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• Sonar (SOund
Navigation And
Ranging)
• Active Sonar
05/28/08 2
Sound Transmit
• Vibration
• Frequency
• Source Level
05/28/08 3
Sound Receive
• Type of Material
• Conversion to
electrical signals
• Pre-amplification
• Amplitude
• Frequency
05/28/08 4
Speed of Sound
• 1500 meters per
second
• Affected by
temperature,
salinity & pressure
• Different for sea
water and sub-
bottom
05/28/08 5
Spherical Spreading of
Sound
• Spreading loss
• When it hits the
sea bottom or
surface,
spreading
becomes
cylindrical
05/28/08 6
Absorption of Sound
High Frequency Sound
• Vibrating
molecules
• Viscosity
• Chemical Low Frequency Sound
• Depends on
Frequency of
Sound
05/28/08 7
Refraction of Sound
• Bending of a sound
wave towards a
region of slower
sound speed
• Effects on imaging
the bottom
05/28/08 8
Reflection of Sound
• Deflection of the
path of a sound
wave by an object
or by the boundary
between two media
• Acoustic properties
of the boundaries…
• Similar = less
reflection
• Dissimilar = more
reflection
05/28/08 9
Scattering of Sound
• Scattering
affects the
distance sound
can travel
• Amount of
scattering…
• Size of scatter
• Wave length of
sound
05/28/08 10
Noise (Ambient, Man Made)
• Traveling through the sea,
an underwater sound signal
becomes delayed, distorted
and weakened, reflecting
on boundaries of underside
surface of waves, bottom
and shores, bubbles,
suspended particles and
marine life.
• Tide, current, temperature
variances and wind also
play on a sound's final
quality.
• Man made noise can also
affect the results
05/28/08 11
Time-Varied Gain
• (TVG) accurately
controlled
amplification
(gain) relative to
time after
transmission,
used to correct
for transmission
loss
05/28/08 12
Sonar Equation
• EL = SL + TS - 2TL
• Where EL (echo level) is the level of
the reflected sound, SL (source level)
is the level of the incident sound, TS
is target strength, and 2 TL is two-
way transmission loss due to
spreading and absorption.
05/28/08 13
SUB-BOTTOM PROFILER
DESCRIPTION
What is a Sub-Bottom
Profiler
• Seismic
Reflection
• Sound Source
• Penetration
• Hydrophones
• Time of Travel
05/28/08 15
Typical Sub-Bottom
Configuration
• Tow Vehicle
– Transmitter
– Hydrophone
– Pre-Amp
• Tow Cable
• Amplifier
• Display Processor
– Video Display
– Mass Storage
– Printer
05/28/08 16
Uses of Sub-Bottom Profiler
• Geological Surveys • Cable And Pipeline
• Geotechnical Surveys
Surveys • Archeological surveys
• Hazard Surveys • Mining & Dredging
• Hydrographic Surveys
Surveys • Scour & Erosion
• Environmental Site Surveys
Investigations • Deep Water Profiling
• Sediment (Hull Mounted
Classification
05/28/08
System) 17
Sub-Bottom Profiler Record
Interpretation
• Transmit (T0)
• Bottom Echo
• Sub-Bottom
• Layers
• Multiples
05/28/08 18
Record Interpretation -
Layers
• Detection
• Grey Scale Intensity
• Separation
• Hidden
05/28/08 19
Record Interpretation -
Acoustic Shadows
• Hard Object
• Trapped Gas
05/28/08 20
Record Interpretation -
Targets
• Pipelines
• Known Objects
• Unknown Objects
05/28/08 21
Record Interpretation -
Distortions
• Multi-Path
• Direct Path
• Side Echos
• Point Source
Reflections
05/28/08 22
Distortions - Multi-Path
05/28/08 23
Distortions - Direct Path &
Water Surface Reflections
05/28/08 24
Distortions - Point Source
Reflections (Side Echo)
05/28/08 25
Side Scan Sonar
SSS Features
• SIDEWAYS LOOKING
• NARROW BEAM HORIZONTAL
• WIDE VERTICAL BEAM
• TWO SIDES
• TOWED BODY DECOUPLES SHIP
MOVEMENT
• TOW FISH IS BELOW SURFACE NOISE
05/28/08
Ambient Noise Sources
• AMBIENT NOISE
• SELF MADE NOISE
• SEA SURFACE
• BIOLOGICAL
• SURF
• FLOW
• TERRESTRIAL
• MAN MADE
05/28/08
Self Made Noise Sources
• OTHER INSTRUMENTS
• SHIPS MACHINERY
• FLOW
05/28/08
Sonar Performance
05/28/08
Data acquisition
Beam spreading
05/28/08
Data acquisition
Target recognition
In general, the side scan sonar system shall be
operated so that it can detect an object on the sea
floor that measures 1 m x 1 m x 1 m.
Speed
The Surveyor should tow the side scan sonar at a
speed such that an object 1 m on a side on the sea
floor would be independently insonified a minimum
of three times per pass. The 4200 Multi ping sonar
allows for faster tow speeds due to the increased
ping rates.
05/28/08
Sonar Performance
05/28/08
Data acquisition
Bottom Coverage
05/28/08
Data acquisition
05/28/08
Data acquisition
Horizontal Range
Side scan sonar ranges refer to the range of the
display on each side. For example, a range setting of
100 meters provides a 200 meter swath width.
05/28/08
Side Scan range
Environmental Conditions:
The acoustic environment can have a severe affect on
the operating range of a side scan sonar. There
are 4 primary factors which may affect range
performance:
3. ambient noise
4. water temperature and salinity
5. water depth
6. sonar/towfish height above bottom (altitude)
05/28/08
Side Scan range
Noise: The ambient noise level for sidescan sonar frequencies (100 to
500Khz typically) is mostly dominated by acoustic and waterborne electrical
noise or interference from the vehicle platform itself.
The use of chirp technology with very well controlled receiver filter
characteristics such as is used in EdgeTech's Full Spectrum systems can
ensure that out of band system noise does not limit range.
05/28/08
Side Scan range
05/28/08
Data acquisition
05/28/08
Side Scan range
05/28/08
Data acquisition
05/28/08
Side Scan range
The beam shape shown in the previous slide is highly idealized but illustrates
the essential concepts.
The vertical beam shape of the sonar inevitably has some response to
echoes returning from the surface. (surface reflection)
As the ratio of depth (D) to Range (R) gets increasingly smaller either by way
of shallower water or longer range, the masking effects of the surface
backscattered echoes become more pronounced resulting in a
decrease in range performance. In shallow waters this effect is pronounced in
the lower frequency ( hence longer range) systems.
It is worth noting that the frequency dependant loss experienced by the
sound is weakly dependant on pressure (depth), and at extreme depths
(>2000-3000m) longer ranges can be obtained.
05/28/08
Side Scan range
05/28/08
Side Scan range
EdgeTech's statement of maximum range for a system is given for the
following general and typical conditions:
05/28/08
Side Scan range
05/28/08
Side Scan range
05/28/08
Measuring targets
4200-FS
system
The height of an object off the sea floor can be determined
using the formula, Ht=(Ls×Hf) ∕ R
05/28/08
Measuring targets
4200-FS
system
Ht=(Ls×Hf) ∕ R
Towfish height
(Hf)
Length of shadow (Ls)
Height of
Target (ht)
05/28/08
Discover Screen
05/28/08
Measuring targets
Dis co ver sof twa re
Using TARGET logger
05/28/08
Target logger Screen
05/28/08
Target logger Screen
05/28/08
Discover Screen
05/28/08
05/28/08