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SERIE DE POTENCIAS
Una ecuacin diferencial de coeficientes variables de la forma:
an ( x ) y n +a n1 ( x ) y n1 +a n2 ( x ) y n2 +.. +a 1 ( x ) y + ao ( x ) y=f (x )
a (x) y
y + n1
an ( x )
n1
a (x ) y
+ n2
an ( x )
n2
+.. +
//
an ( x )
a1 ( x ) y ao ( x ) y
+
=f ( x)
an( x )
an ( x )
y (x )
admite:
y ( x )= ak ( xx 0 )k
k=0
ak
Donde:
3) Para que
(x)
en un coeficiente recursivo
y (x )
admita una serie de potencias alrededor del punto X 0 entonces P(x), Q(x)
(x)
(x)
xy +senx*y=0
// *x
P ( x )=
sen x
x
//
( x 2x )
y+
3 ( x1 )
y + {{left (x-1 right )} ^ {2}} over {x left (x-1 right )} y`+ {3} over {x left (x-1 right )} y=0
x ( x1 )
y+
3
y + {left (x-1 right )} over {x} y`+ {3} over {x left (x-1 right )} y=0
x
3 ( x 1 )
=
x ( x1 )
X0 = 0 No es derivable
( x1 )2
=+
x ( x1 )
No es analtica
3
=
x ( x1 )
no es analtico
P ( x )=
3
x
Q ( x )=
( x1 )
=0
x
es analtico en X0 =1
R ( x) =
3
=
x ( x1 )
No es analtico en X0 =1
Es analtica en X0 =1
y ( x )= an ( xx 0 )n
n=0
an
y ( x ) = n an ( xx 0 )
n1
n=0
Derivando nuevamente:
y left (x right ) = sum from {n=0 } to { } {{n(n-1) a} rsub {n} {left (x- {x} rsub {0} right )} ^ {n-2} }
y ( x )= n ( n1 ) (n2) an ( xx 0 )n3
n=0
Al reemplazar en la ecuacin diferencial y manejar los subndices de las sumatorias para que todas
empiecen en un solo valor se encuentran dos ecuaciones en trminos de
ak .
1) Ecuacin recursiva
2) Ecuacin complementaria
Para ello se debe lograr:
i.
Igualar potencias de (x-x0)
ii.
Uniformizar los ndices de la sumatoria
Otro mtodo alternativo es generar matricialmente la ecuacin recursiva.
Ejemplo.- Resolver la ecuacin diferencial alrededor de X=0
( 1+ x 2 ) y +2xy`-2y=0
//
( 1+ x 2 )
y + {2x} over {left (1+ {x} ^ {2} right )} y`- {2} over {left (1+ {x} ^ {2} right )} y=0
Analticos en x=0
y ( x ) = n an ( x )
n=0
y ( x ) = n an ( x )
n1
n=1
y left (x right ) = sum from {n=2 } to { } {{n(n-1) a} rsub {n} {left (x right )} ^ {n-2} }
Reemplazando:
n =2
n=1
n=0
n(n1)a n ( x ) + n(n1) an ( x ) + 2 n an ( x ) + (2 ) a n ( x ) =0
n=2
n=1
n=0
n=2
( n +2 ) (n +21) an +2 ( x ) + n(n1)an ( x ) + 2n an ( x ) + (2 ) an ( x ) =0
n=2
n=1
n=0
n =0
n=2
n=2
n=2
2 a2 +6 a3 x
n=2
2 a22 a0 =0 a2=a 0
6 a3 =0 a3=0 a n+2=
n ( n1 )2 n+2
a n Ecuacin Recursiva
( n+2 ) (n+1)
( n2n+2 n2 )
( n+ 2 )( n1 )
an +2=
an=
a
( n+2 ) (n+1)
( n+ 2 ) (n+1) n
n=0 a2=a0
n=1a 3=0
n=2a 4=
1
1
a3 =
a
3
3 0
n=3 a5=
2
a =0
3 3
an +2=
( n1 )
a
( n+1) n
n0
a7 , a9 Impares=0
3
1
3
5
1
n=4 a6=
a 4=
a 0= a0
5
3
5
5
3
7
1
5
5
1
n=6 a8=
a 6=
a0 =
a
7
3
7 0
Coeficientes pares:
ak =
(1 )k +1 2 k
x a0
2 k1
y G= y pares+ y impares
y G=a0 +a1 x+ a2 x 2 +a 3 x 3+ a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 +a6 x 6 +. ..
