz. evU jgAi, Er fUz
WlP z.
guA
i P g, MAz jg
Ai g g UAi eP zAiU
CAi f WlPUq vv wwwgv,
vv P, U Avz UUAi jgU
Uj. Cz, MAz CgtzP, zP sn rgz.
EU PAqg i CAU U JAzzg Aiag? Cz
jw, Ug, v U gsU jgAi GzguU. VP
jgU svV d jgU U jgU
JAz VPjz.
irr : d U jg UU GzguU nir.
Ez, CP i v jg
U
E. CvAv agj
av Gzgu
JAzg vUg.
irr : i v jgUU E GzguU n ir.
13
ZlnP 2.1
PPg U pU AiAz Ai MAz t vUg
.
jgAi WlPU
K
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U wgAv, g U v Dg v vAiijP
x AgzjAz, CU PU (autotrophs) JAz
PgAiUvz. evU, U F UA UgwUvz. F fU
Gv Dg QAi Evg J fU vPV E gPV
Pv. EAV trAiAv "all flesh is grass" UV, s
jg
U
g U U d jgU U GvzPg (producers)
JAz UgwUvz.
No
tt
o
v Dg
v vAiijP
x EgzjAz U jgz
zgP Evg fUAz v Dg U Pgt, tU gPU
(heterotrophs) JAz PgAiUvz. F PgtPVAi jgAi tU
sPPg (consumers) JAz UgwUvz.
gg tU gg jwAi Dg v JAz U wz
Ai. P U DgV tU jU (herbivores)
JAz PgAiUvz. jg Ai gV UAz v DgQAi
U EAx tU
x
P sP Pg (primary consumers) JAz UgwUvz
.
GzguU qv, fAP, , Avz.
jU wAz zP CP tU. EAx tU wAiP sPPg
(secondary consumers)JAz UgwUvz. qvU PUU DgUvz.
fAP v U A Cx U DgUv. E PU, A U
wAiP sPPg.
14
K
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B
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bl
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Gzgu 1:
qv P
tt
o
No
Dg gU F PV g UUV AUrz.
j Cx Ai (grazing) Dgg
: Ezg
AiiU x
P
sPP j tAi DVgvz. vP jgU Ez CvAv
ZV PAq g Dg g. Ez sPP (predator) Dgg JAz
PgAiUvz.
K
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B
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bl
is
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Gzgu 1 v 2 U.
tt
o
Gzgu 3:
Gzg Jg Q
No
g gA QU QU PAUAiP DfU
K
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B
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pu
bl
is
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av. 2.5 Dg e
fU Dg U QAiiV jwvUvz?
tt
o
No
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
he
zs u gUg fU q Dg AAzsU
FUU wz P Arj. F A Azs U Q A i A Zg i v z ,
w Avz fU AS v eP vP MUv. F AAzsU
PU gz azU, C gqU DPg v. UV,
EU jgz gqU JAz PgAiUvz. EAx gqU GvzP
fU v
s Uz
g
v
. zs Avz sP P fU A AvU
w
v
.
iV vwAiP Cx Zv xP sP P fU gq vv vAi Egv.
No
tt
o
av 2.8 gz AS gq
19
d
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K
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bl
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av 2.9 vPUz AS gq
tt
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No
eP Azs
Dg gU P PAU iv AiU. P
Pj U
MAz t g
Az EAz tg
P UuU
v
.
EAx vP AzsU PgP U gv gUU UwzAv
Zv Uvz.
he
No
tt
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K
be T
B
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bl
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21
CsU :
wAiAz CtP / U AiiAiU qVz jAiiz
Gvg Dj :
1.
S ng z P fAi g sw ir.
J. fAP
. qv
P z
.
he
r. E
K
be T
B
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bl
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2. EU MAz WlP f
J. Azs
. KPP f
.
r. Ql
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
III F UU Gvj :
tt
o
1.
2. EU g.
No
3. jg JAzg ?
4. r. r. n Ai P P KP ?
5. MAz g Dg gAi ga
6. s jgAi J g tU zg KUz ?
22
CzsAi 3
git gZ
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
q git zAv wg.
U SAi wg.
K
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B
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v v jgz jwAi , t v CP U
qv. Aiizzg
Jgq U , Eg ig
Cx Jgq lU
MAz jw EgvAi? MAz gz Jgq JU Pq MAzAz .
UAi U P C, z v WUV. P tAiV. FU
F vUU Pgt wAit.
No
tt
o
Puzg
g
z svz
PtUAz iqn
z
JAz z w
zg
.
MAz PvPj PvAi Pg Puz Dg v, qzPAq UU
MAz Wl Asvz. PAiz aP Zg Dg, E Zg ir,
MAz Zg l Gz ZgU rzg. U iqv zU PAi
Gz Zg PAi Zg iq DU. DU z CAwV sf
Czs JA DZ CvP Av. Cg F sf Czsz z
Pt JAz Pgzg. sgvz git zAv RV AiVPz P
vPz vAiz.
23
Q Lz v
i z
q
Qn JA VP vve
Ez sA
i
Przg. Az sfv zAv CAwV sf Czsz
PPtAz zgAivz JAz Cg Aiazg. F PPt Cg
git JAz Pgzg. J U gitUAz ir. FV jPAiAv
Dz git E Ct.
K
be T
B
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bl
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tt
o
MAz jwAi g
i tUAz iqng
U zsv ( ) Jg .
FgU wg zsvU AS 118. CU 90 zsvU Uz szg
Gz zsvU AiUAi vAiijzzVz.
ZlnP 3.3
vz PAi GAiV zsvU nirj. CU APv
v GAiUU gj.
No
he
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
sv PtU e. e. x gg AiU
No
tt
o
d PAi 15 cm Gz v 3 cm z Uf PAiiVz, v
A Az. Uf PAi Jgq vUU z zzUU
Cr
gvg.
25
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
d P A i q d C v U z P AqU Z A i
UjVgvz. qd git zsvP PtU vA UgV. F
PtU mUg. MAz m gAi ig 1840 EPU
gU Vgvz. m D EP DP VAi U
gzVAi Egvz.
m zgAi 1 gitg i (a.m.u) v Czg P
D +1 JAz sv.
No
tt
o
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
P EP v mU EgPAz g g gitU
zgAi PZg iq CzsAz gzgsq Uzg.
git QAi gAi mU Ml gVAv agz
No
29
ZlnP 3.4
iwAi AU PP swir.
git
PtU
m
Djzg
zzz zs
he
EP
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
w Ai Az P P A i U j 2n 2 E P U Ag v z JAz
g azg. E 'n' JAzg PPU AS. GzguU g PP JAzg
n = 3. F PPAi ZAzg 232 = 18 EPUgv. Ezg Cx M PPAi 18
QAv Z EPUg. N PPAig Ml Uj EPU ASAi
PZg ir.
vl Pj git 17 EPU JAz Pwj.
g izjAi Pg, 17 EPU K PPAi 2 EPU Agvz.
L PPAi 8 EPU Agvz. Gz 7 EPU Avgz PPAiiz M
PPAigv. Ez av 3.6 Avz.
30
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 3.5
g git EP AaPAi gZAi gj.
tt
o
No
git AS
ZlnP 3.6
F PU Png nAig S ng swirj
mU EPU mU
AS
AS
AS
Aii He
10
AigAii U
92
grAii Ra
CAi i
Al
H1
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
P C
238
rAii Na
Aii Ne
DQd O
qd H
git g APwPV
AS
AS az
he
zsv g
11
88
226
13
27
tt
o
MAz g
i t dPAz
m v mUAz Prz JAz
wzPArj. DzjAz git AS zUv zAv zsv
zUvz JAz U. GzguU dPAz g mU
Azg Cz yAii g
i t. dPAzz
Dg mUzg Cz P
git. Uzg git gAS zzAv zsv zUvzAi? Cz
wzP U Cx LmU U Cs iqt.
No
U [Isotopes]
he
av 3.7 qd U
CsU :
Cw sgz sv Pt
J. m
. m
. EP
r. m
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
jAiiz
J. Z QAi ZVgzjAz
. DPt Az
. Pt Az
r. Z Q PrAiiUzjAz
tt
o
3. m Eg g git
J. qmjAii
. nAii
. qd
r. Aii
No
J. git AS . m AS
. EP AS
r. m AS
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
git dPAzzg
____________ Jg.
mU
Ml
ASAi
git
AS
11.
git
III F PV UU Gvjj :
Pxq QgtU UtPtU w.
1.
he
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
8.
IV A gj :
1.
tt
o
2. 'L'PZ
J. Qzz zg
. 32 EPU
3. EP
. q git zAv
4. m r. 8 EPU
No
E. zv vl Pt
Js. zsDz Pt
f. 18 EPU
34
CzsAi 4
git U E
F CzsAi Cs irz Avg zyU :
P gitg v zU jg.
zsv Ai gg.
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
he
g i t gAi Cv Av aP z . gAi i U z U A ,
UA, QUAU, EAv aP gAi CAi CPPg. UV
CAvgAi gAiP vdg vAq Pz i Crzg.
C12 Lm F GzP DziV DAiirzg. Lm 6C12
6
g gAi 1 g git gAi P iq DziV
12
vUzPAqg. Ez git gAi i Jg Cx MAz git
gAi iP a. m. u Jg. (Atomic mass unit)
MAz git g ( a. m. u ) JAzg J?
tt
o
= 1.66 # 10- 27 kg
No
P git g =
C12 Lm git g
35
APv
P
git g
CAii
Al
26.98
UAii
PAii
Ca
40.08
md
Pj
qd
APv
P
git g
Mg
N
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
zsv
24.31
he
zsv
14.01
12.01
DQd
15.99
Cl
35.45
g (gAdP)
30.97
1.008
Ag
107.87
tt
o
No
12
MAz Ct g
1 MAz P
12
C12 git g.
12
12
36
UA - git g
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
PP 4.2 P U UA Ctg
qd
Ctv
P Ctg
UA Ctg
21=2
2g
O2
216=32
32 g
Cl2
235.5=71
71 g
H2O
2(1+16)=18
18 g
q d P gq
HCl
1+35.5=36.5
36.5 g
P qDPq
CO2
12+(216)=44
44 g
(21)+32+(416)=98
98 g
DQd
Pj
No
tt
o
H2
jP D
H2SO4
37
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
zA fz
qd Av iU
jitz P
iqU
GAiVv . Aiiz U
g, qd JA z
g ASAi avz
.
Cz jwAi git Cx CtU ASAi a JA
z
GAiVv. MAz JAzg 6.0231023 PtU JAz Cx. F
ASAi CUq AS JAz PgA
ig . Ez N APvAz ag .
38
he
CUq
UA git gAi Rv
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
Vz Uv ?
P vi nAi CP q P
CUq ASAi P iq Ai irzg.
F ASAi JAz PgAig.
zq AS.
6.0231023 = 602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 UU .
qP
No
P l gAi g g i tU Cx CtU A S Ai
CAzdiq PAi zs Pj. MAz gAiP QAiAi
PAiiz wvPU v GvwAiiz GvU itz Cv P iq
P AiPjAiiUvz.
ZlnP 4.2
1000 cm3 jg CtU U ASAi P ir.
Ez wg : jg AP tz ASU vPz P JtPAi
CAzd iqvg. CPg v g PxAi P ez PU
vP PAqrz, CAvg az vP ir azg ez PU
ASAi P iqz.
39
qPjP D GAiV 1 g qd CtU vAiij
J UA v vUzPPUvz. JAz PAqrj.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
he
v UA gitg 65 g v qd Ct UA CtgAi
2 g. Pgt
Az wAizAzg 65 g v , 2 g q d Ct
Pqvz. DzjAz 1 g qd Ct Gv 32.5 g v P.
zsv
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
8
40
K
2
L
8
M
7
he
K
2
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
FU rAii g
i t vUz
P. Ezg CvAv gP
Z
z
1 EP
Ez. gAiP QAiAi 1 EP zir, L PZz CP
Azvz. UV Ezg 1
L
8
M
1
ZlnP 4.3
CAii git AS 13. Ezg v EPU
PAqrj.
tt
o
F PP tU.
APv
zsv
git
md
DQd
rAii
Na
11
VAii
Mg
12
Si
14
16
zsv
No
AS
EP AaP
K L M N
41
EP
CsU :
wAiAz CtP / U AiiAiU qVz. jAiiz
Gvg Dj :
1.
J. m
. LmU
. m
r. EPU
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
J. 6.023x1023 CtU
. 22.4 CtU
. 6.023x1024 gitU
r. 11.2 CtU.
. 18
. 20
r. 24
. mU AS
tt
o
. mU AS
r. gitg AS
No
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
42
III F UU Gvj :
1.
he
2. CaCO3
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
IV A gj :
1.
UA Ct Uv
J.
w git DQd Ct
g EPU
3. EPU
git DQd Ct
r.
CvAv gPZzg EP
E.
Js.
22.4 lg
f.
No
tt
o
2. Ngh
43
C12
C14
Lm
Lm
CzsAi 5
fPU CzsAi
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
fPz R sUU n iqg.
Pg v mPArAiiU gZ v PAiU gg g.
fP v t fPUVg vU wAig.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
fPU CzsAi
ZlnP 5.1
No
tt
o
av 5.1
PAi fU
, fP
U
, P gUAz, AiU
g
U
Egz.
44
= 106 (1000000)
1 Ai
= 109 (1000000000)
1 nAi
= 1012 (1000000000000)
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
CAU
CAU
tt
o
fP
fP
No
fPz Dg
CAUA
CAdg
av 5.2 fP fAi WlP
gm P
gm P
gm P M DAU e. Dv MAz PzPz
ir, Mt Ar vz Cq PAi Czg P
jQz. Czg eUrAv gZU rz. CU
JAz Pgz. JAzg aP Pu.
45
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
gP
PA gPPt
av 5.3
mQqU
fPU zsU
tt
o
No
fPU ASAi?
46
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 5.4
AAiP PzP
av 5.5
EP PzP
PzP.
tt
o
No
av 5.4g AAiP P z
P AiAv
U . P z
Pz Aii sUAz
qv, Cz v g (eyepiece lens), qU R irg
g, g (objective lens). v g v gU
gg z
s x PAqP. Gzgu
U
, MAz AAiP Pz
Pz
v gz 10x Ez, g 40x Ez, JAlPt. DU,
F PzPz zs x 400x. CAzg, , v UvQAv 400
l zqzV Ptz JAzx.
ZlnP 5.2
AAiP PzPz fP Qz U?
47
ZlnP 5.3
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
48
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
t fP
No
tt
o
av 5.7
av 5.8 fP
49
ZlnP 5.4
guAi vj AiU : MAz Pj g vUzP. CzgP
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
MP v gP U Zvz?
CtU, v a gvAi
ZlnP 5.5
tt
o
No
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 5.10
CguAi vj AiU
f P U g A i P CtU , i V a
gvAi zAz, Pr gvAi zzqU Zv. P AzsU
CtU Pr gvAi Az, a gvAi P QAi Zv.
GzguU, gPz rAii gvAi Pr Ez, zAiz Ai
Pz CP Ez. Vzg, gvAi vP gzV, zAiz AiP
rAii C gP
Az jPvz
. F QAiU QAi AiUvz. Ez `QA i
UtP (active transport) Jg.
tt
o
RV JA f AzVz. Pw
Ai fP
P DPg,
Dzsg, gPu v zqsvAi Pqvz.
No
Pz
, P gAi MVg MAz AiAv . Pz
z ig
. 80 sU g. Pz CP eP ZlnPU . Ezg CP aP aP
sUU. E CeP v eP sUU MUAr. eP sUU PtzAU
(organelle) UAz PgAivg. CeP sUUAzg , v, PAiii
Pm, g (resin) v UAzUA
v gAiP U
. EU
P
Dgzg, v P d U. E P PU.
Pz
z
eP sUU
, PtzAUU
. E fP
z
V gZ
U
.
E PAiU v. EU Jgq UAUV AUrz.
CUAzg:
51
1. gAz Dvz, g
v PtzAUU
(membranous organelles).
Gzgu: JAqP gnPi, mPArAii, U AQt,
i, qU. EU av 5.7 v 5.8g Q.
