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  • Nonlinear Solid Mechanics

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    Najib Masghouni
    26 vues235 pages
    Nonlinear Solid Mechanics a Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Graz University of Technology, Austria With a modern, comprehensive approach directed towards computational mechanics, this book covers a unique combination of subjects at present unavailable in any other text. It includes vital information on 'variational principles' constituting the cornerstone of the finite element method. In fact this is the only method by which Nonlinear Solid Mechanics is utilized in engineering practice. The book opens with a fundamental chapter on vectors and tensors. The following chapters are based on nonlinear continuum mechanics - an inevitable prerequisite for computational mechanicians. In addition, continuum field theory (applied to a representative sample of hyperelastic materials currently used in nonlinear computations such as incompressible and compressible materials) is presented, as are transversely isotropic materials, composite materials, viscoelastic materials and hyperelastic materials with isotropic damage. Another central chapter is devoted to the thermodynamics of materials, covering both finite thermoelasticity and finite thermoviscoelasticity. Also included are: * an up-to-date list of almost 300 references and a comprehensive index * useful examples and exercises for the student * selected topics of statistical and continuum thermodynamics. Furthermore, the principle of virtual work (in both the material and spatial descriptions) is compared with two and three-field variational principles particularly designed to capture kinematic constraints such as incompressibility. All of the features combined result in an essential text for final year undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering and applied maths and physics.

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    Nonlinear Solid Mechanics a Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Graz University of Technology, Austria With a modern, comprehensive approach directed towards computational mechanics, this book covers a unique combination of subjects at present unavailable in any other text. It includes vital information on 'variational principles' constituting the cornerstone of the finite element method. In fact this is the only method by which Nonlinear Solid Mechanics is utilized in engineering practice. The book opens with a fundamental chapter on vectors and tensors. The following chapters are based on nonlinear continuum mechanics - an inevitable prerequisite for computational mechanicians. In addition, continuum field theory (applied to a representative sample of hyperelastic materials currently used in nonlinear computations such as incompressible and compressible materials) is presented, as are transversely isotropic materials, composite materials, viscoelastic materials and hyperelastic materials with isotropic damage. Another central chapter is devoted to the thermodynamics of materials, covering both finite thermoelasticity and finite thermoviscoelasticity. Also included are: * an up-to-date list of almost 300 references and a comprehensive index * useful examples and exercises for the student * selected topics of statistical and continuum thermodynamics. Furthermore, the principle of virtual work (in both the material and spatial descriptions) is compared with two and three-field variational principles particularly designed to capture kinematic constraints such as incompressibility. All of the features combined result in an essential text for final year undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering and applied maths and physics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    26 vues235 pages

    Nonlinear Solid Mechanics

    Transféré par

    Najib Masghouni
    Nonlinear Solid Mechanics a Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Graz University of Technology, Austria With a modern, comprehensive approach directed towards computational mechanics, this book covers a unique combination of subjects at present unavailable in any other text. It includes vital information on 'variational principles' constituting the cornerstone of the finite element method. In fact this is the only method by which Nonlinear Solid Mechanics is utilized in engineering practice. The book opens with a fundamental chapter on vectors and tensors. The following chapters are based on nonlinear continuum mechanics - an inevitable prerequisite for computational mechanicians. In addition, continuum field theory (applied to a representative sample of hyperelastic materials currently used in nonlinear computations such as incompressible and compressible materials) is presented, as are transversely isotropic materials, composite materials, viscoelastic materials and hyperelastic materials with isotropic damage. Another central chapter is devoted to the thermodynamics of materials, covering both finite thermoelasticity and finite thermoviscoelasticity. Also included are: * an up-to-date list of almost 300 references and a comprehensive index * useful examples and exercises for the student * selected topics of statistical and continuum thermodynamics. Furthermore, the principle of virtual work (in both the material and spatial descriptions) is compared with two and three-field variational principles particularly designed to capture kinematic constraints such as incompressibility. All of the features combined result in an essential text for final year undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering and applied maths and physics.

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    Nonlinear Solid Mechanics A Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Teen Universi Gras, rie JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Chicheser = Weinheim = New York + Brbbene = Singipoe + Tonio coi mg em NevSncr Po tga ce cota seagate Won ne rn sng manel snt epi yeee ‘SSIES Attipoe tage ot See Zea Govign Dept sahasi ac bdo mar tne mee Seeley tro ee F ieee see ot rei, en ig a 2 Re, SoA i in esha in iy Seon 2 Nee Rn sh ver Cig Pb Dae Asa cba aaa me Ba Ln soso TLE) 64M 198 ‘edad Gt Btn yn ne penn, We nc, uh anton eee Contents rte Ackwonedgemens 1 Introduction to Vectors and Tensors Alpes of Veto 12 Alps of eos 13 Hipbconde Tamas UA Eigumaaes Figen of ess 1S Trtformatin Laws as ern Components 16 Genera Bases 1S, est Ten anton 1S Grins an Rell Operation 19 opal Theorms 2 Kinematis 22 Daplcement, Velo Aceon Pie 23. Mati Spt! Deas 2A Defmaon Gren 25° Senin Tense 25. Rosa, Seh Tens 27 Rater Defrnation Tess 2B Lie Tine Deaves &® Beseeeeen o Banszees 3 The Concept of Stress a 33 rel Ses Ves Examplesof St of Ses Aentive Ste Tenses 4 Balance Principles a Comterain oF Ma Real Tanga Tass mest Bane Principles lance of Mestnical Enetey dace of Ener fn Contin Thrace Envoy oulty Pepe Msi Bane Pile 5 Some Aspects of Objectivity Chang of Obs an Objve Tenor Fae ‘Soperinposed igi boy Motions Ove es Ivars of Ei ser Repose (6 Hyperelastc Materials a Cone Remts on Cosine gu api Hype Mati lacompresibe Hype Maal ‘Trane opie Meals 109 1 1 i 131 a 1s um 19 179 22 2S os Compote Meal with Too Faris of Fos Conattive Mol wih ta Visine {610 Vico Merit are Sins 4611 Hypecatic Masi with opi Damape 7 Thermodynamics of Materials n 19 Piya! Pets Theres of Macescopie Networks Thermcyinic Pls ateinaty thera Keo laity Teor Epi late Maes ‘Thermal Exes of Onde’ Mater Mos Simple Teton of Erp Elst Merle Thermlyeanic wih eral sles 8 Variational Principles 33 Vira Dispacmen, Vries Pipe of Vinal Wek ‘Prnpe of tansy Fotea Enersy Linearation of he ripe of Val Work “worl Virion Piles “Te el Wao Pipes aea8 a8 SeGeeee am sesega a Preface My di in wring thi extant show th fenton dey of on ‘als mechs ab emdeanis rma nsnering compton on ok ‘ens My primary nal wnt ely oof «men istry ext aig the coin peach to be ed ith meres eye ly lo ‘rs reerence took tt inept rne of hen eeopn i te el. ‘amo stint apd iit te edo ny iain ine ad tk i 68 ‘pean joey ne wonder wold of noice esha, which seer t= ‘olga supine ge rey of robs ng i pratleogheig Lier hories of soll ean e Bgly desloge and in asicy stat cenpltin. Met poesia ate wer, highly nai The ronan asthe if proving inst in tac concep of sald echoes ‘dh parca france fo the ono reine, Onc aii wih ein ens ‘he rede wil bene to seca in ena aspects fe sab mate Il he ‘cd for fons ecook ened pm fo eae who wit oa Seestand tbe conesponieace Daten nota contin mei, wale ‘tite moses vrata pritils wees peeuise fr ie omen formas ‘Ofcourse, ose oak can coverslip of hea ld of ld mh, so tha any topics ae or iced ete at al. The seen theese or Inco is aera stony by caren cares, nde inthe re a te uta’ prc inert in epee a sence Hee, a pact selection nd ye was chosen in rer to Mitre of the more ning tes in sd echnieThpe hats, ih feos suet be ond tbe sweep My oki itenton woo psa on ntedtin fhe abet materia a ail senda ans Cy 8 posi. bps at hetero Insihs or endeseding of the erin win wee ste a papers sno nthe ih an strightorwad pti eshte wad ou tes ‘ews gues, wich ey import ering, They re dei inorder set tion nd entre le 0th er Nes Tata pasa egies! ext The prac ed in hf et ‘Sper we te ae me teh be capes ne ope, ‘Stoic ing pened ing gents nd meen oe presi np. "ott unrundng fe set mae gue rote leer age bev er Fs est een eg De et aed ‘Sabu an wih ee ear nin syle he he bet mater ‘imac, Heeee rte a foal ea ot tft deen tre ed x ton ch pois ead ith ne Sih Term) peda ae wie sen eine wee son und inden dela ote rope oe ects wo ae en xp te may emis ae iced ‘scp cnr ean tere isede fe een 8 “lmnop th sonal eave Chr us ‘Ser dumunay poets vic eed fr tard esr mites {Rrtmel ina sgn pera whe ey 0 many pln ot {Toe repenty ncgesng en py ‘ine pine clon af ps 2st ea sa fr Be es ono te mons te rt of con The nim apc terse sng nn nine ‘apanp er) an Er’ tl 2p Int jena we eto port sme ep a ‘harps slice eae Tepe a pluck peut or fac iis una the cmp fe Lt ie dae a o- nad The toma ose ae of per. Cae eae ‘PServer nd ‘Scone sees tno aed dt eran dae In hp tere eon ome ie conf eo pose ot as ‘Sune eel Bed on conn eran Be no nally ups pve and he roel uct fl pipe sui Tart aes Gp pcp Cope inp anes ef oe {fon uch pr mci par ain cotinm mean. Accson of vcatstever anspor id pss flowed a Seeapoct Sfoseve aes rd rn etc meal po onc 6 noe cee ut he kl rosin accion aie conse soson or be scion fe mn and Seromasonral tear of si. Ts two capers hw the eset es Fin iT weno ose wh vo pa expres ani 3 ‘in meen es lesan eae yeas a ‘Somali eer ots Sew ann xcs ied SShinptreero lanes aie an enue om forte wis ite ern poses, "The blk of Che is concerned wid ie aniiy sd Gite vacotticiy nce dscusion of ope. noel ad eompresble yptelatie mi tes and povesconsttve neler taevenely top nd compote wa tetanic re efor gener of plein Ie pis! eget. ‘An aprochonleic tril wi tral vibe ve slong wih st re tap tiyperltc serie tat ioe elton andr erep ees nd ‘oop damage estan eto raise in psn of Caper 0 ‘erosion 1th hemody of materi. This caters Sed nt te oan of cna temas et ao sete ps ‘iil hemody tar wi asta! approach by senmaiing porn pyc! apes ofthe thrmptie baie of moar networks or eam aor sll polenta enily ona eto Sone ed on tas wih a yt phesoeolgl presage emosltihy trol else mel sds in more el and Ws on 8 pee ‘ample which comme wi ea etcling of ber band. Type "teseankl epling flere te, ‘Cher 8 deg i cove the etal sts of he mat ipo aria: {al rp cre ey ulin oem epproinon welsh Use Re cent mete Aloogh Be ler eat raed nth et pod ta his cap wil be anatve woe who apc th st om te nputtioeal sel sows the lain aceon te eg and wen farms of In omy ue tens presents sil pape of viel Week nt ‘pul and mterldenerpion ant ner! Frm. Tate el ar oa pips wes dss. Te pset ext nds wre convert onk ‘Thee ae mumeros worked examples sn he leat ext. These hve he ga of eaiing and mppemenng he abet mater. In many aes ye ‘rihormar, bt rove a sien pr of eet The symbol is sed ode ‘The (mst) 20 exerees provided ne designed to supplement he xan 0 co {sie eeepc nee Mot then verve pape o sang the render ort iy ad ifr and develop pats lia Inmany ces the slain of see exacis regen nl uy ed erin A resombenmber of eves. Numerous references spleen mse oe supped and scusedtviey ugh tok However kf hs itis pose ge com see topeny ae, Some eles ed ee eg ctr oes ses Pte mlb one of cure at ine tnt he Usreny tng Grr dann. T= mechs ol era fs wet tol bone cnn od sis, ites eos ong meats nd somal Rl mechan, Tbk ‘Phaysauenct ope sens aon nd pots bough testa oma bef ses sons! dence Atough he ed URE en ht seconds pepe fr seca, ‘eet the reer ns oes bcm in deny sone 2 ‘Semon Ten hat Chen 2 an pts fe renga saa oun orn tin messing to ces ‘force Ao ems oro ope cue fhe ol canis it Shes an Cuper sea tne que cure terme oe (ukctaJon Caper Cher ts eacoue tat ves det titer vetoed enero Clg ey {Che oan pec nwo pcp, a om as one eet Tite at he poet exo, provg ay apa nis Ing cnc nut eves bay. OF wre ee Be ‘heap del wa apf ore acct eats sng Sir ope hh ot wl elppngerso tes alee Madani an eis away bea he il ene footing bes Comet tics vw wecone and gel apecae ele it si ch conn ms oe get te ‘ste ot pment emote igh he oe homer taane mats nd etl pine. A sucess aero a ‘cower wo nee tty ees en ios a, Austia ‘Geta Hola ‘nes 999 Acknowledgements Wea as poeta student Steed Ui word wih he ie hon Sing, Prfenor of Mecha nglasing whom ewe ny Oops tak: He ‘tilt, inesced ae ose ny sy and wring rece eh Het, ‘ey an deietono seni excl povided ngs ring experience forme. am patie inde o ay: Od, Presa of Mattie U ‘eno lgox. who penta toi ding te nie mana and cy Ing cetain nein Hs atm experisenthe fe mne wering wit rinsing plein. His dtl sci ecm digs or improve any ers ae cna ote bck Here met my olbras whose ne eneoungene sd sip dng the te of he repeat fhe an Sept | patel acaowldge. ltl, tpn and Bll comet oF Dr Orion A. See Bae a Suekgroun a pyc and an, we tel fp. He ke me rhe ext thea is sharp in Alo, Cron TGawer, who background ncn engicring, as sped mer of stable improvements te muons of tee Hl proforma css ‘evened om gains ey wi ating As, Ela erp mine atic, nero pol hank far er genera aister She pve uh ll ‘hie oa the prpuaon fh ent an ere many gener improving ‘Speci ne are oro Mae! Sule fr bpd dace eo Mar 6. Palio pos in pearing he ius. um att cach of tee in ‘le wiht wb cones be ook won mt hr ken hip "sat tan he Deparment of Civil ngitering, Gna Univesity Th on fr ovina non a Wich hpoet call be complet My ea ‘ide goer to Ger Ber, Profer of iil Exnsine,forhs open spp. "ao wih atnowedge he Asin Sdeace out, wc ha end sy cee spends hehe acl pp of ve ras ve he et igh yer “Te esjoynet eprint textbook would noth Be he ae with emer sept of mencou feds. My Gs lng oll the Iertd my aber nen appeared foray evenings and ween madera 1 Introduction to Vectors and Tensors ‘The aim fs chap is to pesen he een lesa Adal ess oe sec thas ter acl Permancoy te in oir contin meas ‘Sore eas my petro pas det Chapter etn the eset prt foe May fe stemensar ge without pron Fors ere deed expoion se hese by Hatos (998, TaUESDeRL and NOL [1982] rex by CuaDwcx 176), CURT 98a SnOONDS [1884], DANIELSON [97] ad ‘Ocoes {1987 mong my ter Fefenceso8 Yet ad ese. T ell he leans of ocr gst se fr eta, tbo ty SHANG [3H ns eat we ns owes Gr eer fr clr, ones li fa Lita leer for vectors, specs ol ace Latin eters for ede ene PE ‘ee tel face alg tes fr hiner omar a speed Lin ees fo outer enor oe cap, Oo (ah) ABE OE ANG... Catentertenon) — ABE... Grtorsrtnar $y ARC... (thorer nar) Ferequtions echt ab a2) weap tt (12 rst = ‘hea the sans of fr ed elas ince previo. hist case we rfl to bv lan in pacar oder, eflsing the cmc sep ces To Sng the oan gan LA Algebra of Vectors ‘A phys ums, comply des bya ingle eal mame, sich a omen ‘nn dey rma al alr sgt dye, A elo desi by Yo (in ter tent gue eit bye OF ‘ecto een n pes model fr psi une vig bth ‘een an eg orca Ylsty on eta, Tw vss at have these diecton ad gh sa aD eal “The sum of esos ie veto, eo te paraldogram Io sion The allowing proper (inte eer iree) ay atenw 0 atiw =o 06 ol. wise @ dense vig re vector with mee retin and 0 Tava vcr and bere member asc Then sear mipiaton to proces nw veo wih he sedition a wif > Oe with he oppose rasiontouite< ahr pope (oye = ot) an orm ow f0 ap a(e-+y)=n4.o¥ as Dot product, The dt or scalar rier produto ws, dnt yw: ( (ens Ivins) , OMe) se 1) ‘wher 9) the angle sen wo mauso vs and ¥ when ris Cine Ts ont sie scrips wee aay woo, 12) (ar im) = aaa) tam) a9) wero - fo mt wuso - ae) “Te quant (rf) od the gt (or mr or agate) fa or which va gt real ier i tiny he que ot of Wa btw 20, ewe aus, LL Alpen ects 3 A voc ele suit et ie) = 1. A osteo ido Be orthogonal or perpen nonzero vetr weve0 wih dayne 8) restore withensleng is ee luli) a Pager 11 json of gata Index notation, Sr las een preset io symbionts tate) oat erly eens ol ce tars repent ey seins ‘deo Wo mailto of the estons ed i eomtna ean tile he refered repsetion nist Homever rca cpt shai, hs ese ee Yoel) sie at Adon yt guia more iin soe uti do car ot marae persons mong gerd ess me ely se peas} ses hap weer In ode fo pest enor (or campoaet expression laine oa ght ended (or deca) sl athonrmal mem we nice id st of he bal eet ¢ samainesiuoluel elle = (Caren) ba a rerie “Those eter of wit gh whch re mul ctogeal fam ll ona alse ‘Thon any wor win the the-dinensonal Busan ace pei ‘gusty by er comblowon fhe ive e 8 eo a9) eet eles et wy eine Cartan rc ng compenentsf vector won the pien dnetions ney reset ee pe 13). Toecompanctz ae €, a (10,0) (0,1,0) (0.0.1) reopen gee 12 Wor ih it Cocoon sig inex (or serio sf) otto, ratio (1.19) can be wen as 10 = Seon ina aia ray ingot sation yet rly we, Gumoneri= L233» a2) he we bie apse summation commento, iene by Ei. The umm tion coneatn sy tat never nine opted aly oe) ithe sem, then. smmion verte rang of index imp eles teri nda "We consider ly the th dnenson!Eucleon apace, which we earcaze by rman of Ltn aes rng oer 23. We dente he sis wets BS {ets clletnely. Smet thse he esse) wl td forse self as vectors ad ey «fer an ese element. The nde hal snd ve ade dummy (oe Suamatin) nde, sie spc by ny et nyt does olf! he al of he am A fate isnotsonned erin gent cad fe (re inex Now hat inthe same eatin an aden ler amy ee. This, elton (1.18) an Be La Apel Vecoe 5 wef ae aan ow ine ich etns the Kronecker deta. The wet ropes fm Shah an rl Noth iy ako srves 0 rpaceent perm: fo example hen on becomes an j when the compenes a mid by 6 ‘The proton over = wot bas ees el te eampe- seo The. ae (1.20) and properties (13) (1-20}2nd (12) weave wee) 6) aay “aking te bs (gan eg(1.15, 1.20, (1.21) sn (22, ecomponet xs slo fr he at pre 10 gs we us Fane Ft aay ‘which icommnly ne niin fhe dopo. Th, we ay sive he produto usd iota of hag btween wand. nan aap manne he opment exes fore se of he eng of wie isi =aeded 2s) Noth ines (12) a 25) ine ion ing smi nr 1.218 symbol oan i indie yon ‘ross prodeet. The ers or et prot of wan, dente by > Gh lice ow.) pce ow et, The crs pode so omen. ‘dened wave 128) axy and ne nay dependent. (127) (ou) ¥ =a fom) =alen) 028) (re) ayes) FEN) 129) wc (v tm) = (Oxy ew) uv raw 430) sin (.27 bod ww adv su De nose eT, wey hat et ss parallel etre (12) ee ht (ne) aay ‘The maga oft xs pot dete 0 be uxvi= sity) Gols oa et # 0th Asal #0 be pase sem-dtte tenor Ife tog cndion AW Os all nae es ion Ais sd tae pave die nce, Teor Ail eat se nite iy Av = 0 and wept deft fv -AY 4128 Meee the set [reigenectos of some enee A a mualyorthogonal other) ast [f) (be poo os stereos. Petal scalar variant Forth ste (165) 0b soon, othe tems ofthe tm mes Yan. Tus, aia os da) = Ate A= Ba se) ‘ree woo en in tay wen Mone hd= hed « a1 ci te hrc ol linn fo A. tine wich Seeman ree Vee Ha) 2,3 ee ole pip arian oA. seo bt i pic cst et vey Hd) =Aymeh= ioe» or 1A) = Ay ~ Ay) = 3 [ed — (= ee Rata» arn 1 adage = th = os ay NAeh, HA=Ih, AA Gat) ete icp sain mecha ‘Arepated apn tesa (L168) ys A = AP = 1.2.8 ‘eran postin mepera Using i linn sd (169) mpd by, we the wll noun Cyl Hamton equation NAIA +hA- 11-0. une esas avery score) ens A ais is own carci equi, Spectral deompostion fa temo Any snr tor A may beret by leelgewalas = 1,2.3 at he erent iene of A forming tonal {Using te nites by analogy with (U5). 