y G=a1 x +a 0
k=1
(1 )k+1 2 k
x
2 k 1
FORMA MATRICIAL
Sea la ecuacin diferencial:
y ( x )= an ( xx 0 )
n=0
x0
x1
xn
yn
P ( x ) y n1
(x) y
Ejemplo.-
Resolver:
=0
( 1+ x 2 ) y +2xy`-2y=0
=0
alrededor de X = 0
y ( x )= n an x
y ( x ) = n an x n1
n=0
n=1
y left (x right ) = sum from {n=2 } to { } {{n(n-1) a} rsub {n} {x} ^ {n-2} }
x
y
n (n1)an x n2
2 a2
6 a3
( n+2 ) (n+ 1) an +2
x2 y
n (n1) an x n
n(n+ 1)an
2 xy
2 n an x n
2 a1
2 nan
2 y
(2 ) n an x n
2 a 2
2 a 1
2 a n
=0
=0
2 a22 a0 =0 a2=a 0
6 a3 =0 a3=0 a n+2=
( n2+ n2 )
a
( n+2 ) (n+ 1) n
an +2=
( n1 )
an
( n+1)
n0
alrededor de X 0 =
Sol:
y ( x ) = n an x
n=0
y ( x ) = n an x
n1
n=1
y left (x right ) = sum from {n=2 } to { } {{n(n-1) a} rsub {n} {x} ^ {n-2} }
n( n1)a n
8 a2
24 a 3
4 ( n+2 ) (n+1)an+2
3 a 1
(3 ) na n
(1 ) n an x n1
a1
2 a2
(1 ) ( n+1)a n+1
2 n an x n+1
2 a0
2 an1
=0
=0
n (n1)an x n
4 n( n1) an x n2
(3 ) n an x n
1
8 a2 a1=0 a2= a1 24 a3 3 a1+ 2a 2+2 a 0=0
8
n ( n4 )
n+1
2
an +1+
an
an 1
4 ( n+ 2 ) (n+1)
4 ( n+2 ) (n+ 1)
4 ( n+2 ) (n+1)
Ecuacin Recursiva
n 1
1
n=0 a2= a
8 1
n=1a 3=
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
13
a2 + a a = a + a a a3= a + a
12
8 1 12 0 12 8 1 8 1 12 0
12 0 96 1
n=2a 4=
1
1
1
1
1
13
1 1
1
1
35
a3 + a a =
a+ a +
a a a 4=
a
a
16
12 2 24 1 16 12 0 96 1 12 8 1 24 1
192 0 1536 1
n=3 a5=
5
121
a+
a
768 0 30720 1
y G=a0 1
1 3 1 4 5 5
1
13
35 4 121 5
x
x
x + a1 x + x 2+ x 3
x +
x
12
192
768
8
96
1536
30720
) (
MTODO DE FROBENIUS
Se utiliza para resolver ecuaciones diferenciales con puntos singulares. Estos pueden ser regulares
irregulares
La solucin que plantea Frobenius es de la forma:
y ( x )= n an x n+v
n=0
Entonces:
y ( x ) = ( n+ v ) a n x
n+ v1
n=1
y left (x right ) = sum from {n=2 } to { } {{a} rsub {n} (n+v)(n+v-1) {x} ^ {n+v-2} }
El objetivo es hallar inicialmente v, para luego generar las soluciones.
MATRICIALMENTE:
x v1
xv
Ecuacin
f(v)
=0
x v+1
x v+n
yn
P ( x ) y n1
Q ( x ) y n2
i.
ii.
iii.