2. g Az D j z , ggv PtzAUU (non-membranous
organelles) Gzgu : giU, AnAiU.
mPArAi
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
JAqP gnPi :
JAq P g n P i , g U
MAz e. Ez P g Az
P P Az z g U g r z . Ez
f P P DAv j P Dzs g
q v z v zs U
P z MAz s U Az E Az
sUP v MAz PAz EAz
PP Vvz.
gv PtzAUU
No
tt
o
Aia
: QlU gq Aiiq
mPArAiU Eg Pgt?
AiPU
U AQt : U AQtz
zs
UAw v P PtUAw. U
he
i : iU , iV
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 5.13 U AQt
t f P U P A q g v . E ,
40
zs
QtU
iU
v.
tt
o
qU
ig
No
Pg P
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 5.14
he
Pg
w Pg Jgq gUAz
D v Vz . M z g i v P A i
Djvz. ivP, v UU
MUArz. Uz jv Ez. jv Dg
vAiijPAi R v vz. F
QAiAi jw Rgz v? Ezg
U a iwAi 19 CzsAiz
wAij.
ggv PtzAUU
tt
o
No
PPAz (QAi)
J AiPjAimU PAqg zAqPgz Cw zq PtzAU
PPAz.
54
av 5.15
PPAz
he
Aia : U qs PAgPPtU,
PPAz Eg.
KP?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
PP Az
PP Az g (nuclear
membrane) JA ergAz DvVz. PP Az gAiU PP Az z
(nucleoplasm) Ez. PPAz zz JUAwg ez Pin
(chromatin) JA gZ Ez. P sdAi Azsz Pin gAiiV
w w aPzV, zUV, tvAvUUv. tvAv rDQg
QP D (deoxy ribose nucleic acid) JA DAAi Ez.
Ez AQV r.J.J. (DNA) Jg. r.J.J. Ai fU. wAiAz
f, fAi Pt zsjvz. GzguU QAi Jvg, Zz t,
Pt, P, , g Cx PAztU. MAz szz fAi w Pz
ASAi tvAvUgvz. i w
fPz 46 tvAvU.
F PV nAi U.
n 5.1 P fU tvAvU AS
tvAvU AS
No
tt
o
zAq
Fg
16
38
40
Pw
54
78
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 5.16 zAvU J v
tt
o
No
fP
Pw
gz
AnAi
56
t fP
CsU :
/ U AiiAiU qVz. jAiiz
1.
PPAzgz fPz Ez Eg
J. g
. tvAv
. mPArAi
wAiAz CtP
Gvg Dj :
r. gz
2. F fAi fPz Pw E
J. Pq
. i
. s
r.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
J. U AQt
. i
. mPArAi
r. Pg
J. Pw
. mPArAi
. Pg
r. i
5. fPz Cw aP PtzAU
J. i
tt
o
. gi
. QgPPAz
r. tvAv
No
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
57
III A gj :
J
J. Pg
2. fPz gV
. U AQt
3. fPz gnPU
. gz
r. Pw
E. P
Js. Pg
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
f. tvAv
IV F UU Gvj :
1.
fUAzg? CU R w.
J. Ai PU, . gPPtU,
No
6.
tt
o
5. fP v t fPU q Eg Aiizzg vU
w.
58
J.
1, 2, 3 v 4 j.
1 v 3g PAi gj.
r.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1.
he
V ZlnP :
tt
o
No
-jg sv
59
CzsAi 6
fU VPgt
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
v fz fez R jg.
fU VPgtz CUv wg.
fU zs v CU q sv U Ugwg.
v vv Pt fU Ugwg.
fU CU idPUtV, VPjg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
fz g, v SU
tt
o
f Pw eAz javVz. f U fU UV
CzsAi f.
fz CzsAi
No
ZlnP 6.1
U Z wzP, gUz.
ZlnP 6.2
Aiiz vgUwAi, QqAUtz ig Jgq Nr. Ggl
v zAiz rvz zgz Aii zuAiiUvz? KP?
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
fz SU
CzsAiz CPPV f zs SUV AUrzg.
: U CzsAi.
t : tU CzsAi.
P f : PtfU CzsAi.
PP : fPU CzsAi.
CAUA : CAUAU CzsAi.
jgQAii : fU qAi zs PAi ZlnPU CzsAi.
eP vAve: eP PAi zsU fzq C
iPz MwUV z eP vAve.
v ir : fz Evg R SU.
61
fU VPgt
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
fU q zs DAiPgVz, PU jz. tU q,
DPg, Uv, t v u zsUg vUU PgtU JAz
PAqP. s
Ai CASv fU JAz wz. w
AiAz fAi
PtU Cs iqz PPg. DzjAz, CzsAiz CPPV fU
CU P U vUUUtV, zs UAUV AUrzg.
Aiiz MAz UA, MAz izj fAi g
z Czs Ai , Er UA Evg
J fU R PtU CjAi zsUvz. DzjAz, fU
AUqu
A
i, Czs Ai
sU
z. fU
CU q P
v vUUUtV, AUr zwAi VPgt. fU VPgtz
U w fz SAi VPgt .
VPgtz GzU
sV Cs, Ugw U q
zs UAU fU q gg AAzsU g
g fUAz, AQt fU P vr
tt
o
No
. Cs Pz n vAiij.
ZlnP 6.4
PV tU j v iAjUV VPj.
, , D, v, fAP, , C v V
ZlnP 6.5
fU VPgtP gv eU PqUU
ZgP : (Q.. 600)
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZgP
he
tt
o
Cjl
tU :
j dZgU
z ZgU
UAi g SZgU.
No
U :
Fv F PqUU
AzV, Cjl f v, JAz dA
iVz.
63
gg : (Q.. 100)
gg
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Fv P gg , JA UA
x
gvg CPPV,
gz. Ezg AiAz gvg v P
ZlnPU vV z. gg
Pg, Gvg Cx QAz UAi,
Ai vgvz. Dzg, Cx zQtAz
UAi Ai vg.
tt
o
Pg Ai, q zz fd.
Ai, 1753g Pnz AmgA, Pz
i g 6000 s z U zRz .
i Zg JA vA z P z
, v Cjz
VPgt zwAi guAi rz. Ezg
ig 4400 t szU v ig, 7700
szU VPjz.
Pg Ai
No
Ai v z wAi , v t i d U A , Jg q
idU VPgt zwAi az. fU VPgtPV Fv
w idz AvU jZz. C U (class), Ut
(order), ew (genus) v sz (species)U. DzsP zwAi EU
evU E Jgq dU jz. C A (phylum) v PlA
(family). DzjAz, DzsP VPgt zwAi Ai zwAi gu.
Ai wAiAz fAi eP jAz a Pgt
(binomial nomenclature) zwAi jZz. Ai F J
PqUUUV Dv DzsP VPgt z v JAz PgAiUvz.
64
Ez wg : ig eP VPgtP Mrz z Q, Pg
iqz
Ai VPgtz dU
Pgt
VPgtz K dU
he
FUU, VPgtz dU U
A vgUwU wzPArj. sz
VPgtz WlP JAz Cjwj.
A Av ew, Avg PlA, v Ut,
U, A v id. VPgtz PAi
d id. Ez iqz Ai
dU.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
id
Ut
PlA
ew
sz
eP : sz JAzg?
tt
o
ZlnP 6.6
No
ZlnP 6.7
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
P tU
s z v ewAi g
MAz Ez. Gzgu
U
- Ug
- d d. Aii tAi, i g, ewAi g v szz g
MAz DVz? v ir.
GzguU P, VPgtz K dU V wzPt.
Pz (systematic position)
tt
o
ZlnP 6.8
No
66
n 6.1 i Pz
d
UtPt
gu, z w Z zP
Pqm
mPq
UAyU
Ut
gsAV, v z
PlA
ew
i - z P (cranium) ;
GPgtU iq x;
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Ai
sz
id
P Az z, Da v
ivq x.
i gz Pz
i g
No
tt
o
id
iUAism
iUAiiq
Ut
Aq
PlA
CPrAi
ew
iAfsg
sz
EArP
67
VPgtz zwU
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
a Pz VPgt zw
No
tt
o
ZlnP 6.9
av 6.1 U.
g id VPgt
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1674g P PzPz
DfU Uz. CAigU F jwAi
fU Cv wg. F jwAi fUU
jAiiz PzPV C P
1866g g i d ` n '
az. Ezg D fU, PfU
Dz me, QjAii, v
AU jz.
he
AiV
No
tt
o
av 6.1
av 6.2 gAiA
(me)
69
id VPgt
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
QjAi
av 6.5 P ( g )
tt
o
av 6.4
Lz id VPgt
No
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
av 6.6
fU Lz idU
No
CsU :
wAiAz CtP / U AiiAiU qVz. jAiiz
Gvg Dj :
1.
J. Pl
. g
r. n
. sz
. ew
3. PVU CvAv D fU
J. gU
. nU . AzsU r. U
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
r. id
he
J. P
. q
r. D
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
2. z fU _________________________ Jg.
3. a fU, v DgPV
CA.
_______________ U vP U gPV
tt
o
III A gj :
No
1. sAiij J. U
2. m . ew
3. CPrAi . sz
4. iUAism r. Ut
E. PlA
Js. A
f. id
72
IV PV UU Gvj :
1.
2. PAi,
jj?
AiPjAim,
D,
gPfU
Aii
idz
5. PVU CU idP j.
fAP, gAiA, Pq
he
4. uU AAzAv v tUVg v ?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
6. v tUAv VP AU AgQ U
j ? j.
R v
tt
o
V ZlnP :
ZlnP 1
No
ZlnP 2
v Pt tU Q v CU n ir. CU PgP
v CPgUV AUr.
73
CzsAi 7
PfU AZ
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
PfU Cx wAig.
zs UA PfU UtPtU g.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
ZlnP 7.1
v CP U Ptj. CU P fUzg, Gz
fU. fU UAi v tU Ptj. Dzg,
jUtU Ptz CP fU. CU PfU Jv. QjAii,
KPPf (protozoa), Azs, v gU VPgtz U A
CzsAiz Pwj. F fU PfU.
tt
o
No
Ez wg : P Dzsjv PzPz CU dz Ju U
74
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
F QjAii jP U Az? E j F z Ez
QjAiAz n JAz v. fAz f lvz JA z P
Ez. Ez MAz ZlnPAi P Cx irPt.
ZlnP 7.2
tt
o
ZlnP 7.3
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Jgq jm U q PP s C KP Eqv?
tt
o
av 7.2 g QjAii
No
rPP sPP
PP
g mmq
PP
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
qUqAiiUvz?
No
77
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
EU fgzsP (Antibiotic) U zV z?
av 7.7 C
M zy Av j DPgz j MAz Ai Pz Pz
Qwz. Czg MAz fAi Qv. C Pz D fAi av
78
he
av 7.8 Pqi
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
C QwzU, zyAi vAz fAi Uv.
C P z
D fAi av
gz. F fAi C idP jz
Pqi JAz Ugwv. F fAi av PU Uz
(av 7.8).
d
he
ZlnP 7.4
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
av 7.11
vP PfU U AiPV.
PfU Dg PUjP, Zz O
vAiijP g Agt WlP v ZgAr ga
Agt
WlPU
Uvz.
Ai
PvzAi
PfU
vg
v
vz. Cz DU, PfU PgP
z. C Dg PqAv iqvz. U
tUU gUU GAliqv. gUU
U Az Nzj. PfUAz
jU g gUU U wP q
MAz PP qVz.
80
Ai
Pg
Pg
gU rvAz
U, gU
zgj, Pv
PgPAz
Prz Pg PUAz U
v PtU
nPr.
Pv Dg
v g
gz.
gUgzsPU
P.
gUgzsP
rAii z z dg t
P, U
P
gz, Z, D
Ai Prv, AiAvt,
v ,
gz z
Ai ,
P.
DAii,
m ,
PjP, Aw
Dgf
zs v
Dgf
P, dg,
avz
dg
Ug
Jz ,
UAz
etU
Gglz
z P zsz
vAzg
zggz.
zU
Aw, s,
dPgt,
m
Pv g
v Dg
jAii
Z, dg,
UAl ,
P, Ai
,
jv v
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
EsAiAe EsAiAe
g
gU vqUl
U
he
gUz g
No
tt
o
Dg
f
ZlnP 7.5
ZlnP 7.6
he
Pg v zg Ai qz MAz PU Zl zr.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
CsU :
EU MAz f UAU gz
J. Df dg
. PrAiA ml
. sPP DjAi
r. Ai Pg
2. Cz Z gZU
J. iAU
. PAU
. xz r. mAlP
3. Pg F fAiz
J. Pq . CUjP
. F
r. Df
II P zUAU ng swir :
tt
o
1 Aif z gz e ____________ .
2. jAii gU ____________Az gvz.
3. Ai ________________ DPgzg QjAii
No
III F UU Gvj :
1. P fUAzg ?
2. QjAiiz i gZAi j.
3. QjAiiz av gz sUU Ugw.
4. Pg gU gqzAv U ZjP PU vUzPz ?
5. gUgzsPUAzg ?
82
CzsAi 8
ZAi gu
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
Zz zg v lz q v wg.
Zz zg v l PZg iqg.
d, U v Uv gg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
83
zg v l
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 8.1 zg v l
ZlnP 8.1
tt
o
No
ZlnP 8.2
PV AzsU Zz
l PAqrj.
zg
av 8.2
84
d v U
= 1 # 2 # 22 # 7
2
7
m
22
=
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 8.3
=12#2#r#r
tt
o
gj d =
vUzPAq Ml P
= 80 = 40 km/hr
No
ZlnP 8.3
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
40 km per hour
he
60 km per hour
FU D Ai t.
Zz zg
P
d =
P =
Zz zg
d
tt
o
A Az BU Zz zg
d
` T1 = D
40
d = 40 km/hr
Zz zg = D
No
Cz jw B Az A U 60 km/hr dz Z vUzPAq P
B Az A U Zz zg
=
d
` T2 = D
60
d = 60 km/hr
Zz zg = D
86
DzjAz vUz
PAq Ml P = T1 + T2 = D + D = 3D + 2D = 5D = D
40
60
120
120
24
Zz Ml zg = D + D = 2D
ZlnP 8.4
w UAmU 50 km w UAmU 60 km
A
100 km
180 km
= 2 D # 24
D
= 48 km/hr
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
2D
= D
24
he
Zz Ml zg
` gj d =
vUzPAq Ml P
Gvg : 56 km/hr
No
tt
o
Zz zg = 1 2 # j
P
P
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
gj d =
he
av 8.4
1 #2#r#r
=2
2
1 # 2 # 22 # 7
2
7
=
2
= 11 m s- 1
av 8.5
No
tt
o
ZlnP 8.5
A JA MAz PAi O PAzz wAi xz jAi UAl Zwz. B
v C U D PAiz Uz P Aiiz?
88
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 8.6 v xz Zwg PAi
ZlnP 8.6
DQglg JA z Pgz. U d a Cx
Pr iq DQglg vg.
No
tt
o
v q g tP vggAz s. g
Z gAzU Cz zsV Zvz. z z Czg gj d
10 km/hr JAz wAit. Jgq z Czg gj d 20 km/hr,
g z gj d 30 km/hr, z 40 km/hr Dz Avg,
g jig Cz dz Zvz JAz s. E w P d
10 km/hr zAv zUwz. F jw dz zuAi ZAi gz
QAi DUz GzguU t wg g Pt
wU gvz. ZAiU F jwAi zuU Uv JA zAz
jv. Uv JA z PgtAzg KPg Z,
KPg d, KPg Uz AzsU CgVgzjAz, Uv
KPgVgPV. KPgAz s P iqz rP.
UzU zuAi zg a wAi Uv Jv.
Uz zuAi zg Cx KPi Pz UzU zuAi
Uv JAz Sz. Uvz CAvgAi i lg
g PAq/ g PAq Cz m s 2 JAz gAiv.
89
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
ZAi PgtU :
1. a = v - u Cx v = u + at
t
No
2. s = ut + at2
3. v2 = u2 + 2as Cx v2 u2 = 2as
GAiV APvU :
'u' = DgAP U
'v' = CAw U
't' = P
's' = Zz zg
90
Gzgu : 1
wAig PAi 5 PAqU Avg 10 m s1 U UPvz.
Czg Uv J?