1 = RO, slats (58), (165) an (188) We sa a exgesson wich sknown sh ‘esr desomposton (or pectalrepresettan oA. [Adj om = DAKO ans) “Te compete lyf tue A elie t a xs of principal esos sow with (39 by replacing Wh he dee oneal ass ects Wi (165) and (120 weotin Ay =) = = Ay 1.2.:ansammiion) - (176) ich prods lagna mats nce fon D&O amy ook " rte ago emanate sigelis ofA Tis est muy Be obi ‘ioc om th seta ecarpoiion (1175). Fo pi of eal oot bey = 2s A (8) Sgemecte hy seid with pwede et (1.175) a An Agoa Hal moa) * cs 2), wih oe ine rl, a, «ne ee, dot roto es node a (128) an (1126) (18) ie eleneco fyi pedir W ple spared y he msl hog "Ted cn wo disingis aey oeql ots (hy = y= y= 3). aaa, cu) wherever distin pip dino seer set fal rthogrl basis es ipl es xsnesses 1. Shaw tthe ucts in (170.172) ened en pliant of esr Auer othognlransfermato of eects, 14. ie gro Te ” 2 Leta A be gen by Axoll-a90)4A40e+e0%) 5 ee 9 ae al 6a ogo wi et (Stow tate egal, = aa $s (F4e) (Dae he nie id iets = 1,2, wh in a ep 2.0m [ saeslH- wal] 3. Let pmsyromeie tesa A Be sen yh fens rose 6, ith he opr ee, = 0. Deomie the tls nd eigen of eo A. 4 Let be avn seconde or Show th the ints i devi racing 1163 Bolt, Haan = det{ lew) = siden? 5, Vee the lions (1190}41.12), (1.180) a (159) (0 SOW Ei Han, ag ay beers inter of Hut iy Haw = Ha = 3 3 His cots ‘ins To ese (1.181) spy he Caley Hatonouton a ei (G8 Tang BOA Hi 0A Hla = 8 1.5. Transformation Laws for Basis Vectors and Com- ponents Consider to uly ogo a ects ch tre common oii “Tay corespnd shew and an (igi) Cats cori st which sre toa tobe righunded userid by the wo sl} and (ef bass ‘est estes Hence, the ae cording Sse my be bsnl from te ‘nal one youn fhe bs ects, te! arin ee ewe), We nd om (1.10) ht te conn of ee ane been ed epee by oan) ~ 4. Noe he rt inde yes he “compen ‘wert te end ndex ol for ne" comport ae 17 Rottnest Beam 1s wort t memo hat et and ewer tees fel arian por cane of bss hy ae to pend fay coordinate tem wee, he epee comput do depend apo he coor ss n- ‘iced which bir. Te capone cane the ngs by 2 ron (Gnd efit he is vst, bt independent an asain the ‘Sorter of alin ee 2, "Ne cow st ape tanformatin law ones compensa of Ye and ‘ono ude age oF be. Fling te considera above weve 20%, ens, an oo » where @ deo a hog mor ep 16, wth compones Qh ee ‘hms in cio tos. Te components deve reat of Be We of si 15 raimao Lavsfor Basse Cmpeente » ctr lie ahr opr rates eas ests i il (Qos ct, Uso (139). (L53 (E21) and 61), a at A= On, ed OH = BS, css) his tbe anopue oe, (53), By camprng I tos tne we mayest he bg cnion of the coer by @"Q-~ OQ" = Exalted mex on QyQe= Qu 5a JOFQ|=lQN0""=m . case ‘hee 0) cons tection fhe omponcas Qi thon mate ‘Shichi eters he tafrmaton marie Notes (Q|"~ 0" compte ‘wih Gerson 19) Inoderto mini te it hadeons of he tse ers ‘seh aid only tions ofthese ir comet |= ‘ecto transformation law. cir any wear wed sang the mo ses (and (a) ofa yc oie fa cuss) azeg (oh «1186 We se tat be ein bence he vets & an ska by ihe sosines Qi Combining (1-188) wl (182) and wing (1183) abd (180, me then he ecto tnedratin tft Caresinsompanen of h vetaw = Onu-e) =O, (A= (OM) Las (eien xe ia bot ine and ri statin. na aap ane wid ht lat 88) =r) “These ation deine thereon Hews he components of «ver _socno wih be (ld bai el he component of same er teria ‘haraoer ne Bas). 1s imporant emphasis heen fl = ("2 = [Qe ror neal 0 & = Qw and w= Qi respecte In (187) a (168 nd [ole coin mies characteriing components fhe ane venta a ferent ‘urate, whreas band wi diferente. ‘Teasoraltastrmation lav. To dein te anfrmaton a forthe Cie san orponens of any ecoi-deeser , we ese capac ln he wos (6 an (of er Le Ay=tea a) Ayrechy iin 290) Connie 19) wit (1.182, and xing (1.13) an (190, the teeta vl Cresa opens Ay andy reli yond sora tran formation a Aig =A = (n8) AQ) WI=(0Pal@) .—cuasny “nsfomaion (= 0A] elt he ate aces an (A), which ane thecompont then A nan aaloous mer, nd Ay=QuQine oF IAI =IQIAHOF 9) In ion vo vows considrons, he suns (= (OTA) nd (A) {OAL te om be esr epations A= Q°AQ and A = QAO". relieve (ier or naely And A Fy. the component Aye 08 SO oe i ine jy 50 tanto aie = Di ate Qsie Arie a9) “Tis tersral storaton ow rates he ie component, los th isons 858) 3nd Ayalon the diene) ote se tens of Ttropl emo, A ser A td wo be htop its cmpueats te Sime ui ayron of bs vectors The euenee Isdeice ce ui9iies My =GeQnidin of (AL=IOF IAN} 90 clan well 0 oor i esr al ees empl ot hat [EXAMPLE 16 Shot he itn, a ve in (165), nan savoir Soon, In acon with nition (1.191), we ea show tae congoens he nitive a any core sytem. Noel ng (1.61) 18) 15. Tramirmaton Las or Rae Vitra Cpe a ota ay which means tte compocents dont cage up ton fli of y= Quan = Quis By» cu95) By mlipying both sides of = 6 wi cla we can that ve le abi of ran tito, Conse ty pb etrn hn of Anat ee (Ay =aby = Ay 196 iran ioc tem, wt a tes aa "The pratt emar (114) a topic os of dr de wth apc ‘orton of cout ees oper eons norton). Wik rere ‘Ban eer athe ements Tein be shown at he ohne oi tems, Tate nor 1 1 wih components (19 Ty = Sy abo sep eso. Themes peel ti ation +aqt cas) where, 7 me scare Te ponent re expres sri 0 defo to (:162)05 (aM H+ B+ y= aft Sad ab 1 Let ow hth Catenin coon syste he esa by hee {ofa vests wih nsforton wt = ~se, + aR, y= 6 “The erin ofthe ew cote tem cic wih ld rin. (6) Fi & nse the of, ass veces (6) Fins ohognal mati an expres he ew obtain as (o) Expt vce = ey ~ ey + ate fhe ew et (6) oF Considine (1.18) a (1.150 0 tt 5 Assume hat Aa topic esr of afer forearm ak Show ht te devitoripa oA isaluays the eto er rer 0, delat) = 1185) (te general eons win ees a wt bere However, prior ‘els maybe gies tion mer fore ter) 1.6 General Bases ‘The are me general way fo oda te tno vos en. Ae ol tery ames the existence of vcr spc nds Sale al pe ‘They. vcr ad ter of er ited hth aa near fcson,rpecively Waa ha der femewer we ms distinguish bermen te lr prot wich ony dete Detven cea ost sce and betwee mens of isd ad thine pdt For «alle expan te underneath tere rere oe, BOWEN and Wave 197] a OODEN (197, Seton 13, Hone. pe we prs ntti sfc eee wok with ues whch mame hee Etec esr oes td wh ees one vst Space wih ul 0 ha he scr rt ened i he nner rower “Ts fr we hve werk with Caen ters wich ere log a o¥erxnrmal si vets. Howe, er qunii in Be proj oo ne evel bss, The im of ts seins plese th fen aes td ‘sth projets ote ih seeentinesd ection General bss vector. We now tea vas ad esr log Oe et Atiizn of bss ets. The lenses yy oe as cle oa ants veo They resume oe ot ae nd on pull hy ed sees be oto ea aro wt th, Te ena sven ae sty ideendetrquting «By #0 he vero: dt le ina plate We aon ice the s-e relptal (o al) as f [)- he ad set gan (tt fora more ener hey whch sane else of ec pce md dl he pesca dl ass ae in leet pe), The ‘lena go th rsp ie clad enteanariant has ets oF "epoca Basis veers sd ave pert rar tu sunrise aes (a) ae i) ta codon mass 9 16 Camera aes x» ered ee) Krnecer dla, Asin eon (1215 = 1 fo = and Bavtori es ily, (199) enn tt each er of tsi rthognl te 190 ‘ecto fhe te ss wht nist ile Fr exp he ovarian ese wectr ge crhgoel theta ovat ts eto andy ited ieigwe 18 en 15 Gown! Ms a). Sogn as em Forrtaouet ewe inrodoe he wea dts be 200) ofthe ques an, Sie, oe (1.1 the do pede commutative we ay wig! = anda =a The ques fan wih te snes epee gees fe eng of the noone fi ecto: fer expe ni = In? The ques 9 nd by wt direst indies esr he otf he lenge of the sited ‘Sec and the ene of the pe @ acter the ass vesios f xMpE, elise) Ts tela" cating) Bis 200) (6) = 1,2: 90 summation dtemine the seams chara he sale ti) of give i, Hence, gay arcs fee a he eee e ys mane iam “ 1 nection Neos and Teer Sebtion. Wetentatney wite oan m5) ee ae now guts, Taking he do pros (1208) with? and ng Featon (19, we oie woe “Tie means th! ely multi with tr 1) = othr ml Plo ito, ee, we my wee, whch te aalopne of (20D ‘Thepofissmiesopopery (L202). ea oN 208) ‘kiagih dro wih a sing (202) we odin = au Fal sng (1100) and placing tesco by, we ve De spe openy vay 8 25) wich nas ht he ati ith comnts tine of te mae ‘itbcomponet a [Hens we wie og] =U" oreiy [EES)-[R Ee] om ora al Lam a gM ‘Tedisinson beeen suet an sper ese obi bases ‘aimparunto notte (lene, whieh tami one ue ina (1.199) cust ters subssp oF asp on uth ses of an eqn Inthe loving we wl sometines we the om inde’ t eo er seit rupert. Oly te bts atnearal ay we wig = an hen 0 ‘sion tetncen sper ané ower ner neseay. For sate we ee lk {ates ssp, previo secon whe we eda Caen as Caran and contrarian components fx vector: Any vet may be repel nil by near combina eeu 0 oan basi seston, Wee wa =e, 20 ‘her a he ori component of wit eps hcg ai ‘eile ie he eonanariant components wi reset 0 the gee ti (a) sty in it yn wh hosp bs is eid wit he al ‘Sk tthe vor as heart compan acon component 19 Well al vce wih ovr comporcts evar year 8 vecor By aalogy whe (.22) he Kronecker dea asthe wef eee oye inhi indo on wire. Nt sumntion an ony ke aceon {uum ema nds fee inex sa saben ti ce ie pei {chaning (1207- Hee, eh cova nd convin componen fay vetr wre he poem of wont bes a} ad (a. pete “ing th a det (1207), wh nd he dt pee of 1.207 wth ‘bby sa of rope (1.13) (198), (1.208) an (1.208), tue ‘sone wegen endi=y, 1.209 wef ety ate which su be omar wit (1.28) for he cae fs Cares ai "Te coat component any vectoru may aso Be expressed In rms of iscovain compo ad vie vena Tus ing he dt prec = {ogy with and gy reece on alse es wh dtniton (200) coe (2103801209), Le aw 11210) wma 5 er ich see proprio analogous those gen in (2). Nae atthe sew ee amp med depend on the iil ome. A inline (.21 1, te ‘fan quantities or can ed el operate seo lowe nde ‘nvr congosents. This poco ang ern nes on sly be {polis ens components ee Exe So 39. Considers and which ay epson hy (207), Thi dt route prt aad mn! 5 ua st et fo ote vstor wit ta Covavian, coneavarant and mixed components of tenst: Silly othe vey coe ter ay Berend with expec osha bsg of temer procs ofthe andthe! Tas, A=aYgeR= Alon Anon =Alt'os,, (124) whee 4 and Ay ee conrarant and eeverant components, wires 4th mined camponens he ene A The tn on fea ie es ofthe mised components ints he order of czaece a the ines. Th "te Bt a “cma” and the sen evar I the long el el tense wt coat respi contained component vara reteyentranriant mised) tnsr he eens bene se ‘emilogis ae dcssedia ordeal by OcDe 1987 Seton | 3, Nat tate mies omponens ad. of nr A el ator (pe eer Ais syamete (39 = A and Ay = tendo components fora Caran cond ere mor we ave no fost of corn rea tenofovir, coat ad mad component ny tu However so moth apne ae pet Moron egesions suchas dolh=de, vp = a ais) sec amlogoast (tt "Nowe with le (153) ae pope (185) (1.215 the pjeton a A ao he pel ss (ad elo aes Aiea Ay =e AB, 1216) AyeRea ABA cary ‘The fours of srponens allow isa aloo antl ven in Esa ple 0np. I “The esr etn or Cason compen iota previ seins may be ater arb eumpnent aly eine Kronecker lh "be mec fle nd sng the eet psf nies ia pret wy tess A ad B eefenedo seer bas the te properie (AB), = AaB = APB. fer ANB AB = AB, = A 219) ial = (489 220) A= Am Af egy = gy omy ab AL ay at at ag waa san | a) a 1g fear) ae ay az | am ab a at ap ap ap 16 Gort ae a = wd fal veto show ae EXAMPLE LS Using he fc hat the forse of ques wat. BM, Sa. 2H dfn ie (200 a 119) reel he componente eon tenor ei te epson ' ith popes an = ge me coeets 2H -at'ox=508 =H 08, az) Soon, —Recl he frm 1.207) (1.211 wean w= WR, = Hens elt (120 fori empanets ad ropes (15) 16 ao we dog im geome xs) 4.0, tei tensor represntion (1.220, aed = (ae ‘etd sth sit oni cnn a ith ext tb nam aml nancy sing from w= vg me may sein epson (1.226, ane six cover component py ~ (Dy th pes ote sic boss (a Since matrices ang are mpc of wea el ‘be Balan tr temor. norris he ecomponet frm we apy w= tou = fg, Then, whe {1.210 a 159, we sin w= o-2e = leon 226 ete Keoesr dh ~ (0 eens mid eomponets of be metic {coor Sine Taymor we conte hat = hm ‘A geneaton bien tomers ihr sk gene enor fd having ies if ny epee he om agosto og, 02 sr cnly coma amponens 4% ar oat componens reid, Nowa ane ere hae mine component a as ed secon for exe, 2 iy AA, Oo OR, OFM OOH OR, On OB, 122 ee ‘na ied tof rtonormal bss vee te campos hen 1227) (1.228) couse (cma athe frm (1105) xeesses 1 Lethe omnes da et be gies by nee, wedyiven nan, ware (ej = 1,2 sat of etonoral ass vets Compe contort basi ets an =o! +. Dew peed Inet geome ston Cons te set fev bs ests wl EP [3 elf]. [3] wl Fil he ef hss vectors ich fa pose ser uss. Compe te coat dean components of vo jong iin th Pit ia esd. becoaint a vests wih ae a we[]. w[!] : Conte te = # y= 4 +m tg ecard TadesSst oe (te entavarincomponet of ¥ adhere of, ad (tte amar acai composi ony Let be secon-oereor ad comsr he satan ‘tases veaor vin ach ore, BY wig (2207 ‘tote ntamaion maybe ren by 210, 00 = Aaya Pe lye = Alay 16 ert aes » 5. Theconuace corn an nine mms kok tem A, speed by (1.26), ele eh ee (6) Take 21) an mati boty ess eters an) Using the ale (53) an proper (1205 oe (125), st ha ans tecwse varios components fA hen by Ay = neta = get = 90, ce) AP p= PAS = AY Abate =a? Ayah ga™ Noth the fest of mining ees component bythe set of ges (or) a smming on eine 10 oe (lover in neo te aed tema bones The pean of ‘aig sd lowering cs ave the sane mening a (.21), (2) Conmier the secod-der tose Anson tteoe-a06 Henge +86 -2008, den ee 406 698 wh, 4 for a tna as, Consie a (ew bas ned by tc oar bass eta BG, meets, Reetete From es (.26) and (1.217 dese he contain, cova and ied Comore fA nih espero the sre a (ga Seip {eCheck he sly plying ean 1.29. 