Races distintas
Races Iguales
Races Mltiples
// 2
alrededor
y ( x )= n an x
n+v
y ( x ) = ( n+ v ) a n x n+ v1
y left (x right ) = sum {{a} rsub {n} (n+v)(n+v-1) {x} ^ {n+v-2}}
xv
x v+1
x n+v
2 a1 ( v +1 ) v
2 a2 ( v +2 ) (v +1)
2 an+1 ( n+ v+ 1 ) (n+ v)
a1 ( v +1 )
a2 ( v +2 )
an +1 ( n+ v +1 )
2 xy
2 an ( n+v ) (n+v1) x n+ v1
a n ( n+ v ) xn +v1
2 x 2 y
2 an ( n+v ) x n+ v+1
3 a 0 v
2 a n1 ( n+ v1 )
4 xy
4 n an x n+v +1
4 a0
4 an1
=0
=0
( 2 v +1 )( v +1 )=0 v =
Para v=-1
2( n+v 3)
1
v=1a n+1=
a n1
2
( n+ v+ 1 ) ( 2 ( n+ v )+ 1 )
an +1=
2(n4)
a n1
n ( 2n1 )
n 1
Ecuacin Indicial
n=1a 2=3 a0
4
2
n=2a 3= a = a
6 1
3 1
n=3 a4 =
2
2
2
a = 3 a0 = a0
15 2 15
5
n=4 a5=0
2
2
45
4
n=5 a6=
a0=
a
5
125 0
n=6 a7=0
1
y 1=x
{ a0 +a1 x+ a2 x 2 +a 3 x 3 +a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 +a 6 x 6 +. .. }
{(
2
4 6
2
y 1=x1 a0 13 x3 + x 4 +
x .+ a1 x x 3
3
125
3
)}
2 n7
7
2
2( n )
2
2
an +1=
a n1=
an1
1
2n+ 1
n+ ( 2 n )
(2 n)
2
2
Para v=-1/2
( )
an +1=
n=1a 2=
5
a
3 0
n=2a 3=
3
a
10 1
1
5
21
5
n=3 a4 =
a0= a0
3
63
1
3
36
1
n=4 a5=
a1=
a
10
120 1
2 n7
an1
n ( 2n+1 )
n=5 a6=
1
a
132 0
n=6 a7=0
y 2=x
1
2
{(
5
5
1 6
3
1 5
a0 1 x 2+ x 4 +
x .+ a1 x x 3
x ..
3
63
132
10
120
)}
Si
v 1v 2
y G=C 1 y1 +C 2 y 2
ii.
Si
v 1v 2
y G=C 1 y1 +C 2 x v bn x n +C 1 y 1 ( x ) ln ( x)
iii.
Si
v 1=v 2
n=0
entonces:
y G=C 1 y1 +C 2 y 1 ( x ) ln ( x )+ bn x n
n =0
y ( x )= n an x n+v
y ( x ) = ( n+ v ) a n x n+ v1
y left (x right ) = sum {{a} rsub {n} (n+v)(n+v-1) {x} ^ {n+v-2}}
2 y= 2 an x n+v
n+ v
n+v
x2 y
a0 v ( v 1 )
an ( n+ v ) (n+ v1)
x2 y
an1 ( n+ v1 )
2 a 0 v
2 a n ( n+ v )
2 a0
2 an
-2x
2y
=0
a0 v ( v 1 )2 a0 v +2 a0 =0 a0 ( v 23 v+ 2 )=0 v =2 v=1
2 Caso:
+
21=1 Z
an =
( n+ v1 )
( n+v 1 )
an1=
an1
( n+ v ) ( n+v 1 )2 ( n+ v )+2
( n+ v )23 ( n+ v )+ 2
an =
Para
y 1 v =2
n=1a 1=a0
1
1
n=2a 2= a =
a
2 1 21 0
n=3 a3=
1
1
a2=
a
3
321 0
n=4 a4=
1
1
a3 =
a
4
4321 0
n=5 a5=
1
1
a4 =
a
5
54321 0
ak =
(1 )k x k
k!
an =
1
a n1
n n1
1
a
( n+ v2 ) n1
(1 )k k
y 1 ( x)=x a1 x
x
k=1 k !
2
Para
y 2 ( x )=x
v2
bn x n+ C1 y 1 ( x ) ln ( x )
0
an =
Con v=1
1
a n>1
n1 n1
n=2a 2=a1
n=3 a3=
1
1
a2=
a
2
21 1
n=4 a4=
1
1
a3 =
a
3
321 1
ak =
(1 )k+1 x k
k =2
( k1 ) !
y 2 ( x )=x a1
{{
k +1
}{
(1 )
(1 ) k
k
2
x+
x + x
x ln ( x)
k!
k=2 ( k1 ) !