DgAP U u = 0 ( w)
CAw U v = 10 m s 1
he
P t = 5 PAqU
a = v - u = 10 - 0 = 2 m s- 2
t
5
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
P t = 5 PAq
a = v - u = 0 - 10 =- 2 m s- 2
t
5
tt
o
Gzgu : 2
No
jg : DgAP U u = 0 Uv a = 1 m s 2 P t = 4 sec
Zz zg s = ut + 1 at2
2
s = 0 # 4 + 1 # 1 # 42
2
= 0 + 1 # 1 # 16
2
=8 m
91
Gzgu : 3
wAig MAz PAi 4 m s2 Uv UPvz. Czs
lg CAvz D PAiz U J?
a = 4 m s 2
u=0
s= m
v=?
he
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = 4
v= 4
v = 2 m s- 1
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
v2 = 02 + 2 # 4 # 1
2
F PU
g
Az P CQv iw
q A i z zs . E P g
tt
o
GzguU iv jVz.
Gz : zg-P P.
No
zg Pwz JAz s. P
X - CPz, Pz zg Y- CPz
w
zg avz
vjg izjAi P
zgAivz. CAi PAi, Z
av 8.7
vUzPvz ?
PAiz d J ?
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 8.8
P GAiVPAq v a
20 PAqU PAi J zg Zz ?
No
tt
o
Az
s 1 : MAz PAi Q
KPjwAi
UAz Zwz JAz s. EAx
z
Aiiz KPi PAvgz
U zU. Cxv Uv
DVgvz. P 'X' CPz ,
U U 'Y' CPz wzg
8.9 avzg izjAi P zgAivz.
F P w ZAi PAiz U
J? Uv J ?
93
av 8.9
CsU :
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 8.10
. 1 m s -2
tt
o
. 0 m s -1
r. 2 m s -1
II P zUAU ng swir :
Uvz S.I i ___________________ .
No
1.
2. U Egq Az d v ______________________ .
3. MAz PAi 'A' Az
____________________ .
'A' P
Azg
Dzg
III F U r :
1.
IV. F PV UU Gvj :
1.
he
AiiVgvz. KP?
2. d v UU q v gj.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
3. l v Zz zgU q v gj.
4. KPg v KPgz Z JAzg?
V. v ZlnP :
40
30
20
10
P (PAqU)
tt
o
U (m s1 U)
1. PAz Uv PAqrj.
No
95
CzsAi 9
v l ZAi AiU
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
z juU gg.
AU z Sg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
lz
rz
.
UAi U
97
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Pz Z
av 9.1 UAigg CzsAiU
No
tt
o
l ZAi AiU
g LP lgg, PAiU Z v PAiU Uz zuAi
GAliq CAU Cs irzg. Cg, EU q Eg AAzs
Ugw AiU gz gzg. F ZAi AiU U E Z
wAit.
dqv
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 9.2 g AiitPg
No
tt
o
ZlnP 9.2
he
d
ZlnP 9.3
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 9.3 dqv
No
tt
o
ZlnP 9.4
l ZAi JgqAi Ai
MAz PAiP Czg AiUAz rz Uv PAiz
AiUz P g CvzAi v AiUz QAi
U PAiz gU ivzAi Egvz.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1. Uv PAiz A
iUz Q v A
iUz P
g Cvzgvz.
a a F ...................(1)
.(2)
tt
o
No
F=4x2
= 8 kg m s-2
Cx 8 l Cx 8N
101
he
Uv a = u - v
t
DgAP U u = 2 m s-1
CAw U v = 0 m s-1
P t = 1 Second
g m = 10 kg
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
= 0 - 2 =- 2 m s- 2
t
F = 40 kg m s-2 Cx 40 N
No
tt
o
1
= 2 m s- 2
` F = 20 # 2
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
AU AgPu :
tt
o
No
ZlnP 9.5
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 9.4 U vAg
ZlnP 9.6
tt
o
DPz em iU Z Azsz em iz P v
UAi P U. wi?
ZlnP 9.7
No
ZlnP 9.8
ZlnP 9.9
AS
2 Kg gAi MAz AzQAz 25 'g' gAi MAz UAq jVz.
F Ai g Aiiz U AiUUw JAz s UAq 2 m s-1
Uz Zzg, AzP J Uz AzP gvz?
jg : AzQ AU = UAr AU
[1g =
1
1000
Kg]
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1000
2 AzP AzP Zz U = 1 2
40
AzP AzP Zz U = 1 1 = 1
20
2
40
he
2 AzP AzP Zz U = 25 2
= 0.0025 m s-1
1. QAi v wQAiU
. Vgv.
. gzVgv.
r. g g PAiU wv.
tt
o
. Zvz
No
3. z CAvgAi KPi
J. Newtons
. newton
. newtons
r. Newton
II P zUAU ng swir :
1. MAz PAiz dqv Czg ______________ U g Cvzgvz.
2. AUz CAvgAi i _____________________ .
3. MAz PAiz UvAliqPzg, CUvV Pzz CAvv
_____________________ .
105
III F UU Gvj :
1.
he
2. EU Aiiz a AU Az?
U. Pgt?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
J. 50 t
. 1 g. t . 5 g. t
5. Avv v CAvv U qg v w.
IV EUU eP Pgt Pr :
tt
o
No
V PV U r :
1. 8 kg gAi MAz PAiz U 2 PAqU 4 m s-1 Az 6 m s-1 U z
AiVPz PZg ir.
U Uzg, U zU vUzPAq
P Q.
106
CzsAi 10
Q v Czg gU
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
v P zU Cx jg.
Z Q, ZQ, xz Cx jg.
Z Q v ZQU q v jg.
QAgPuAi Ai jg.
(force)
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
UAi A
iVzU KUvz
? U Zzg DU PVz
JAz z. UqU AiVzU KUvz? UqAi Zzg
PV JAz z. AiUU PAi Zzg DU PVz
JAz zVz. A
iUzU DU P Jgq CAU
CAz.
CU 1. z jit 2. PAi Zz zg.
FU Pz S v Cz CAi zs j wU
vz. Zwg PAiAzz P, PAiz AiUz v
PAi AiVz Q Zz zgU UtP Vgvz. CAzg,
P = z Q PAi Zz zg
107
Pz KPi
z KPi l v zgz KPi lg JAz Pwj.
DzjAz Pz KPi l lg DVgvz
. Ez N m JAz gAig .
Pz KPi d JAz PgAig.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
ZlnP 10.2
ZlnP
Pu-wi
PUz KUvz?
jAiwg g dZPz
dZP KUvz?
Av irzU
A KUvz?
Pgi U Zwg
Pg rzU
Pgi
KUvz?
PUzP UAi Hj
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
P
AS
g Cr Gzz gz UAi
vUzP. Cz gz vAr
Ejj. F Ai Eg (plane)
v
Jg.
av
10.1g
vjgAv gz UAi
A,B,C,D JA AzU Ugwj.
No
tt
o
ZlnP 10.3
av 10.1
P q Aw wU gz Az Ugwj. P qz z
U Zz DAvgz U q zg Cj. Ez AiU
g g JvgU (B,C,D)gw v zgU Cj.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
MAz PAiz ZQ
Jgq PAiz Z Q
1 mv2
1 mv2
= 2
= 2
1 (mv) 2
9 mv2
2
2
he
= 1/9
DzjAz PAiU ZQAi Cv = 1 : 9
Z Q
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
AzV
QAi
Ag PAi
Q Ai P UrAiigz AU
wgVzU
JAil gg Aq
No
Z QAi PAiU
tt
o
P
AS
gzg i t
JAil
lz vAig Pg
AquUAq AU
PuAi JAil gj n
111
gvAzV
QAi
Ag PAi
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Z Q = 1 10 5 = (1 kg 10 m s-2 5 m)
Z Q = 50 J
tt
o
No
h=
9800
200 x 9.8
h=5m
112
ZlnP 10.5
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
P
AS
AzsU
m z
J..fAi z
GjAiwg AQPr
Zwg DnPAi Pg
zwAu
wg Ai
No
gAvgUAq
CAvg QAi
g
tt
o
gAvgU
QAi
g
CuPnAz jz gwg g
ZlnP 10.6
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
irz P
vUz PAq P
P= w
t
1 Qm = 1000 W
1 kW = 1000 W
MAz PAi Lz PAqU 20 d P irzg, D PAiz
x J?
x =
(E P = 20 d,
Ai = 5 PAqU)
20 j
5s
irz P
vUzPAq P
he
x =
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
x = 4 W
ZlnP 10.7
F izjAi Z Q v ZQAi
jvAi vjvz. avz vjgAv
P qUq gz vArU Aj.
avz vjgAv UAi qUq irj.
tt
o
av 10.3
No
115
av 10.4
ZlnP 10.4
g P DAzwgU DU zuAi zR.
CsU :
1.
J.
. P
he
. G r. zv
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
2. F PVU ZQ Agz
J. CuPn AUz g
. JAil gg Aq
. CuPnAz jAiwg g
r. Mvl AU
. v =
2k
m
2
. v = 4k r. v = 1 km
tt
o
g = 9.8 m s 2 h = 10 m
. g = 5 kg
g = 9.8 m s 2 h = 12 m
. g = 8 kg
g = 9.8 m s 2 h = 100 m
r. g = 6 kg
g = 9.8 m s 2 h = 20 m
No
II P zUAU ng swir :
1. xz i ___________________ .
116
2. QAi i __________________ .
3. tz wAi GjzU, gAiP QA
i ____________ QU
jv
AiiUz.
4. Jvgz mAQg AUVg g _________ QAi Az.
5. i Ag z z v QAi __________v ___________ QAiiV
jvAiiUvz.
he
1.
III F UU Gvj :
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZQ J? (g = 9.8ms-2 )
tt
o
No
Let us sacrifice our today so that our children can have a better
tomorrow.
-Abdul Kalam
117
CzsAi 11
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
MAz Aiiz i t
Cx Qv t
wAz DAgz.
w z Aiizzg MAz Azsz F tU U vAiigz
JAz Aiag?
tt
o
Ez wg :
No
ZlnP 11.1
PV zuU gAiP zu v sv zuUV AUr.
1. Pt vP rAiz 2. tU iUz. 3. GQ sP PAwAi
Uz. 4. Pt zz 5. J. . f. EAzsz z 6. Az vtAi
ju
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
gAiP PgtU
tt
o
No
Ez Pgt
Ez q UuvP gu
CAzg P v DQdU
wvPU v P q DPq Gv.
CO2 + Q.
C + O2
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
+ O2
2 MgO
tt
o
No
Ez wg :
vvAi Aiz Pg "z zU,
AiUzU zs" gAiP Pgtz JqsUzg wvPU
wAiAz gitU ASAi, sUzg GvU wAiAz gitU
ASU iVgP.
120
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
gAiP Pgt
z Jqs Uz
g AAiPU
zsvU g
i tU AS
sUzg AAiPU zsvU gitU ASU UAv wvP
v GvU uAPUAz Ut Pgt gAizP Pgt
jzVz Jvg.
EAz Gzgu U.
H2 + O2 H2O
tt
o
No
ZlnP 11.2
PVU j vV
Al + Cl2 AlCl3
AlCl3 Ai 2 jAz Ut
KClO3 Ai 2 jAz Ut
KClO3 KCl + O2
121
Pb3O4 PbO + O2
Pb3O4 Ai 2 jAz Ut
Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2
gAiP
gAiP
gAiP
gAiP
AAiU
sd
l
sd Cx Ai
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
1. gAiP AAiU
ZlnP 11.3
S + O2 SO2
tt
o
No
ZlnP 11.5
2. gAiP sd
K2MnO4 + MnO2+O2
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
2KMnO4
he
ig 5 UA mAiA g
i AU l MAz
z
v P.
MAz PrAi AQ QrAi z Ai wg vUz PAq . QrAi
wPAq GjAivz. EzP Pgt F QAiAi qUqAiiU DQd C.
No
tt
o
2HgO 2Hg + O2
gAiP sd
Ai, MAz AAiP sd
UAq Jgq Cx JgqQ Av
Z UUv. iV F GzP QAi MzVPUvz.
gAiP sdAi MAz wvP GvU Pqvz.
eP : DPjz jU zv zU g qd v DQd
DV sdUvz. F z g MAz zsv JAz wzg. F AiUAz
g MAz AAiP JAz vjz.
3. gAiP l
he
ZlnP 11.6
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 11.7
2KCl
+ I2
Jg q Gz g u U Z QAiil Cx CU
Pr QAiil Cx CU lUv. Jgq
QAiU l QAiUU GzguUV.
tt
o
ZlnP 11.8
PV QAiAi U.
Zn
H2SO4
ZnSO4
H2
No
(z)
ZlnP 11.9
MAz z UAii m zt vUzPAq DzP rAii
Pm zt gzU Ai P GAmUvz.
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + Na2SO4
ZlnP 11.10
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Gvt v CPt
No
tt
o
CsU:
wAiAz CtP / U AiiAiU qVz. jAiiz
Gvg Dj :
gAiP Pgt jzVz Ezg DzsjvVz.
J. CUq AS . AU AgPt vv
r. z Cx g AgPu Ai.
1.
he
J. SiO2 + Mg Si + MgO
. SiO + Mg Si + MgO2
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
. CU Z QAiil D lUv.
J. QAi zu DU.
. P G qUqAiiU.
. U GAmU.
r. C GvwAiiU.
tt
o
5. Jgq AAiPU
j EAz AAiP
Uz F QAiU
Aiiz vjvz
. ?
J. 2SO2 + O2 -- 2SO3
No
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
2. Zn + 2HClZnCl2+ ___________________ .
3. 2Mg + O2 - 2 MgO F QAiAi wvPU _____________ .
4. vz m + Pt Ptz m+ ___________ .
5. 2Al + 3Cl2- __________________________ .
126
III F PV PgtU vV gj :
1. Cu+ H2SO4 - CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O
2. Fe + H2O - Fe3O4 + H2
IV A gj :
J
1.
gAiP AAiU
J. Fe + H2 SO4 FeSO4 + H2
. FeS + 2O2
3. gAiP l
4. gAiP l
r. 2Pb3O4 6PbO + O2
FeSO4
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
2. gAiP sd
he
V F UU Gvj :
1.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
tt
o
5. ZUz gz JU
Z P v. CzjAz iU. Dzg P
No
127
CzsAi 12
zA fz gAiPU 1
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
niqg.
Pj v gUg AAiPU jg.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
zA fz
P j AAiPU
, g qDP q, CqU qz GAiUU
niqg.
idP v U q v wg.
No
tt
o
ZlnP 12.1
Ozs RjzU Czg PAig Ozsz WlPU Nj.
CAwV Ozsz vAiijPUV z PjAiP AAiPU nirj.
P j zs GzU
U
Uwz. FU v
i tz P j
Gv zsz PjvV PAi.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
1774g q zz gAi vd P
Cx (Carl Wilhelm Scheele)
iAU qDPq qPjP Dz
gAiP QA
i qA
iAv Aiwz .F gAiP
QAi dgVzU g C qUqAiiUz
Qz. qUqAiiUwg C DQd JAz
Dv sz. 1810g vP C qUqAiiz C
Pj JAz wg. Dzg 1810g g A
q D C zsv JAz Ugwz v
CzP Pj JAz jz. Pj JA z
Pg JA VP z z
Az GvwAiiVgvz.
Pg JAzg w g JAz Cx.
zs 1
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 12.1 Pj Cz vAiijP
No
tt
o
zs 2
+ 2H2O
av 12.2 Pj Cz vAiijP
130
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
qUqAiiz C j P KP P? l
(wouff bottle)g jP Dz P Pj C KP
P?
Cz Lz v
P erU
P j C AU
F PV
ZlnPU
irj.
ZlnP 12.2
Pu
wi
GjAiwg tz wAi
Pj C erAi
Ejj.
Az e v
UAiAU
GjAivz.
nU
zP (Dzg
DQd C)
j Vz UAi
zU Pj C
erAi Qj.
tgvUvz
ZPj Ut
Az.
j Vz UAi
z Pj C
erAi Qj.
t U
PzP
j CwAi
PjU ZPj
Ut Eg.
Pj Cg erAi
MzAiiz v PA
l PUz vPV
Qj.
l
PAUvz
DAi Ut
Az.
Pj CerAi
AU
wgAiP
Pj t
g
No
tt
o
ZlnPU
gAiP UtPtU :
1. EPz
AiAz GjAiwg UAii nA
i P j Cg
erAi Ejj. K Qj? UAii Pgq t
Aiiz? F gAiP wQAiAi w gAiP Pgt
F jw Ez.
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
2. P j, Ai i z P A s g (g A dP ) AU w s g
AmPgq Gvwiqvz.