6 Lata otogns temsarQ be repeal by O=onew Cin, (a) Use te Meni (181 tse tt OT = Gia! 8 = Gla oa al ‘tow ht he gory conn ry be wcen at Gs=4, wuatal=n (0) Show at ude the vnsoration& = Qk 8 = OR enone fhe Bhasin icin ohn « 1 teat eters nd Tees 1.7 Scalar, Vector, Tensor Functions _Atemar anton econ whos arguments a eo mortem isle a ‘howe aes reson vcore tors Te fons (8), (Ban AB) ae ‘eanpe of ald sealarvae, wera ad teased ter fn ‘one fon et aisle B, eps Toa alos mae (a), 0), ‘Aaa elo fonctions of ae west ale wih he ale clr, eae ster pete Nex, we come salar fotos one lr rable sch sti a re it U8 = 0G) a= af) = ail and A = AU) = Ay iDe Se, besa “ale. erated ncn serch ast) feos ‘some oe el. The omponen (2) a (ane sume 1 bee aed vat Farts of anyon cereal ete int err of an A ih ep 1 eo chang) deo by df and A= UA, ven by the ft deriva of tr sine simone Since dl /dt =a. we we Boos Ae lyeinoe, (230) “The first derive of the scar feton simply = 0) I gnea he Gri wal A or ay sid) dee by wf snd (A/O, fea sored sn emorsaled fen whone campos ae ‘leer and ae /4 especie. The wth dave of sigs {ete Now tym A econ iy then te erates te By sping i reso toe, we oben te enti: eyo ate TV=wovswoy SEW Ast Ra wA 1236) eran eter th ora cover uso wich he de operations op Pie EXAMPLE Raa aa Sun, String fom A“'A =I we in yee of he cain re hat ATA ATA O. Flyby mule elon with A” ome ita ile we hein de ded (1277). Gradient of sealraln ensoe funtion, We comer x nna nd Soot scald ener fneton@[8) af ne second ber esr vaae A. “hao cach A, H(A) ress nase “Tein si approx the online fan © A yates ton. Fs ve ale’ expansion fo aA ye sing ropen (198), oe 2Bianeel(2Y a) rhe ets the eal ferent. Te ela Is hats by (2), Were oe} dees he Landa ode symbols asl era hat als 0 220 sean dA > Oak xan) Ha) Lg Va 2) “Ta tem (A) /24 (or rd) dents he radon or drat fn on bat A chrceriing a senor oor Tn oder mak he dean ‘ay th fer vane te ded frontend Ine erie by 3 oepeing ine, orexale pa (4) ‘Note ta he ir variton fs elope nthe sae way as tlle fal In Chap te congo Ueno een more dtl. EXAMPLE 110 {ft condor tensor sve establish he ipo 2h gana aan Stan, ih (101) we id (het A $48) = [N+ AUR) = deed EAHA). (1.28) By eas of (1.16, we conte with A repay AMA a with = 1 ha BAAD = 14 ta + Hoty + = bean) + la) (26) neg. (1213 weve wed ei hat ae (1.171) a1 172) he od ‘nai is quai a A sd te hl nai sbi A. Toros, bth oe ‘Sy sland sarod then oo A), Relig (A inclatics(1 238 and (1.28) bythe sealed econ de, aa’ a ‘onthe hand wea by anf (124) 1.24) ope (1.2) hat ata) dee |( a +a am (a2) = deal (AN ofa) ee teAA-HI) + fd) us) ‘Using (193) nd rope we dy comping 1.24) wt 1249 = FA = kA ak “ RE ay = (QoQ AA“1P od = AAT 16) ‘whlch proves aly (240, ora A, Gradient of a tasoralued (esr foneton, We consi «sonic fd Soh tenor aad (0s finow AUB) of ne scone er wile ‘has or ach B AUB) ge te ator of sso tse Tnoner to compte tol dlferetal dA we comer stor Tyla) ex ans for A ot. We tse AD) = AQ) + fa) cam an AB aw 28) “Thee 04(8)/018 (or gray) dees he raion (or dvivaive) Fe on AaB characrsing outer na. Nott 040A pores he ut rer ui ors gen in (L160) 17 Ses eter Teor Fone e [EXAMPLE LIL Asuna Asan verte snot enr-avdfnston wih pope A 7 2) aust Suen, Sci tom te ey nt (AAO = 0 gh he onder tent ws it ea lye pe (238), = Shae an ly. tr muhiposion with (A! rom erp hand ie, nd sie op gg Sata tated) asy) Aceplcemet ofthe ie indy jes (1-239) Looking tte indie 251 ‘tipo toned JA"/0A AOA ences 1. Suppose tt @ = Q(9 i gen othginl ura ction a a, sch ar ine + Show’ ht QQ" ir te temr ith te Fopery GQ” neon" 2 fe ease A() ie, rove inpoa aon BRAG) dealen(A HAL = aealaly™= AL 1 chk the est wh he ati representation fhe cr AL) gen by mo[ 21 ere ents aaa “ 1 roan Yeas and Tears | Cane wo noth terval nts A an after zum (a) Stowe oars Dik 2A?) yay , as = a) gay, 2s) an ay aeBo BAB axt Ea gn ont AERA! Gviea pov een ~ (0) IFA isan mei sms esr tin ow that A go -ama 2s) A yoata wont q MO ont e-ate ase) 4 Let ea sonal! ection and A,B soot tnd fa tho ater vibe C, Obtain te prope. AB) ay Ok _ Gor nace nec om ageay ee we ° 5. Amato (1.240), show hat MA (gn AP asn) ney as of property (52a sel aan (1.17.12) ake the ce fhe Ce Ho est (176) an die Wh espe © tenor A se rs (1.252). 1.8 Gradients and Related Operators In this soon we consis, westor ud mere antes at asin 2 ‘fale eran te ue tr pit 3 yarying oe sone ein fds. (Cares colin. tensor tine pec. A sear ald (3) os oly non hat ss ela fwexh met pte (adit oa scalar fli, Sobeqpeniy, we cosider a math lr fel) AGrevangle, a ompersare, diy erm fl. Pasar i's) exasion fee © tx es ology wh (258d (1.239) As 4.) 96) +00 et) as wena, 239 hooting th ft! fra of , There of) ts 0 zr fase ‘ies. Theta leecher whe ilerecebenen ens a {+ dcand may be wren in ide sions 0, 0 = Me, = Maes ans Bary 280) Inthe arate hp erties wept. agua deny ‘terabeript comma ie. /5)= 9, ‘Neinuadss frre veto pear or Nala operator) Vo etre iste + the, 80) Bet on Then (1.29) yb mien in ferent oem, by ees. 251) a9 =V0-de 128) a) “Tso epi dees of mii the appropri ass wets {rv ld (00/0 calla erate er deat of te fs By tno wt (26) he de rout, crs redutand str produto the est cpr wha smonth ves oer eld (e) governed he es vey he, vxieysex Ath 0) feng Vx 8% Ge vote) = 1380) “Tos elaons tu oe ery Usefilfosbseguent eaton. Concept a rca erate, We contr a) desing cr el hat ‘ats thou hce-dieasional space. We eal th) = for) = ‘nt dees socal eel marc eri yl pois x esi ‘sme ale. All piecing poss +d ona ee wren cet toe smvere by teva d= 0. ‘aol to the se dein by se ves, my 8/6. 0/2, ‘8/0, whieh are he components fe vest gr intact in (1253. We ens at ro ~ DY va vs pepe 1 the sx fens ive imrtce sunt vearaata pits nna ote uric long a, then = pra ad Figie3, eis)=mt gue 19 Lee ae ihe sel esr wan ei es Wa Weiner ete al he ie cine at a ag ote son ofr We el he det roi cradu rectnal deriaier Gitea dei of x nthe detin af te sear Noe ht rhe don of ¢ Seton dave terranes wer ws oe “Ase erway, hed dawane raw tks i uci aa Sed oin x) whi wsppacies the direon of ara (compare with hex fc the do rst, Le (10) Fort acl santo pan ne Geston of the namal eter and cP = 1 iy, d= tks misma ale or 2 ited oie) when w apache the ppt ton he rent wen cot= "0, The deo dea of ihe ton of misao deat erat gna (1255) Forte caein whch wis eit ect he ol tive epee he mati ‘false oa deine oats, | sl Forfar conserion we iy ae he ghee fr he retinal derive oft, ely Dabie)= Late culiee + anctriing the aof nge of along the (rsh ie dough x in the dee nw oa oe dts acount sex, fr eampl, ABRAM =a. (985 ad [Masons and Hones (994 Usully De) cle the Gitex operator ane (1265 0,2) = grew. Note tate destinl deities th va files seston eth ci ie, prota an ner Leh text we il ss th Line eae, Seton 28 ane vr ston aed aztec and ae eu opens vi ‘meted one pone concep ofthe decal eathe (246) EXAMPLE 112 Suppose ht te slr a x)= 28 300m en) esrb sme plysiclqusiy nce, Comat the real esate of a the Grosion ofthe ace m = 1/yle) +6) athe pot with oes (2.1.0) andi te es, Sawdon. Te parame expesions wep ine hohe given pine ith econ We nd he components +2 for ary, bat Med 2) 8 (e/Vh—1+sfV5.21V3) enc, caring dee (268s penexpeso (267), D210) ste dnive ok sive) =(r 5) ra(aeg) Ger sger caw stomp ne ed Ten Sra om ‘As sd above he dreaded may also be computed bythe do prot ‘Zui, Inmaris nation we eile dm te pve expen (1257) . a 148m) » 270) D0 er which ert sts) =2,25= 1.25 = esheets 1/V/ ene, if we locate tpi 2 —1,0) and wak ava nthe gen deton se cole at ese i bn pee Gy a rate 1 V3 pdt Shick) Divergence a vector fl. The into veor per ote any smo tect fd x) ocx foc, lao weet fet eid the vergnce ofa) acl deny vw or W Wi (260, and eg (12 (1.21) and (22 we nd the ipo le iene Vom = Bite a, = Msg = OH On" Del Di, ts , on far Be oa iva ~0, hen be veel ui) esi we sole or erence ee Crt ota ecto fk The css prods ofthe vor open wih so eco ws) ele the et or tain oe er fd emt by ine > moo, Width (2s and gs (20 an (1.35) en ta tan Venn O04 tas V xu = 2 am Heyes tte, ey et = oe heya ld) do eran or aerate, reat), Wecan sow ater hat a certad® = 0 am ‘vena = 0 ans We nw sie ay vec eld ote farm = ru, whee is some sla fecal te pte ow. Acoig (127) ey flows ht he ee Feld wistomatily tina ince cia 0 [EXAMPLE LIS. Stow tact is dstrmina! We vice te aval vector of he operate » Solution. We dnt to skow prof gaa W with component I = By /2e, ‘Withee lan My = “Fes eos (124, we dec ram mth by, cn lee mafia te x6) Gradient vcr ld. The gradient (or dea south vector field tix) indeed tes Gane feo eld ee etd by wal Wa ce ‘Beller soins mow expt by V Oa) an accardng to (126s pen ass ar oon ise fu By oe Be Os Ds am On Oe ionay=| 2 Be Se cam Day Bie Pe a Om Oi cmia=Vou=BHece, am ith Casa component (dy eile om (1.275) ta he sum ea) fhe goa eres ‘emanate deren of catered ie (127. Th, aa) ora eon. te rasp eradn of smsh vec fld s)of poiton s ety gn or, ( 4) mats mae exhib WO V). om O 2) pallu wov =e = Mace 1.29 wich Canesan ompanen (aay = Divergence and gradi of (coc-orer tener fl. The vse oper {ted it any sth conde eer ld As) etre ened by vA or VA wbihs te dvergne of (a). Wik 126, epson 1.59) nd propre (138 (1.21) and (81) weave azn Netthat.espeily in h matertis commie erate dion dv Aj (ze te degeee fa second enor ed Ai qe ‘he gradi (or derivative) os seth onde foo ld As) is ined eine) orld. dena by gra for VA, O28. move exp by © © A- Ung 1250, a pen (59) ne ay we sa oa, ve. 7 acon nd Hesian. ‘The yc oper V dtd inal ie te Lape clan (the Laplacian pero) 9 or ©. Vint eat mines ented by). Wie es 1 261 1.26 ae propre.) (12) we Hd at Ha) = V- Vie) — VA, = Hg 2 9-9 aa ado Fe) ca ‘Te Lapin V opted upon ser el el sete sea ll, One ‘xan is Laplace's equatan 0) 0. Another cumple ste inkrogenees [ips egation olen fer ts Foto's equim ie 8 = 8. The ile sti equ of Laplace Pion esti my fs a pis aed nner ing forex, nessa, n usc han econo pln ssid and on ‘The eprace VW (or mare eplily dened by V © V) cll te Hessian, ithe es (261) an (1260, we an ) viej=ve 1.284) VvE)=veve)=v0 cy forte Hasan, Nowe he popes . 28) Via) = Viney + 25raln pale $0 1286) Ma vector eld woth seo (div = 6 road a= 0) hn [Vruo(sveg (1255), Fathscethe vest el wa) sade hare Sela fel sises Lal's egelon = ten @ le harmon 1 Conse seh scalar Belt = x94) —, iad vec mo tenth arate level fi = ont ping hoa 2,03) 1 Gent nt Reed Operas a Assume oe with mite F ing inte det aly away fm he ‘gin pot (20,3 24/3) enh rfc of ypomoli s) = ay, sn) = afer s3Ja?=sff2 =, Compt ts compen ote face aed Ine ang pane woth ste a te poi (2, 3 207), Conidae 2) ~ oes — Be), Compute deta erie of ioe det ofthe ine = /3 1a ep wh coor (1) fring ae we aly) = tan 22s ae dete vac de, repay. Very ht (245) only te peo Wt prado of at ssa el ves il ‘tn tro els A Esa hemp ees (du) = Ore taal 28 in) = daa Aged 1288 (AF) = AWA A grad 298) else) = vote (09) = (a) Fein 250) 8) = (gt) 9 +0 grade ai) =u grad + pend sri) (gal) 0 +g" 2) cual) = gr cu erie cao) = waey— vd art) y— (wad (1.292) Consider te ines sq le defi bythe part eer el a Wi psn conti o dx = The epon of wsthe tee dens ral space, excogte og( # 0) Note hn Ba mechan hi ‘ton lames the ely elo pol sours, (2) Stow abe ct ew ise (©) Denes eal el who ran. = 0) 2 1 yen ese ond Teer 1.9 Integral Theorems In te follovng we summarise rs of be apa tnrems of Gans and ‘Ser wich ae of een imporaece ne ll feminists. Divergence theorem. Supp (sad Ala te nyse a enor ‘ld dete on some cose ae dinetsions inn physi space wih volume ‘atone suc » Honing th Yolume ee Fgue 10. ‘ewe 130 Yun an olla ui ri iil ri seen “Ten forand A havea aot Joonen fare of fame= favre e — [rsnien [%tse 290 eo hoe lin bi ne at ‘Sifrmin ses te me en raat be me Sinetron rie ‘Stmsncpce nme anergc ere G ‘Serpe ren Silo re or Tene nepal wm 9) aes ea ee ewmm stn seo omer es ote ‘iy aren ying = e129 nd hig te O81 = ald sy) sce eo) [Be cass ea [mew cf fence 299 I 19 tga srt s his ov as te Gree Gaus-Ontreradsl hore Sts’ theorem, Forth seo pees ihe theoen of Sake i iy summits sre ine whi said oveny ope su nial rund he toning cloned eave in eee dines pace | "We aw noice a tangs ete oc ented by (wth cnn; and {cua ni wea el noma os. Care ce pose rena leo “Tein cc wih hacen pins 1,231, 2oncare can’ nitro it fhe tice nde by th evewatin of ead the eto ow (Ge aomvestor somal va pein yh ign see oe Fe gee 18 Open sie Fora smh vectored anda ee exon conning, ene fe ae [= wis ot fdey fcoGttnae 1.296) he pots oid, Now tat the sic le te nara om he -band i (.296) reduces 2, athe esis =O Tikal fa ree te lean of aaron hd sa cune | cexesses 1. Let, nant A be smut sala, vera tsa lds dein. on | nc me the otvard un nr ld tng son heart Show ht [- a fatnce 129 [osm faseane 298) [rw [vom fesse fovanir= fame tpeonwar nomal Use index non 0 at [ovanive ustesesaie 1-00) here i be hid-ore peoutsion esc sexes ig. (148, 2. Let and w be nat sai sd est el efi 0 aed ca tm ct 4 forte = fmecgrminis fora fantom 2 Kinematics {nh a world physical objec at opened of oles which fame ty stoma sua ticles. A mlrscopic stem stay mene fing istunens ache amcor, Msp ler facet soc level an very impor ine export fa vray of pl pheamea. The omit poi of vw, eevee no wel ade proc for enn ‘Srinsringaplcions The miei pach wel na ext ony ty ‘tha Caper "Neue te method of contin mechan ses power and fen ol © xpi roms sil phenome sists witha etl owe othe ‘comple of teller ricci ir exam nk sea water hich ‘sma up of bilo f mle. god pronto io Uet wet 83 ew toe med Cacti yc ld eats which are sci vith Inrmasnetre cha ny pert an ly, Fon he yl pot ‘ew his ban apoxiuto in ihe ey re nome of aise eas ty fw qt we conser macrseple em, Het opi nee hates ough se quate wich represen seeps over ness ht !tesmllenoagh cape hiph gets and ret sneer ee ‘Otcoune the pede sed os merscpc se ae ot cB cog forte des machine clement inenginsing ‘The sat of otinaam mechanics oughly compete allowing bse ng (0) tes of motion and deter ines, (the sy of ss one ie comp of ee) i te maria design fhe ane wo hc sore e ‘non of conn alc icp). “Tesi of he lowing tre Chaps 2-4 ode the eset pions | iho he bse lds Nee te provided esa are apple ll 6 close of merase finer phys saci. nrdr expe ‘he ncrcpibhiviro pyskal objes, etf al we t enerstea mton ‘deformation tt cue sess fa mate or oe caused y sees sng fom foes and moments. Ths, 6 say the mato ad oie) dfoatn oft ‘oii Kc, ese and oy hi of flowing cher: The dr who eis edn nfaraton onthe tet of scat {adios forexarple, MALES 180), WANG nd THUESDULL {Osta cuaower (976, Treesoe (1977), Gots (3981), Cra8.e” [1988 "TRUGSOELL a NOLL [1952], MARSDEN and HUGHES [1904] oc OGDEN (1987) 2.1 Configurations, and Motions of Continuum Bodies Unie an ceston mics the coma stom src of mate, “The mulecules my be cylin or adel rene. Bevee the ack te {Ev lags pT sng hes tr ater oe mole ‘witcher. They ae ed nce rice pon For macronge “yses ch hi tno Bee tocol el the Sse es ‘tetefoe do atnecournenls However anes emia SOE Sprache fh yo py eure. A review of sic tress presented inthe work of One (189 renes ec Notion sf apartieandacominsumbedy. Macrscpicnstens sal cabo leer csfly wah eatinwam apreach inaeroscopie apron). ich ‘en sgpote eds the comin theory The canteen evel ped iniependemly of te mele sn sons ery and sein ot ee ‘tidal asin nse ht ey. dened by Bay be eed 6 having comic (rat et cee conti dstbtn ote i ce {adn The ody snapped a bags crgestin f= (cman) 2 a ae ‘sor aatiwam partes or material point), oa by Pe Bos ied fete espn tht boon ‘price’ (or cote partie’ a mtr pein) feo pref nly an ost ig ny sect wih fe pot mas {c Nentonan metas ofthe dete pref he mt thoy a ete Shove. Appicl continu pace an cation of ge nmr of makes ete enough to be cme a pre. The bebo = exeinoum pa feleiss smeerce fhe aleve hr fal he ase oth hat pascie Hots, ina masonic tly wear ear with he mechanics al | ih Goth mas Yume re conto (rt st elec) 2.1 Cantons an Matin f Cn i 7 gee 21 Contos ncn ay Son of comin parler. Such a oy calls cantina Boy. jst come ium coin dtr by macrstople quanti, I has maesepe menos st re ch perth he rl pie For nag of titi se contin hearin no ited aos un optional cere te eae eer OT (198), Cangwaton. Consider acim by win pil PB wich inom InFigwe2 ‘Were reference frame of rihtsbnd tng ote test foe rg © with tonal ais ese, = 1,22, asding Wo opis lnvotnced i (18). Ash cosewum body 8 noes in space tom oe san oF s 2 inmate time mh oeupi comin sequence of some epios ot by fa vf Hens sey price Pot 8 cones 0c! seca pelt ‘ving psn eins 2 Terai wc re oes th cont embolus gen ene ae kaw th eotarains faa ie The oti B my hve nly any cotati ce “Te geome reponse determines oa nant of tine, Reson {whe posting fv ope pum Xcomeapan os ee erence tne. The ‘eon sft th a referee ctor) congaration of he ay [BA region sina ie = Dislene oa el oaguratio. We age steely ht ental cnfgraon ois with th reece conga, ‘ens th eens ne nt =D. Notes cams ttl olga S| ‘en aot eho he rene cnt, Now tpi Xba psiton of Paris ecpe by Pe Bar? ~ 0nd P maybe ete bythe pao vector (orretrentl psn) Xf pit x lati teed arin. "We no att te repon of ee moves tne elon 9 whch coped te comin body #8 a sbseqet inet > 0. The eanpaton of [Batts socal ertent or dormed eeapuration. Werle pont athe rforee ofgwatn to ot of ere corainopied y= Puc P Satins #0 ant» type. Te paton vor ("eure Dion) x ses abel fr th nce enn rept othe aed ie Deon comesinin cil X paint X.orated wih te priieP Bat ‘nda points (or places), ssn with Pe Bat "Thecnporersof ese X = X yan = se, acme as ag along (teases inode. We abel Xy, A= 1,2 she mate (ot reeential) enor tes on Xan = the pata (or earn aod pois ‘Wehwe tured ia xii hes {Ry} a fo) fa vectors caine In avon, we hve aed hive he sae fence rane or there ad Wet cnguaons whch nhy west the bss Wen fe). Wee jj [ate iowing “Tete aver nde ues we se pee aes whe eye ald at eens cient, nd lovecat fer compan ht thes nce caren congrin. Someties weeny he ine of quaties scng inte fea canton (ea, My om) Tiscomreton ‘en ved inetborf continu econ weer Kosala en Tit with he uns sof Cher | whe we send we owes, ol ce les to oss nd ups, al fe te fr econ dere Fertanpewe ute oth poiton veto o spit crespoting othe ele ‘we configu tipi the eenton Cher | at pre ble Lan Icons wally dente cinder ens, A ser nd uign aon ul ‘sah coming ht erin quien comics canes ae hares Sli aS i ssc a Use oe 2.1 Cangas an Maas of Cat Bas 2 by eco yb ‘Wheneveines notion payed for hecompeneatof vectra, cemmetonaly we we operas lees or te mere cnfiaon fr evap, XinBy.tdlowersnt er forte cure conguraton rexel Maton. We ase hat he np X-= nt) one caespondone ermec ple © an rt X 6 fy thu B ccs a he hon te fine! ~ 0 Fie 2.1), Forhemoe e he map am Boros an ‘Mactme Te place x (Pathe parle P ede Mead wih Xd ‘neces a descr y(n symbo addex tation) AeAISMANKO me WL AD ferallX 5 nora tie (21) xin etre ha apes pie xf Xora xed and ile th moto ibd. Te maton x eae pins Ibe phe ine cen conan. We same bq at {por areas eter wih eget sp a tine. "Pe poration) dserns ceve pion fyi parle Pinar. All ceive pins get fm aca nh Eacden sce ich ‘weal pat ine or tratory of pac. "Temeton xr ahomed woe nul meri, Coser (4, the psn of io X, whe ace with he ex atime. ispecies eign by ©2108 Kerlin). My aNesawt) en he averse mation Seo by x, he ier fhe ping x; dined Tou 21) Fora ghee ue he ue moto (22) xi atone at ois in the reecce onion In (2) ed (22) eget he pais (X,) 4!) dente nepode vais ‘Nioton x os bay wl geelly chang ts spe poston ad vena, ‘cosine bly which abo change hs shape adobe deformable By 2 ‘dormato x orlaverse deformation x "of abdy werian amoson xe Into by ati dependent ie IXAMPLE21 Leta defomedconfuration fan inal tanga ion i lets Ly and gen a sb in Figure 2.2 Te ne dependent sg i pony i) =, were dees than ela Dette ent a parle gen bythe postion vor X 6 and ine Inparcaa detente mations» 0%) ay /2 C21) ana = 2) vite @ 2 Kinmatis Z ewe 2 Dstt a analy cane eo Suton, Toe eeece ciation fhe on ine catered by(Mi lb Aste O wah SX < Ly, 05 Ny Ls and0 < Xy-k “he motn es in ord wht) ml 8 MHA = a a2 see ltitndnd Me ld» ey sesh ttt) See thre = tans pstnesase Mail asp desciptons, Ts s-cled materil (o efereta d= ‘erpin ia chrersat of he moto ry tr ty) with spt he telcos (X35) a ine, by og (2.1). Ua he marl de ‘Son stenon pido pre and we are wt peas ope os ‘ove. Tony th wel esenpion sae fer as te Lagrangian ‘decpan 0 Lagrangian orm). Noe =O weave be consistent) cod “Ts sled erin os) desertion (oe Bulan frm) a een fhe tion (ry er quasi) wit eset oh ati ecards (Goran) andi teeny eq 22) athe spl escision an pd © = un spae an we stay ha pets te ois ibe gs. To fai mehr we ite fen wor f th arn dsr in whi we ree all leant guntes th poston i ace met, Vi al eer the quintet he marl corner iy A= 12-3 at =O, wah eo ‘sera ot own mechani, Howe nll mocanis We beh = naan 22 Diamant, Yes Acre Fale a of dection Oto he fic ht eee beso of soften gen in ‘eso matarl eoraes we fen pcr he Lagann dep, xerene teh +vethan (S228) ‘Show depth ines re sgh ins an ies, espesivey. 