0
y G=C 1 y1 +C 2 y 2
CAPITULO 5
( 1 ) x ( t )= A ( t ) x ( t ) + B ( t ) (t)
x ( )=x 0
Donde:
A(t) R
nn
B(t) R
x(t) R
(t) R
n1
n1
nn
Matriz de Estado
Si en (1) A(t) y B(t) son matrices constantes entonces se lo denomina Sistema Dinmico
Autnomo Forzado.
Si en (1) (t)=0, el sistema se denomina Dinmico no Autnomo no Forzado
Si en (1) (t)=0 y A(t) es constante el sistema se denomina Dinmico Autnomo no
Forzado
x ( t )=A n n x ( t )
x ( )=x 0
Donde
t,
( )
Por lo tanto
t,
x ( t )= ( ) x ()
t,
t,
x ( t )= ( ) x ( ) + ( ) x ( t )
Reemplazando:
Por lo tanto:
t,
t,
( ) x ( )= A n n ( ) x( )
t,
t,
( ) x ( )= A n n ( )
()
x ( ) =x (o)
t,
x ( ) = ( ) x ( )=x (o)
Por lo tanto:
t,
( ) I n n
Matriz Identidad
t,
X NF = ( ) x ( )
SISTEMA DINMICO AUTNOMO FORZADO
Tiene la forma:
x ( t )=A ( t ) x ( t ) +B (t)
x ( )=x 0
t,
t,
Verificando
: x ( t )= ( ) z ( t )+ ( ) z ( t )
Sustituyendo la ecuacin:
t,
x ( t )= ( ) z ( t )
t,
t,
t,
( ) z ( t ) + ( ) z ( t ) =A n n ( ) z ( ) + B (t)
t,
t,
t,
(
)
(
)
(
)
A n n z + z ( t ) =A n n ( ) z ( ) +B ( t)
Por ()
t,
( ) z ( t )=B (t)
t,
1
( )
t,
t,
z (t )
dz (t)
= ( )1B ( t)
dt
dz (t )= ( )1B (t ) dt
z ()
t,
Por lo tanto:
z ( t )z ( )= ( ) B ( t ) dt
1
t,
t
z ( t )=z ( ) + ( )1B ( t ) dt
,
x ( ) = ( ) z ( ) z ( )=x ()
t,
t
z ( t )=x ( ) + ( )1B ( t ) dt
t,
t,
Sustituyendo en el cambio:
t,
t,
t,
t
x ( t )= ( ) x ( ) + ( ) ( ) B ( t ) dt
1
x ( t )= ( ) x ( ) + ( )1B ( t ) dt
t,
t,
( )1 = ( )
Se verifica:
t,
t,
t,
Por lo tanto:
x ( t )= ( ) x ( ) + ( ) ( )B ( t ) dt
x ( t )=
t,
t,
( ) ( t , )B ( ) d
( ) x ( )+
La Matriz
t,
( )
t,
e =
A ()
t,
( )
x ( t )=e
A(t)
x ( o ) + e A (t )B ( ) d
Diagonalizacin
At
Normal
{Fadevva
A= A 1 tr ( A1 ) =q1 B1 =A 1q 1 I
ii.
A 2= AB 1
tr ( A2 )
=q 2 B2= A2 q2 I
2
iii.
A 3= AB 2
tr ( A3 )
=q3 B3= A 3q 3 I
3
iv.
