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agriculture Faisalabad:
Abstract:
The purpose of this project is to develop the computerized library
management system for the university of agriculture Faisalabad. The main
purpose of the project is to design and implement the computer based
database of all the management of library.
The computerized library is large knowledge base system which covered all
the library information. With the help of developed system, mistakes and
problems of manual system were minimized. Furthermore, different types of
reports can be generated easily. The developed system reduces the chance
of error and duplication and makes it easy to get the record of any student,
books and relevant information. Moreover, by this system different types of
reports can be generated which provides an efficient results with high
reliability than manual system. It also provides facility to add, delete and
update the record of student in user friendly graphical user interface (GUI)
environment. The GUI environment facilities the staff to enter the record
through keyboard and faster access to the record.
Introduction:
Introduction to the Research:
This project is totally computerized, its concern to computerized based
library management system of the UAF. In this project I will make
computerized software on which all books of library will be available to
everyone. All books present in the library will be converted into digital
format. After the completion of this project, I hope this project will remove a
lot of the problems of the students.
Students waste a lot of time in a library by searching books here and there.
They may or may not be able to find a book due to some reasons. Books may
be issued or the place of the book may be changed. But in online library
there is no need to search manually, you just type the title of the book or
author name in the search box and the book will be automatically be
displayed on the monitor screen if the book is present in the database.
Introduction of library:
The library of the UAF contains about 50,000 books. To search a book
manually from 50,000 books is not an easy job. In this library a lot of books
are present for research purpose and for references which are not issue able.
In the library there are many books present which are related to literature,
advance technologies in the agriculture field, very expensive books related
to physics, chemistry, biology, computer and engineering are also present
which are not affordable for every student. By making this library
computerized, we can help our students to find or issue a book more easily.
Existing system:
We study the existing system carefully.
The existing system is manual with following properties:
The current system is manual. All the work is being done on registers,
papers and printed sheets that are available in the market.
In the existing system, a clerk has to update a single entry several
times. So more efforts are needed for a single job to do.
Human beings are slower than machines. A manual work always need
more time to do a same job than machines. The current system is
manual and it is slower.
Sorting out records and depicting than in an order to create a report
needs a lot of time. Indexing of a large number of records in a manual
system usually fails. So to generate a report at any time is difficult.
In manual system all stationary should kept for future use. A big junk of
these records also needs a separate indexing, maintaining and staff to
handle it.
Expert person are needed to record information accurately and
generating reports.
1. In the existing system, all the calculations are done manually thus
having the great chance of error occurrence.
2. A large number of books are present in the library for a limited number
of students.
3. Fresh arrivals of books and the books present in Urdu section are not
issue able.
4. accommodation and timing problem
5. Searching of book is very difficult.
6. The books are being damaged by some students.
7. Management and discipline problem.
8. The library is almost filling. So it is difficult to make room for the new
once.
9. Long access time is required to generate reports for specific time
period.
10.
Have no proper database for the purpose of keeping precious
data.
11.
By using registers the updating process is inefficient.
12.
Too much stationary wastage which is very costly.
13. There is a problem of security because all the information is present on
papers and registers, so it can be misused easily.
Proposed system:
This new computerized system is ensuring promptness; timely retrieve
of any record concerned to any book. That is handling the information
of any student who will issue or return the book; it can also retrieve
reports in time. In time of feeding this system stores the overall
information of books which are present in the library or issued to
students. It provides correctness and reliability.
The complete information of every book is available at any time. Every
book is a awarded unique ID number which is going to be issue. It
provides the whole information to everyone all the time (Gane, 1997)
The main objective of the computer system is to provide a
computerized database system which also produced quality reports.
The broad based objectives include removing data redundancy, no
time consumption, less no, of persons and providing a quality
information system to manage and clients to generate improved and
quality reports which help the management to make better decisions
for improving of the organization.
A computers language of instruction and information is a programming
language. Information expressed in a programming language is called
data. There are many flavors of data. Numbers are one class of data.