2.2. Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration Fields Diplcemeat hd, The esters UX) =H) es represen the lpacement eld ofa pel parc nd tess poston Xin he ‘nefrmedconfueton ts paten nthe red onrton tee Figure? 5) Rebtoo 24) os oral puis. Te displacement ed Us fncon ‘th reel poson Xsan hich hace the mari epi ‘Lagrange for) of he spice fet "he iepcerent Belin the pl denon (Eero, ect wi funeton of he area poston xl int, We wt Xs) a Reese 2) psi te sun postion xf pai me which es from is velo! pate Xa! pls dspace w(t) fe hat poston, Represettin (24 expres th apse pile iene oF ‘erential poston X. The wo dsr ed by mes of be on X| X00) UX) U2). = a0R eo) ge 23 Digsmet el Ue api ai Note hat W od ae the me wes, They epi funtion of dee a tres The eto Ud ware fad othe mal ordi ad te to ‘hones ness Sins we eed a te nial configuration oie shh eens cigar, he dplcements aisha he eres coe For s-iled igbdy train any pre mms an Kes! sans, wiht nne mage nd he seen ae Far hiss te dace en fd independent X cane anton of ne ‘Woy and aclrton fell, ld mechanics ton andthe deform Tomo cetngm be gee dsc in ems te Cplsnes el owe, pay el union oa can esig feta hems peri asthe elt id te aeeleaton Bel “Tet and secon deve fhe maton x wires oie errs ty tng Xe. We bn eX.) oven) _ Xt) ae OF were WOK) ad A(X.) dott slr deri of he Ys Hd and The mete fed especie They ae fants of he mati eens (tytn) ml inet epening te tet of charge of pon and wel hy oar atte vx. Am an | | | | | | | ay 122 Display, ection es e ite fen eno fermion nts ofthe pl oasis (3) ‘rater aed fecatn spe alin At mean shove ck er ton Enown he lero spl despton which paw we ike dese ‘elsty Hel an th ele el “he tro deeripton me umm ins cach ier by wie te toe x. Ia tepals, X ay be xpd nemo ad Hence, Fos 2) oelde by alny ithe 28) at by chang rabies vox fatal = v0.0) es atl =a) es) ‘wher anda} deste he spl detcrpcon of th elo el and te eclcaon Bl, epost, "Te velsity comport adhe acceleration components for Vand A aed suey Vy wilefory ana we wee pete Ax XAMPLE 22 cents ton acomtnovebdy nthe mari despa pene form meen enn ec) foe ¢> 0. Fad he whey and wxoeton component in ms of be mata an pti oornates sds e. Va = VN) Aa = Aa Xia = alee = uly) pene Satan. Forth gen motion 1- = aN Na Nutt vlc ad ace Fumcomponet nes ofthe miei coudinats X= 1 2,andime flow Fromeqe 27) adhe the fos ew eu In er fad the why and acedeation conponis ia tas fhe sp ‘ket ens 211 ad 2.12, Ts sera eye (28)and 29) We ad a aso a9 = aw xencises 1. Cnet motion of comes ty gen by th equaons meh, ae, GAD Mito? ere sa cmt. aterie the dace, vlc and wseton Fs teach of th nei an Spt desripions 2. motion comin body ned by he ela coopmens Asset te eee ong of i contin ay sa =O ith consis conan X= x (a) eve th pic the te matin x = X08. (0) Comp he alos pone items afte mari cote fd tine bigs Uy. A= 12 and he astcined sede ‘ual an pais eps, 23. Material, Spatial Derivatives ‘Weave te terminology of materia eli wich indeed ales te (ie. theeseenal poston X wih eral ecietes yA = 1.2.8, ‘Sali tie. In spatial Bld he dpendent alse (i be EH Foss eps) haces hand he ie ae Fain we det» sent mt ll nd spt el of some py sala, tesororesr gut asnied whe masons = FIX Cand J = ft). Matalin ervatvota materi ld, Conethe materi ine desiatie smooth til ela 1X0) nicely deed by DFX.0/Dt ry nsec dF!) Oder mes oe He afta Sant oe dra. isthe dean of wth rst ne? hig X ens in yb sine aon, Dea , (880.1) _ Fn am 2.3 Mar Spt Dads « “he subnet X, (1 nce te varie which el comsam weing il deren oF nh oling he susp re dropped tea te umbeonentatn Hoven ince whee eal infrmon is ede, ey ‘nib employed “Teme ine deri repeats the ae wich he ate eld Fes ih ime san yan seer fling th path ie fs patie, EXAMPLE 23 During ke mer Serio of he vel Fd V sd te secleion eld of prclet te 4 tine eo dane fie pace iat pare Solon, By ve of eg (21) nd 24) we may deve fn 27 vox (M9) ou, a= (8), sta with WR) = UK 1/00 =O wa avo a9) eo, Wah teminlogyinaust abve, V(X) ad A) dene te mate allot ld eth mater celeron fl especie, Forse ss lowing ie tent we nace hal elation basen ‘he meal ie detiv an the dato derive. Considering F = 31%, he muri ne dere of Fis eel the distil dea of F nthe Secon ofthe yea etry, ne we DAKO sR a» whichcan beso spying te dion often deve (1.266, Matra grade of tera eld. Te materi gradi sou mci Feld 1X0 dened by Gra) ith upset. obeied by eng faethe ea posi X, (a ued ie aK.) % rlF(%1) ean Suey the material divesece a he materi car of ae dent Die nd Cur (ih upprae DanC), espe. They ae dre and ut iene quis Wh raze othe eo fguaton me desivalive an spi rit of pti fil. The pati ime oa pl Bl fi) ie dra fw espe tie feline cet pion ie. snl eed by 20/0 eens ‘erase wtch fangs wih tn sony a bere carey sine In "eae he spl ne dese ea eer 9 te loa ie deta “Te wail grat of enzo by a (sh merce te deaie 1 Sih respest nthe cet pon (2), a0 fie arte, omy tytn = Et ‘ Socqenty, he pia erence and he spi cut of ft ets yay nde withered), petals. They ae leteti operator cha ‘sng quans with respect cotgatin, Matra dine derivate of» pia ld, wo cose a ery imprint tern ie the rl ine deseo sal pal ld J), which ‘ood Df )/Déor Fi!) hi be tie dea of og X he Tnordrio ve / we ap he mel despa it step nd en vette te muta ie dete The om we mp tack othe pli eon uy = DR (AR) oa ates som pti el whi sigs er a} ch pol at ‘Sythe nae we a oe (223) at eo (2%) 0) AB) om = DEED HE gape) "s os Hsin ta ig hd ie (225) etn te pl 0 = {a ine dre fhe pa ae el wile he ote te feed he “onvectve rate of hang of tick desribes he cana oon fpr By aclogy with he son, the merle inate of not il ed sia. ich eves, sgvenby antwh brie) Pa nds. age = 8.0 (4 4 = 2 ae ee Save = 480, "= 1.3) my abot ewe he pata dessin a weet a aceon Fei elone ila th spi ly eld and he pal acter ropetvely Te spl secelrton eld ween ee a= 8404 = fit = ra. enc, ay weg (2.28) 38 7 = a2 aa Betente oc an Be en (ie annette enti ive bos omits simi. “There on th isa de, uel dein the ae cee noc te a chang fhe wees Hell). The eine i qd liner inte vel Bld and ese te cmeciesceraton fll convene ‘co chng ofthe ec Be) Reon 27) ns ab Yer We eae te spat aeseatin fea) ay be Benin to 2) bot koi the son epic. wich an imperat uesion in ape hid mens. ‘By vie of (27) sd (28), spl Yl eld vt) may bees a tbe trl ine dra of he mation 0% “oo spt seston fl ed by anny with - 2s) som (25) we a tay raion 2.19938 sete em 2 sry ef sat hd tation of he pear Dfe)/DE which on pa felis eds. in yan ide eon, > 7 Pe REL Satie or ich shad be op iho 2.2) ad (2.26). Relation (2.30) shows ay the eoshpbrwen the marl ed pa ine Soave, ne 30) s 2 Kinet FXAMPLE 24 te ecarot conga of cane aly acer pe quays hen nscale econo oma=-f ey cl wih ple: “The reon of the spa saa Sl = 9,0 espace harry te varie corespuning the cosa one oe ie sean the vg e417 Sipe ht nce mover th eacty venalte a tanltel te tate a, ex Fe thee ato chang of @ 0 by de see Solon. In adr caput the miter ine erative of he pti et © sry mon 2.25), There, we eed a cmp the spline eave and ‘espa o ,The pat ine deriaeof@ ges ante) _ ct Me ey Wit det (222 we ind diet en (231 he pat aie of 8. ied pas ew BF ‘ruin oe compa wid Eta 60 3 By vine the ered atten (23234) the give else 232) weabeia aly ein es) which ie te dese ston (23 ems dare of © aaa tinct “ype of mations Ihe veloy Bl i independent ftns Se. Ow/Ot = 0 sad = (the scat on iad wo be end a (227) ees 1 lan On ther af te lot el a neh nam nde of bons ie galt = Osnd y= vl) Be sscited sions si bullae {nd 2) ees a = Of. Uke veloc eld hs compares of he Foon ee 23, Mera Spat erates ° = meysnthy = sles ty = Othe amined main fale pane ‘Aon pel exis «spt oy fed ¥ = 4 whee Oe ‘pal sell @ i alee vba potent. A mation sng art ‘Btrtatlonal By sling lon (1.27) we conse ata ton pte For none easel pblen he Blaemen ld = UL) sent with dvaing constant. The ein Bees esate he mt cones igen t= (L418 Derventa econ ete FU wih ep! one na th sata anc Sn desepions eal Ecaple 2200p. 63. Te spl eongoensy = 2,63 = 5-09 = {aseg O14) ae dred decom the selena the meri ep ‘hon L912 by ees oF ge atin 10 Show dae aia capone, exresion 2.2 yung (21h 1,2. my lobe dese fom, a cere gin th pil velocity comps of Wa) reget wrealeles tale nscale tnute® where, > ae even cosas Fad he coxmponets of the pt acer ton eda ~ as ¢} api (1,00 ad ine = 0 4. Cine plane maton def hy the lt components Phase 4g OBeezeth te ai a ete is mnie fl Show hate plane otn is eons an Soh palatine ” 2 Kona 24 Deformation Gradient neg of his ein so sy the fomation (he change sie te) comm tay ecaring en move rom teehee colon a son cereatontguation Forse. weoenomttbe spent of he ques in saben considerations Delrmaton grain AS we hao om Seon 21 psp X ied he pion vce X mp tte pos © nh potion wr ‘Now we nt faa hom cove ad angen sess eer Consider mata (or aormed) curve X = EYE) © M4 (2s = P40 shoe € dents punmetiatoe oe Fg 24). The miter uve ssid th erence cnfipartion yf he cotinine. he tr ave ‘not fonction of tine, Dring csi on xe mated ere defo int = ‘pall ordered) curves = 6) © re = 6) ime [iecta Figre 24 Demon faut cane Ana eaney C8 ‘The spl curve st ad inthe deny the pram euton R=MG= REO) 8 a= aE aah’) « 38) We dent the spa angen veto he pilav he mtr am sent sector theater creas dX. They oe dy d= 716.06 ih theabirevio (= /25tbe Herta he nga! ctr en IX, ‘ihr itil veer elements nie cares ud oes nig eo ax= roe es) pre 24, ar fe fer 8 he spa (o delormed ne lem ne terial undetormed) ine eet, esp By eg (236 and he nal we a a6) = Hone. 2.37) ne die nena lation (ons. (oni) ARERR K ce dey om ex ete wd. The ndty ie ciainmlir oa ics ani pic ‘ramen feet he eteratn rant. apne, Fas ie Somponents fol abi chtsi ebhaio mson he ighborod a pone Espeson (2.38) dearly defies var vsarmation wich neers etn bye atin ofthe ecndode nar Ponte eer JX. Hens, 69.38) {eres onfomation a, Terie Fis side tro-pit temoevaving oii vo dtc cnfigutioe, One inde eri il oi Nd the ote narrates Nx sunny: meal agent wear mp ie or) et lange ects te domain air "We pp hath dei of te imeem x wih pect ote cet pn teal poi oto hat “ee = wadXint) whe he ensr te inverse fhe fran ean. cas hsp Tne cement in theme ine semen 0X ecg te (ina een ton iedX =F os nex aon y= Fen ‘eect aoesnglr eres det £0 eo depron wich eyo 450 cal nkemogenow deformation, sorte «by go fon ssid 0 Be mogenens i F doesnt depend on spe coat. Tie companes dred ono ine Every prt of spesinen defo te we oe The sie tons cle aie, For iy nation hich Aplcemes eld ising of X we hve = yt =f, Home Ssnomnion whe P= Tanda X EXAMPLE 25 Foes wocinenso rb te deletion i en by ie pbitequatons atoms, aedy aay amine he marc rpesenn ofthe deomaton grat angi vee sy the dean of une eae wih ren ye Figure 25) Con ‘tri linemen a an pil is clot ith nets. Show By fom, and cay utter peaion tb Forhe components oy and ‘ae (1/02 1/02) na, Despont Sutin. By reclig eines (239) and (240) we Fd ae sa sme slg wich he piven detonation (4) ht an) ‘The sven deformation x cri he nit ast mi new poston laa by ane Figure 25} By mous of (2.2) ad th pen conse ty 8 ey spe he ea oon a wi=med=[52 3h ][8 “2 al]. « “The iver eon x" cai thea ea it i onder poston hatred by. By sony wh he hove ng (242) athe gen Spo nena wma pele toed pation, wi [22 2803] fe ey an is] aay Coser tt ring defrmatioe x the kg of stesso 1 up 105, wile ring ese np x"! the gh fh dares fm 3902/5)" (ce Fi 24 Debematon Gatnt n 4 eve inene sap lies ba Diplacement godin ens, To cane he defamation ret wih te pace vec eda fy (2.4) a0 ee (229) at Fanta 088) ‘he seconde teas Gra is led he placement gradient eae the terial desert. eos (25) ne singin (2 0). ro = ead — Xt 4) iy oe Oe ete scorer esr gall eda gradient esa a leaped desrpon ” 2 Kime Nott folowing resins eee th materia rae and atelier etc, andthe spl praia spatial reste snot ear Ysa and ter ely want Arete The er ae defied te een og ‘ino comin by 8y hecan We hve the el rapes. rath =F "Graltor en ad=GnduF! on ean Dist or Sl Mtg a (te = Di he 5 Shes a) anon’ oma. We sendy ow ht pos cares, gat et fre Engle, X. TX, mp etn pis eve, get veo yee pee. AAnatbirry Bien vector map i the dormant ae thee stration 3), However aes N smal snes materi rnd) a {ace ment 3 docs! lo it etn nena he ssa ins stl dtormed) series lent doi sn in te lowing "Ne ero he change inl betwen he efrence and tere con awa siX.oav es Xo) = dare, >0 easy In wtih J he dtrinat ofthe dtamision rt, no he volume ‘ato (or Inet determina (250 ahd dete tes wae “ements fined in the etn aed cet coniuetion cs materi or wm ‘ormed) an pala (or dermed) volume eens respecte Farthe, me ‘suet the volume a omnes apse comin) neon ‘fentinuom plersat d” = AN ay and r= dg Conta ‘She Fis mre we hve JN) = th) . Beane ofthe i penny of mar, evolu lets cae hve pie won, we e- Jes J0K) © 0 whieh athena posible Consqenty, he vue rao 5%!) > Dimon reer tn 9 oral © feral tins The overe ot ebtoe 251) allows wih ent (110) a." eh ier neg 240, teres noton (f= Lads =X), we oban ie onsite conan J = 1 {Emit = | Howes, + oon ora detonation) wi I= 1a ery rt prin ery stern and ie) lle chorea oume presets Teepe tue cnn nore w compe the rlionhp betwen eu veces and N cose an svbinrs mara even IX, we aps oc ing neta mton x. We toners hy itil vole lent te cent congrats dt Hobe By meant (250 wekaete flonan ens 8a ex hls = dom ad = ASN dentin ctr lemon oF infinite {eine nth cnet ol erence contin, epee With ranma 23) tes) we ny eens. (252). (Jas) es Sic (23h fr rary mati ie ements AX we hd hat shih ss hm the tr let fhe neil sa aes a dan Uiecaent eee congas rote. Relonsp 21 wl hoon {Namo ora 1, Consider a prams carvein gee fe fr X = 11) with Matusow, MATH =HE Me TMO=E ning etc Fide ego el fo 0 5 TA PEE 2. ta eer of tee dinesins problem ds displaces compares wae oud te cy wnt Compute he mari pestis oF Fan and dtace ae rms 2. Letacoinam byundt bogsion deformation wie is deed by x= X{R. 1) welt} AX wer he components he vette esr ‘acon ne-depedet ee, (9) Shows =A] atinteret to (4) Comidertoecomperet vce eand aso sven by ia ° w-[f a a | oD ans ee, cont, Show tpl a ies om pei ‘visa he ten cofgaton nls om te mice fa p= (©) Consider) an termine haw ai sol N ofits sal ond inde retaence congurton deforms TAN = 1/06) 6+ 8 25. Strain Tensors 1We hare ut om th pressing son he efron gan ef eval Knec econ) ter ie deformation nema ht char ‘tas chnge of tel elements ing mstion. The soo is Scion 10 ermine hse tage othe fr of sonore) sn temas etd either Not tat aie placement, cae mesunble genes, sin ar ed en concep at induced sph analyses. Therefore, urs denions {id oames of sin enor ve oe rpc ate ere, Wedacas (od co et) the corinne fsa etree i lcs nino Material strain tenors. We compte hs change in nga eter te mehr ing pins Xan, loo in ein scaring dig ota se Fie 28. By nelring we mean ht X's 1. “he soy inte fence congo given by YaV+X Noe WKB axsax, — @59 Xdem und de = 1-8 ma 26) i =x) We nt h(t eg oe merle element dX = Y—X by dee te dnc btn te ngiorng pos X € yan Ye iz de = VX] wih] 1X] #0) Thun ecto a=, atte fei pston X 25 Senta Tenors 7 ‘ewe 26 Denon ele ch en ein ga lo sss the det ofthe trl ie een hich maybe images ber Note hte vector uum Xl ye tly ec wth rere oferty. {Ceti aon sfc theo nighoring pls Xan Yin paced pesone x = XC!) andy = (¥.0) of ei reper). We no 32 ow Ele x sip Taos expesonaecotingw (1238). (29) 9 may bo ‘pres yet of 255), (2.6 an the defamation gain (239), ew ” 2 nem wrth anda nr yb oY X) fest asl ent ten oe fat than YX — 0. Wid onan = x3!) snd 2 56, (258 flows dequeny Yo = aetIX. ast =X) FIXAIY—X) 4A =X) 5 es) wh clay sows ht tetera FY) cat pent the eae maton {y-, The more ¥ aprons X Otte! ie pponimatio, mar de vx, Nest, we ne he tee ret Ay te eto F thew etn Xeyie Ae = FIX, eam vith ng A= [Au sleet aor sncy este (ee Faure 26 Then, Te lncth fap line lament gly ie destin ofp ie he nce terme he tw nlgringpnss xan aed f (29), by meeting te of rd Using defen (1.15) sn (260) me ed with y= dap DMM n) Gaal = Ay Auden @6H) asus materi ie hot X aX with ng tine = Dcanes| he eg eat ume The woh ss mae a ow much he uit Yoo [sie We ay ht» ne sents exended, nated or compressed seculing to > hoe 1 repent Wit ion (115}, C20) an rope (1.8 the sce of is computed secnling to B= Ags Fae Phe =a F Pay a Cay. aa) CaP Cw Fate « ee ewe ve aoc he ght Caey-Gren tensor Caan import stain ‘nwo in tert eoodinnes (onthe righ). ese in erate ‘fer ath Gree delormain tensor Fr (2.68 We a hist ene {hecho brane oly eds the eon 3 pole X€ fl esd cer esa Note ht spt poi ii sachX & 2, Ths, CaF IRA(FTR)T C7 ant wCu>0 fall use, (268) 25. Ste Tee » Comes venti nne components Fa sey computes compan Cn Cn (2.63) te pen yp ikingobleo empate eiecopanes Foy Wt dation 2) eg 10) nd (21 ed hat awe (dary = 30 ss) ‘hes cld Pa dlrmation tems, dented ody theevene of the ik Gmehy-Gee tenon ‘eater areanre wedi clangein esque ents eM )— ih 262), he ws te ina and (257) we ne Youre ale Fray a2 —00-K M8 ea lwrp- ce En =EtRaRen~Baa} , 60 eet ioc econ fe 1/2 wl vide wtih He heey ‘Triexqesion Gs stn mess noe Bona pa X © Nn 2a) he iced te crn sd sn esc Bch own te (Gree Lagrange rin eso, Sine Yard Ca symmetic we doce ro (267) Ou Bao ‘So fhe inte in esr prt sot che mel wets X ‘han €or esi ee tar met aeain esars ‘Spal stein tenors noe rate aia meres unin whic se ‘ce he cent caugaron we cone with ure ey sila “The gem nthe caren confewaon even y persieeneaely-aiZ=S satan ey ec ‘Theo fap fhe pai Hine mot dk = y x sen by a2 = =a haz 1 (| # 0 The wa er a = Tat he ae positon 3 pts ine eon of ep ine set wih sth econo Ay ee Frgme 27-Sic =, we nd sing (29) tha ide = ea tea det ew “The ycora my be vowed pt lene curating he ection of er inte caret confpution » 2 Rane ater Beinat seg Ie eter pero he reaonship tween 2 nd a we rel (259, (261, and on (268) 0 ge Fay ~ a Hes, fom (2.6) we dda a dua ew Na ht the er ates and de tly sid wh econ co fssratont e D5 ‘sig Tar exgusne, te soca poston vor ¥ © My which i serie by he ime moron x1. 