A n= AB n1
tr ( An )
=qn Bn =A nqn I =
n
i+1= k i +b i+1
i=0,1,2,3, .., n2
k =autovalor ksim
Donde
y = x 1=x 2
Derivan
do
n1
3. a n1 x n +f (t)
y = x n=a 0 x 1a 1 x 2a2 x
=x n
En forma matricial:
[][
x 1
0
1
0
0
x2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
x 3 = 0
0
0
0
x n a0 a 1 a2
x (t)
Ax (t)
0
an1
][ ] [ ]
x1 0
x2 0
x 3 + 0 f (t )
xn 1
B (t )
][ ] [
3t
x = 2 1 x + e sen 3 t
y
4 1 y 2 e3 t cos 3t
[][
x G=x NF + x F
Sol.-
x NF =e
A(t)
x ( o)
A= A 1 tr ( A1 ) =3=q1
][ ][
B 1= A1SI = 2 1 3 0 = 1 1
4 1
0 3
4 2
][
][
A 2= AB 1= 2 1 1 1 = 6 0
4 1
4 2
0 6
tr ( A 2 )
=6
2
B r= A 2(6 ) I =0
23 6=0
( A )=
3 94 ( 1 )( 6 ) 3 i 15
=
2
2
3+ i 15 3 15
,
2
2
[ ]
I= 1 0
0 1
Autovectores:
i+1= k i +b i+1
i=0,1,2,3, .., n2
i=0 : 1= 1 0 +b1 1 =
[][ ]
1i 15
3i 15 1 1
1=1 0 +b1 1=
+
1=
2
2
0
4
4
[][ ]
P=
[ ]
[ ]
1+i 15
3+i 15 1 1
+
1=
2
2
0
4
4
1+i 15
2
4
1i 15
1
P1=
Adj P det P=2+2i 152 ( 1i 15 ) =4 i 15
2
det P
4
P1=
1
4 i 15
1i 15
2
1+ i 15
2
4
4
e A (t )=P e D (t ) P1
][
1+i 15
i
e A (t )=
2
4 15
4
i
A (t )
e =
4 15
e A (t )=
1+i 15
e
2
4e
3+i 15
t
2
3+i 15
t
2
1 =
2t
3
2
{ ( ) ( )}
i
2 15
15
+i sen
2
3i 15
t
2
P1
1t
2t
4 e + 4 e
2 ( 1i 15 ) e t +2 ( 1+i 15 ) e t
1
15
2
15
i sen
2
15
2
15 t2 15 sen 15 t
e 2 2i 15cos
( 2 )}
(2)
3
t
2
15
16 e cos
t
x F = e A (t )B ( ) d
0
][ ] [
3t
x = 2 1 x + e sen 3 t
y
4 1 y 2 e3 t cos 3t
[][
2 t
3 i 15
2
3+i 15
2
{ ( ) ( )}
e =e cos
3i 15
t
2
1 t
3
2
e =e cos
( 1i2 15 ) e
4e
1t
Para:
i 2 ( 1+ i 15 ) e 2 ( 1i 15 ) e
4 15
16 e t16 e t
Como :
e A (t )=
3 +i 15
1i 15 e 2
2
0
4
(2)
( 215 ) t
15
15
e {2 i 15 cos ( ) t + 2 15 sen ( )t }
2
2
t
4 e 2 cos
3
2
x F =
0
i
15
e2
( t )
i 15 cos
(2) }
(2)
8e
15 ( t ) 15 sen 15 ( t )
3
( t )
2
cos
( 215 ) ( t )
2 e2
e
3
( t )
2
( t )
cos
{ ( )
15 cos
( 215 )( t )
15
( t )+2 15 sen
2
e3 sen 3
d
3
2 e cos 3
s X ( s )X ( o )= A X ( s ) + B(s)
s X ( s ) A X ( s )= X ( o ) + B(s)
( sI A ) X ( s ) =X ( o ) + B ( s ) / ( sI A )1
X ( s )=( sI A )1 X ( o ) + ( sI A )1 B ( s ) / L1
t
x ( t )=e
A(t)
x ( o ) + e A (t )B ( ) d
o
En consecuencia:
e A (t )=L1 [ ( sI A )1 ]
x +2x`+5y=f(t-1)
.(1)
x + y +2 y=f (t 3) (2)
X(o)=X`(o)=0
f ( t )= 4 0 t 1
0 t< 0
y(o)
( 215 ) ( t )}
x ( t )=A ( t ) x ( t ) +B ( t ) / L
x ( )= x0
..
f 1 ( t )=4 ( t1 ) 4 ( t2 )
//
//
4
4
f 1 ( s )= es e2 s
s
s
f 2 ( t )=4 ( t3 )4 ( t4 )
4
4
f 2 ( s )= e3 s e4 s
s
s
X ( s )=
4 ( s+ 2 ) ( es e2 s )
20 ( e3 se4 s )
5
2
2
2
s 2 { ( s+ 2 ) 5 }
s {( s+ 2 ) 5 } s 2 { ( s+ 2 ) 5 }
( s 2 +2 s ) 4 ( e3 se4 s ) 4 ( es e2 s )
s 2+ 2 s
Y ( s )=
+
2
2
2
s {( s +2 ) 5 }
s 2 {( s+2 ) 5 }
s {( s +2 ) 5 }
O.A.