Numbers series belong to the class of compound data, because each
series is made up of other pieces of smaller pieces of data, namely,
numbers. To construct the two kinds of data, we also call numbers
atomic data. Letters are other examples of atomic data; family trees
are compound data. Data represents information, but the concrete
interpretation is up to us (felleisen et al, 2003).
Introduction to project:
The project goal is to develop a computerized library for the UAF. The
computerized system will provide the accurate and timely information
for the management, for decision purposes. The main function of the
system is to track the books available and which are issued.
During system design, developers define the design goals of the
project and decompose the system into smaller subsystems that can
be realized by individual teams. Developers also select strategies for
building the system, such as the hardware/software platform on which
the system will run the persistent data management strategy, the
global control flow,
the access control policy, and the handling of
boundary conditions. The result of system design is a clear description
of each of these strategies, subsystem decomposition, and a
developed diagram representing the hardware/software mapping of the
system.
Whereas both analysis and system design produce models of the
system under construction, only analysis deals with entitles that the
client can understand (Brugge and Allen, 2004).
Developed system:
Minimum Redundancy:
In the proposed system all the master data is stored in unique tables
can this data through list of values. so, there is minimum chance of
redundancy.
Managerial acceptability:
The updating can be made in any easy way so that the management is
obtaining any type may not face any problems in dealing with it the
design system is acceptable to the organizations design and provides a
smooth flow of information from one step to next.
Security:
Security in a system provides safe guard in protecting system data
from deliberate damage, or access by authorized persons. This is done
by password option
Data Entry:
Under the proposed system the data entry is easy. User can enter data
and see on screen
Time Saving:
Everyone wants a quick response to its queries because decisions are
based on up to date due to high speed of processing; the proposed
system takes less time perform a task. Thus it can save a lot of time.
Project Brief:
This project is initiated with library. As mentioned above that project is
handling any record like book issue. Whenever it wants to see and
record, it is shown without consuming any time. If it wants to search
any specific record related to any book, it can easily query it without
wasting the time (Spicer, 2001).
Review of Literature:
Martin (1990) defined SQL as it is a language that enables you to
create and operate on relational database, which are set of related
information stored in tables.
SQL is a language oriented specially around relational database. It
eliminated a lot of work you will have to do if you are using a generalpurpose programming language. If you want to find some particular
rows, you would have to enumerate each step of the process like this.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inputs
Outputs
File storage and structure
Users requirements
Methods and procedures
Methods and procedures
Communication needs controls
Dhr & Stein (1997) stated the dimensions of problems and solutions,
and gave some points about the well engineered software. They said
that, a good solution does not compromise the problem requirements
and does not overly stretch the limits of the organization in doing so.
Other than the obvious things like immediate costs and benefits, what
dimensions should you consider in formulating and evaluating
alternatives?
Scalability:
Compactness:
Refers to how small the system can be made. Once a system has been
developed and tested, it needs to be put into the hands of the decision
makers within an organization.
Compactness deals with the ease with which the system can be
encoded into a computer language etc.
Flexibility:
Flexibility is the ease with which the relationships among the variables
or their domains can be changed, or the goals of the system modified.
Embedding:
Embedding refers to the ease with which a system can be coupled with
or incorporated into the infrastructure of an organization.
Anonymous (1998) described the features of object relational database
management system are:
User defined data types and objectives
Fully compatible with relational database
Support of multimedia and large objects
High quality database server feature:
Oracle 8 is the first object capable database developed by oracle. It
extends the data modeling capability of oracle 7 to support a new
object relational database model. Oracle 8 provides a new engine that
brings object oriented programming, complex data type, complex
business objects, and full compatibility with the relational world. Oracle
8 extend oracle 7 in many ways. It includes several features for
improved performance and functionality of online transaction
processing applications.
Hoffer et al. (1998) stated that like many processes, the development
of information system follows a life cycle. The system developed life
cycle (SDLC) is common methodology for systems development in
many organizations, featuring several phases that mark the progress
of the systems analysis and design effort. The representation of the
SDLC is sometimes referred to as the waterfall model. We use this
SDLC as one example of a methodology but, more impotently, as a way
to arrange the topics of systems analysis and design.