0ay expres y eas 2), 2.6) ‘Sn then oedema sain (240) By te cha rate wey a ony wie, (258). Venn yeaa) nt) +a ti ts 9) am r | | | | | | an analogous my (20), no Sethe tach west A the ton fe univecoranxe 8 Le Ast Pane am ‘Thelen swe inclement rg he ton of) baie a 72st electing estore de, Wats (15) 2279, we bn, TpmcuneefY X= Fatt Op A Pade = ae ox} =(0 xP aw lemme lanes stretch en 3 toed gh the ee suech vet Nee Spike ves srt nse 27) "The sue of" flows with alos 1.13273} an propery (81 8 ax) 26) “Te sain esrb isthe ees the eft Caney Green esrb, which de fresh Bem or y= Fiala en (inonthe ) ateter the Cacy Cron eter smi eer toast Finger deformation eso. 1 a sport slo meas ons of paren bane ans w-bu>0 fal ute. 27H) Wi defn (277 ad (101, 2.) wed omen a rey = (tury = 0 em ‘A tet inert sti ee We die the change in te ured length ie «42 — (rae) With (273). he we ofthe wt ese He 27s med a Boe (aca) ae) ora bate, 00) aire) ash sherry) = 2 2 noma ettoe ©. deere san mei inte og fat place. Wehane ‘nese he commonly sd mr sn ore, whic wenn the er Alms tala mor in tessa bed ies opt oh stl eo We cole spa stan ter We row cou the ene © = FPP = Fr he ain 256), we how tthe tsoee twee any wo eihtving pint Xan ¥en he eerece “gain nde = WX On the ora be dtc ete he ied teiitering poms xan kcal thcoret conan ve va 2, tral or = Ineconce on (242 date necenet sensed td enemy de = [ya = [VX Hee, distance ees Invon ot points unex. ice € =H we cote aos ton eon 267) {Tsrmntesr yrs emily, cman hho oes nt chenge isis spe no bags in css nd age) “Ps pict oto, mich pers te dance een any pit of pnt of scouts etl wpb motion so i wth in mo ei {Sccuoe $2, Hence, sip bdy no nde 0 salon coseoeny 90 Srenex A ody whe only seo meee agit maton sald be ald ‘dh The anton ha sy pd encoded in eneeing doa Pastorvar, pullback operation, As ake son etre {Sn ny red gn oo ener nig itr ee Ebner th bot omits oe stamp Being the defeat rent (29) Te euserrons betwen terial a el bangs ype alld {pastoral aperaton ds pllstack operation ir niet se {apa an et by sor-atd x() ad xo), spent a he ate the plc option fof writen (0 Te oil, unhjorvan! sah oertioe wich cansforms veo te ‘ated quit aed nthe fen confine eure cong Siace Ihe Euler Almas sain ens ine with pc pial oes we a8 ene es bra te Gre Lrage san esr which ent tem of materia cerns Fr (280 we ent sing finan (26, cele ry eu ene rg =x.€) oR psc 25 Stan Tenet ® A pata s 0 vee operon whic soem «ws oes 0 ey east sess he lection ha ce of oa eran A al ody raion tr aed oa then cnet fan ony U = v= 30 to = R. Hee cick ater ie element X ed in a geal ine emcee (and vce es) acer 6 238) 8 BAROLO or eye Rudy ess) ‘One ctbec iad R= te dfrmton called pare seth fr which = U = +. Using (295) te pits pl desopastion (291 ny be ween st ee ROUX) or dey = Ry Une) 056) r= W(ROX) oe iy = (ul) es Relation (296 desis arch of @X bythe mtr eso (9) flowed ty preempted byte wot R (Rea) Te tion eer 1 weal he defeat a anifrm eters (0h er ‘reson eee oath nase) howe fry < Tweet ‘norm empresa (or mia compression Uniform extensions o comes ‘one ina ve deste ilo the elie os ex) triwo sis forename, id cit be che ily al he hi seh {ie amined bythe conn J = hn = 1 ht fdeomatn keeps ‘Me rtumeconstn te wil mole of frat fen fered 0a {val auch ete ar cng feng ce reson). ypc Wasa Aefoneaton hare nthe fing om ahs. eno eu eran ine te a rin hs = US pte se. Theanine nom da ia Loom ter sfor smn are eto So cin’ ts mc hh os pl sata ties trae! Seetnta ah pat se iSiStunneign tna pesca mc! pa ti he = mead, nen, 8 AX. nets ean (provided hath ae erm icc), Know ape sbear (rp. aval extemon The ssid pial Sues ae Ay = Vs y= le R= These reais conste the ne pane ye nil ig ‘ects ay, Experiment be ribet under purse wee fis poise RIVLIN and SAUNDERS [1951], axa he ak by THELOAR [0518 chapter ‘The volume comnts ay und ialopre sb deformations ec ing int ros (215) 2131 romain cosy, we wl en 1. Use 2105) cbow nay" RUMRT, wren san see 2 Te mation prs by e239 may en asym sattion 9X = X(X.t) = Xe Keres and; dentin orthogonal ni este eda {ae with he compen (0,0) ae (10), sepestely and he parame tee) te} > 0. The met deste esse -cle shple seat {vente (ae kaos 2 wsfom shear dort), where he poe y= est athe sear plas te deton aloe yeh shee irs on To sgl) sa mesure othe ment of ea. (4) Compaen ruts epesettions esas F.C. 0,€° (©) Show ht F Cand muy Beeps taOe, Caltcnoeteon teen) » +2eensdese rece) (e)Stow at single sr deformatie Is stn (Comput the pricpal tne ys 0 = 12. ade ee pa fee deco Ny, Le the semaine gemectn of (© Compe angle eveen he icp erential recs, and, ever ne eermtenn ti 1 Compute ie pri acions he ema ie seater ne Toe peti cn simply snes om N, by me ‘changing se. (By sing ress) an) ermine he spel decompositions of th (Cacy Grea tesces C= UB = We (2119, (2120), ad he cect of he deoraton gt Fase tne as ‘Sedna 3p 21D pes. «0» Pom vee ae fe ri onion? = Uv ‘ota rope o Fre rs sora onl ‘Tse cmp nce yor es te Fe ee Ud seihcte or win des ted ome seem expen emake =r Rel epresntron (120, paardeconpaston P= RU nd (218) nd 119 Este llowingenpesios elie eo 8 of cp ‘ets (Re) and (8) = 12.818 rea ey amy ‘boty unger extension nal te retons extn 12129, Find be mat eprsenttion often FRU, Eee eerie deforming Pin te form of 38 ma with de > 0 ‘ote compro In ret teint ig arte ese U and thermos tenor Str he poetry comping = Fane eigenen gests fC. Thane spect desorption (2199 beens Udy eas Sto hth eso reso 8, ON, ad yy eeing new 2119) Sou(2120) may bei nt se forms fan #3 fa Aas = (hs aC" ens) i= Ae enact ann B. Ge = 1,23 no sation) whe he ae D, mist be aoe with D Shy H2= RAC! The fia vain of Cn als, a an Te vespativey Tele frmesprsins fr OX nO, cee theesp computison ofthe gees ine Rebaios (2.13) and 2.138) alow me iv Ere rpree ‘an thonon compe wi, 201 iste see BONEN ad Wa [1760 Monn {86 foun tes resmen nd ner Simo and Ta¥LOR 1190) nd Mite (196 fo same eet 27 Rae tration Tes 9s 2.7 Rates of Deformation Tensors Wi his etn we wan 0 sty sre of tn fe ce tne ange wit ine, by taowing he maton x ~ x1) npn, we sd he ae "ch canes of hips, pion laren of scone ed cs Spo dae yer, Theda ofp ey ed sel reps ep ona’ t= BE gates) or ans ter Gn otto ix aon The al fl in ‘San wr en aoe sd pal ely atin cy Stith an acne hema tinea a be on re F ge, ith et amnaniniaeay, sry 2 (Pan) & (2a = 5 (aR) = ae (A) _ wenivit) a aE, en a ~~_~=~—=—srse het ma ny gaa hee we heat —————— a —LrrrtrtC—~—~—~— errr ———rr————— | eu omsamsings 2130, i 18 by es 28 fn yt PAK pe. ens sat meso tontp 220 Gees ee esse ee int Palen P= as Soe Ba a ak ae % 2 Rinema olan non ad Fw fd he sl son 2y _ oR{R.1)O Ok 2 (PR) pee ge PIR.) a “ain be wen nine tain tye Ben eM 8 Din” ON Os 2/2) a (aR) — EXAMPLE 29 Ol eon wih an me to Thier chrvering he dette orn he eared cnet ioc fn 203)n wih eters gr 27) es Fhe tl voy Aug oe Rantohy 0) en ite fem eu Sotto. Te conbiaton of (240 and (2.71 ge Ay = Fay = a. Ting them ie dove, ody wean he prot le fy ates ai fr) Henning F = Han plying Fay = J ose more, we obi 14) er ome taigiteratd lgeba sich ithe slag of 2.143). Te overar cons thegiy whih te ne ‘tection pt. "We ew aely compoc the spt Yel sain ccrdig to ane os 2.146) we] Heat paryew at om ) om swt = galvanised apo neq .16) ad 147 thyme pc of the spl elaciy gre, {teat of deformation lea (i he hese eee 0 he tate of ran ese an ayaa ew) par of te pn oe tinea te ato rain ten ot ns ae ete hy nd respi. Bhd nd w resp els ny guna stg one ane conga. Ne aa aise the Crp hd ge ea in telly componeal i Noha te apt emors. wae wes cist ext mo comput the mail ine drain of!" which wil wef aetna Sing om FF = Lm dee sigh rodet lean aon tre oe 139) tar a me compar abo wih eatin (1.237). Consett fo (2143), we ein = SH Hoqever ting fom F°TH = Te ind ts re ee ee er ee a pit a ret au EXAMPLE 210 Expres te spt clon Geld a) a ead in 227. nteme othe inner ms). Seton. Espuning 2.27) with (2rd) ~ (pul*vv 0 (oich olows ‘ety om Be ety (1291 hy sting = Wwe ie m stents Jem) (onitoe Win deteioe 2.147), we eadupwithan semi aon Bs Samat) easy 1 Bs Leute 207 » forte spl calertion a “he atomic pn tema ys preset y i Yet easy) {oom ws (1119, foray vse. By sali 9 (1.26) ad prope ‘na i= Dh [Oy WORE = ect [Og Th teeny easy ei ofr te wor west (FH), which of fame ioranc nd wstnin The pt etn Bldw (ct? called he tml vel vse For otal mon, em = he very ete 2 od ett) hp ean w at ac Not that by eae fe (2152 ad th vel et a en in (2.159), he erm Dv elton (2151) oy We enpessed a, de = fut ase) EXAMPLE2II Assure coin mon when he spa veosiy el 4) {Sth ie fe gen spl sar ld x), kon whe pol 9 Compt he spl skates Sel) a show haa my ao be erin ‘romp. Satan, Koon atc pete tonto tne nn cat Sterequeny w= oct 30), i tr 215) ite. Coney weve % Lay = 2 (28) 12 (28.22) MO oe) oe ew nd with te opr hh pl ne ee om wi pc : 55) £2) -om(G eso) enon 2.156) sh ttf vite pain fs ten hoa moy eine e1s6) eee ceremony ‘Spatial laity ration interme o We termine ein ewes be Spal vlc ren Vande mas ine vive of igh seh ser, Ufc shen ners of rel oats By mene OF = FF the par ‘cong F = RU ie pata iene an te propery RR smeconlnde hat 1 (RUE! RU = + RIOR” eis nr chai the ine hinge fe oper aogoel met tense From RR! =I wees del pon ileaiaion at RR" (ARTY? =O. few = 7" ess) Tnordersooxes theo ormmon sar ndtbespin sor ines we nop he ave dopetion a te spt ely oa 2145). Hee. ne 0.157) a propry 18, te deton (.146) snd 27), ge a ERE Robre(UU™ IR en(OUIR™ Sw “hse elo sow tht sat 8 pe a fin a wi pe te | XAMPLE 212 Siow dt origi oton oto the te of deforms {hoa teord vans se ety w= RR hl Salatin. For igi aly tion (ein enw hat F = Rich ips Us tans th = 0 fra X. Heme, we hn fom (2.19) tl vanish, cane t= Oo tether and, es 2158), we conte ht wake 16) which meas tat othe as Fa iy oon he pin tens cise with EXAMPLE 213 Supine sigttdy ung sot amas Te tin i ‘horace by hangar vl veto w =o) ped in Fire > ‘ary poi of tty wth corps ¥'€$ moving aot 2 ciel wih espa elocy Wa] ave ta fed point. Show hte ely 100 2 Kinmtis ‘eae 28 Win vo pre eo epi. tte pinay te epee as iu) = wea) ra) are the tine dependent anime sin tae Solton, Trt oft ip ay dsb hiner norm tin x = R(X compte with (295), wih he proper angola ese Rane fre oitoe Xa bo point The aera ine dete ith, by mean he pale (228) and X= RT, M8 = HX = HENRI 6) Fora gto ration we kof he tea tht th sw tesa RT eine withthe pin new (2150), which giver th deepen (216, Rlton wf) = tt) 2x well en gb ya Ta conion rnion (2.16 shows ht he pie wi ait wih he guar elit of arog Hii bolycharaceae y the wr wT Spy the ait veces enor w. Ey 2.81) epee ice sc Inerpetantselaons (1.18}and 213). Matra dine derivatives of me ran tensors. Our pea sag pot ‘recat the ater ie deve othe Gren agree states he 27 Ra eta Tne ao ight Omchy Gran er, and inode eo te offerte Dy Frome dein the Grecs-agrang rites [26 nd with point ‘lesen 219) ade tof orton rr rode a (2.146), we fd to Prerh= heresy 0 yer ate) ‘The materi dare tenor ale now te materia ate teosor AS ct be een Hom 216, it sino the alock we covarae Inc of detonation med which we may wre B= Xs") ~ FA ee "Nom we ry show thatthe drctina ervtve ofthe Gren-Lagrage sti = Using 2138) anche common popes ofthe product le, we find wing cen Seno ae pa-harreron- leer, exe PED. pare. a1 ‘Teresi elation 165) ny so be found meatety fom (220) "Theme ae fehag fh ight Cast-Creen ene €flions fo det toes (269,267) € = Wt (2163) we oie By eplcing Fw he tin tensor Ro (2163), we oi Dy hs kno ashe rotated rate of deformation tensor Dy. Us econpesion P= RU and the syantry U" = U ne Bd en (2165) that {© = 2UR'aR)U = 2UD,U Fly We havea ahaa expesion fr Dy, > rane eum where!" = Us aso wh 299) nthe fling ne consi pt sin ers ad omg atom be: tween he el ne ete of te el Cauchy Geen ear, bad he spa tensor and Rel he efon (278 oF Bond ee pod node bani ie vr = (EPH 5 re TT 86) “Then wedi ingot elaship bow e189) waren define (2.139) f espe grant iso base BXAMPLE 214 Show he wel elation bdatena erm oe il din deste fhe er Aas sel esr Sohn, Rec he eon the pti soi ttre (280). Uses he prac we ET FA) an ene with edt elton (2.144, (2.45), athe tine of he Bue ‘Alma sin see 281) we a any ere the defion (2.186) of ie te of einnon ard so bead, Matra ime drvtvs of sta ln sure an value cements We ‘coset pt and ari econ Ot aX © edn {257 an cone the trie dra of We row fm (28) te ‘loons pa the deformation rae sceurdig wd = FIX ISIN. By means the ret ale elton 139) ei at Weafa-fean= ie or em = pul ss spt ese Sl nso 7 Haka Dato Tors 103 Before roseding i is csr fo provi th elation for che miele vive of te volae ro J = dF > 0 Using the cn re we oth ne fy J = O1/00 © B. We jt med seit te term /0F which els om face (.281)by king Pista ofA Hence, wey te Bases enw Bae aun Constr, heaton (2.174, = Wand prope (1.95) (1.8) (1.28) we fd exes ore trl tine dra of sel el cane Jae AAP ta guts S raeaie) Jai ord cans, Using he aivespt = ay = 8 wap sowing that thee so te fem, we desc rs (2179k snp atematie expres or J aly Janet ce fade 6 By recling romp (2.20) tml ine derive of J may aoe ea ned the econ! derive OJ inthe Geom othe voc etn ¥. Ths, tesa may wre DI 1/04 » DX, ust, om (2179 nd 2.17 we may dees alantveeqreses for = 1 fro = cont naaly J = (Ps = Deny = Wo t= 0 teu ‘he flowing si trons arse des a suet conta oa Ia, dem come a) Tao, div-0, wo uw ‘contin bis sido be incompressible if very moson it dao i ‘sechne Constent freer facet ody each of en {Sion in (2177 foe The coniion "=F = Deen pe wes! Imo a conesiie sais, wise dey = t= Dif deal inp ‘Seen imesh, he detonation behavior conn body reed ‘nea eh te Body abe old itera constrin. priv te Condes fms in (17) cate hemos import ital comin Kowa Mae tic contain, cr moe poi te ncmpreshy conan to 2 Kina Now peor te mati kine deraie of vcar element df iii ina sel wea dled inte cent cndgsaten. Alig Nanas foals (23th ds JUS, he product ante 2175 amd 18) Heo T= Je Fas = owt Eas onde Td ere ve esos nr oath spa eacy grate the nie ‘Symbol, enttion (278 ed _— aim Expr (2178 (and (2179) represent the ato een he te of cang of Fda the traapne fthe pi velcy at aly he mer ine Geratveo he pal volume cleat de = he yeas the ratte Hea tav=dente or en were an J = Jy se ed 1. Stow tan 8 waving comin he pti vty ll a te spa ori Sr melted ot ea ie desis by te dy i = 2 + Sav grt es i: Tae ul of tion 2.151) by owing eg 2.15) and 15, sate rope 129) with (1279, Consicera defo ter haoserizet hy the vector wth a=. Show at ‘heel ine erative he ogitinic uch a at pile soos ‘tu deion algae as 1m) Poet he ae doe atonal tas vets and ea py sl inert oh if Selormaie ema. Ip dct he ig ml somone yah agora capone 2 8b 1.2.5 ‘te mat Hine Compete ot prada of cera nthe ats egion 141) tnd he hat a= Dane aa =D aadas am = (wa) = 0 (incu (a9) = 8 ich shoal te copied wine (1. 3 By combining. 