A B C ( s+2 )+ D
= 2+ +
2
2
s {( s+2 ) 5 } s s ( s+ 2 ) 5
2
A {( s+ 2 )25 } Bs { ( s+ 2 )25 } { C ( s +2 ) + D } s 2
+ 2
+ 2
=
s 24 s1
s 4 s1
s 4 s1
B+ C=0 0 0 A=820 0
A + 4 B+ 2C + D=0 0 1 B=36802
4 AB=4 0 2 C=36 80 2
El otro:
s { ( s+ 2 ) 5 }
2
A B ( s +2 ) +C
+
=
s ( s+ 2 )25
A + B=0 1 0 A=5 04
4 A +2 B+C=0 2 0 B=5 1 4
A=5 0 4 C=10 0 8
Para el sistema dinmico
x=z 1
x =z 1
Derivan
do
x =z 2
y=z 3
y =z 3
x =-2x`-5y+f(t-1)
De (1)
[][
x 2 y + f (t3)
][ ] [ ]
z 1
0
0 1
0 x1
z 2 = 0 2 5 x 2 + f (t1)
0 1 2 x 3 f (t3)
z 3
s 2 X ( s )sX ( o ) X ( o ) +2 { sX ( s )X ( o ) }+ 5Y ( s )=f 1 ( s)
( s2 +2 s ) X ( s )+ 5 y ( s )=f 1 ( s)
( )
sX ( s ) X ( o ) + sY ( s )Y ( o )+ 2Y ( s )=f 2 ( s)
En (2)
( s 2+2 s ) X ( s ) +5 y ( s )=f 1( s)
por Cramer
X ( s )=
f 1 ( s)
5
1+ f 2 (s) s +2
s 2 +2 s 5
s
s+2
( s +2 ) f 1 ( s )5 ( 1+f 2(s) )
2
s( s+2) 5 s
Y ( s )=
s 2 +2 s
f 1 ( s)
s
1+f 2 ( s)
s2 +2 s 5
s
s+ 2
( s+ 2)2 ( 1+ f 2 (s) ) f 1 ( s )5 f 1 ( s )
s {( s+2)25 }
t
t y ( t ) +z ( t ) +tz ( t )=(t1) e
y ( t ) z ( t )=et
Con:
{
{
(1 )
y(o)=1
z(o)=-1
d (Y (s ))
d ( sZ ( s )Z ( o ) )
1
1
+ z ( s ) + (1 )
=
( )
2
ds
ds
( s+ 1 ) s+1
1
sY ( s )Y ( o )Z ( s )=
..( )
s+1
dY ( s )
dZ ( s )
1
1
+ z ( s )z ( s )s
=
2
ds
ds
( s+ 1 ) s+1
1
Z ( s )=sY ( s )
1derivando
s+ 1
reemplazando :
dZ ( s )
dZ ( s )
1
=Y ( s ) +s
+
ds
ds
( s+1 )2
dY ( s )
dY ( s )
1
1
1
s Y ( s ) + s
+
=
2
2
ds
ds
( s +1 )
( s +1 ) s+1
dY ( s ) 2 dY ( s )
dY ( s )
1
1
s
s
sY ( s )=
+
+ ( s2 +1 )
+sY ( s )
2
2
ds
ds
ds
( s +1 ) s+1 ( s+1 )
dY ( s )
dY ( s )
s
s
+ 2
ds=0
= 2
ds
Y (s) ( s + 1 )
Y ( s)
( s +1 )
ln Y ( s )=
1
1
ln ( s 2+ 1 ) Y ( s )= 2
2
s +1
// L
Y ( t )=I o( t)
Reemplazando en (2)
Z ( s )=
s
1
1
2
s+1
s +1
// L
e At
Por el teorema de Hamilton Cagley se conoce que toda matriz satisface su polinomio caracterstico
n
P ( )= q 1
n
A q1 A
n1
q 2 A
n 2
n1
q 2
n2
. qn1=0
. q n1 I =
Por lo tanto:
e At=
k=0
( At )k
k!