SDLC:
SDLC consists of the following phases:
Iterative Enhancement
The spiral model
Glib (1998) stated that
interface-related properties and quality attributes include the
following points:
1. User friendliness
2. Robustness
3. Reliability
Long term behavior related properties include
1. Maintainability
2. Modifiability
3. Extensibility
4. Reusability
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Overview of System:
Extensive study of the existing system was carried out. The proposed
system has been designed after in depth study of the manual system.
Keeping in view the problems, suggestion and requirements are both of
high and low level management. New system, whether manual or
electric, bring about many changes. These changes may be in
procedures or documents or even in the organization setup.
Analysis:
construction, tools necessary for construction and the way to use these
tools. Similarly to develop software system is very necessary.
It is also said that good analysis is the base of good software. Analysis
is the major portion of the software development process. A good
analyst must spend a reasonable time during analysis so that he must
not came back to correct his previous attempts. Hence it can be said
that the purpose of the system analysis is to understand the system.
Data Gathering:
The basic work of analysis is gathering data and analyzing it. Two
common data gathering techniques are interviews and questionnaires,
the data can also be gather by written material related to existing
system and to observe the existing data. After examining the whole
system keenly I muster up my abilities to analysis the system at the
limits. When I got quiet confidence about my analysis I developed the
structure of the database, then final database.
system
implementati
on and
Evaluation
Preliminary
investigatio
n
system
developmenr
t
System
analysis
System
Design
Preliminary Investigation:
Feasibility Study:
A system request must meet several tests to see whether it is worthwhile to proceed further. This series of tests is called feasibility study
and is a vital part of every system project. All projects are feasible
given unlimited resources and infinite time. Unfortunately, most
projects must be developed within tight budgetary and time
constraints. This means that assessing project feasibility is required
activity for all information systems projects and is potentially a large
undertaking. It requires that a system analyst, evaluate a wide range
of factors. Typically, some of these factors will be more important for
some projects and relatively unimportant for other projects.
Three separate types of feasibility are:
Financial Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Financial Feasibility:
Since the system is being developed as a B.sc degree requirement
project, so on development expenditures will be charged for the whole
development and the system will be free to use for the library. The
tools being used for the development are oracle 6i on back end and
oracle 6i on front end. Software or hardware is used, so the project is
very much feasible economically and financially.
Technical Feasibility:
Operation Feasibility:
Type:
Primary and essential
Actors:
Student (initiator), Librarian, Head of Department, Computer Operator,
Description:
This use case begins when a student enters the library of
agricultural university and submits the form for library membership.
Applications documents attached with the application are checked for
completion. After verification and completing other formal
requirements of the student membership is informed about that she
got the membership or not. All record of student is entered in
computer.
Membershi
p form
Fill and
verify
Pay dues
Got library
card
Software Selection:
The criteria for the selection of the software and function ability, flexibility,
security, performance, serviceability, minimal cost (Elias, 1993).
The software design resources can be used their best if designers are used
as designer, programmers and used as programmers, software designers
are used as quick reviews software designers are used for long haul
(Tognazzi, 1996).
The software tool selected for the developed system in oracle 10g. This
software tool has been selected due to the following reasons.
Oracle develop 10g is a tool that is designed for commercial purpose
applications. It has good facilities regarding database handling.
It has the ability to handle large amounts of inputs and outputs and to
produce reports of various formats.
In the interpretation and compilation process, it is faster than any other
RDBMS.
It provides a relation database management system available today for
personal computer as well as for multi-user system.
It has a capability to handle large amount of inputs to produce reports of
various forms.
Oracle has capability formation of its database, which can be run on any of
the environment either personal computer. Window NT, UNIX based system
without any change.
Software Features:
Data ware houses, decision-support system and business intelligence
software have been around for well over a decade, helping companies
answer those complex questions.
However, no single, integrated environment to data has existed, until oracle
10g. In addition to significant enhancements to core data warehousing
capabilities, such as the introduction of bitmap join indexes, dynamic
allocation of runtime memory for queries and parallel query enchantments,
oracle brought the online analytical OLAP is simpler, faster data analysis and
the animation of massive replication (Spicer, 2001).