2P + 3Cl2 2PCl3 [Pj Pr Ez sg ZVzU]
2P + 5Cl2 2PCl5 [Pj Z Ez sg Pr EzU]
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
5. Pj C j zU Pg D GAmUvz. F
Pg D ev wAig DQd Cx Nascent DQd
[O] qUq ir qPjP DUvz. F DQd CvAv
GvtPgPVz, Pj ZPj v Az Cx QP
Ut Az PgtVz.
No
Ez wg : jg Pt fU Pj Urz.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
4. UAiV PAiU
RV Pj j Pgt
QAiAi
v ZPgP (tP)V vg.
5. Pgq (P.V.C), Pg g P (C.F.C)
GvzAi Pj vg.
6. QlPUz PPgq (B.H.C), q Pg q
mPgFx (D.D.T)U vAiijPAi Pj vg.
tt
o
KP?
No
zgAivz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
2ZnO +
2SO2
134
2 H 2O
he
s vz m, g q DPq v g GvwAiiUvz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
135
ZlnP 12.3
ZlnP
Pu
wi
zP C
zt
DAiVgvz
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
g qDPq Eg C erAi e
GjAiwg tz wAi Ej.
AUvz
ZlnP 12.4
tt
o
H2SO3
No
ZlnP 12.5
ZlnP
Pu
wi
ZPgPV
wvz
erAig UAi zU B t
erAz vUz
UAi AP
zr
qzPvz
ZPgP v
vvP
he
g qDPq
ZPgP C
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
j V z U Ai K zu
zU g qDPq Eg E
EAz C erAi Ejj.
j Vz P UAi t Pz Pvz
z U g q DP qEg
C erAi Ejj.
2Mg +
SO2 2MgO
tt
o
g qDPq GAiUU
No
1. jP Dz
vAiijPAi g qDP q GAiVvg. idP,
gAiP Ug, OzsU vAiijPAi F jP D PZ
V GAiVvg.
rAii Pm (CqU q)
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
ZlnP 12.6
* m MAz S lAi El Czg Z vUj.
eUvAz Jgq ZZ Ug lAiP Q
* P EAz ZZz AiAz MAz ZZ CqU
q Q.
* CqU q ZzAv Ai lAi U Jz Qj.
* Vg CqU q lAiVg Ug
Av Jw rj. Pz rj.
* lAiU KUwz ?
* KUwz ? KP?
tt
o
ZlnP 12.7
F PV U vPV vUz P.
No
gP, gP , , m MUAi q, At
g, Z r, mm,
Ug, idP, z g,P,CqU q EU vUzP. Z U
wAiAz ztz Ai Q. v PA l
PUz w U APP v. KUvz? KP?
QAU q vAiijP
ZlnP 12.8
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
he
ZlnP 12.9
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
Vg : Vg JAz j U gaAi Az z.
Ez lPU vAiijP, PU vAiijP, AzAizsP (Cosmetic) U
v Oz GzU GAiVvg.
No
EAz zA fz z GAiVwz. FU z
vAiijPAi jUtt. Ju v mAii qPq t
Pj v ZV Pzrj. V jvUAqU Cz e wAi
Azvz. Avg CzP sn Ez g j CAvg ZV Pzrj. UAzs
z jj.
140
CsU :
I
J. Zn v HCl
. Pb(NO3)2 v HCl
. CaCO3 v HCl
r. MnO2 v HCl
J. mAii
. tU v U
. Pz v PP
r. U v idPU
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
he
III F UU Gvj :
Ai R lAz v z Pj C AU
vg. Pgt
Pr?
1.
1. Cg
PAi GAiVz 2. vPgPz
GAiVz 3. AP gP
V
GAiVz 4. .. U vAiij GAiVz 5. UAi APP
vAzU Pj qUqiq .
3. Pj GAiUU gj
tt
o
No
PAiAid :
g Pj gP sn Pl, j Pgt iq U iw AU.
141
CzsAi 13
zA fz gAiPU-2
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
v CU j vAi AiUU iqg.
j eP RvAi jg.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
142
he
j t, , Av PtU, Pt fU EU vUz
P zsU E. j Uqv gu iq zsU E. j
AguAi, UnP, U UnP, zs, tPgt, gu
v AzPgt F AvU MUArz. a UjPvAiAi F
zsU Uwv.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
j gAiP UtU
av 13.1 j CtgZ
Aia : zz g KP GVgvz?
143
ZlnP 13.1
U j v
g zs U vU
AU
qv. g z vA
i
Pv. F AzsU g z vAiAU wvzAi?
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 13.2
No
tt
o
2H2O
2NaOH
ZlnP 13.3
H2
Ca(OH)2 + H2
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Ca + 2H2O
he
[zsgt vz]
Mg + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2
[PAi jq]
ZnO + H2
3Fe +4 H2O
Fe3O4 + 4H2
Mg + H2O
MgO + H2
Zn + H2O
CU GVAi v
tt
o
1. Ai PAU PAi PP zU P Pq v
qd GvwAiiUv. d JAzg P Pq v qd
CU 1:2 Cvz t.
No
C + H2O CO +H2
dz GAiUU
PUjP EAzsV
[Bosch] zsAz qd GvzUV
Cz DPq U j v
iV Cz DPqU j zU DU GAmUv.
+ H2O H2CO3 [PP D]
CO2
PP D vA Aiz q j Egvz.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
ZlnP 13.4
No
j U
P U
UU vg
mU
UAi vA
jPAq MzAiiV CAwV jPAq jAi V qv. EAx
UU dPP U Jvg F QAiU dPu Jvg.
F ZlnPAi PP q Cx P gUgU GAiV
gw PuAi gj.
Ez wg : v v UAig vA jP AAiPUU
Uq g
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
zg
No
j Uqvz gu
j Uqv F PV zsUAz vUAiz. MAz Uq
j PAii v VAii U PmUzg Cz P
z iqz. F QAiAi PAii v UAii PmU
j Uz PmU v P q DP qUV sd
Azv
.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
j Uq
v
AU q [Na2CO3] g
zjAz jz.
j U PAii v UAii tU j Uz
PmUV jvUv. rAii tU j Uqv GAl
iq.
eP : gAiP sd Cx Ai QAiU eP
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl
Gz:
ZlnP 13.5
tt
o
ZlnP 13.6
No
PU U
1.Pg
2. Uf Pr 3. AU q .
4. Uqg
tP j g : F gz g tPU ziqvg
zz j AguAi Ez P. Ez PU GAiVz. F
zsz CqU G GV P j zgAiz F zs wAi
Aizz Azsz Dj Crv.
ZlnP 13.7
Uq jq v wAi AiU: PU U
he
Czsl sn Ez g, 1 UA [z ], 0.5 UA Ji
t [MgSO4] v AU q
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
zs
3. MAz z Czsz Uq g v zt
g PQ. K Qj?
PUAq PtU v Pr gAi Ptz.
tt
o
No
CAzg, AU q Uq g z gV jwv.
ZlnP: 13.7 rAii Pgq zt
iw. EzjAz U
zAU A
rAii tU jU Uqv GAl iq JAz wAivz.
149
CsU :
I
J. fA t . Ji t . vv r. nP
. CAUrAi AU qz gU r irgv.
. AU qU g GAmU s.
r. AU q MAz PgP
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
3. MAz vA
i Uq
g PVz. vA
i MU
qAi PA
ii Pm
CAnPAq ZP GAmUvz. EzP Pgt jg
J. PAii Pgq
. VAii m
. UAii m
r. PAii m
tt
o
. sg qPq v qd
. sjP DPq v qd
r. sg DPq v qd
No
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
Ji tz gAiP g _____________________ .
III A gj :
J
J. PAii DPq
2. vAi DPq
3. j Uqvz jP
. g q DPq
4. DAi DPq
r. PAiA Pm
E. vl DPq
he
1. ZP GAliqvz
Js. jAU w
1.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
IV F UU Gvj :
J. g qDPq
. mAii DPq
. P q DPq
r. PAii DPq
No
tt
o
8. j UqvP Pgt ?
V F PVUU eP Pgt Pr :
1.
2. AU q v g g U PzPvz.
3. PAii mm gU UU vgmU zt GAmUvz.
151
CzsAi 14
U dUv
F CzsAi Cs irz Avg zyU :
, PAiU PAAz GAmUvz JAz vj AiUU iqg.
fz z zs GAiUU n iqg.
UAi P gU zs jg.
W, z v CU z dU g.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
ZlnP 14.1
ZlnP 14.2
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
iqr
he
z Gvw : ivqU, qU Cx PU U
GvwAiiUvz JAz U wzAi? MAz WAmAi U GAl
iqvz? UqU z iq Pgt? FU Cz wAit.
ZlnP 14.3
ZlnP 14.4
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 14.5
No
tt
o
ZlnP 14.6
ZlnP 14.7
MAz vUzPAq Cz egV
H. 14.2 avzgAv zqzUvz.
MqAi vP Cz Hzv Ej.
MqzU zq gvz? F JAz
av 14.2. Hzwgz
Av?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
Ez Gvw iq Ai iqvz.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
KP?
tt
o
Ez Cx irP
U wg
MAz AiU jPt. j
PP MAz P JzU KUvz?
v vPgz vgAUU j
gqv v J PU Zv.
CqZu GAmz eUAz j
PtUzg Zz? j
gz l Gzj U.
av 14.4 gt
C zgP Zz, Cz z PU
Zv. UAi vgAUU gz Zvz av 14.4 r. E
PtU PA Z QAi Egvz.
No
z s : FU, PA
Az GvwA
iiUvz
JAz wz . DzjAz
MAz zsz ZQ. F jw ZPAz GAmU QAi AiiAwP Q
Jv. UAiAv izsz ZU Aiiz PAvz? Aiiz
QAi MAz izsz ZU Czg PzPAi GAliqvz. F
PzPU CAi gvAiiUz. F jwAi DvP PzPU
MAz
Az Prgv
. F jwAi Pz
P
vgA
U Cx C Jv .
izsz vgAUU gz Zvz. F vgAUU s?
Ez wAi MAz AiU iqt.
156
ZlnP 14.8
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
av 14.5 AU APgt v g
157
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
ZlnP 14.9
av 14.7 vz
gU JAz
vj AiU
ZlnP 14.10
QAi MAz gz f Mw Er. vU f EAz
vAi iq . U Pv? vAi Q fAz
10 cm zgzgAv Jw. v CU iq . FU Pv? Aii
Azsz V Pv?
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
C z U v U grv. F U j gV
C AzU Uv. qU P szU v UgwP
z zsU Pv.
No
tt
o
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1 m = 1 vgAU/ PAq
No
tt
o
ZlnP 14.11
160
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 14.9 zs PA g Ag vgAUU
tt
o
No
ZlnP 14.12
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 14.10 v Az z ws
No
tt
o
AU.
J. Dw
. PAg
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
CsU :
he
. d
r. Dw v vgAUzg Jgq
J. U
. g
. Ud
r. v
No
tt
o
. wsU Pv PrAiiUvz.
r. ws Az.
J. izsz PtU
. PtU PAU
. vgAUP Pgtz Q
r. izsz EPU
163
II l P GvgAz sw ir :
1.
2. vgAUzgz SI i ___________________ .
3. zsgt GvAi UAi z U ___________________ .
z vgAUUU C CU Jvg JP ?
he
1.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Gvz iq jw
AVv zz g
tt
o
No
Aia :
1. MAz g v KP ?
2. UAz EvgjU vAzgAiiUz Pr iq Aii PU
PUwj?
164
CzsAi 15
G
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
G v v F zU gg.
W, z v CU Gz ju Ugwg v jg.
zs viPz nU jg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
ZlnP 15.1
ZlnP 15.2
tt
o
No
he
ZlnP 15.3
Aiiz g, PorAi GvAig g v Cw vAz g EU
g g g lU vUzP. MAz PAi vg g Cw vAz
jU C. EAz PAi vg g Aiiz jU C. PzgU
CAzg ig MAz g U Erj. CAvg Jgq gU PorAi
GvAi jg lz C Erj. F g AiiVzAi ? vtVzAi? zU
j APzz g FU vtV Cs, vA j APzz
g FU Ai Cs qAivz. DzjAz Ez Ai Cx vtV lz
Cs vjvz. MAz Ai Cx vtV lz CvAi v
(temperature) Jv.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 15.4
MAz vzg 100 cm3 v 200 cm3 g Jgq g g
PgU vUzP. Aiizg Z Gz? Z CtUg j
QAi Z. Jgq Pgg g P. CU v Cj.
Jgq PgUg j v MAz DVzAi?
Pl vz v gAi CA.Dzg Ez
CtU Ag QAi zsP AAz ASAiiVz.v CtU ZQU
gV AAzVz. FU G v vU U wzPArz. FU
CU q v PAit.
n 15.1 G v viz q v
tt
o
G QAi MAz g
No
MAz g G
Q Ai D
g PtU d, PtU
AS, Uv Cx g v
PAi iql PtU zsU
CAz.
v Ai Cx vtV lz Cv. Ez
QU AAz AS. Dzg Ez QAi.
v
Uv Cx gAi CA.
GzguU MAz aP lzg j
v zq vAig j v MAz
DVgz, Dzg zq vAig j
G ZVgvz. KPAzg Cz Z CtU
AgzjAz Z GQAiz.
ZlnP 15.5
he
ZlnP 15.6
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 15.1 Cz PZ
ZlnP 15.7
tt
o
i g 7cm Gz g Jg q
CAii gU vUzP. 15.2
avz
vjgAv CU
gz vAqUU
A v AP
. Jgq g
U
q PUzz Ai eU r. FU
g
U
P. KUvz
? KP V
v?
FU eAi vUj. KUvz? KP
Dj v?
av 15.2 Wz PZ
No
ZlnP 15.8
167
ZlnP 15.9
ZlnP 15.10
he
ZlnP 15.11
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
P PUjPU
g
Cx
z MAzqAz
v A z q U z P U
P Vvg. EU P
Z
v A P Z U AzV C U
UP Cx MqAiPU
PgtUz. Ez jz
U? F z PU
av 15.3 z P
zgU g wgvg. av 15.6
U . z PU
Gzz
PZ Cx APZAi Ai F gU AiAz
jz. z PAi PZAi gAi Uv
avz. EzjAzV P MqAi.
No
3.
tt
o
GAzU W U PZAi, fz R v
vz
. P EzjAz vAzgA
iizg, E P Ez vA GAiP.
WU PZAzU U :
1. zAi Uf lP PAi g QzU, Cz vPt Mqz
Uvz. EzP Pgt Ud Gz CP. PAi g Uf
lzP QzU, Uf M AiiUvz. DzjAz D
Pavz. Dzg g U Egvz. F C itz
PZAz Ud MqAivz. F Ai U jz?
CvAv Pr PZ xg vz Uf l
DAiir. gP Ud Cx g Pm Ud EzP P.
2. PAQm gU Ug? PAQm sPU q v vg
KP ngvg?
168
W, z
v CU P
Z
AzU P Evg U
n irj
W, z v CU PZAi zQ R v vz.
CU P GAiP CAiU wAit.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
2. P viPU zU GPZAi
vvz PAi v.
3. mg U EAfU GAiP
PUz GPZAz.
av 15.4 EnU
No
tt
o
vz Cv
a
vi PU
z
U
U G rzU P
a Ut GAiV
v CAiUvz. v ZzgAU viPz Aszg zgz
zg Asz Gz Zvz. zA fz viP iV
GAiVv. Ewa U rfl viPU qz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
AiU Gv iP
av 15.5 AiU Gv iP
tt
o
A i U G v i P v C A i Cx v z
zuU PggPV CAi GAiVvg. Ez Cx
UfAz irgvg v Ez ziqP Cx Cz zsAz Z
P gAv iqUvz. EAz zs jwAi AiU GviPU
iV igPmAi Uv. Uf gqAig z gU zAv
GviP, UfAz g irgvg. iV F zU zg
Cx PA D DVgv. vzAU Ezg Uv zUvz.
nAz iql GviPz Jgq g U ergvg.
AiizAv CU PZAi zg gAiiVgvz. j Gz
nAi gAiAv w, asPzAU GAiVvg.
zQAi viP (Clinical thermometer)
No
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 15.6 zQAi viP
.
DgUA
v i
zz v ig 37 0C. Ez 98.6 0F U Vgvz
0
0
Aiiz PgtP, zz v 37 C VAv Pr v 42 C VAv Z
Eg. DzjAz zQAi viPz Ai 35 0C v 42 0C q
Egvz.