14) with, (2.182) show that Be teal ie esate of unit yrs maybe expel a (oda sy ‘We now asim ht oy @ = 1.25 tte ee iene of dad is de acted arma egmvecor. Fer the par eto wh 4 ican eget ra of orton ens sow by mes 2.185) aa es) wih he eigen poblom i, = a (= 12,5 mo smo) wher = ‘bv apn esr wi mse forthe eof cing tiem toro which gies physi interpiation fhe pn norm 4 Rosa ect 2, p93 witht maton = X +r the hoger sit veco ese) = man he pret) = tlt) > (e) Stow hth spl lost Bld may began y¥ = (06M wher) = iT i cl ee sea rat opis ranges of star ses of se sete mri se forename, BARNES a [185 (ty) Base en es compete at of deformation esr di) tp tensor (adhe agua velty vector) es he al vector napa ese tr of er a (c) Show ha the rte of dfemation sr me exes in pea form dn Sokon, and eae cept te ie spss of eons tae a male igemccso de. hw 5 Consider the represent ofthe domain grade compae wih (221 FRY = MOIRIRIEN, » eas) hore tho psi rere tos, (tonarmal ign) (2) Compe he rte of defensin emda) he pines) a ‘henley wero (0) sed onetesenin 2.185) fad UU and stow ate ont {Show atin pane maton a6) = (ttt = Hsin th 28 Lie Time Derivatives Conder» spa Sel J = f0) tauseng sme phn sela, wetr oF ten guy sp and rte elevation rea Seton 23) he Flowing me corp te chnge elie 0 etre ¥ which i cnmmonly othe Lie ie diate off dene by £4) “he Listine devine opel el ula ing te lowing cmc (cont tpl operon of fo the res cota 3 4 eben tected terial ld XN) =X) (Gk entra ine ive Fe. Fant i cay out poral pero tenth cere! eau. “Titsbige imply smmare e susynre (Bact) = ‘Si the mil ine detec atic om te etn deve ecrtng flim (2.20) we may spy the comet of dretio devave a (8) 180, Comequnty ne ear te Li ime sera ff = JO the Seton drive nso WRIGGERS (988). Hence, (218) eas xi temas e186) 440) =x (BAG) = ADF {tn oma he Ll tine ie of he pail ell f the pashorard fe ictal oan the nie el Held = x,"(f) ete des of he etc eed a thet vector. By rcling line (126) we may spc the decline of Fo the steno colgaton ne dietin of he eo wer ae eis pre Ee + ellen a1) 4 = (te ion dh asi alr to ah poi ate te Le tie dru of caecides with the marl ime die of, Tas £4 (0) mated. ‘The conceo Ltn dies coca trot entiation iting senate Seton 5.3) natn, ta pone ons ed oss of nisin aed rion, tn ct mers ta the vino te br ‘Stan of patil sl somal quale oth Lene de scring tothe rl 2187 oe Opt for ae de EXAMPLE 215 tow tthe Liesine dese fh Ear Almas sain ce sores tc of onmaton cr de ao =4 Deve his ret by sing it he ule 185) and he th ome esa npr (218), 2188) ‘Sabon Reclie pallck peti fhe cover ler Almas sinter ‘which her he GreLagunge nie eer B = F'ePs og 285), Tem tel bathe psh frm operon emer ae ences trate of (Sloraton ser d= ¥ EF 09,169, ‘According othe sep expres (2 86) We the ei ret (2H) se DE Cigt)r rae =P aa ae) Anat ay obin 18) tough etc (2.187) ad (2 2,0} = PDA =F" (2188 we mus determi the dts derive of tie 1B inte don ofc by relent 165, heer ran serena Hi, fom (219%), eB at (6) = Poe sree a e190 1. bis he roperics £000, £4tr!P a0 2 Casi consent stil stor lu with sates ine dxve 1) erat oe 230), eclevions (287 a (2.149) and show hatte Lei deve of Aecriing to ee 2165), o 28 grat 00) as 3 The Concept of Stress In he provi chapter some biel aps of th sion an defomaion of como by wee dizased. Motion and defloration ge sf means eevee he mls poring tel nthe nr par hay One omens of thst ir ates hich phys dinenson ce ul fos. The ain of es, ih epost raion ft {ri contin mechan. Inpai wecondea deermble body digs aie ain Far tbody we inte he cone of Stes and diss he prope of taco Yet ‘rs nr i let depo, We comin With a Bt reve of the de ‘einon of exe res vs, ths oi is aly Bsn sad ‘Sct cares onigurson of may poles esi hs inv so, reed ners of pia sores, Fem aes rae comer wrk ‘rth tee tems te refered the reese cota or inte ‘enfin, Sore impor fom of aerate ures eases, which a as ed ita of Pl KichlB Gre Nght Monee rvs. 3.41 Traction Vectors, and Stress Tensors ewe noc sce aston ich ae et tr he caret or he ree ‘Ses configiton They may beers in fen es Hels eng al etoile ice Stes compones sch 8 poral an shear Sess Surface racine. We focus atenton on dfemabl comin bad ec ‘ng an trary pon of pyle with Bounday sre DN tine 8 hom nie no 2 Tecan tse ‘agen toe > _ Sr om tet Fyre Tones sagas et men iho ol We psn ht bir Frese oe prtrthe wl of be ound sie (cle exrral foree) nd an in) sesoe wai te erro at ay (le ier orcs nae ite ane Let eBoy om be by 4 plane tice wich pte ny gv pn © hsp corte a ine Ae stein Fig the pss vie suse deformable dy in potions. We cs steno eh uf ere (etna aly eg tea of = wit esr max, hosed sng he ard ‘soeral oan inne spt suis element de © OA, Sie we comer ner {ton of he two prions, rot re anes ac the ra) le ak ‘Weds iniesial resulta ata oe seg on surace ment Fr puposs whch wil ie me cere Soon 6 ne omit sled va ella couples not econ it thecal oaie of continua mechani Fore copie Wem ink of pr tse ial, befre on exceed. cots bay 8 was inthe reece (om ‘korn sanpsetion a he reece ine = Da as cep he eon rr hy spc wih Bouse. The guts xt pati corns Jide adm whe ar asia with ore cto te by ee ot by X oh mots eben Xd ol We ty ae fered 0 he lowrceconbsuation “Asoring\o Fig 31 we clit forever str ment ties on teticia) TH TXAN) 6 er trey the Cavey or tue rato veto (re esd per ai a fests lod inthe caren! cnfguaon ered awa ol ‘The vetor Tepes st Polke or wma racine ce eared pera sure ae dedi the feo anit, nd ots inte ‘ome eon eC ction ven The seu} rie vee T dees nt Severs to tl tent. Haron he ean nn cost 0th Cty tin vector, fmcton fhe anil ost Xs he cue orl thetouaday sre Ol Tickers idea niga ne fr ‘teed for Telos 3.2) x Cauchy's pte "The econ T hat st cosh rice herent an JS wih rpecthe socmaimand Narre sro tani stn tens cnlc fr, hres vcr tnd: Typical scien acon an ston aes {re cased by lis or ss fr example, water Wad ‘Cauchy's sires theorem. The exist nave seo nr nse esa P50 sna) etal or TXAM APRON oT (ie pov icone), whee denis» sya stil tens fel alld he {Covey ote ts eer iol Cauchy sire) iP tartrze = tenor el elle the st Pt-Krcho (oom ses tense og Oe Pa tes, The index ttn ston (3) ete a Pie Fe poi tenor in which oe dex dees sia corate ae te mater o> ‘dates Na. la Seton 439 14, ee it he Cachy st ear © ‘yma, vole ie aston ft on copes eve. Reins (33), nich combine th mice wba witht nro sane of ‘hero impo ations hci msshns an is kann sx Cac tes ‘oor (on th este somaine ered ts Cael la Basal Stern ton vss as tor depend on che oan nk wot (hen they mt einen in ar epee Se Seeeeee steer ee Ar ome cose of (3) ithe Fling eon hence Tan she coresponing ama tere os TN) =-TKL-N) tora ene veo wad Nhe kn os Newton's (hed aw of atom and ‘esto ee Fg 1 His Aist-n) or “Tow Caohy sen here or example 3.3) la there comet met soutien vhs wf xr computaionlpposs e ve ites as [222] [3] esl liad (Cay stress mate at wei he elon betwee he Cac es tensor ad te fist ili icf rests Poe (1) we bois. 2 he ge 69 Alssthnlde = TOGANMS ML Tact Veco and Ste Tens 3 taints = PX, 2INES on Using Nanos fom...) Pray be writen nthe form. PasorT Pu =douli oo “These ram Pad tacks aown she le rnorwaron (compar Wh {be denon on p83. Sy sling in re fo rn teri enor, teh cerponens Pa, we ae fond lal tsfomation oe seed dex ites th component Forcomenieace, ne oni subsaquely the agents ofthe wesc gates, THe opis expen forthe syne Canc a nse ri The iver ‘sion 8.48 4 « mr, 09) ish aes ngs ow Coseqy te eon ode sr Pl I gee norma an bas ine Iedgenden component FRAMPLESL —Adelonaton ef oly deste by set, onebt by om “Te Cac stress esc fe conn pit of sy i oe bys mais epee = [em a} om Doo Deurmit th Cathy tacos vse tan the fst Pt Kito ton vector T ting on pls, hich i charred Wyte ota nt oral @ = ey Selatan, _ rom he glen delomain (11 we fn te conponet of deer a 20 [eta]. wr[-iess]. om o 9s woe 3 Me Comptoir seni daP = J = 1 Te component the fist Fla Kirt tes or {econ 6 3.8.8 ave reste) | o # # eae as orien howard wit oma Nia he erence configation we el enn ra NUS = Jim Hen, witb anspos fax FF = 2 knowing atm = wea tht Nas cas) omer or es T = 100 eesti. At ine se, and Te the ame ction The gute of Tse that test, n view of 13}. toned ‘eis esdefonne aes plaice Sites component We poet ie anne Cy ae ese alg an {hoot se) of si as te cig (1.62), 0 ad i seayeg aoa with eae om Iniew of eyes thee 3. CCoacy wasn tes acing sue cements was cual noma pt ik tte diectons evens maps. We se De oan = th f6] 1 nee ‘Note pedeaeof i co estar ease Tn mention he une fo nb eid he components of sn etre eng on ples pep. spc, We ey Wt boa amie tone ae» a1 tas oem aut ones Heme a Limon sont tones Feat 20) seth Ue sso ce ste oie 3.) christen te se fH tisceri git r ‘ME Tact ests and Ste Tes a ‘oe main vats sie elena tid iy ye gen ui ou ale he ton componet ot he Cay snr Siete Cay seston ym nepenct te conpa ssn actin in as bal wie = my p= oe oy 0s Fore Sc cong oq Bem cone ete ine hance the compere of crt 4 Porn be ete ae {cited beet nent rn ple ety <= The ple cy swore Wc etn ot oe ‘oor Gor TaUoen ad NOL (2h ‘gw 33 Paseo cnpanet fe sti es sigan ees faci ts port oat some aur Ga pic, ht ne ening amnusiy reverse his oven by iene rt nde whe pla a ‘he send ines wih the veo congaent ase MALERN [1909 EXAMPLES Pjecibe Com tacion etre nine, andinerpette ce Solution, Seton. Rec wlio (18) ant te doa of repeeain (59), we Sob, Sern so ule one, aan Wik e159) ant peed spians ee (12) an (LI ee 82 He TT ff 3 ecomcepta ses oie oxy erty = Busats- t= Soa ow ttt he quantity om sth conpone! of tne ton fe Compare with Fw 33), terreno ete comnts tk iw 3 etn nntcsenmiyoeerapae Mena ae is be ccc, Wo hee como cnc eampon of ao est ced aa dts ge 35 Aan cr cmpennten ot eso can pone ee, compen at SESE cane snes oan et se oar tance tend ewe A Nop an sie re acumen posi hg Hig 14,1 sy bese! he om of esr ls Be woe eae os ws eet 5 See 5) te eaten on Hb (mtn = Foe, 20) (compar wt the equivalent egusos (1.125) al (1.128), whee ad PE ae omnes of re no din by with rope scarce (1.127.130, “Ths lenpi ant all te mrt tl shee sre (tage Als) ang an he sre ele! eames, epee. Using oy (3 ‘Beeapcespession ero and ra " 20) 220) 1. > O.norm teeta he eile tree ile pte sem sess (<0) ae brown os compreave stems Trl ail mechs empresas ae charter spite sl he eile sees eg Irs impo note dts ene es ade ie tp of ing tan aconpreson ses Honeve hig of sears ate py ‘learn he pe of Wing i sae om Fgu 3. She sl eo aton tates 20) there leraeter oe teeta? 6) Cones he Schenue dagzam of Figure 3.3. Each ipsa d(8= 12 summa. 64 hrm ste cng inh dan oh it ‘eon oa sce lame. These ees at fhe Gagan! lent he fess ati [ogni 2 (38), Ea remaining compet us (0 #8 oi ae ea aig tangential owas seme, She se ‘ete ff dagnal element he sess rai 1. Consider Cac arin vcs ati ye a fits sie lot {£5 ith somal wand Stow es em Yond ol fess ten o sym. 2 Tecoma 2 ata cerin pi toate bod the Cash tes component gen ih apsto 7 erent stn 8 [de Ayan te ego he (a) Pint he somponin ofthe Cay tation er - ‘tran he el 0 plete he is pol an a ‘Spall oe le 2 + 2-5 = 5 (0) Fd the mth andthe angle ay nes wit he a 1 he (6) Fin te ses compan lon ew onal Bas (8), 6 = 1.2. gen byte lowing eastreon eyecandy befoncosm (compar ih Soon 1.9), whe (} ceri the nom 3, Conse th Catchy sts ns inthe Fn SE joe omy tn fi te compen i Castration vee i point hae ats (172.0871 ome sere 3425 4 = “4 acer pie ofa ody th eomponet oh Casey tes tense gen ea tee (a) Fd he comport of th Catchy eon vet po oo pn ue oral as Seton 31 —2 (0) Fink orm sea compen of ht pl 32 Extremal Stress Values "Nor and stress vary in magi detonation, The dese strc soe ts etn mel wl a al as ea hse ates ‘Magnitwes din an foston of eens sts lest be aie WE pet ie the snide on extn es aes wel in rater Masi an minima normal sess. Conse he Cac ton et {iga) = 2) onan eit oir ace ementtouh ey pit ‘ie Fist of we who Hate ai ocr no acing sono nee icin these inom sed mim (4 sd ete ae of we may spy the Lagrangemalipier math nd he stnry pron ‘Novena 0b C00.) = aon?) , om Elna 404 '4—1) a Hae aP = 1 = 06 1091. the Lagrange maple Forte sao pston of the drvaves nnd 0C/2X* mash, Le, win ecto, 0 chara h coma aur) cmon a FE = rattan + ham) nb) = Heute Hn) =0 ow a FE eng a) ene md ans = a propery (1.22) a te ft ha ees esa is ymin sybian (30) and (3. 35) a eae ow Sethian eigemale poem he gsr ese ale of Seton 13 ol. The Lagrange mute my be ened a icra. Aap he ‘lett ton of Sao 14, we mst sclehamopeneos ashe eto er ‘eolaomncgomaer a= 1,2 3,eni akaoweigenectorf t= 12,3 late tom (@=1,2.he0summadon) aan 0 3 Mecmeagtot Sie mest oh compe i116, oer lain been tee pljomiot whch eben APIA RA sith te tae princi si ons ero h(E) Grate -0 38) tea aA oo fo ee ai {tooo apa rasp @ i oan ie} = dete = 4834 vs a her cle rp nora ses td py roed yen Ua ihe miu Aen ty r= 1.24. Te pal ales ye ie a tag pas patches “he cpio the tone isms wc en cher leslie pl cin he me es ‘Soe pl ns Thor a ee rl cs Se on yar a ne mates! ace Share compnets nish tema ic the essay egewnoer srl impo r e, "Wem psn the pclae a) = 2 ad ym: reptile sunny wh n= nuh we ob tes rapoaig ae oma osu which ne Sh nek et aay sponding toh (8, pit deen of Ovi his re soaon esis he pein ste ple pon which i mid et he ly nected om 349, ‘Tee secon ation of (46) maybe fond yasmin; ~ 0, whi ies, am (346i, te component ns = 41/2. The codon = teas ons i/o Ding fry = Owe find nj = ty = 1/2, whe fr ms = D veces Sonne mi = ty = £1/V. Tae ee sb ac in eva ie ‘ose eel ves asummary, Jit ge tslenat, aan Je-ar, oan aw Py 2 Twecimeepta sens cowsoqcty. te matin gt of esr ses dente ty gen ofthe tie ales oF 8-13, Weta soe = Hoe en + F rl dent te max aed he min mags of rn st fo ht he ino Se 8 i reo, eget 1 por Terumethr shite bow an ang of 4 to te pcp ln ia wh de ‘Mogan nia rile unpre SA) with 48-0. 50) adn tea Sow he oma tre © wh SEE Wi Wan al xeneses 1. A Cauchy sts er, whose compan pend on he dies Sots genie format at represent w(2 3 Ble ep es (©) Compu te proc ses camgoens nd the aos pris feos of aes ei th pip ectns of ses ae uly tog. () Compa he mas gti of sha sues nd the plane oe wich 2 Te Cayo mii en we[ es 3 Jove 14 (6) Comoe te praca ress empoes nd she sucne pri (Compete ss team plae co whch is mains 89 Hamp tS of Stee m 3. Ata wvoncuret osne x € come line whos ont uel ie a anes wih cic ote epi dein of ses Suh pla ‘spel cle an ectahedral plane citi! by ao oa! ee nah 12,3 neomptent =m he VE (4) Waterco (8.26), an (3.25) ey tthe arma es and te sear seston he satel plane we cus Hor t0r4e3) 5 sae Hon -oul lon omen! HBlois + obs + ap = Horna +t6-eiP ait teen 4m in ees, Thee ese oa Skate ae pay ss ea (9 Rate rece dew nate cope eee ‘Ste mximum she tes, “ 33. Examples of States of Stress ‘Sin Cauchy aston ert gen (1 died fr ach sae leet ‘ese yt ouvir uit norma mya may ton vector ‘hissecion wesw some input ees ‘State ofstress. The st fps ft.) ata spin cle he ae fee ‘amply daernine bythe reso hi gen pla and inet orig {Concy's ss theorem, Sine ti ner corbin fm in he mene, Ac nari pis) fom aimless of aes ad ‘abe homogeneous the ss ese ee depend om pec sath ‘Wenow sve sme npr ramp fr in se of tes. (0 A pure normal sts ceri nis sven by he ees nie anon) ce aymony ox (eign 50. no 3 Tae Came Srs Posing 2.52) wi te nit ete we sig rale (153) and 3.28) 6s) viet lon (or opps) m (ompare wh iu 4). Ths este Sorcery el tes te ear sess 27. Theses hres ‘ihr pare ten i > or pre compresin 2 <0) ‘Conic’ meager Cres coon sem. 10, = 9 = coast and all ‘res comport ae eal ere, he mee ei enim tion tor compression ine eo Ia een tee es is eof ‘eenel ts unl fron tual compression, espesivey. Ths may Te inagined as te es nwo (vt for rosescin) ener by fos trodes pln cn nthe eto, whic roe paca eto of es "Ron ero or oepesin of fr ylnil rol edst deformtin ‘hich wh ey calle form een compression ep. 92). "he dimensional tn wh al shew sess compenees vase tg = a tna be tei, wile = al sts ta (wc ca hd with nil farsons) we ave pl of ne-eishing normal ses. os ononerea, Homeen neque state hich sas with cut eros fe nnviing em Sees have he se ale. (ipa stear street at scan pias oe by he sess esr earngm+mon or ra=riumtmm) — G59 (ce Fue 3.) Hee he ses itd we deci of i wi ves a ‘om ih propery Posting.) with he waster ween with me SSank 3.2 en=rinomemen)a = rf nje aye smth os) vic tangent 0 these dang or pst) me. epoca tontcompare ith Figre3., Tiss scarred ys pare shear es ‘pure tangent srs) and te pra sess, ‘Cnr ecunglar Cassin cone fe) =0n1= += xs ad ote oes components tally ra, thn is ses Ste ischarctesze by ‘uniform bear sts A sof win sear so nif (inl) ‘her defrmaton, aise in Fe 22s abo Exe on. 33) 33 Hamper Stat St i Adri stres ee ceri pti ge by he ste enor en eae es0) (oe Fine 3), Wins retingla Casi ont ptm ht ees hat sre ive normal ee yo pand sea Sees ay pane ontinng spit oy = r= em 0 Patri 50 i a nw bn, hg 32 -ipin= mt as Eden oppo emo ernTheatahipon = a ely ites pc elo Now tye tl bog! aes ‘ay cpr pcp Shs copa wen (119) Tn ates Sis cacti ya lp nae tps ge tie hyrsate pesre isa fenton oft I nthe fe en Iroc with teppei. ‘One example tear eae (3.6) na hc) fi (vito motion ha is tote tain hear sees Taking tase of (3 36, een sn) 1% 23 TheConcpot Sess Indexing athe rete of ele) ai ia an pres “hehe tet le desert ceain pox ith estan) ae soit ser, std ng 35. (Gi) pane stress st contin pit iene lation ° a3) snd oan a aon fe ori ony. Cemegnenty te ‘eden repented by = pba rion Ss wih 8 20 coh ‘pedi clas oy. Tort ppl ecto eligi se oval ain tan angie hh 2 an ston, where can = 282 aw “Thecomespding acini and minima arenes ey fous oa +08 os 1 Noy ton) nag i — two was of 8-80), ence ay = 0. The paws of extremal her sreses args f 5 a he lines of he pic ses. "pln tes seo at any ead ua coniou oy a cof 1 Fea ae fae sesso th, (438 ees. D. 2. Assume plies wits engl ae bude by he as: = Bivens thy = he Tete fest on wih conde 53 smuiecatei shenby atey—2) ats ‘| . l=] ates elma) 0 ee coms For psn wih on (2,1 0) etemine (a) te pram eee nd the sodte pip dtos (be pls cht y tei ara mt edhe main and cu shea sees anh ide extemal sare (6) Fd he toa Cae ttn veto ci ae this cane 34 Alternative Stress Tensors ‘Numer elisa anes of es eos he ben prope in te ere i einton hs avanages ed diene. lowing ne ds ee tess ed fc cl lies ans stems do a ave ‘et psi! een. ‘Often ti coenin9 work wih he s-ciled Kin tres tense, wich testo he Cte sees tne by th lame acorn sal tert armed spl ti ni def! by rato mending oe We oro te seed Pl Kirsh stress er wich ds mt deta pysiea tetanus tation: Toe conan sea ‘este issymtiandpraerd tyme conse, hfe, ien ‘pees vy wei ses meses n compton mshi di he oe Ion onsite eons pail fri, we wil ecm Cage “The seco’ Pc Khost or oie yt pul ck operon on theca pial esr Held y he ation yw, acrg (2.85) Sex'oer ee or Swe FilFidns 06) Hose he Kolar temas th ps forman of, wing 85, TERIA BSE or ta = FiaPiase oa ‘sings 3.) (8.6) 3.) we btn he Pl nso lig he se els San ass) oars eI aPaSan os) Frome.) we fi fd eanshp tesa then it ico ses Pinte in (8) athe yan td Pl Rit a Fons aay na 3 Meco sts 1m ation the For oss erie shoe, We ince asm coy i mtr set cr oly Geflneda Takeo the Bio sts teaser. Wil (2.67) ad the pour desorption P ~ RU we deuce from (3.48 at Ty = YES) = US. Hn, and U dente he oan er (wih de = apd to poste defi) syne see en. espe “They are ssading polar decapaibr fhe orn rae Fe Se ow Nitlying 9.86 by Rom ef nde, wean te polar eon PART, 8 y= RoThos 30) for ir Po ic stn, which analogy wid hat or Sie "he Bo acest enor Ty pie eB decoiton sa nig ‘es examples of rs fons se he mic cal coat Casey str tense ecd by Creal Me bbe Malt est Bnei io gow nostic ‘Te tema re dined with rept oo ‘cree contin. toe wc te cred Cay ses nor ke ‘ston (6) and neh syns seth ema Une of F- Tae ply ‘an (38 ad he pla daomponton P= RU it 2. = SUSU = (UP Yo(F 0) = RoR a7) “The Mandel rs teri ded ob Bc, am ih fn ws deri nila) meri 1. Consider an inten restate free y= (EyN}IS. woe THN Sensis he Bt traction vcr Using [aad he Lea ramos (ay and3 ey ae y= Rae ih shows a ly tien rm A toe 3.1) by tron tose pa wt nt sie 