Consistency of Data:
By eliminating data redundancy, we greatly reduce the opportunities for
inconsistency. For example, if each address is stored only once, we cannot
have disagreement on the stored values. So consistency means when we
change an address is stored in two different records, the database system
should update this data value in both records.
Accuracy of Information:
Accuracy is the ratio of correct information to the total amount of information
produce over a period. The accuracy level depends on type of information
produced. In computer-based system, level of accuracy is nearly 100%
unless there are errors in data entry. Since all the calculations are done
automatically, so the chances of errors are very rare, which result in
accuracy of the system Thus the new computerized system is more accurate
as compared to the manual system as all the inquires done previously were
by hand, which sometime lead to wrong information. In the new system code
and also saves the searching time to confirm its uniqueness in the file. Each
table of the new system has at least one unique key which eliminate the
duplication of each item. More ever the validation checks ensure that
accurate data has been entered.
The new computer assisted system also provides timely and accurate
retrieval of information in an efficient manner. Finally this newly developed
system is adaptable and practical able to the changing environment (Date,
1998).
Automation:
The system performs much of the routine work automatically, explicitly, it
picks the current date whenever needed, and it provides every information,
which has to be given to management for timely decision.
Ease of Use:
The developed system is being used button palette facility. Help is provided
at every possible point. Data entry, updating and query operation are all
provided on a single screen. During data entry, the user can toggle between
almost all the fields.
Modularity:
The system is divided into a number of modules integrated together to fulfill
users requirements. These modules are independent of each other.
Different users can work on different modules at the same time. Another
major advantage of modularity is the ease of modification and extension of
the developed system.
(Macfadden et al, 2002).
Record Storage:
The record storage in the new system is much faster and requires less
physical storage space for data.
New backup technologies are making it possible to backup data more
completely and economically, using les space, with sampler and faster
restore procedures and intriguing side benefits. These backup technologies
involve better ways of handling the data you want to backup. Best of all, they
also work well in oracle environments (Kaplan, 2007).
The new system is also flexible and capable of adapting to the randomly
changing conditions.
List of Values:
A list of values is provided whenever needed, so that the user needs not to
remember entries already made. A single keystroke pops up a list and user
can select a desired value from it.
Most data-intensive applications require user to select values from list of
choices. In many cases, the list of valid choices for one field depends on the
selection a user makes in another field. For example, in a global commerce
application, a user might first pick a country. The ability to simplify the
creation of lists of values (LOVs) to support this kind of scenario has been
one of the most common enhancement request for oracle application
development (Muench, 2007).
User Friendly:
To developed system is user friendly because anyone with basic knowledge
about the computer system can efficiently input, maintain and manipulate
the data. The system provides user friendly messages whenever the data is
inserted, deleted or modified.
Human Intervention:
As only the authorized persons who will be responsible for the processing will
be allowed to access the system, human intervention will be minimized in
the system.
Acceptability:
The system is acceptable to the management because they can obtain any
type of report or information pertaining to the system easily. New system
also provides concise information to management helping them to forecast
the profit and the product they sell (Shelly et al, 1998).
Security:
Strong authentication allows identification of the user. This is critical issue to
ensure confidence in network security. Passwords are most common method
of request to the database. Since authentication will be integrated with the
database software, the analyst needs to be engaged in the implementation
and versed in the knowledge of how it relates to design of the entire
database system (Date, 1998).
Appropriateness of Option:
A list item is used wherever needed, so that the user needs not to remember
entries already made. A single keystroke pops up list and user can select a
desired value from it. Editors are also available s for the text fields that
require large amount of text to be entered. Appropriate option has been
given in the newly computerized system therefore everybody can choose
options according to his requirement at right time place. The conflicts
options are also removed so that the contents of one object do not interface
the other (Gill, 2000).
Summary:
Developing understanding of computer use and information systems
implementation in industries has turned the world into a global village. In
developing countries like Pakistan its the dire need of time that our library
should be well acquainted with high speed information system for the UAF. It
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