( At )n1 , ( At )n2
e At= q ( t ) Pk A
Puter dice:
e = r k+1 (t ) Pk A
At
k=0
Donde:
Po ( A )=I
( At )k
P1 ( A )=A 1 I
P2 ( A )=( A1 I ) ( A2 I )
P3 ( A )=( A1 I ) ( A2 I ) ( A3 I )
dr 1
= 1 r 1 ( t ) r 1 (o)=1
dt
e = r k+1 (t ) Pk A=r 1 ( t ) Po ( A ) +r 2 ( t ) P1 ( A ) +r 3 ( t ) P2 ( A )
At
k=0
e At=r 1 ( t ) I + r 2 ( t ) ( A 1 I ) +r 3 ( t ) ( A1 I )( A2 I )
At
x ( t )= A x +B ( t )
I.
Hallar
II.
donde
] [ ]
0
5
3
3
A= 3
5
3 B= 0
2t
5 3 3
te
por Putzer
Sol.- Autovalores :
5
3
3
det ( A I )= 3
5
3 =0
5
5 3
||
||
][ ][
2+
0
2+
0
3 5
3 3
2
0 3
0
0 ( 2 )( 2 ) (3 )=0
5 5 3
5
0
2
5
0
2
=3 =22
[ ]
1 0 0
P ( o ) A= 0 1 0
0 0 1
P1 ( A )=A 1 I
5
3
3
2 0 0
3
3
3
3
5
3 0 2 0= 3
3
3
5 3 3
0 0 2 5 5 5
2
= ( A1 I ) =
P2 ( A )=( A2 I )
][
][
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
=
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 5
r 1 ( t ) =1 r 1 ( t ) r 1 ( o )=11=c
d r1
dr
r
=2 r 1 1 = 2 dt ln 1 =2t r 1=Ce2 t r 1=e 2 t
dt
r1
c
r k +1 ( t )= k+1 r k+1 ( t ) +r k ( t )
r k +1( 0)=0
K=0 (n-1)
r 2= 2 r 2+r 1
F.I. =
2 t
d r2
2 r 2=e 2 t
dt
d { r 2 e2 t }= dt
e2t
r 3 = 3 r 3 + r 2
Con K=2
F.I. =
3 t
d r3
3 r 3 =te 2 t
dt
d { r 3 e3 t }= tet dt
3t
At
e =e
2t
[ ] [
1 0 0
3
3
3
3
3
3
2t
2t
3t
0 1 0 +te 3
3
3 + {( t+1 ) e +C2 e } 3
3
3
0 0 1
5 5 5
5 5 5
2t
3t
2t
3t
2t
3t
2 e +3 e 3 e + 3 e 3 e +3 e
e = 3 e 2 t +3 e 3t 2 e2 t + 3 e3 t 3 e2 t +3 e 3 t
5 e 2 t5 e 3 t
5 e 2t 5 e 3 t
6 e2 t 5 e3 t
At
X NF =e At x ( o )
t
X F= e A (t )B ( ) d
o
X F=
o
][ ]
2e 2 (t ) +3 e 3 (t ) 3 e 2 (t ) +3 e 3 (t ) 3 e 2( t ) +3 e 3( t ) 0
3 e2 (t )+3 e 3 (t ) 2 e 2 (t ) +3 e 3 (t ) 3 e 2( t ) +3 e 3( t ) 0 d
2
5 e 2 (t )5 e3 (t ) 5 e 2 (t )5 e3 (t ) 6 e 2 (t )5 e 3 (t ) e
] [
3 e 2 t +3 e 3 t e
3 e 2 t +3 e 3 t e
3 e2 t +3 e3 t e d= 3 e2 t +3 e 3 t e
6 e 2t 5 e 3t e
6 e2 t 5 e3 t e
]|
X F =
o
3 2 2 t
t e + 3 ( t +1 ) e 4 t
2
X F= 3 2 2 t
t e + 3 ( t +1 ) e 4 t
2
3 t 2 e 2 t5 ( t+ 1 ) e 4 t
[]
C1
X G =X NF + X F x ( 0 )= C2
C3
y=x 1 +
MULTIPLICADOR.-
x 2+
x3
k R Ganancia
xo
d x1
dt
dt
usualmente en x(0)
Todos los elementos se usan con flechas que simbolizan el trnsito de las seales.