Aia : GviPz zV g GAiV. KP?
No
tt
o
ZlnP 15.12
zQAi viP , ig 10 vg zz v
jQ. PuAi zR. wAig PAPz zQAi viP
El F ZlnPAi irj.
viP PAPz El qz P. KP ?
iV g jwAi nU GAiVvg
he
v iPU v Cv n.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1. Ai n 2. sg m n 3. P n
v iV rV Ai Az CAivg. Ez APwPV
C JAz avg. vz EAz i rV sg m DVz. Ez
APwPV 0F JAz avg. vz S.I i P DVgvz (K).
No
tt
o
av 15.7 g UAi Gv Cv nU P
172
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
DAq Ai
he
F z Ai GviP AnUq
JAz j U t Vv . q z z RU e
DAq Aigg F iP Crzg
(1701-1744). Czg j Ws Az v
PAi Az q Eg zg 100
iqVv. UV Ez AnUq iP Jg.
Dzg 1648 g vP v CvU AAz CAvgAi
z Ai JA z PU vgv.
DAq Ai
tt
o
CAvg jv (Conversions)
No
ZlnP 15.13
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
j PAz PAqrAiz.
av 15.8 j PAi Az
tt
o
No
ZlnP 15.14
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
n 15.2 z Az v PAz
U
z Az v
(0 0C)
2,327
1,083
2,595
1,063
2,600
zg
-38.8
md
-210
DQd
g
he
659
357
-196
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
CAii
PAz, DPgtz v
(0 0C)
-219
-183
100
CsU :
J. UV PA gAv.
. QAi PzPv.
. Z sgUv.
r. UgUv.
tt
o
1.
No
2. MAz PAiz v az
. PAiz CtU Ml U
r. PAiz CtU gj ZQ
176
. A Ai Z QVAv B Ai gj Z Q agvz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1.
he
II P zUAU ng swir :
2. v Pnz(az) _________(rV Ai / d) .
3. g vz PAi zAz CP zUz___________ Jg (APgt/
PAi Az).
4. Ai
nAi
PAi
Az
_________________0C
(100/373/212/32).
III F PV PU j Cx v JAz gj :
1.
PzjAz U Pav.
tt
o
2. G v vz i MAz DVz.
3. U nAi GAiVvg.
No
IV F UU Gvj :
1.
v v G EUVg v gj.
1.
UAq
J. P n
he
V. A gj :
. M APZUz
3. AiA Zv EnU
. Ai iP
4. Ud gP qz
r. PAi Az
E. n
Js. G PZ
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
2. zgz l Kgz
f. j CAz PZ
v ZlnPU :
zg snAiiV Cg Pt v QU zz v U
PAqrAivg JAz Za.
tt
o
1.
No
178
CzsAi 16
zz wU
U W, z v CUAz VPjg.
Azv z Sg.
P AzvAi Sg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
vv U r. P Wgz. P zgzAi
v P C gz.
tt
o
ZlnP 16.1
vv zxU nir. PU PngAv CU VPj.
EnU
No
PAS
4
5
z DPvz JAz U wzPz? Ez jQ
P g ZlnPU iqt.
179
ZlnP 16.2
MAz vmAi MAz Uf lr.
ZlnP. 16.3
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
ZlnP: 16.4
No
ZlnP 16.5
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
U wgAv w
AiAz z
g
i tU E CtUAz DVgvz
.
W, z v CU CtU U erngv. JAz qt.
W w
z w
C w
av 16.2 W z v CU CtU equ
tt
o
av 16.2 g W, z v CU Ct equAi PV U.
Wz CtU q CAvg CvAv Pr. (CU MvVgv) DzjAz
CtU vAvV Z DU. C P EgAi PAv. CU
Z Q PVgvz.
No
ir wj : Ai MAz Ai gz f Q U Pgg
jU Q. K Uwj? KAz wiwj?
ZlnP 16.6
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 16.7
tt
o
No
itz CqU Ju
itz jVAv UgVgzjAz Cz j
vvz. CAzg JuAi Azv j AzvVAv Pr.
Azv
A
i, KPi Uvz
g D g. Azv
A
i a
. Ez g JAz GZj
vg.
iV GAiV APv t . Ez VP CPg
Azv = g/Uv. AzvAi CAvgAi (S.I) i kg / m3
182
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 16.8
tt
o
ZPPgz qAiV
qAi Uv
g (g )
Azv
(g / cm)3
02
1.020
1.02
03
PqP Ju
0.91
0.91
No
01
04
05
183
he
M QA
i MAz mAi P CAUrAiAzP Vz. C v
q
MAz j Ai vUzPArz. mAi PAqAvg, v vAg
g vAiAzP Q, mAi Vv. m j vvz.
CAUrAiU m Pwz JAz Av. Ezg
Kzg
ez
Z vg
CqVzAi? EAv eP v EgAv g ZlnPU nir. r,
djU iq e gz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP. 16.9
tt
o
No
Aia : ZlnPAig zU gg U. zU
gg UAwzg KUvz?
184
n 16.2 P U Azv
Azv g/cm3 U
4 0c g g
1.0000
zg
13.6
1.026
VAiA
1.7
CAiA
2.7
19.3
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Pt
7.8
11.3
21.4
ni
AigAii
18.7
AdUq
0.92
0.001293
0.001977
EAUz iPq
0.00125
ddP
0.00009
AiA
0.000178
gdP
0.001251
No
tt
o
EAUz q DPq
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
j Azv
U
P Azv
A
i MAz
Azv
U
v 40C. g
Eg Cv.
P Azv :
Ez Azv v 40C. g j Azv q Eg Cv.
P Azv = Azv
40C
j Azv
186
Ez wg : M zg gVAiU C vz P AzvAi
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
CsU :
he
jQ vg. M Ai i vz P AzvAi iV
1.010 jAz 1.020 Aigvz. F CA Pr Cx azg KUvz.? Ez
Kzg CgU avzAi ?
AzvAi a AAzs
J. g
. g - Uv
. g + Uv
r. g Uv
. C
. z r.
3. Ju j vvz. KPAzg
. g v JuAi AzvU r. Ju j U.
. j Azv JuAizQAv Z
1.
tt
o
II P zUAU ng swir :
No
III F UU Gvj :
1.
z iV Eg g wU j.
2. MAz AzvAi S.
3. P Azv JAzg?
4. Av G ztz mAi CzU, mAi KP vvz ?
5. MAz g 180 g v Czg Uv 45 cm3 Dzg D AzvAi PAq
rj. Gvg CAvgAi iz gj.
187
CzsAi 17
tAi dUv
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
Aiv v CAiv wsU qg v wg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Qsz gu iqg
Qsz juU wg
g v gU Ag zP GPgtU jg.
Q sdAi Sg
No
tt
o
Ez wg : CP xU CAzsPgAz Q Pq vUzPAq
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Ai Q R DPg. tz w, sgAm Cx w
U, C U EUAz P qAiv.
vAvV P g U AiA P U Jv. Ai
v PvUU AiA Pz. ZAz AiAv Ptv. Dzg ZAzU
Av P E. P MAz zU KUvz? ZAz v z
Ai P wszjAz PiV Ptv.
No
tt
o
w
s
: PrAi GAiUz U, vmU, l, ZZU
wA GAmUzg U wj. PjP CAUrAi Pt wAU
rgwj. UAi lg U
lz P rAi Pt w
AU
rgwj.
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 17.2 j wAU [ j vz Dz wA r
UjUAq Az AZvAvz PxAi jP]
No
tt
o
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 17.4 Aiv ws
tt
o
ZlnP 17.1
No
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
av 17.6 ws AiU.
P.A
v P (i)
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
192
ws P (r)
v P v ws PU . wi? Q
Qgt PrU Jz AgSAi gz Dvzg KUvz? KP?
he
ZlnP 17.2
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
wsz AiU
. v P ws PP Vgvz.
. v Qgt, ws Qgt v v Az ws U Jz
A, F g MAz vzgv.
wsz AiU J zsz UU Cv . MAz v
ztz wA U GAmUvz? Czg s K?
O JA MAz Q DPg PQ JA v ztz AsUz
EqVz. OA v OC JA Jgq QgtU Czg vUAr.
No
tt
o
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
he
Q w P Cx gt wAU
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
av 17.8. av 17.9.
ZZz wAU
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
zt zt
PAPgtU Az 'F'
ZlnP 17.3
No
tt
o
av 17.11 ztz ws
av 17.12 ztz ws
196
zAv zg GAiV zt
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
U U MAz v l g M
av 17.13 P ztU GAiUU
ztz wA GAmUP
ztAz GAmU wAU g CzsAi iqPzg,
PV CAU U wgPUvz.
1. z
tz PAz : z
t Vg z
zs Az z
tz PAz
Egvz. zsPz UAl Z Q Qgt ztz PAzz
zU Cz zsPz xz AzP gvz. Ez ws
PAzsUVz.
197
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
8. Azg : z
tz PAz
Az w
AQg zg
Azg Jv .
Ez v Az avg.
ztz GAmU wAz s v wAi AiU : F
AiU iq U V GjAiwg tz w, MAz zt v
gz PUvz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
v zg
wAz v zg
1.C Az
DZU...........cm
2. C Ai
..............cm
gzAi F v C U q
AztP iqP........... cm
gzAi wg AztP
iqP.....cm
tt
o
3. C v F U gzAi C Az DZ AztP
q.....cm
iqP
No
4. F
gzAi wA qAijj
KP?
gz
A
i w
A qA
ij
5. zt v F j. Azg CAijj. KP?
Dzg ztz x
U q
wA Ptz.
AiUAz, rg UU Gvjg?
199
wAz s
(vPU,aPz,
zqz Cx
Uv)
1 = 1 + 1 Cx f = uv
f
u v
u+v
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
zg v AzgU Ut
AUzg =
zg v AzgU v
No
tt
o
CsU jP.
1. MAz g vAg vnAi vsU AzAv Ptz.
2. g vAz vAi NgAiiVl VzAv Ptz.
3. MAz t l MAz tl Cz CUZgU Az jz,
vg AiAz lU g vAzU t v UZg
Uvz
.
av 17.15 Q Qs
200
AB Ai v Az Jz A. O v Az, MO v Qgt
v ON Qs Qgt.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
ZlnP 17.4
tt
o
Qs Ai vAiijP:
vmVg MAz Uf Ai
vUzP. UAzs z Cx e v
Rjq UUz. At
gzPz P Aiizg Dv.
Ai PUzAz a. avzgAv
t vPg Ai Pvj vUj.
No
vPg
CzssU
vAAv
U g jj. jU Jgq
j. Ai Uzg
t gAzsz P QAivz mZ
Q Ad . Uz UAZ
g mZ z. g
av 17.16 Qs Ai vAiijP mZ zU Czg P PtU
gV zAv JZg .
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
av 17.18 At DAvjP ws
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 17.19 jaP
No
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 17.20 CAPjP zw vAv
No
tt
o
P gzP izsz Q Qs
ZlnP 17.5
MAz Uf vmAi vUzPAq Czg MAz Z g Q.
wPAi CPgU j Ai P Q. CPgU zqzV Ptv.
ZlnP 17.6
he
MAz Uf lz zz g vUzP. g j C.
vg Uf Az g q . g zqzV Ptvz.
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 17.22
av 17.23
av 17.24
gzAwg ju gz ju gz ju
gU g v g JA Jgq zsU. (av 17.23
v 17.24 r)
205
ZlnP 17.7
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 17.25 v gU
P Q QgtU Q s
Azz.
No
tt
o
gzAi?
RArv Ez. Pt g? F g U q U
Ai iqvz? F g UfAz. Dzg zz Cg W gz
Az gavzz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Q tsd : DPz Pt Ai gz P
rgwj. P
g
tU
UU
, PgAfU
, PAlg
PAP r (CD ) U Ugwj.
av 17.27 Q tsd
No
tt
o
Ai tz P zs t tUAzVz, CU K tU
v
PU
Aq Pt. Ai tz P
Czg WlP tU
V sf
Cx
r QAiU Q tsd Jg. P tU C
(overlapping) DUzjAz J K tU Pt. Qjzz Q Ad,
Uf CU v gU equAz Ai tz P sf, K
tU nAi qAiz. F tU tU gv JAz g. gvU
zsU.
gv qAi Q DPg AiiU Aiz DVgQ. g Cx
tU t Eg AAifv P g Cx tU gv
Pqvz. MAz 40 W lAU vAv z P q. Ez
AAifv Q DPg. Ez gv Pqvz. Dzg F gv P
Pq gvzAv Eg zsv Pr. gvz zs Q DPgz s
CAz.
207
he
av 17.28 Q sd
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tU tAi qj
MAz P t Cx v vUz
P.
Czg DzssUz g vA. MAz
v z t j U
NgAiiVgAv vAiU Er avz
vjgAv, v ztz ws
sU jU AtV Vg.
Vg v ztz Ai
P Av ir. Ai gzAi
w s v Qg t U rj.
P A v t U n A i
Ptj.
ZlnP 17.9
CsU :
I
gU v Q tsdAi U E a AiU A
vgUwU wzPj.
U lz PrAi F UAiz
tt
o
J. v zt . zt . zt r. g
No
. Qs . Q t sd
r. gt wA
J. F
. C
. F v C U zs
r. C Az DZ
J. At DAvjP ws
. Qs
. CAiv ws
r. Q t sd
II P zUAU ng swir :
P JA CPg v ztz _________ gAv vgvz.
he
1.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
III F UU Gvj :
1.
tt
o
4. ztz GAiUU w.
No
9.
IV. A gj :
t sd
J.
v zt
2. aPzz wA
. g
3. zqzz wA
. jaP
4. At DAvjP ws
r.
E. P
1.
he
Js. wsU
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
f. Uf Zr
tt
o
No
210
CzsAi 18
Dg v Czg WlPU
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
Dgz R jg.
iV U Dg zxUg WlPU v Z gz
jPU iqg.
v Dgz R Zg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
Dgz i PAiU
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
ZlnP 18.1
Dgz zs EzAi? Ai iV U
Dg zxU Aii? J PlAU Ez jwAi Dg vAi?
v ir. w Dgz UAi zsj CAU Aii?
Aia :
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
P Dg CzU Uz z KUvz? Az
GAmU U U Za. CPvU CUtV jAiiz UAi
Dg qAiUz juP Jz. J zU U zU
Az wg djgvg. Ez Ai? CivAi idz
zPwzAz Ez vjw? Ezg U CAiU? jAiiz
itz U jAiiz UAi Dg Jg Av iq Aii jwAi
AWnv Aiv zzAv dg iqQz JAzg U Za.
No
tt
o
eU Dgz CP PU Ugwzg. EU
wAiAzg PU. Q MzV PU, gPu MzV PU
U z PV PU JA g UAi EU Ugwz.
EU U A vgUwU CzsAi irgz. PU U
wAiz, CU DPg v PAiU U wAiz DgzwU
i
jvz
. evU jAiiz Dg
DAi iqzP Ai iqvz
.
Q MzV DgU
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
ZlnP 18.2
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
Avz Pq mU
g
g zxU zq Pg jP
t
ZAi AiAwv. g g UAi DgUg PqmU
zjAz Evg C PAU qzAvUvz. UV Ez CP.
evU PqmU Dgz g v gaAi av. EAx Dg
Ai gjvz. CAx P zxU PgPUV v.
UV, Pqm it ag Dg P. Dzg,
vgPjU, tU, dU, mt ewAi PU U tPU
Avz VPz, zsV ftU Dg zxU z
MAiz.
qU Pq P, qd U DQdAzz gAiP
AAiPU, C j U. Ju v P jzAv UAi
qU.
215
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
qU zz R v v. z PAiRjAi,
QU ZAi, gP Ul QAiAi U QAi qUqAi qU
v. g g qU g g jwAi PAiiU v.
GzguU, P qU zz MU GjAiv Pr iq, E
QU s Z GAmUAv iq Ai iqv. zz P
qU GvwAiiUzAl E P DgAz MzUv.
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
av 18.5 n CA ZV Eg Dg zxU.
217
he
ZlnP 18.3
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
C P C DU
qA
iPzg Dg
Aif PUvz
.