2. The Ciucy ass components a3 crn ol te given wit spec to & rots tn wit te sie ea = 1 of roms vie[! ie ‘Assume rontion a ee th wo et (8) alone asi wears recoding Be fe tv) Compete components of te ated Cac ses tense 4 Batance Principles nhs cuter we prove he sale price and cs ae of hie Inpro consueces The fundamental alse penis, i, conser of ste rome bec ripley, alin al ces ‘of cotiomum mectases. They weap tony pra ald tbe ‘ate forall re. We dics sone anen se ofan tar pei nepali, suchas nf ofthat, The tn devi aoc emo yams special arses hatin of ergy ae esp ty ile. nly he ssf ripe ruin ete mar blanc eq) pri 4.1 Conservation of Mass Evry caninum oy 8 poses mas, ete ty 7 Findemt physi oper conan dena be esr th aut eine a he nny Ino peo mers dy we ses that mas cnt (aes pestis connote ve an aay vee tyes spice) with ound sic 1 net The mas i lr mess pte ‘mb wc i faro ring mation. Weed concen hes sh toe ee inca! Newtonian means, Closed and opensgstems. Westies sytem s quant fas or pila ‘allen ofnatter ina. Thecnplemen of ystems the mss oon ca sidthe tem. weal te surroundings, with uti tse ptm ‘roms siroudings wealth Roundy or allo hye oe igae4) ‘A doe system x comtl mas) omni aed noun ora propery ‘ele on fn sce ak uni sta 5 wh degen on te oe ere 1. No mass an ts (ee oe) todas bt ee eh om Cn re Ca sth bday The Volume aed sytem dos ot ane im 4 ans Pee waa" me ‘Nace! ey awe 4 Cod anon tem {oe fea. even een des ot init eos he se ei omnis then wey th bow sane Sec «syste called mechanely nd hema late wich snc f= yal syste The alas ‘hit elcremageetc ind be types of res whch eens she space, Ne ts Pcl sytem ly sole ‘av open system (rst volume) const of Bd ste f volme of a popny eden fs ic x ndepentnt fine * Gee gee) THe {icing ound of onl oi Fe wick Bohs leery cess {Goer kee) iid trl srtce which we dence by CComerration of mas, Io rons pyss mse camat ke pried et Aearyet ts ssumed that sing min ere ler as eres ees hsp seer msi ero hat bso ah so hat ems no ys mere quanta ipl a cera ms in te fetes AE Comers of Mae 19 cenit ay he me ing main Cor ‘vs ha ds for tea ss. We we sd) =) 0 a Invent comervaian af mas. The andy sires ae een an enfguris, with lar ¥ and ae dene by and, sete. Nae ‘hth mass vs nef fhe mon ad he en cape ye by Bewe= Brit) =o an — fF AX) = da. > rey ‘The massa abd src by condos a as pci coe mao saar fli ey = aX) > Dand p= ptt) > 8 mpc. Ty ‘eno pel popes a te sme ple. Property yi cle the referee tru diy (out deny) and cle pata mae em ding» on S01), The yaa ms dey bo own he dest the aon. ena lae © anti ropour te ba Nth in-adapdn {od ins seed wih he eet contgiaon of eBay. Hee Aeqendsenyon the postion X chon in cnfgtion SI he density ds st Aepeod on X= ta Gry ~ othe cofigion i sid be bomen "Pes ites he pes X de dy he iit mit) aon) * afi 7 obta Betay pan= ws ree det comin uci of acetal asf cement ie ean in the ferns cant ooze, wich me be Se Wy [AV an eves ase nt AT). An), aculy mas te to eo since he hen of ‘asp wonld show arse deta coring he ton sie of at ‘hecore.t abtin resent teapes, 10) and (2) mas be ae fem fe toni sae ad nl nos enh seo cei py) fohem. Usa ther of be ph cle of» phys bln an he eg lle fan teen volome cement AY) a Ae o eed 10" | 1 4 ace ie Inte iter om 8 ad Aini8) = so08" , dala) = ose as shh stad ines volun ements ad dt te reference {dearet configs, rape ing 5) (3) eosin ‘nial = ps eie> 0 ‘hich meus th ume ines wen desy decease. By itpatng Tein ms ort ego, nd te a ast of eon. Hence, se fen = fdr > 0 an fra pi i fom a-Be eB an ne, comeraon of ms gies tt i ie dive om fo {sos os ly ck change wih ina ele usage he ‘Ansan wile avery pif amu an fl ins, cea pis ton wel oss he a dere orm oft eet oe fli) A cain ch ppl qin oer eno ‘frottage {Sesame Couey may ya) be oan eel at sey el ppt esa ah a sie tec ne wi for eta ih wes ea Son nce oe Cnty man equi. Ww loi deta fons tna yh) ian prey ty cling ey and 23D, Ue = RIN. J = ARN) > 8 wey cans vate ot egtcn ney 7) am = 2) Nam XIX, AUK as in) ] | AL Comet Mas ns By assuing isn obra slumet ein, we cate atthe grand ‘n(n very. Hens lX) = at th IK) « hol foraX My epee he comtity ms quaint sands for ‘osteo inte mater Lagrangian wc he api lepine Sic the rteaace ma ent is pene of tine we Simpy fo 2x on au hs tet Fam 9f (4.10) msl ein, FRAMPLE4I_ Showhow the aa mas dy ¢ = canst, Te panics deivehe frm a eum get ns pil Ele) esc, wich expe nny of vl component) Hat + ax thdirvint) =O pet mg cy ia) = seit ose oo ern th two equal frms Ont Pel grate) -wst) + fst) = 0 a) PAE avis) =o 49) trata estore Sutin, Siac jy =O me obs on 4.0) cht Denear Bion =a=0 us) (tors sien wiht argument tesa que) nor exes 4 (15) nem ofthe pata welt compotents We Bd wing he rod le Sd) = ler eo 218 at = Ad al = Ip pie) =0 16) ‘nb the mate ie rea of ttl ey fon ps iving ado (225, given ty theepishexpressan 2 gmp aun Pea 2 ay a 16 4 dance rinses Since J > @ wed fn (4.16) th dss eal (4.12) iis te erespond ing ial 8, With hentia ine rea of he spatial esi fetioe (any mes ey (1287) mayen ra (412) (wo que feos t3yend a IF he dy of ot ay eens ty pie, hn fom ion (4.12) find with j= nel eon whch chante este (ane pring) moon Lire = Deo ao wih 2.173. A com ‘in bic evey woton Ronde sis =O "he Frm of oily ts quate (12-14) so Bow he ail ros sya tine gts. Tey repose be coal as eqn ie spaial denon, ih the appropri decision a fi yarn. conservation of ass fran open stem, Satins we we wth an oper ‘yom pen y spent Domdry conta ice ‘racer ne! aconl some either) = fo, Sine therein ofnegron yds a depend, pti ad deren com a 2 fasten fae awn Applying te Greene hase fo Hed amon of wlume Reve wing aan famotsaingsnde = f ascii) mts 9) vee ents heat it estar etd eps o he buy cool Sete The tery me terns eo af ees Tmegrig the oto os itn ih for of.) ve aco ein nd ing (41) 2819) we abit camseraton fas eon tele nt lt oe. Be franane= [teenie en Reon (4.20) tht thai ine dere of nasi a sole seal ote Bi of venga The loa fr (420) 8 exencses 1. A elocy eld plane matin Ss compen f he fe s- fat, me fname, a0 te a ae pine comsans,Assae the pas ey ‘adeno oft een poston x0 hat dp (a) Express atte comity ms eto sid. (©) Finda condos for which he gee mien tot 2 TWosonsof = conineu ay penne fn A=(4aW | KAN olfele ee) (eve whe el con of) athe st (gh = 128 of toga ani Fndexpessons orth sail ms density tens tthe cote iy massequion esi 5. Cone pt sa els W = O(a pl vce Bld = 8), (sete me tarmfthe cotsy masqunion td bane ees pe bet 20 canst), oBB= MS vanyron) , ua DF wher denne he spat velar el 44 Ae neon mie of a icompesibe continuum ses by he pti ‘elt eld =a Show tt oir te clr el iar 5 By mens of continuity ms eqn (4.12) and eit (2.181) show tha he sect vecar 2a lel the spi us eat p i the pad ‘els estar oF) hic sk th aire vrtisy equation Dv ssl + (gue ne 4 atm Pic 4.2 Reynolds’ Transport Theorem Sua we espe = ein sme ys ty CGrexangls na bral ngs eons her oer set) pa a pe team, icon oil, He,t eet techancenedy seed ce stele tf ay ‘Team nsw to compte the merlin deri ofthe volume intel) ‘isthe region ngaon pes oti pte ed tine ren ot cmate Taree tpt ante the ree enfin By shinging vibes xing he mie — X(N, an he elon (he I(% hl wend thetine tof change be aan) B foiaexonna ar 9 =B fora Stetina oe nnn, io ein ces sn op a ee 3 fomon wor dente he rl in deste fhe pi sar el acting 0 ‘lason 225g trp we ud te change of arabs comer he ome Inga bk the cen contin By aso, 2.178) 8 = SK.” snddon x= 40%} a aly 20) — (boxe. 01% + 40.0060 2 Porno fibre evince an “ix = fdas 4) ofan ie ws) 7 Inte toning the gumen of enor uses re dropped ices thet However aces whee atonal inforaton sete hey wl tole, Hence ration (125) eas Bf here we ve sud smash pt vlc el ‘er fre of he ne at of chnge othe pre ¢.22) eal fro 4.26) yan ft mtr ine eae hsp sear a i th fom (225) andthe pede (1287) 429 [idssaenis = foam eB am etsy. in te nag te gw am Bf Jove fae “etm on et ie ni net (Cnc a a to et gt oe Seer ctr re ne ng po Te ‘Ses inl te pe sa hen Wend co na cing ng, Rs 8 ‘ret show par rem C—O fey= [tse aon ich dace fos (622 by aging Howse dots sms Shu saree dscing sone physical quant of arts in space pr wit "Wits eens (26h tine ate hang of) ite gen as 2 frnie= [ot tae om 0 46 ane Pines ‘weno py produto fren sd he for (12) font sys equation oe rt rm of he negra (4.30, We fin P= A+ 0 = ppb pbc. Aaa conequnc of te contiy masa, we oats Bowen [sh os sume = 10 tse volume ner) ie (29) epee as within reson tee 4) To tse (430) hy sce #= 0 EXAMPLE 42 Show tt te ior ehton 4.31) my bo be bie by ‘hanging th sare pa (429 ove ent ane one ms, Suton, Using he innit man clement de = i ( e (4.3) we od ou 2 formers sine nites wasleme ites ye matali dete, [EE Dane frnaesone «430 1. Dee tearm aeao (4.12) ache spl esi San = by sping aon 26) wing 48 evil the se stents id ines (426) (27 4.28) 2 (a est fe the marl ete erate af = ecto whim ite [orteorvaae ne ep) yen eer or 3 soho analy ieee) pt! etre w= 1). Show th B fae [orinnes ff oanovie = fornees [Ser «> nfo [om coo site malin ei we t= D/H gad The veto y ‘oot tpl ei 4.3 Ment tne Pipe m 4 Momentum Balance Principles 1 ope system eer comin esha Tee pcp re ao he gion of man an show he sey oe Cachy testes alice of near and angular morentan in spatial aed material description Conse # contin ty Beth sto se sepying en ahiy ren ‘oun sce aie We corer claret with gen modon x= 3X pil mas density = plst a aptial ot eld ¥ = a). "Ne dene he ol Hear mo ‘ema 1 (ria Be Hers somes cle teanational momenta) ste Astral facion Us fosavonien fovea, as sho anglar mentum J late ed pi carcino so) [resnavacten fexapovecna” as ed ety 2 on oan Sno epee ol and de tha) 22nd) an Inde erste thesauri J isn feed 0 te moment of mo- ment oth rtational momento. Mamet guts (13) a (36 Orie wih epee cued sed tose cotgrtns with ashe eats 09 a Wel espe Sly. Linear ment i gue mento it end eee volume deta oth prota Vad 0, especies, To id Congestion een ont th uments ofthe esr ota the en of "Te tre dernier ond mgr arena (4.35) ad 436 ofthe pus whch an ainuy eion fen flanetal eins cad ‘cent eles pines for costing Ky. We pete he alace of 0B foie=B [ava = a0 a 4 ane cee td the olan of angalar meta Balance af moment of mentum or rho a tational mare = in=B femme 2 whith hen in bh he pata materi desipons ie ss (38) an C29), 7a) ae vcore fencons. They tore ees the ea fore at he ella men resultant tong ot mmo Fabry, Te mrs lane piles epee iat of Neves snd esd pil of motion othe cota oct tric, ined by Chay and Ener. cons ines men tum Land aps mmentin fof « bly se eo eer res Le aM ‘pele feel sacs ans Hews ang onto of he boy tHe sldtbe consere Bye fest (44) we my ree tate piles xpvav=Mt) (439) Luo = nies [sir = aso tna fraptn fragher-ms. at or, we ie std elton FCW = since = 4 =v acolg 637), snl (228)sandeonseqienly y= 0 Te spl and mal secleron Tele chased ty # and Compe ts Secon 23). The sl erin Fores rit ent nd reece vole ar eo yan ps respetiey, Tete fllovng we defi th set offre cig oh tou Ds ‘Conier shoes sce 1 ofan tir eon f whic is jected te ‘Canty tntonvesor = tt) (ors ese per it are sue 1 rated! Seton 31. The ual ween he oad worl © an Innis swan eleven do 8 Pres let = de a pt ‘sor calle te bd forest i eed pr ul coreat vine of re tng on aie, ead a Fie 2. Note he ya shal be Conf whe nia enor ied no (272, "body foe far enamel privy lading pe i lune, ‘b= pith he pi mas Sst andthe omits gravitons eceraton enc, et fe Fb rer meen M (bot oi) on the Inns inte cure cogaraion ave the aie oes ee fw ay 1) sua ae a se fests [ree aay aly by wns fe (438 and (439) plo ams of bans fee ent an blac of mgr mame aye gen inthe pal ein : Bi fons foes Joe wa Efren frases frame ss ‘Te equsons a eadanet n conse mechanic, Forth ale of nplr more (5) we a id te ection ht sie sua couples net. If oar ean ples hou body iemoton te the blac of nr ames) Efesm ines [estimtes fenrsois aso Here, mish sedge nape traction vector ni use sing ‘athe boundary ur Fleet eigcd ly couple (ro ‘led body torque) pr wit oun ng mite vole freon The pi ‘angular momentum ie tise angular arena) pera coe volume i —————— a 4 tase rps hyp sone vi rtd okt api on pla methane wt toni le 1s ot ee ra uy poi mi sep Tans nd oR (96 or Mees 58 Se acc ace ner em ef at 1 IE upended te erence Bd fe B= Ce te a mone te by oe re © arene the’ cn ma emt ee ol, aa mana he ee i soa be by imebermw ar tan ibe oosise= fren nso = [wocoar inne fal for Bix.) =sOKH) or Da= Te un) tor T= YX.) letcel 3D, ‘ing the i li Keo eto ver T = 1 eas (439) (448 an = JA we conse frm 4a (45) hat afew oles laa : a alee _[rons: [omer aso cn pt mf fs enon eas fie Stones ema espn vn on ata an mal ein sy a cea ea nent pct ss sensation) rete 3) BS heey tem sys em ten hd i eth wbchemete aeons ene sane fosnden fone faerie, 18 where oi the symaneic Coy sss esx, By substisting tis est no the CELL ea ty 8 0, my ea ‘Sse Enas rant tin fore a ~ eae 4 Maman Blane Popes ws tere reseed nt lob fm. Tis ao i spn 0 ol fr ay vole ence may tice Casey's it eguton oft inte efor a drosb=ni MH eh apis ss) foreach poi of van fora ines ‘The dierent eon of mation thre prsned with eget 0 he cet eafiaion, Noe ht he el ie deve oe pt veo eld vi, ‘ecuding (226), gen 5 ¥ = 04/9 aya aes of tes eam tecading 0.51 gvenas = Out = (1/2) + ‘General, elation (433i one inthe placement few. The one ‘ese imply ese aoe peomerie oes a. he Kerns of ro {he body, and marta soe, the ter Wel Cay see 9 peo doped on Ite tsleron is asd he eo fol x € (ht cons elt td sot ett (458) becomes. dive sb=8 or as) ich fod 1 8 Cauchy's uation of equim in attic. spi (ios eld sushing tive = oi leo, EXAMPLES Stow tar Cany/ Keatequan of mates my sha be writen a ‘hetmport uae or 20) wie oro «ss 2) wie prone as) Seluon, nox reormunt em ote Han aide ae. (4.58) we ‘ery 226) he pro rede comin ation inh fom (0 one a o_o, 2 teat = 2 gation 2g von on) 36) 1.20) ed ny ety a) 22) arino) as i ko coms no 2} 8 epee By W). Setting (4.57) (53) shee deied ree aaa i 4 aes es Far sli ol is somtimes ma col 9 wok wth he tcl seripton, Hens, erage uations of moto (4.2) (53ers of “pones wich fared tothe eens cnn To Regi wh we = (ie he Pla ent, which peUET)=0 «sn Prof To prove te inary (8 we pik any rein com or body wih unr ue yan pty deen tere wie ih {1.29 Nan fla. 200, we aap he [omer [orms- [~ ~ [me [ese oo 59) ‘Now with isi, Pil ranma (3.8, th pods re and he syne eyo we my ke dees oe ot Pls Keo sss ease Ph _ Diep = Din(Jor) ~ iso" = NDivgIF* +B) = ADWeIET 0) ‘by recling ation (248) we ian ranma bi sn dave contig ise and (447 40) Coc tet fon {Asahme sh aterchge fuerte of = 1. froier 9x aa iste loa emote gation won inthe referencia Since he ‘olume an retreated fel omnis ee s Daren ad ‘in which he independent ables a1) “Te eileen sour 3) se sig by sexing (1) ol © 465M Blanc Pips 1 Symmetry athe Cauchy srs tens, The Cay ta temar os sync, ‘2 be en a he bl frm of bale of eg moment (48 a lows, Kaowing Cac’ esther (3) ad te deren tee, ey 01.20), wearable core he eter othe ng han sie ae (88) 0 ‘ole ier acai 0 [rote [vente firnave ve ov 465, here dents he itor pernitionese imced ine(.183). Wah (4.68) ad ions (439. (et) wea om be ore A) [rxir-v-aiverie= feo (469) sing the ton af maton (4.3) ne Ft ha the cn volume wi iy Behe or euayn 0, as which ols each pn x oe ein oral nsf, Te dub contin shea ver withcomporens cea. whch must heen, We se oe0. (asny ‘This laion ssa, amd only th Catchy ss sr sme ene ome as) ‘he rai ret (4.68 a cl conse fe lane of an nen ‘uo. on fer ts Catchy sent eaten maton rome (2) snd(3 45), we ee hath Kiem rand eee Pl Rist reser yeti. Home, omg. (387) we fh i Pk ici es emer Pisin gee alarms ade i (10. Not tat or pr connec ae zt) hermes 19 doesnt ld any ange (6 9) nd tere (8 omy be ewe ‘5s constivenquaon compare wk Exe Son p12), Stem of ores and Bow. The Coch ection wet t= ym and he aly face = (saison an ee 42) rg motion ose Wh the momen ance principles ane a -cled tem ofc To ah sem oes (bh) eaesponds eacly one mere est fnsr ld = at ‘Subsfyng Ue oqaton of aioe (4, = tive + yan Cay’ Shove 33},18 t= on, 1 4 tae rns nother nod, en th Cachy sensor = 3) hat dead be | sv nto of) and aie ¥ = 0) he te Stem of fre (7 eicydterane The Cash aacton vector fll oat Cac’ test ere, we boy foe bis eid fom he euaona Patho (43). “Testis mt deity pn es os conus gun. The pr (ox) deans scald dynam procs, sta paces fr omen, EXAMPLE-L4 A dyenicl proce (9x) any the Cac seem e inte frm of te se A ond o lel} and “Bo 08 at ware sal re sea cons ny 4 ation econ Example 2.2 (xe Sih ler ON, weeiNy ay Ny betty ry = hy et inte ser offre a ate nttion 30 at Cates Ais egoton of rion (455) an comin mas easton he fom of (10 ze nae. The (Cacy wcion vectors sumed ot ts pol a line petal ta spe trendy eqndon tn sf} . a ‘Cacty's sos heen we mst nd he on vector m sea testi which fan grag =) (oe Fre 19). Hose, componente oe aloes mal FS ale] 0) sine tet = = Hr ie nin The spt ms dest» follows om the ines freon 0), ep = Jy nbc olame ra J or een ton (2.10) gil 6 2. Th ca nen of thst elaine ey = y= 402 =n Fp = ty = D (compre with Esp 22 (214) ante degen of he Caney oes tae hes ete wth cngonen 2a, +42, 2150). nly. te compan fb een unico alae whinge wih (4.70), darn eso ses, «a We cll ow 2 set of gua, sch a he loci fel, he spa mss Seosiy pan hermetic eso fel ee. (0) ic sited ih "he aso of oes (2b). Teach sam offre cna whe teste ln e445) eect fon eve ‘ecala ow x,pa) steady i Be sine pal eats epee ie [01 =a 9/8 = [dt = Osndcameqvaty = Vs ne a 1 = os) Sic fra sey ow, 2/94 = 9, meh with lence org 251) vote ae) any whet the elony- wy = 6 be wed sinew aa), Hens, he equtn af ‘neon 1.5) for sty How she fom eedre ey-ba dena?) ay ‘By analogy wi he pes of mae erst op 68, ow is ail oe ‘ott Bw if vey Bele» ~ gai, with pt este ld Toe ‘he spc eteleron eld a= has therm of (15 ce ston of tin (4153 ern he om e+ rat (28 Hera) ans ‘fo sishing cy = ox ert Bye rehtoa (124) we ew. ‘tae tt pot Bows rotten! he Bow sey a itt we a hath pil eet Seldon he gtd side fhe ego af mon (253 issinoly : v= Sera) «a, sae 2/0 