Pz U UAi Dg MAz Hlz P qAizjAz zP
D P n
U
qA
iz. F n
U
z v
u
U
U
PV
Pvz.
lU v ReAU R U v PAiU
No
tt
o
DgU PrP zP Pr
i tz lU v ReAU
Cv. lU svV P Eg AAiPU. UgwVg
CP R lU. Czg l v j zg. J.
r. E v P lU P zxU iv Uv. evU U
m Pgn v sP DzAx gAiPU C, E zz
lUV jvAiiUv. UV, EU lU JAz
PgAiUvz. GzguU m Pgn zz l J DV jv
Azvz
. F J lU v lU zz DgU
Pqv
.
PP 18.1 g zs UAi lU CU U U PAiU
jVz.
P R PAiU
P VP DPgU
AiPw Ju, AiPv,
Pgm, Ai, g
vgPjU, qj GvU
Pg v Az Q qUq,
ftQAiU AiP, zAi
AiUU , tUU U
v vqAi C.
U, MtVz Nm,
PqP, vq, AiPAw
d, Aii Cg P.,
AiA
qj GvU, AiPv
vAq, , ,
, m
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
DgUPgz fuAU
U gAq Ai
PrP. a itzzU
P l PVvz.
Pq, l,
P, iA, PqP
PAUAz Prz
PU
C Dz ZAiiZAi
QAiAi, Zz gUU
PApv tUAi U zz
qPU vqAi.
PU, F, AiPv, ,
U, U, iA,
t, m
n, P U
PqmU PAi
a, PA gP PtU GvwU,
QP DU GvwU, gPv
vqAi, gAq Ai
wUV.
AiPv, AiA,
iA, m,
qj GvU, zAVU
No
tt
o
U uUAi
gZAi, DgUPg Z,
PtU PAiPvAi
Pqvz. gwAi zU CP.
12
219
U U U tUU,
zz tUU, PAiA v
sg PU, gAq
Ai wU, zAiz
wU, jPm PAi
vqAi.
mAi d, ,
AiU MqzjAz
zz l r Gvz
AiiUvz.
zz l J AUz gPu,
PgPU rz,
Iv ZPz AiAvt, Evg
lU vqAiz,
zAiP gP AZgP AiP,
gPz DU itU Ev,
fPz DgUP CP,
n U PAii
ZAiiZAi QAiAi AiAvt
g vgPjU AiPv,
mAi d, Pgg
QjAiiUAz Gvw
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
he
Pt, sPD v P
nU jPU, Evg
lU GvuAi
AewAi tU jU,
vqAi, DAvjP gP vqAi
g , mim
gPU Vq,
P, P
v U UnAiiV U
QAi a,
Dgz
ReAU
: Dg PAii Pt v, VAii,
fAP, CAir Avz C P ReAU
MU
Arg P. zz
E
MAzAz PAiU v. GzguU PAii U
U tUU AiU PAiuU zAi U gUU, gP Ul
QAiU U U Pr iq CP qj GvU Aii Cg, gV,
AiPAw d U mt ewAi PU PAiA zgPvz.
220
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP: 18.4
gzxU R U v PAiU
No
tt
o
gzxU a it vAvUg Dg Ez CP gU
zgPvz. tU, vgPjU U U vAvU it Z. E
l, ReA U Evg PU DUg z. Er PU
g zxU MzVvz. Dgz Ml it azjAz E
RUv
. Ez Dgz
Dg zxU s
V Z g
Uvz
.
Dgz AiU C gz ZU
F QAiU PgtUv
. Dgz
i t
Pr EzU zq Pg Z zsUvz
. KPAzg ftUz DgAz a
i tz g zq Pg jPvz
. UV U
MtV, UnAiiUv. Ez
zvU PgtUvz. dg DUU zvAi U ivqz Pj.
Ez vPzg, Dg it zq Pg Z EgP. Dgz g
zxU it a P F Ai jz.
221
ZlnP 18.5
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
zz j PAiU
tt
o
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
dPgtz PtU M Q
vj Azsz K iq
P? iTP gdPgt
zt (oral rehydration solutionORS) U Pgz. Ez PrAi
j G v PgAi PgV
vAiijz zt a sgvz
2500 U Az v JA z
w
z Aw s Az g
wg
QU UAf g, Jg U
PgmU g Pr Utrwz. Dzg F iw, iv gUU v
C dPgtAzV A VqUwzg. gdPgt aQv
ejU ggU U qAiwv. 1950 g zPz zz z q||
Azx Zlf Cg Pg gU rvjU ORS aQv r Gv
svA qzg.
ZlnP 18.6
tt
o
No
Dgzg R P U v Z Pv FU U
rgz
? P g
jPU
Az Ez v iq zs z. F jPU
q zq Cx zjAiiz PguU CPv E. EU Aiw
wzP vg, PPg Cx zqg Ai qzP.
223
PqmUU g jPU
UP
U jP: U wzAv UP
MAz g
P q m UP
EgPAi viq U rP zt (Benedict's solution) C. Ez
Pg m, rAii qPq U mmjP D Ag tz
zt. Ez O jU Uvz. U F jPU MAz jm A U
z rP P.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
nUU g jP
tt
o
No
1.
Ug R AAiPz F zsvz.
J. rAii
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
CsU :
. Pt
. PAii r. gAdP
. nU
r. qU
. v
. n
r. g
tt
o
II P zUAU ng swir :
J jPAi ______________ vU Uvz.
No
1.
2. P U lU J.r.E v ______________ .
3. D DU P, qd, DQd v ___________zsvU.
4. zz J sUUU DQd ggd iq Cz P PAzg
______________ .
225
III A gj :
1. U
J. Eg Pgqv
2. l .
. gPUl QAi
3. l J.
. U tU
4. l P.
r. DQd ggd
E. U tU
Js. gU gzsP Ai C
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
f. AiU tU
IV F UU Gvj :
1.
Dgz zs KQgP?
3. nU P Rv K?
6. zz PAii PAi K ?
tt
o
No
Da :
1. q U Av PlAUgqgAi P PU PgvAz
gvg KP ? F wAi jr U.
226
CzsAi 19
ZQAi v Ggl
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
fQAiAi guAi wAig.
avz RvAi g.
fg v i QAiU g.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
v t QlUAz rz v Uvz gU v tU
vP CP UAi fU rj. F fU zPAiPAzg, CU
CP eP QAiU qAiP. U v tU q Vzg,
P eP QAiU Jgqg iVgv. CUAzg QAi, u,
t
U
, Z, Z
zU
vP w
QAi, d v d
. EU
fQA iU
Jv. F fQAiU fU fAvVngv. F WlPz u v
QAiUA Jgq fQAiU U wAit.
No
ZlnP 19.1
g Cx gV dU Jgq t nUU w. dU PAiqz
Avg, MAz nUAi PvPuAi U EAz nUAi ZV U,
P g PuAi Er. 48 UAmU P D nUUg VqU Q.
wiU zR.
227
Ez wg : zwAuAi Cx :
zw-P Au - vAiijz Cx MnU jz.
fU GUUU, sAi P qDPq it ZVv.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
F AiUz mAii
v?
qPq v rAiA Pm
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 19.2
No
tt
o
av 19.2
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
av 19.5 Pg gZ
231
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
av 19.6 Ay
av 19.7 qg
232
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
gU Ai P U rgz. F U
zwAuAi q x Agv v DgUV P
g CAgv. EAv U CU (epiphytes) Jv.
Gz : DQqU.
av 19.8 DQq
tU
v Dg
v vAiijv
A
i? E, tU
C, QjAii
v AzsU Pq Dg vAiijg. EAv fU gPU
Jv. CU u QAiAi gu Jvg.
No
tt
o
Ai Ai Ug gAi rgz. Ai U
WlAz zgAi Ai Ug (PA) Gv PAU
UU gPV MzVvz. F Wl U qAivz? QjAii v
AzsUU CAzU P. KPAzg, E Ai UAz uAi
qzPzg P CU WlU Mrv. DzjAz QjAii v
AzsU PwU (saprophytes) Jv.
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
q i ge CUjP
av 19.9 i AzsU
U, AiiUzg
zg , m P OA
i rzgA
i?
F U z P iqz Pgz Cx
rgz. F U Jz ? F U JAz Dg
qz
Pv
?
F UAz P fUU Kzg GAiUzAi?
tt
o
No
he
gu
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
ZlnP 19.3
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
UAxAiz sg e PU v eP PU
N, xzz F PAi wzP.
av 19.10 Cz u
tt
o
No
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 19.11 fg
sUU wzP.
No
tt
o
Dg t PtUV
rAiiUvz
AUg
J. C
. P
. Vdq
zsPg
[Mid Gut]
zAvgP
J. C
Dg Rgu
AiiVgvz. gAiP
ZQAiAi vt
C
i DV
jwvz.
gAiP ZQAiAi . i
vt
i
i C
UP DV
jwvz.
Zz Dg
Gzg UqAi P
zAvgP
. En PC
UP DV
gvz
jwvz.
J. Zz
nU Z
Dg Rjvz. r. n
z Ai
. zAvgP
iqvz.
Az zz Evg
PAU Z
sUUU Zz
E.
z Aiiq
Dg jZ
vz
AiiUvz
No
tt
o
[Haemocoel]
Gzg
i
DV jwvz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Dg Z
AiP Dg
AizgU
RguAiiVgvz
ZPuAiAv
PAi vz
[Fore Gut]
gz
C
QtU PAiU
PAiU
he
fuAUz
sUU
AUg
Uz
Uzzg
Az g g
jP AiiUvz.
aPU
dAiiUvz.
238
fgU
AUg g gjP DU C Pv
KvA
z gdU Azz.
CU Gvg zgAizP Ai ir.
FU Dg [alimentary canal] ZQAi U qAivz JAz
qt. fgAi fuAUQAv i fuAU AQtVz.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
KP Eavg? Dg zg UUz?
No
tt
o
av 19.13 i ftAU
239
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Ez wg : E
Q ivqv Dg
wz. Ezg CAiz
Cj CV. CU jAiiz iUz U Pt r. C F
zlAz ggAv Ai ir.
No
tt
o
av 19.14
j
240
he
dogz
Ai RguA
iiVgvz
. dog
dog g
vz
.
dog g qPjP D Agvz. F qPjP D Dg
v j P dog gzz Pt fU rvz.
CP itz D PAiizg KUz? F DAz gzg
GAiUzAi? dogz ZP AiPVg U g JA
QtU PAiiUvz. Dgzg nU qUV
jwvz. g PgV
g nU PgUUz gVvz. F
Avz, dogzg Un UAf gP zUvz. Ez Pi (chyme)
JAz PgAivg.
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
ZUz Dg zq Pg gvz. zg g zq Pg
gjPAiiV, Uzzgz P dAiiUvz.
PAq P : E Ug zP e v UgU Cw Z
241
Ggl
P iq QAi CPv Ez JAz VUU wz. U Q
JAz vz? Aii gz Q Egvz? F UU Gvg PAq rAi
F PPAq Gzgu AiPVz.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
UP fP z Avg DQdAU wP Q
qUqAiiUvz. F QAiAi Ggl JAz PgAivg. P fU DQd
CwAiAi Q qUqAiiUvz. zwAu QAiAiAvAi Ggl
Pq MAz gAiP QAi. DgAz QA
i qUqA
i DQd P
Azzg
DQd v Ggl
UP Fx D + P q DPq + Q
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q
tt
o
C6H12O6
No
. (trachea)
. z PU (tracheoles)
242
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
gPU fgUg AU
gAzsU. EUU Ul JAz
j z . fg U 10 e v A i
U mU Eg v . v e v
UmU Jgq ev UmU
JzAi sUzzg Gz 8 ev
UmU Gzg sUz
z
. UmU
zz sUz PAqgv.
v Cz g P U ,
U m U jg DQ d C
z z J s U P g gd
iqv. fPU DQd C
jP Aq z P U U
P qDP q C AgVv
.
fg A i g P [haemolymph]
av 19.15 fgAi AU
f P U q CU
Aiz vqVPArz. Um gAzsU P P q DPq fgAi
zAz gPqvz.
tt
o
PrAi Az Av Gg
v U z P v g q
AzsU JzAi ZAi
Q. UAi MvU
z
gq
QAiAi QAi [breathing]
Jvg.
No
Q A i Ai GglP U
AAz? AUz
Ai Az UAi M v U z
gqv . i
AU
U, UAl, [trachea],
av 19.16 i AU
z P U [bronchus]
U PU MUArz. P AQAi v AiP
[alveoli] U Az. av 19.16 v av 19.17 Q, AUz sUU
Ugw.
243
d
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
av 19.17 i Pz gZ
No
tt
o
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
2. P Jq PQAv zqzVz.
3. P
z
3 l [Lobes] Uzg Jq P
z
2 lUgvz.
4. Pz t jig MAz m Pmgvz.
245
z :
g . . . . . PvP . . . . . K ?
gV :
qP . . . . P DgU U
AzV EU Az.
z :
j .. . . . . Azj.
gV :
U Pz . . . . . . Cz vvz P
gV :
z :
z :
he
dg gvzAi?
z qP, U dg gvz . . . . . . . Cz Ae v
PtPv. U F q Uvz . . . . . . U
m Pq Ai . . . . . Dg gz E . . . . .
U zz vP Pq PrAiiVz. . . . . .
J UAz F U Pqwz?
z :
tt
o
ig MAz wAUAz qP . . . . . .
gV :
gV :
No
gV :
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
z :
gV :
N . . . . . . F AP PQjAii lgP
Az gvz
. . . . . . F QjAii
RV P
U
U
AP GAl iqv . . . Pz PAi AUP
AAz gU . . . . .
z :
N . . . . . . PAigUz U U JAz wz . . . .
U UwzAi PAigU iqz.
gV :
z qP . . . . . UVAi DvAP qw . . . . .
246
J. Ggl
. u
1.
. d r. d
. UP
. i
r. P
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
J. P
. md . mAiA r. sg
J. CAifP QjAii
. AifP QjAii
. Azs
r. KPP f
5. C Qt jwU g Gv
J. UP . P . P r. i
II PV UU Gvj :
1.
f QAiUAzg?
tt
o
2. JAi EgPAi v Z zs j.
3. zw AuAi DQd qUqAiiUvz JAz vj MAz AiU
j.
No
247
CzsAi 20
Gv U Avvw
F CzsAi Css irz Avg zyU :
v tU AvvwAi RvAi wAig
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
vn vAi g UAq
o (thalamaus) JA gZAi
GAlirgz U. F
oz zs sUU
Dv
(concentric) U
v
Vz.
gsUAz MsU UzU
F sU PV v
(calyx) z (corolla) Pg Aq
(androecium) U P (gynoecium) JAz PgAiUvz.
tt
o
CvAv MV Dv
P. Ez t d
gZ
U
z PU
U
Arz.
w P PsU CAqAi(ovary) JAz, z zssU
P P(style) JAz vAi sU PU(sstigma) JAz PgAiUvz.
CAqAiz MU CAqPU (ovules) Egv. CAqPU MU t AUtUz
CAqt GvwAiiUv.
ZlnP 20.1
No
249
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
ZlnP 20.2
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
No
ZlnP 20.3
251
Dgz R sUVg dU iV PU
(pulses) KPz
PU (cereals) U mU (millets) JA g UAU
UgwUvz.
he
PU nU R UV. C g g t U
UvU U dUVz q (pod) JA UAi t MU Egv.
J mt P lAP U (leguminosae) jz U V .
G , mt U An i GzguU. sgv PU
Cwzq GvzP U UP zVz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
CsU :
d EzjAz Aivz.
J. CAqAi
. CAqP
tt
o
. st
r. st Aa
2. gw Cg U iV F t A.
J. Aim
. PA
r.
No
4. APg EU Az.
J. CAqPU
. CAqtU
. Utv PU
252
r. gUgtU.
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
Avvw JAzg ?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1.
he
III F UU Gvj :
2. AVP Avvw JAzg?
3. gU JAzg?
4. QlU gvU? j.
tt
o
No
253
CzsAi 21
AP zsU
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
a. grAi P b. grAi UP
tt
o
No
v UAfAig zAq f jw
sU
qV
EAUA
q
zP zg. F Z vUzPArv.
EAx WlU EA Pz qzg, v UAfAig EAUAq
z P UAmU vwzg. AU zg EAUArU U z
mPg P EAUAq zs lZagq sgvzzPAq zAq
f jv q Aiv.
Pg, m, qU, iUAx U, em v gPlU dg
v PguU zs UU Vv. E jU zsU.
254
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
U Az P gv iqzg P v mZ U
APvAz, Pq wgzg AsU P, zgz UU AP
F Az wzg.
Ez wg : z P Pz v W Az Pz qU P
Az Pz PPArz. jU P F Az Az
Pwzg.
tt
o
zvAwAi vgAUU
No
av 21.1 gv
F gvz K tU n U
UZgUvz. Dzg PtU Ptz
Q vgA
UU
tAQAi PA tz
UzAi g tz DZU
Egv. GzguU FU g
PuAiAi DPt AUg
P Az z v g A U U . C U
q jj. Dz g C U MAz
grAiz AiAz Ugwj.
255
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
zvAwAi vgA
UU
zAv
z Arz eAiAzg ei PP
ei PP iP
No
Z.Dg.l
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
g e..gg, sve, d,
Z A
zs
e v eP PP PxU
RPg DVzg. Pvz q Pf
s v z d A i s g DVz g . C g
grAi AP
z A
iUz CgPU
EAU
Dzs P g rAi A P zs U C P
gU GAiUUw.
g e..
dU ZAz gg MAz lg
vgA
Uz
gz zvAwAi CU
Gvzg
zUg. t v U CAUAUg
vAi vjPlg. vz Dgz
e..
PUs (cresco graph) GAiV U
ZzU Av JAz Cvir vjzg.
eP tUAi Ewz g ii g.dU ZAz
gg, grAi APz Ai AZtAiqvz.
UVAi iP 1874-1937
No
tt
o
Eg vAwgv Az gAi vg zs
irzg. EAUAq v PqU q 1926 g
Eg jAz x vAwgv P PAzU
v. CjU 1909g sv sUz
r Ugv. CP DgU Cg
mAm irPArzg. CPvV Cg DzsP
grAiz DgP JAz UgwVz.
UVAi iP
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
av 21.4 Ps
(Amplification).
zsUAqg AF APvU vP v
Z zg Zg. CU zgz UU
V UtP z CPv Egvz. F
UAzg 1 lg Az 1 Q lg
vgAUAvgU zv PAwAi vgAUU.
No
APvU
Dlg gAi zs
Az v
PV Gvvg. F Az
s z
P DwAi grAi vgAUU Gv U Z.Dg.lgg rz
PqUU jPP.
ZlnP 21.1
he
Cx Z QU q ivq
vqVzU U Kvz? Cz jw Jgq DPt PAzU MAz DwAi
grAi vgAUU GAiVzU KUvz?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
U = vgAUvg Dw
= 103 KHz
No
tt
o
RF vgAU
AF vgAU
av 21.5
260
iqPgtUAq vgAU
he
av 21.6 grAi Pz P P
grAi Pz P P
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
grAi UP
EA U zsAiz grAi UPU. MAz
DPtAi vj PAiPU PPAzg grAi UP D
PAzP wUrP (Tuning). grAi UPz MU Crz DAm
iqPgtUAq vgAUU Uvz.
No
tt
o
zszsPz av
m (Television)
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
z
Eg P
z sUU
, MAz mZ
, MAz Ai mg, z Eg grAi
UPz P sUU AiAz qgg Q
APvU zvAwAi vgAUU P g
e.J.q
iq Aiwzg. Cg Aq rAi P
1930 g Cg M dAi UAiP R gz
P PtAv iq AiAiizg. Cg AiUU Avg Aiz
Pz GAiVv. Aizz Avg Cg A
iU Czv U
wAiv Vv.
n. U PAi vz?
No
tt
o
MAz w
A n. Pgz P g
rz MAz s
Pz
U iqvg. F s
P
APv s
P Jvg (Signal plate) . F s
P
CP zw PU Agvz. UAz g P z APv Cx
A
z PgA
iUvz
. EzP
z Dw APv (Video Frequency) Cx VF APvU
Uvz
.
z w
A ZPU
v UgU
V ZPu
U
(Scanning) Mr
iV Pxq Qgt UAi ZPP (Scanner) V GAiVvg. VF
APvU RF vgAUUAU iqPgt iqvg. iqPgt
irz vgAUU : zs ir DAn P g iqvg.
iwAi grAi Pz jwAi Pvg.
av 21.8 n. Pz P P
262
n.. UP
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
CPAqg gg sP PAq
rzg . Eg mAr GPg
t
Dgt
,
vAve v UrAiig vAiijP F PvU
zs
irzg. Eg zv UrAiig PAq
rz g . g g g m U s
zg.
he
av 21.10 sP AiAv
ms
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
CPAqg U
A
No
Pg
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
in Pg
U PAivz ?
Cr
zz l P a JAzg
SIM Pq Egvz
Ezg
. (Subscriber Index
Module) yAiA CAii lj Ez g Zd iqz. E
MAz P zsz CrVgvz. EzgAi z gz v Qjzz
Q q Egvz.
Ev CP PAi zs Aiz U. CgA UrAiig,
UtP zs (calculator) Pg, AVvz zs P v gvz,DlU,
t Az P (SMS), EAlm , izs Az
(Multimedia Message Service or MMS) E MUArg
zsU.
No
tt
o
g zgtAz U v Az g zgtU q
AP.
265
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 21.11 GUU P
CAve (Internet)
No
CsU :
wAiAz CtP / U AiiAiU qVz. jAiiz
Gvg Dj :
1.
J. z vgAUU
. AF vgAUU v P vgAUU
. P vgAUU
r. AF vgAUU
he
3. P vAwU Az ms Djzg
J. CPAqg UA
. CPAqg
. in Pg e
r. V q
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
J. z U . Q U
. z Uz 1
16
r. Q Uz 1
10
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
tt
o
III F UU Gvj :
zvAwAi vgAUUAzg?
No
1.
2. iqPgt JAzg?
3. grAi Pz Aii sU zs vgAUU t Dw(AF) vgAUUU
jwvz?
267
CzsAi 22
Dg Gvz : t v d u
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
t uAi CUv jg.
t
PA
i ZvP
V rPAig zs z wU
wAig .
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
m A i i q z j Az , rAi z j Az , Pr t U
DjzjAz, Sz VqgU JU v gU DjzjAz
Pg Dg Avg.
tt
o
P UAi U Piqzg U P tU
iqzg P Pg v Dg v zPvg.
Pg v zrz tAz Dg Pvg.
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
t Aj z
i q, A
i U P tU
C r
e U PAi `P' Cx `Ai'. MAz PP wAiAz zz Cz
zQ zs wAiiVv. dg Dgz. zPgg, U zgP
Dg P sAi v vlU A
i U
Az U C P
tU
Az zgAivz
. UAi w v GuA
iAx zxU Pq A
i
Az U P tU
Az zgAiv
. P JAz
A
Zz CvAv
R
GzU JPvz. eP zwU U AiAvPgtU Ai
E Z GvzPV iqw. vAi U Crzg
U izjAi gUgU PU vg P P R U
it UtAiV a zsVz. P tU AiU P
ePV rPAq CU PuAi Crzg P iA
U t GvU it P nU a zsVz. UAi mPg
zz DzsP P GPgtU PiqzjAz Aiz PzrAi
it P nU PrAiiVz.
PAz CwZ Aid qAiPz, D Pvz PjU PV CAU CPv Ez.
No
tt
o
Gv dU
svz s
gj s
UgU v svgPU
gPz ifP v DyP jg
t w
GvUU Gv iglz .
e v vAvez Ai
sgvz EAU dASU Ai GzU, zz,
DyPvAi Ai Aiz GvU it U UtlU V
CAz. CAU Aiz s A. Ai CvAv
AQtz, Dzg CvAv CPz CA DVz. UV, Aiz Pvz
zs U U zsU U, wzPz C.
269
Ai iqPzg Eg JqgvqgU, U U U
PjvAv U F U P
Agz
! t U g EUU AAzs
l
ZgUv FU zjt.
Aiz t Rv
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
tt
o
t uAi CUv
No
Dg GvzAi ju g R CAU t Pq
MAz. U v zQUV, DgUPg tUUV U Gv EjUV
PU CAgv. PU MzVz U U Aiv,
Vgv U J UAi gU gfU Jzj, v. Dzg
PAUz t U zsUwAi Aiv. P zP
zsUz Aiz. UV t Ut PrPAq Uz
vA C. CUvz PU a itz MzV tU svz
t JAz PgAivg. EzP wAiiV PUz gVz t U Aiiz
A MzVgz. t v P Ut PzP VPz
U iAAzsz P CAU PgtUv. EUAzV t
GvzPv PrAiiV Ai gAiPUz. DzjAz, t Ut v
svvAi PrPAqUzg P Cz z CUvUvz.
EAx uAz sAi Ej ZUvz. t GvzPv v GAiPv
270
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
Ej ZU
CPUAv t AgQ
U Czg s
vv
A
i
a J PU zwU U PAizsU t u (soil
management) MUvz. zsgtV VP ziUUUtV J
dU PAi t jPv. ZlnPUAz zgVg
PqU v UU Ez i. MAz zU D
Az Az Gv
z
sU
Cx w sU
Pv
. djU
U P tUU Dg MzV V Ez CUv. Dzg EzjAz t
svv PqAiiUvz. Aiz sAi Z itz vUAi U
AvgU P s vUAiv zAv z GvzP x PAzz.
Czv, t x PAzzP PgtU CAU Aii? JAz
ez gAz EAz U wz.
UAi, t Ut v svvAi GPAqU U
zs Pq e U PPnz. t GvzPvAi
PrPAq U Jgq Rz CAU U JzgUv. E
AiiAzg,
271
t PAi vqAiz.
j v
Pqz v t
vi
AiAw z.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
ZlnP 22.1
he
tg Cz P zU g jwAi Uv.
U PAi iq Ai tg PzU g
Uv. Ez vqUl zs? UAi, zgz t AizjAz
PU Uv. Ez jwAi g Cx PAz
jzAz g PgU PAU iqv. F U
vqUlz?
ZlnP 22.2
No
tt
o
tg PAU GPAqU Cx Pq Ai
P PU zs F PU Q Aiizzg U UwzAi? EAx
PU P V.
d Pz P
V Eejg s
Ai t U P
U MUU As
gzjAz
Czg g z Z AidPj. GzguU zszz
ZA PtAi sUz F jwAi Eeg CP PqUz Ez AiP
GAiUU.
Dv vUAiz
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
Dv zs PAU Uz U vqUlz? Dv
zs t v GAmUz vqz a gPuAi qvz. vA
wg wg Ai Az t Ai it PqAiiUvz. UAi
Dv zs zs UAi gUU Pq zj irPqvz. P VqU
gU DVgv. P UAi gU CUV grPAqg E P
gU DP Uv. EAx U MAzz MAzgAv DvV zg
t svv ZUvz. geAii (Rhizobium) JA QjAii U
Pg ? C J zPv ? t svvAi Pq CUAz Aii
jwAi Aid GAmUvz? wzP.
273
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
P GzPV U s
vVgvz
. UV w
P jU A
i
A
i
i t ZVgAv rP z CUv . MAzQAv Z ASAi A
i
vUAiz MAz zs. Ez zs (multiple cropping) Jvg. MAz
Cx MAz Iv MAzQAv Z vUAiP. EzPV MAi
gj PAi CUv. UAi C U vU zgAiP. sgvz
F n sv, gV, e, P e EU Aizg evU ,
CUq v vgPjU Aiz Pq Cs irPArz.
zz gvg F Zgz K iqwzg? wzP.
d Aiiqz P Uqz
No
tt
o
tg Ai zxU Z Ai zxU v
Cx t Ug jgvz. zz Ai zxU v
VqU v tU CU U QU Qz P E jgv.
tg PfU E Aj GAiPz Ai Ug v
gP zv. tg d Ug Cx t
gZ
A
i Gv rz Cz, Czg v
vqU
l
vz U j sU
GPAq PAU avz.
tg Ai zx t svvU sv PgtUvz.
WnvUAq E Pv Ai zx PV PiqzjAz
t svv Uz Gz PAqgzz E GvUvz. Ai
Ug Pr U zgAivz. AiB P RZ EzPV vU Ra
a sU Jvz. Ai UgU gz t MlUrv. C
g ZV rlPAv iqv. UAiiq CP irPqv.
274
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Ai Ug PV a itz P iqPUvz.
GzP Cx qzP AZ CU GAiVPUvz. Czs
AzU Ai UgU Pz KP C AidPjAiiU?
gvjU Eg DAi K? Aia.
PA vAiijP
No
tt
o
Ai zxAz Ug
vAiijz U? VPV zxU
PAi QAiAzV AQtz Ai zxU Ug
V il
Azv. Dzg, F QAiAi AiAw U QV q zs.
zU Ai zxU AU, Uqir D UqAi MAz UAr
E vAiAv Dgtz PP. UqirzU Ug PAi U Z
KPAzg, Cz WlU gUvz. F Gv PA JAz PgAivg.
Ezg v P CAU MUAqAv ZV Pv Ai
zxU jgv.
ZlnP 22.3
he
eP gUgU (Bio-fertilizers)
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
No
tt
o
Gvz
A
i gU
gU
(chemical fertilizers )
Rz v v
.
VqU Ai CUvz PzU MzV CPUAv CU
PvP zsUAz A vAiijvg. vPt GAiUP gAv
itz CU PAU jvg. CUvP vPAv
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Dzs P vAve
U
v z Dz U
GAliqvz
. Ezg juV
g g UAi jg Ai zwUU a Z zgv. Dv
U, g Ug, PA, eP zsUAz QQlU AiAvt, t
svvAi AgPu EAx vAvU Ai P zw CrPArz. Ai
PAi gUgU, Au irz QlPU v OzsU PAi
PlmV AiAwUvz.
tt
o
No
g JAz AiP vA C P
z
U MAz, Er dASU
CUvU Dg Gv
P g zgPz zs?
FU g Piqwg jwAi
rzg g zPU AZz
CP sUU
w j Pgv U
j g A Azs z C v U
av 22.1 j P
qAi zsv V Egz
PAq gvz. j g
gd
i t PrgzjAz Aiz GAiUPV
PAiiUwg j P u vA CUvVz. Aiz GAiUPV
277
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Dg v Evg P GvU Ai V U j U
CAvdz ig .70g sU PAiiVqvz. av 22.1g vjgAv
zs ZlnPU
UV PA
iiU j Zgz
w z
s PAqgwz.
avz P PUV U PUjP v UPUV RZU j it
vjVz. U Pq j z i. CAvggdlz U
CAvgAi lz j zU UU U Uv. EAx P zU U
Aiag? Ez g
R
UU zjirPqvz
. g AiijU
zgAivz? Czg vguAi zsjg Aiig? zgzgz UgUU
Cx wg
g dUU g g
gd iq P ? AqAig AU
PzAqAig AU zgPzQAv Z g Uz ?
Ez wg : g J UAi fgU U vA Cz U Cz
tt
o
No
jUV zs Egz P gg
UU jz g q iv C.
PAi GzPV g qPAzg Evg
tAPP, gU, U Evg PvUU
PU j it Pq zAil
P PU v z . Ez j Az , j g z
zu GAmUz.
P zwAi PgtAzV Er
vgt sAiwAi gz. Aii
278
av 22.2 g AiU
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
Gv gj U P PPg, Uj x U Pr
Z AgP xz AzU, AiiU g P, J
g P U x az JA CAU RUvz.
gvg gj Az P, Az U, Az P
U gvAz gvU zUv Uvz. gj Ai P R
CAU av 22.3 jvz.
ZlnP 22.4
av PV U C z CAU U. P
duAi F MAzAz CAz s j v MAz GzguAi
Pr. vgq Zg Ai ir.
t
gjU UgvP
t j i PA
ig
. EzP P
gj(furrow irrigation) JAz jz. F U g AU Az
P PU U AqU P UgvPt QAzV jAivz. j
j gvg AiAw v UU vg. z U
Az qU
g z Cx MVg PU P PP jAivz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 22.4 g gj zwU q P
ZlnP 22.5
tt
o
No
sgvz gPAw
Gv Ej q dU P, Zwg UgU P U
juPjAiiz gj Ai PUAzV P Pvz GAmVg
EjAi sj Z
g PAw JAz PgA
iUvz. 1968g Aii U
(William gaud) JA e F z zU z. F PAwAi Azs,
C, U vAveU gtU v Ez. CP Ej Pq PU
vU, gj Ai gu, APgt vdU AaP, PvP UgU U
QPU E gvjU MzVz EzP Pgt, g PAwAi zs dU
gvjU v DPtAi v vgzz. sgv v AZzzAv
280
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
vqU P g UU U UAz g
MzV U U IUzz Vz. z zsz UAxU gjUV
t vnU wz U GRz. Pn Cxz vU U iw
Ez, "F vU l g iUU AUAiAz g l CAxg Dg
tU zAq q PUvz. UAi F vUAz jAi jU Aiigzg
vqAirz Cg Ez zAq PlPUvz." JAz JZjVz.