oamd curl =. ‘alc finer and angular momenta fran open system, ev Gly the mamentu une pips an apen ae a sect ee pce ih onto ome dein com ice indepen tine By 10 4 Bans rn neigh qin 9f mon (4.5) eid ha eee [ew (4761 Wit nerene em (1-2) an Cc oes hore 2.3) etm ine (496) yl by alony wih (3 [ovr [ome Jo am “Tete othe sigh ide fey (476 fotos negation ne he contol Is vies Bint a6 We eed 45 he lope fe ea ee (1298) th voloe ended ae le (159. Cosmo iste ce erTirene riots 70 we metal sbetsan few mone ‘econ vole at om afore fro mies f ‘bv 499) ost he ae wih linear manent changes in he con woe ‘ue bteton stor acing the Dunry al ace 10 ne Bos ‘i ensing eo pls he by oe bai Tom anlgous manor wan seis aga mame or ba _o fe = fre mene ft asm) retin 1, Coser ein poi gin the cat ogra which meee ta maceration 1 of bay 8 with mas. 15d LT 43 Moen Bloc Pips ss Ondpeniey fhe coke poi at sin [acme Comideringcomsraton of ms, h) = hs ein maybe esd by clang var as mt), the sel 0) (6) Diem gwen an ston ht these pil ela: yale verge pt acsein Bo ep ein [one $= ais [axon 16) Wither ts 4.35), sd 40) sam ha se elton imply Lan = miki Ley = rye = Fe) ich harceriz mn of he mas ener ad which we sky ‘ow from Newtsanmicharc he ape pve he Newean ‘Notte tong npr propery fhe mas comer: ae mone tum aa pier bie npn Mo hoy Baste same it Ooo ‘pile with mss iff} cones thems coe of at en Adina, ean foc Fot sie an eal hee tht gon multi by helen fs csr 2 Amt vecor eld U sr yt ls ansfomaion ing he Pils Mest (8) shows tha Ds BiyfOKa= dOnede iv, ene ttn 3 Cone he Cc sess dition fr 2 comin i rum sven easton tos etna 1,5 coon sytem, The corpo "Caches esr ae gen ate fr inh oy ac ht on his cota. ‘+ Te Cac ses dstibaton ofa canine expel withrpct ton ce sult .14carmat sytem. Ths mi een he Cosy 18 4 lace rics -[: miton He) 0 Sinn) tie ere and asd constans (0) Fd (22) tt pon pl tee eld ais iv =a (0) Coser (zy) fom (aan ed the Cay ato vest the pam 5. Apu continam amotio i acted 0 yest coupes in aon the Tatar month sce ace andthe dy foe CORSA HSPN ‘gular momestom pan by couple ing oo biaryl ‘Soup tacton vevlor mon teoumry rfc 0, (a) Stow Ht the pecs of ols sso aft the Hee rent prio ee the guts fee 6.53) tl al (by Stow alas of angler (4.45) a at 2a Or shre Mi cle the oul stress tease 15 8 ea operant et ce ts ctw unl eto elm perpen 0) generating te teats =e 8 GM bere hap mia) = Mian oe my = Bane hic loge Cacy's ts aren 3), (©) Stow net pi a sens (481) tha he sues 44 Balance of Mechanical Energy |e sso we consider ely mechanical eee: ter forms of exergy. sch 5 ‘hema lets, cene or ler elo. Fr i eaidenton ‘he lags fee sa 8 son stern oe sisi, i omseanenee of Ccy' et out of mato ae flew moe. Y 4 tala of Meshal ay 1s Forse ties we assume jamiclproces ie bya ytmetic Car shy es tent # = oe # nat fton of») as eaten x= (Xt) ‘ich eons an ary rein 0 xtrna mechani power, tess power, et enegy. WE ssi sto pares ecg sep n pce ih banyan ioe uss Feta urns fps enone ‘Ths externa mechani power of De rae of external chil work Pa aon tes opens i ie by ey se ato fests fone & ws) _ ‘The dimension a a is wrk prin tha eu power A i th spa ‘elciyelisdomted 9 = Tae relar guest vans te eee! Fecha powerpr sit coon sac «od cae ole pene “hein eoury Ka tinea by yi ein ine bis ‘aly geowalizatin of Newnes comin mechan. We have the = [prion [ype [Jeno a ‘The srs power o the rate tera mechani Work Py wich dss the reson fen ac tie dos by he se fi ty he salar, Patra fordien [ucts Pald= fontate . 480 Fig tin theses poner Ps 0 sine te tof drain tesord characte ie 2.148), ish xan 2 2 9, alane of mechanical energy In spin desciton, only mechani eeny isco, balance af metal nergy (in th este sont ald ‘theorem of per expende follows on ning ee (482)(488) Ths Brio rr = rata as «fre foram fener fois axe ast 4 tans Pe ust he a of shags oF kniceegy Ko mesial the re of nereal mechanical work (Stes yam) Py dae by internal ese there fener metas Wet (enteral cn poser Px done ot "ye y sufi tab frces Hence, ae chang of Ki ety Kenic ner ar el exer arcs Natt De Sent energy Fis ota conse ay. sic he ester 9, (4:86 eet FP er, he we ave oem fre bration, the DD i 20 the rob cals qua tae (ie sled ques can il depend oxi). Prot nari prove (485) we ok foe em Jue meg 86. ‘Wi Cony’ see fn tm, cverens ere 1299) a the proce ‘lc. 29) en ta ft sire flem-nte= favors [ive-v eae an Ar exnaion with he e-health ‘semi ene xem mechani power ag (482) 8 pais fotvee eas [revo i225) dsompeniion (2.185 we tat ra o:(a+w) ‘Sic the Cnc ses eon sym and spin enor saya ‘ein ing propery (1.17, eu: guy =: Comet, ah he ‘Sutin af tion (433) dee an (185) at Pats fir easeae us ri man tnt he sow at te pt laity gain. spin es, os not soe the rte a By Fo = (7°92 and can (4:38, wich lows D[e/De tw be writen frat of tel w conse (438) rath= 2 [tees fora, a0 as iby meas of 4.85) sm (4) esd he lance of me han ergy (435) the tof ange Kini ey K ple tes power Pe Next, inode» fine quays caret poston xe dime ih he sm al he mirecopis for fey cde he Tora eg) "isa hermosa) ste varie deed by eet) ter tx ‘ec signe by») adi eine per nit ara ume. The nea en) fossesel ya cotinn body acpi arin egin deel espe et = fata aon Rem ele way Cn Raine col il ‘Sis nly mechs energy icons, we saat he ae of wok doe on ‘be comin ay by era Sess, ee eae poner Pa, eu te eo ina eneny 2 We ee at Bev asm sot (8 repens em en. Bees Ze rato wom on wrt ne pt D fg Bfdprecaien fents font aso ‘etamon deltas hem fever 439 racers htt nergy I the sa fh int ad ne ene, Nate ‘ht the comsibaons woth tal ney a aly do etal sores, ah era mecha pos Ps Balance of mechanical emery In marl desertion. Ie or eres he es of tile of ean ney (438) whet tel cone i ye mt esis he enorme mechs pover Pa th net ner th ress per Phe tr deri, 186 4 ace Pies By meas f rate (3.1) an ei (2 he it rm onthe i han side fe (482) sors io orien [rvis . 1496) nd wih he ea far (448 cs 1 nd (28) he enn erm ing (452) i r= f B-vat aon, Hence, extemal mecbancl over Po cas be obiied rain [Tvs ova = mats ras fc “ Wi ety 2 a cosetn of mas (6 teint ery Ain vow rye [Jv fon «w= fistavar asain hast i Serco pny en eae SSD ia eccarw ye pcos cer f° es He (Fae = fort tom sort kav 4.100) ithe Plo wansoonaton (8) a mangulaons scent (183), we ein frm 410, te evans forte raf eal neha work, Pr ae Fy = ferow or Path frat Pal asap 444 ance ot Meh Ea 1 Saeining (£98), (499), (4100 it 48), me ve fly equa 0 (486, he tlc of scsi ener fhe asl econ Le [ze + [ea “ft _ var. cay By salony wit ein (4.34) me mow expres the oto intern fe ‘neal ney fined with ep te fee vole dened by ¢ =X. Wit def" and maton = XC wey eth nal nee 41) a8 ety fossone fan foxonr 103) Xt) JIN Ha.) 00) ‘Adige expression (499 othe nat emery Kd (4.108) fo he ice ergy, me may eh eng 9/2 + «en be trl desi Jidpv vase a Using he equa ofes 5) and (95a eh atl energy inte frm 4.105) bin ally) he deed ek Ef Gervonrs [vice fave, aia nic may ety eda fey he tlace of seta ep (4.102) Ti eis et (493 100, md 410, eng the wanomation RAV = Dye fe Alternative expressions fr the tes poner I lowing ne wie te sues pier Py iterct eae ens ‘West ome. (8, Byung 2 50h al ko hea of eforon leo dL. the vee of lain (2.162), thee (195) and he ta lion (G65, wend Fa rare tbe Pe fe aay dk Jo FT aV + [err - [set umn 18 4 aimee ices wee end Poh Kia ses noc andthe atria sain toe E. ‘ocala fm forthe es pore Pay be dine ty we of C= 2 Ge (2 166) andthe nosy Mandl res tsar = C8 whish is ‘snd nom nero coearain Stn fon 107), weave, hy mess rags, m ee ee wae the syey ofthe sgt Cac Crean tentoe Cito ew Next we weal he ited ancy us tor = Wa (te 6709) the te ra fmt es Dy = RAR se eg, (-16)) and Beaton RUE RT. Th, fom 488), eS singe 50, a fomone or dav ro mai f Jo ai hee inant sen nia act (98). FXAMPLE 45 Express he es poner ind sho hat 0 re av fon ‘wav 410) “nk te notin s(x eed onde he yams pt of Ty and ite tors ime davai ig ste emo U, which Is mee cpre wih Sion 26. Sauttn, String Kon (4.101 a aig te polar composition F-= RU, he protein ad the zncy KR = we hve rosa [> navn seo ie Re Fay +f va aun With defo of he symm Kishin sess tenor r= PF ee Son 3) the Bt esse Fy = RP os. (38), we fo (4.111) eng ae away + fm tay uy, owing ha isa symmets enor and Rese tr cing to (2158, we ete by ales with popery (1.17) tht r= RA” ~ 0 omeory te stein 12} aes Sine U yma en pee sed eat 110m In summary, te stems exon fre ic nel mechs work ‘iar thong 10710 8107 (4108, 108) an (4110) ad chine Hnly be pr ener lt) = Jodo gendere Je, Dy =p an ‘The dnt entation of sss tora te sited tf lotion sor (foc example, PF) dere he py omer ingyen es, ie. tet ier este work or es omer perk een le ery hn seme he ee lds Jo PS 3 Joy sry a sd tbe werk conjugate we sin es, 6, C62 Dy, Orgel. Hews foc cxample Pn Fi sd tobe = nok ona pr sme ogres sary of wer conjoitepin se, forex A. 984, CConservatiesysem. Lit he ali fants yy and Py ee te clergy ofthe eternal loading oe extra ptt eer) ste oa stain energy or itera ptetl energy) of by espe, The wma Ty ly, mel he tata patentee ony eed was tbeeney netlonal If esta yer Te) = Melt) ld ato) ‘A mechani systen i known camera he era i power Pay expen en 2 cei eon of te Body ah enn mec poet Pa, rai) Pri) =~ PH hal aus) 0 4 sine Pe Pail) fh) wit Malt) fa, I, ee pees sre fet sere iy 5 stan eergy ‘rsored energy dell sbi pe nifeac ume rar than per i tr nd ath in Section 61 9 me eal Tn he erate Sle Fuso someting ety Dy mean ofthe ssp (115) (416) tance of chance (445 nln tt somo el pen nergy a he Kec ene omered est ing ean oes (9.x) We wie Hal) + Mt) +R) = cot ts inprtat ote th fr xe mot sie tons a al probe ssc ah spat fee eo etal or iste! an, 0 sce) eae nm-nehinn cme whiner anertein esse Thain ae Ge ror pena 1, ony mesh neg icone sw hat the energy tons meey {Cuca aton, Thy ke he dot pref oc er | (do b= pr nite pia lot ld egret sl oe the ‘ttt sets ne a catia poit en by he Caches tne inthe tomate = (0) Show atte tes oer ruta vlume gen JDp Je (©) Forme htc of shan net fo hs aril sess Encode conde tin ochre abd aro ‘heal mechani owe het enery i ese A =e) Aig cotati abo ne pit with anguleloy, Show at ‘heli oeay my be expres } De [ia-xt-soatte w= ho-po hee the caret pono of eb ini hey tate by Neth sell he neti oft ody ee OooPFNE 45 aa of ei itive Ter 4.5 Balance of Energy in Continuum Thermodynamics In histo we conser bth mechani! sd hermano whch ees ‘nny protien of ysis a encnsing, The les er ep (ch ‘lee chemi.) te Beir o caninum is toe Drond he cope of In themodyeani comes the contnaton of and he ume nce ciples a aplenty the ln ener nd he py ney ew ‘Tye develope ofthe once of ene rd emopy has ee te fe mo ratacueemensin teenies of pts, Fon neta he coe eps foe, TRuFSDELL and Tours (96, Chapter E, the tools on of Kes (1979) or Sita [197] and Wrasse [1955, Tn is section we discs ee the alan of veg equa thay namic, To pla with, we ntedice sm porta emisoey comme a temodyrais Genera ation. comin which possess th esha te ‘ny sales thermodymami ota. We say hte thermal ate to condition of sem abu ques rough thee sen ae rows All umes carterig «yt a x cenin ate re led termed nome late ables. They are marscpie quis agra, he) depend ‘portland ine, Forex, he Demonic te fa thermo od ene erent na even sinsona se pase witha iin cores tothe stabs and ow emperaue Ths feos a deere caine a sles cles thrmodynami state feet, Ay quo hi iss se "aries ales quan ost or basta equation "Ary chang atom res oan hase ose ‘lle theta press. Te ath ean te to es paras Sly sine sem reso ila at the ed tease oes he ste is hive undone so-called ele ll and a ate ‘> aorequram ste is sn of imbue ots gra oe ne a vel, win eqlibrim tat ste of ane (wor (epee ander ac). To tay acmeglsum or elu se i ental golf eominv tena, stem witinoglicum htm Wade 0 ange whee i lie om ts srodiage fen change the aes of ese vite a ty orice the sem wi ie we saat hs ys so harmo eglbta ‘dermal quiron The ean from one se of termed uli notes stdin thermostats A poss ten ems cle oa ste 10 4 anes Pe ot sai arom tech ire efor 0 quasstatle pres cr qushequram process Aqui proce ic alien slow rset ‘they enouph one rem or i tem aut ei. ily rose ting which he sen ner tal ines he corbin 6 ‘ham uation e ee. Heat sth frm fhe) core th and ween 3 ten sd i sarong (or bene ro sytem) by vite oa temperate rat Thee er urood men bet rein ery. ‘Thermal power. Lethe heal (non-emechaial) pone the at thermal ‘wrk be dena by Qa ns ty air foteefrw= fave fav am ich epee nthe pi ad tr derision repel. The dine dependent saa ncn’ jy ht Qy dete bet Bus, termi ‘nt rit tie an pr wi cent nd rene mre ne. epee. The feat Be yg a ng Ql eset tet wh et ers ad ow x hs dy cos he en th reace boy sas 0 Sd A, pete. “stim depend al l= (an = R(X) ney 18) deste ‘ac wrens pr eit pert cuenta free oe, respecte ue Fe 43), Aft ome ascot sp cer be oe et. Te foal secs fy rd sae he et wh et etd sire) into cena pons ody “he comzpar of Cauchy's eae rem (3.3) a comin mechanics he ‘Ste’ ea ie here in hema. pons ot th saa fst ‘sand Qeae near ncn f te cut nit ama at ‘aiehe)=aietl-m ce QA EN)=—OKN-N oe ‘hie depenn spilt lq = ith aa Cauchy hea hyo re bet an ined por ni see are in and wi theo wit ren oan nisi spt ace stamens © a he cen postion ‘Te Pla Keo eat Bg (ce moma hx a he os oi oa oan nines irl artic lent AS © fy xX me ete bythe We tore Q =!) sal N epee The tedepenent terial wet eld ‘tersinsthee x or antic es 8 "he egies (4.19) ended ee Fg 43) ease he wit ‘ests a Nae outer’ noma 82 il eee However we lat Fs (48) a heat ees bay (ad noma a), } aan 45 dase ony wm ewe Hen Bex ee asi Inder att conroarant ec ad Qo one ana, we sate he to est as Jug, Qu yu, Hene wh he onda Stokes” fox hore (1, Nimans orl (2:5) and asians asain (195) — forse fem Jeans F JP g NUS. 4.120) Comping thee an ight hand ies. 120) we conch a he Pale Kishi eat x Q ry Be reed oe Cah eat hn, We ie yao with 38 QI asta) = IFa eR, hic my be viewed sh puck peat othe onan er by the liner motion "nae ye value rai J. Sch tanforation We le te ola anyon, here ing eben ax vector Q and tna we defn on. 8). 46 ane Pins Fst iow of thermodynamics nati description, Hee we consist en ‘tc hema ome eed os eed bdo Tus, te tof work Ane oe he contina ty te um fhe a fers mechani work Po dtr of somal work Q, sl te re of ie veteyE-Censeety, fq on becom ain +40 = Beto cana) ich ot efor toe alae of there ener Byung ey (12) 89) we dec te nprnesiy, e uns Bet Pat) + 0 | an sing she extension for XE whic ae given bye), (691, fox Po On hich en bye (2) (1, we my wee gl oh B fibph seats furvsantes ever. ran teenies fe 40) ad pes ns one Mama anal se s mcner t oro See aka (420 no ftom oe aerrn Te eee tempa al emyin at ner cryC) eae ane ee a a copa yarn any foe aaa cna vot idee tn fees a ot Tet Serle emer tutes oro Fee ear are eee omg (2D aon it erp i 1a in aes sat bats tom 41) epee oe Tipe casey oem ON ea ascent nae wot and ey € cnn iatneecoae B fede= fie-0—arasiie tans) hihi ede ll farm lnc egy 129m test sro istinwof hermodynis in materi description, In crder to nis ans ener 124) ner of marl corte, we eeu fom of eae a ene Pon em pone ae rey ee (45), 4105) and (48,8982 (418. pty, “Taste sa tered the mer desertion eds Bfdev-son= forveaniss faevenar . aio Following apenas anlogou tne wished 0 (4.125, me ade eed Pel for once ee inthe mati desertion. ie B fears fie tones ma am Ince ain cl ow ms ere tht he ea se 9 (6120), Se the etree volte Vi indepen fie we may he yD fel f, EY Netthat te vol rata ang he sl oem ofthe aes emg in emi dserpion PP-DRO+R oo Fe Pah am, ay @ sha Rea. aa reseed syste nin ntsion, epee. ‘These arn ileal equtn i Gu 0 Kio alls a xy parle oy eral ines exercises 1 Assumes comin iy sabe a hay feces abt ue, she alae eanons By, Govt tenn = flava) mie 2 fdavson= forw-ey-ms Tete eee vn ary ecentaly Soa nee eae ace rs 2 Suing om 4.120, sow hat he li or Fe ane etion 8 (joren) =r digs Vs 25, 2.28, (2.178 ah ascot 1 (1.280 fo the Ievhandide 120, yet tev ebever 4. Deine he eal form fel ation in he patil scriin eu Soaming 4128 an oe it eves theme ETE Pr wit olan ater tan er nt masz (491 4.6 Entropy Inequality Principle “Te i ew of myc gover he energy ame wna hema recent sean be ditn of he eer) tafe. llavig We erve «mch fe pci ht th seco tered, wich ‘poner he diccton of an cosy rane roces Welds the concep of {toy an! case fe comeences econ aw of thea Sond lanafhemodvaamic.Fysalohsranr show hatha os front wamer wer lo shy om sues ft ie crm mehr ey amie tn nd i an Ee teed bk nal ee We ian del il, exo omg ram he isk seth 2s adn meng ated ing Gn, Fes ese Scoop nee od def, or cerpie CAL 198, Cane Tr Apia meen oye eta ste ety Fe me dele pst neptiarheed Seto 7 a se ‘Neto masonr = ne ay = 9) fr cnn pert "ranean pec tai eri TR ey pe cnn Sdy siping erin pn, dete tySiastest ote sine fateine = foe . 429) 46 rn neat Prine 7 who Xt) = J a(t whch shold compare! withthe angie 4.103) {thd (4.10, epecively.Thedettion 3 commenly iatedaed in cotton me Lathe rate entopy input io ein eno cam body consist of te ale of nro ound sci an he eMC SRA (ce esroyed side dtc, We ent by Qu wie ie ce eee nee (420) ‘he time dependent sles F = F(t and FE = F(X.) dot enteopy sources pero esd pe wcrc ud efctece vole, epetv Theal toy ous yi and Ja” mana he ato hich ny tera (er esvoyel eee of aly. The tin depntet veces b= i) e111 = HX.) dtrmine he Cay entropy Bor retry Be) Sed ‘ero care sutace ae in and he llr Kire eto a (or ia {trp fe) por an ference irae epi, 14 © Of Xe deoxy wn Nesey Sige We sve died th ‘i vectors dob eon al ed ly andi we opt the ‘ef sep np aopy entre te body. we med eine ss nein 0 The deren etc te te of change of exopy $ wd he rate of sop» ‘inpatient prction of entropy pe nine which ‘see ye poe thet eos prstion orl hemos Pew ao 20, cus 0) no reo secon mingle tn an equation en ete 6 te troy inequality pail Mae ext ihe (4.129, nd (4130), we fl om 18) the oa hans Bl neom= [oak fowoe. ann ‘hse elation se cent aren eine serbia Ue ety afer and posing revert of a heme proses

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