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
J. DQd
. md
. P qDPq
r. VAii
2. g U iV F Pz PgvAi Jzj
J. sg
. g
. Pt
r. P
r. a itz g jPv.
No
tt
o
r. t Vq U Eg P AzV V q U G z f U Az g P u
qAiv.
283
J. UAz Gz fU vz Uv.
he
1.
II P zUAU ng swir :
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
III A gj :
1. Dz j U
J.
md svgPU CPv E.
2. Dz j U
z j Cv Ez
3. j geAiA
QjAi Eg U
CgP j ggd C
gAiP svgPU CPv
4. j
r.
DUU j ggd C
tt
o
E. vq gj
Js.
md svgPU Cv Ez.
No
IV F UU Gvj :
1.
gAiP UgU
GAiUAz DU Aiizzg
Jgq GAiU v Jgq
vAzgU n ir.
5. Ai Ug U vAiijj?
6. t P GAmU PgtVg Aiizzg g CAU nir.
t vqUl Aiizzg Jgq PU w.
7. Ai PAi CPvU w.
8. UgvPu gj zwVAv Mvq gj zwAi U GvVz?
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1.
he
Da :
9. P ZlnPAi g U AgQzAz a.
2. zz w eU sUAv Dg szvAi U z?
3. P zwAi g KP AgQP? Ez U?
tt
o
No
285
CzsAi 23
fz P
F CzsAi CzsAi irz Avg zyU :
sAi f GUU Cz zuU U wAig.
fPz v wAig.
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
f z GU P g P z A x Ai i z u U s Ai
GAmVgz? fU PAq g AQtvU gPV CU JAx
zuUVgz? F jwAi PvPj UU Gvg qP
Aiv F CzsAiz iqt.
fz GU
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
av 23.1 a s
tt
o
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
s E vtUUwzAv, F AAiPU v v jP P
AQt Ai U
GAmz (Haldane) JA eAi Av
AQt Ai AAiPU it ZzAv Ug, zU g MAz
jwAi Aiiz, vz `'Av zv F jwAi MAz ztz
Ez gitU UAUv, wwv Cz E AQtvAi
qAivqVv.
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
PWlz
zuU
4.8
Ai
U
Az
gwv gwv
QgtU
QgtU
No
Qgt
3.8
Ai
U
Az
2.5 Ai
U Az
v w
PrAiiz
gwv
QgtU
CvAv Pr
gwv
QgtU
vgtz
WlPU
H2,CH4,H2O,
NH3, CO2,
N2,
NH3,H2O,H2,CO2,
N2
O3,O2,CO2,H2O,H2,N2
CtU
g
CtU
AQt
CtU
fPUAz
GvwAiiU
Ai CtU
fP fz
E
gZU
m
AiiAmU
FV fU
289
f P
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
f Pz U zU w
z zAvU
Rzz 1809g sAZ td f
iP JA eAiz. Ez `Dfv UtPtU
CAAivAi zAv' JAz PgAiUvz. EzP
iQA (Lamarakism) JA g
Ez. F zAv
C PvU
, CAUU
P v P U Dfv
UtPtU CAAiv JA g vvUzsjz.
No
F jw fAi Uz Pt
U UAz UU UuU
v
JAz iP V Az. U, w UAi PtU
fAi Uv Uz. EzjAzV CP UU Avg F
jwAi zuU jPAq D fAi sz gAz szV
zUvz.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
U PU Eg wAi iP f Pz P
Dz zu JAz Ugwz. C Pg, d tUU
PU Ez. QU, U Avz lz tU U
mAiiqv
qVz CUAz vP V U z v
v
jzqvqVz U a P v UqU PAivqVz.
UV, CUU PU gAiPz. EzjAz PU Pt V
PU gAiiz. PUz F Pt
A UU
U UuA
iiUv
qVv.
q zAv
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
Z q JA e f P GAmVgzz
jwAi j 1859g zAvAz Arz Ez
Uz DAiAi zAv JAz PgAiUvz. Ez qA
(Darwinism) JA jAz dAiVz.
Z q
qA F PV vvU Dzsjz.
No
tt
o
J fU
MAz PvPj CA
q U z. Cz, J fUU
Cw Z itz Avvw iq sP xz JAz. Ez
`Cw Av x' JAz Dv Pgz. Ez g C g
Gzgu
U
rz. t
A
Zz
DU
CvAv zsUw
Ai d
iq
tU. ig 90 U DAi CAi MAz UAq U MAz t
D j ZAzg Dg jUU dPqv. q P QzAv F J Dg
jU Gz, z, Ez UwAi Avvw irzg P 750 U
sAi 19 Ai DU Egv. CAx w J fU Ezg ,
CU szU fAzt W CAi KggUz wAi
Egvz.
w UwAi d
qAizjAz, fU q z
s qAivz JAz
q vQz, g, Dg, D U Evg AU
AaP V F zs GAmUvz. F vv q `GUV
gl' (struggle for existence) JAz Pgz.
292
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
f P P v U U z g U z DAi Q A i Ai
PgtUvz
JAz q Az . Dzg, vU
Ugwz
qU zsU UV, MAz dAi PAiAv `q C fAi
G jz gv C fAi DU j' KPAzg, CU
CAAivAi vvU Cj Eg.
tt
o
No
CsU :
I
1.
J. Mj
. q
r. g
J. CAii
. qd
293
. DQd
r. x
J. PU
. gPU v CAiP fU
. gAU
r. PjAimU v PU
J. Cw Av x
. CfAi G
. GUV gl
r. vU
II P zUAU ng swir :
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
1.
he
A gj :
III
J. q z
. Gvjv zAv
3. U r
. Uz DAi zAv
4. Mj
E. gAiP P zAv
1. iP
tt
o
2. q
IV F UU Gvj :
fP JAzg?
No
1.
2. iP az CAUU
Cw P v PA
i zAv
P Gzgu
U
AU
j.
3. f Pz vU v K?
4. Gvjv JAzg?
5. qz JAzg ?
294
CzsAi 24
sAz DZU
F CzsAi Cs irz Avg zyU :
RU z gg.
gz zg n iqg
UU R PtU jg.
g Pv AdU jg.
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
RU
tt
o
av 24.1 RU
No
he
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
Z gV wAi Ai irz.
FU gPAz Ai P zg U wzPt. g
Er z MAz t sU iv. Czg v UU wvg zg vwgv.
U FU Uwz U g PVU Az.
gz PAzz Ai.
UU.
AU v Ug UU PPU zs Eg Pz UU n.
UU GUU. EUU UU ZAzUAz PgAivg.
tt
o
A iAx zsPvU.
PvP PU.
No
Ai g z PAz. Ezg wd s
Ai wdz 109 l. Ezg
RV
Ez wg : FU qwg Ai P, Ai ig 8
z Az l P. CAzg F P 8 z Aiz. Q U
PArU 300000 km. CAzg Ai v sAi q zg 8 60
300000= 150 Ai km. = 1.5 1011 m.
UU
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
No
tt
o
FU g z z
gU U CU AiAz Eg zgz P
z
wzPt.
zs
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
zs U AiU CvAv g
U. Aiiz ig Jgq UAm Avg
Ez CUvz. Cx AizAiz Jgq
UAm z Ez GzAiUvz
. AizAi
Cx Aiiz eU Ugw. D z
wg U Cx Ae Ez Ugwj.
Ezg UZg P. zs U Cw Z
PAzPU v Az. [av
U]. Ezg v 427 0C Az -183
0
C gU
KjvU
Ptvz. Ezg Ugv
0.09. Ez g s t C v P P C
CPV 59 U v 88 U.
av 24.3 zs U
No
tt
o
P U
Jgq
U
. Ez s
V
U g w z . Ez g v g t
RV P q DP q Az DVz.
F Uz Av q
zs z g Ai z A i v
AiiU CPV v
Q DUv. EzP Pgt
Pqg? Czg st C 243
UVz, Ai MAz j v
g 224 U vUzPvz. CAzg PUz MAz Czg
QAv Z.
av 24.4 P
299
ZlnP (24.1)
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
tt
o
No
K
be T
B
re S
pu
bl
is
he
vgt
. sgv
F GU
v Azs
PAiP
z CAUz
ZAzAii I g P Cu irv. EzP z CjP MAz LwP
zsAi irv. d 21, 1969 gAz CjPz Aiiw, DAU
ZAz Azg. C Az Jr D gg Ezg. Ejg
gU UAi Ez ZAz gg U ivrzg? Cg DQd
U qz PAqg?
av 24.5 PAzPU
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AU
AU U. Ez PAV Pt U. QAU Ax PU F
U fUgzz zsvU U PzsgU AU Cu ir.
No
301
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av 24.7 AU
av 24.8 ZAz z gg
PzUU v GU
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No
Ug
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pu
bl
is
he
Ug U
Lz U
. Ez g z
CvAv zqzz U. Ezg PP C
ig 12 U. Czg MAz
P 10 UAmU. CAzg Cz CvAv
UV v CPz v swz JAz
Cx. Czg Uz su AzV Cz
zssUz Gz zs zz
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t Az F U
P APAq
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wg U v . F n U [Band]
zgzPz P qz. gw
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av 24.9 Ug [ w
]
No
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UAi v vAiijz
z g z P Az U g U z
G U U U g wz g . C
LAi [Io], Aig [Europa]
Ur [Ganymede] v
P [Callisto ]UgUP E
CP GUU. LAi [Io] z
QAi e TUgzjAz
DQ nvz. Aidg
P A i U g U z v av 24.10 UAi Djz UgUz
UzzAv U Ai
zq GUU
U g wz. Ug U grAi
APvU vz.
303
Aig
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U
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rzU F U z
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z
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av 24.11.
vz PPz.
Uz CP GUU ml
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KPP GU. Uz Ugv 0.13. Ez Evg UUU zg CvAv
Pr. Uz st C v PP C CPV 10 UAm 15 U
v 29.46 U.
No
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Aig Ez K U. Ez g zq U.
F Uz v Eg U Ai AUj
sgwAi RU AAi eUz . J.C
sm
ZAi v P. P Aig z Ugwzg .
F U z Djzg AiA gg.
F U MAz v Az. CzAzg F Uz
stz CP 820 z. P U lg Gz UU
Az P sv. Aig Z
PArz. A CPz PAq s
wgvz.
Ezg Ugv 0.29. Ezg st C v PP
C CPV 13 UAmU v 84.02 U. F
U Az CPz sAv Ptvz.
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U JAl U. F U
zgzPAz qz. EzP z F
U
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EgPAi Utv
z
PZgAz l
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Uz st C v PP C CPV
18 UAm 30 v 164.81 U.
av 24.13
tt
o
No
m
g z
MAz U
A z z
jUtVv. Dzg 2006 g CAvg gAi
RU dg MPl [IAU] Uz MAz
v SAi gv. F SAi
Pg m, Uz Cv A. DzU
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EzP P UAz PgAivg.
av 24.14 m
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m UU nAz Pq Eg PgtU U iw AUj.
305
zsPvU
zs
PvU
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Cg
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ivg. KPAzg CU
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R WlPUAzg PlU v WPv CU.
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AiAz gz Qgvz.
Ai v sAi wg AzU C
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e U v z g z P z P
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av 24.15 zsPv
CU Dg irzg jAz
Pgt
irgvg. CAx MAz zs
Pv
zsPv. Ez 76 UU Ptz. F zsPv 1986
g QVv. Ez v Aii Qz?.
ZlnP 24.3
Ez wg : zsPvU U Eg qs APU
No
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gz zg nU zg
j zs? ZAz Ax VP GUU
ev E CP t ZAzU PvP
GUU gz sAi v U
irz. F PvP GUU CP jwAi
U GAiP. EU GAiUU
n iqg?
306
PvU
gz zgz, E CP RU PAiU Ez Pv
Pg
v
. CU U wAit. gw DUz
U RU PAiU
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ZlnP 24.4
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ZlnP 24.5
No
PV PA, Qv,
, , tU
Pv
U
vU
KjPAi P
av.
DPz PvU
K
be T
B
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bl
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av 24.17 zs Pv Ugwz Aq zs Pv
v Pwgvz.
No
tt
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av 24.18 P Pv AdU
308
g ZP : [Zodiac]
K
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Ai, ZAz U
U
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.
F vjPAi , n Cx xP g ZP Jvg. gq Pv AdU
F nAi z Uv. F Pv AdUU g Pv AdU [Zodiacal
Constellation ] Jvg.
1. [Aries]
2. s [Taurus]
3. x [Gemini]
[Cancer]
4. PP
5. A [Leo]
6. P [Virgo]
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7. v [Libra]
8. P [Scorpius]
9. zs
[Sagittarius]
No
10. Pg [Capricornus]
11. PAs [Aquarius ]
12. [Pisces]
av 24.19 gq g Pv AdU
309
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1.
J. PAwAd . zs . s
r. A
2. gz Jgq zqU
J. CvAv Pr Azv Az
. j Azv Az
tt
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No
J. AU
. Aig
. Ug r.
4. AU Uz zs mUUU Pgt
J. Wgz g
. zs zz eTU l r. P ws zsPtU.
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5. F Uz Gz CU ZV Gzqv
J. zs
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310
r.
II P zUAU ng swir :
1.
grAi CU U _____________ .
2. AU Uz t ____________________ .
3. ZUz Pv AdAzg __________________ .
QgtU
AiAqz
III A gj :
J
K
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5. AiAz gq gwv
g __________________ .
1. CvAv z U
J. s
2. UgUz GU
. mm
3. Pv Ad .
r. LAi [Io ]
E. Aig
4. AiAz g U
Js.
Aq
f. jAi
IV F UU Gvj :
Aii U V Pv Cx Ae Pv Jvg?
tt
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1.
No
4. PVU j
. sU wgVg U
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r. gz CvAv zq U
6. GUU UUVAv U ?
7. Aii VP GU QAi eTU Az?
8. PVUU Pgt Pr.
J. EAUAq g M QU zs Pv sV UZjvz
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r. PUz g juz Rv Z
1.
K
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V PVU jAi, v w :
he
Uz Azv Z
2. gw DUz P U w gP Qz
3. gAi MAz g Pv Ad
6. mm UgUz GU
No
tt
o
Devotion : Have devotion for duty, scriptures, holy people and God.
-Swami Vivekananda
312
313
zs
AU
Ug
Aig
P.
AS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
49528 Q.
51118 Q.
120536 Q.
142984 Q.
6792 Q.
12756 Q.
12102 Q.
4878 Q.
164 U
84 U
29 U 5
wAUU
11 U 11
wAUU
687 U 23
UAmU
365 U 6
UAmU
224 U 17
UAmU
C itz DU,
Aii, AiA
vgtz R
CU
sP
ZAzU
AS
W CPPV
16 UAmU, 7
U
17 UAmU, 14
U
10 UAmU, 39
U
9UAmU, 56
U
24 UAmU, 37
U
(1 ) 23 UAmU,
56 U
243 U
qd AiA,
x
qd AiA,
x
qd AiA
x
qd, AiA
vz qzAwg
P q DPq
DQd, md
md, DQd
P q DPq
zl qzAwg
P q DPq
17
ig
18
ig
16
R PtU
z v 4700 C gw v 1830 C
he
Cw z U. CzjAz zsU Ai Pq
Riqv gv sdP zU.
U UwgAv fU Eg KPP U. P
vgt g Ez.
Evg UU Az P szg Ez
iv Az P svz
K
be T
B
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pu
bl
is
59 U
sAi AiP
CUtV
tt
o
88 U
sAi AiP
CUtV
No
4,480,000
2,848
1,848
768
224
149
107
58
AiAz Eg
CAzd
zg Ai
REFERENCE BOOKS
A Text book of Physics by Mary Jones, Feoff Jones and Philip
Marchington
he
K
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B
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pu
bl
is
Wikipedia encyclopedia
www.ehow.com
www.share2learn.com
www..sciencemaste.com
www.library.thinkquest.org
www.biology.arizona.edu
No
tt
o
314