Ejemplo.- Modelar las ecuaciones de:
a)
y +a o y =f ( x )
b)
1.
y =f ( x )ao y
2.
DIAGRAMAS CANNICOS
Sea una ecuacin diferencial
Donde k<n
t =Seal de entrada
y (t ) = Seal de salida
1
Dn1( )+ Dn2 ()+ . + ( b o a0 y ) }
n{
D
y=
1
1
1
bn1 n1 y+
()+ { a o b2 y }
D
D
D
}}
y=
( D 1 ) ( D 2 ) .. ( D i )
y=
A1
A2
Ai
+
+. ..+
( D 1 ) ( D 2 )
( D i )
x1
xi
Ai
Por ejemplo.-
( Di )
=x i
Ecuacin de Estado
Ecuacin de salida
Condiciones Iniciales
Diagramas Cannicos
PRIMERA FORMA:
y +9 +27y`-27y=2+ 4
y ( 0 )= y ( 0 ) y (0)=1
D 3 y =D 2 ( 2 9 y )+ D ( 27 y )+ (4 +27 )
y=
1
{ D2 ( 2 9 y ) + D ( 27 y ) + (4 +27 ) }
3
D
y=
1
1
1
( 2 9 y ) + 2 ( 27 y ) + 3 (4 + 27 )
D
D
D
y=
1
1
1
( 2 9 y ) + ( 27 y ) + {4 +27 }
D
D
D
x 2=27 x 1 + x 3+
( 27 y+ x 3 ) D =x2
(4 +27 )
}}
1
=x 3
D
x 3=27 x 14
x 1=9 x 1+ x 2 +2
[][
][ ] [ ]
x 1
9
1 0 x1
2
x 2 = 27 0 1 x2 + 1
27 0 0 x3 4
x 3
y=x 1
y ( 0 )=x 1 ( 0 )
y ( 0 ) = x 1 ( 0 )=9 x 1 ( 0 )+ x2 ( 0 ) +2 ( 0 )
x 2 ( 0 )=2 ( 0 )
y =x 1= { 9 x 1 + x 2+ 2 } =9 x 1+ 2
y =54 {x} rsub {1} + {9x} rsub {2} + {x} rsub {3} +19 +2 acute {}
y =54 {x} rsub {1(0)} + {9x} rsub {2} (0)+ {x} rsub {3(0)} +19 (0) +2 acute {} (0)=1
x 3( 0)= ( 0 )2 ( 0 ) +1
[ ][
x 1 (0)
0
x ( 0 )= x 2 (0) =
2 ( 0 )
x 3 (0) ( 0 )2 ( 0 )+1
FORMA JORDAN
y=
y=
y=
( 2 D2 + D4 )
( D39 D2 +27 )
A
B
C
+
+
A=17 B=13 C=2
3
2
( D3 ) ( D3 ) ( D3 )
17
13
2
+
+
3
2
( D3 ) ( D3 ) ( D3 )
y=
1
1
1
{ 17 }
2
13 +
( D3 )
( D3 )
( D3 )
17
=x
( D3 ) 3
})
17 =x 33 x 3 x 3=17 +3 x3
27 x 14
13 + x 3
=x 2
( D3 )
x 2=3 x 2 + x 3+13
1
( 2 + x 2 )=x 1
( D3 )
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
x 1
3 1 0 x1
2
=
+
x 2
0 3 1 x 2 13
0 0 3 x 3 17
x 3
Y=x1
y ( 0 )=x 1 ( 0 ) =0
x 1=3 x 1 + x 2+2
y ( 0 ) = x 1 ( 0 )=3 x 1 ( 0 )+ x 2 ( 0 ) +2 ( 0 )
x 2 ( 0 )=2 ( 0 )
y =x 1= {3 x 1 + x2 +2 }
x 3( 0)=7 ( 0 )2 ( 0 ) +1
[ ][
x 1 (0)
0
x ( 0 )= x 2 (0) =
2 ( 0 )
x 3 (0) 7 ( 0 )2 ( 0 )+1
Ejemplo para el sistema de la figura plantear el sistema dinmico para oscilaciones pequeas
F=ma
F R F k =ma F R Fk =m x
m x + F R + F k =0
Para
x=r
x =r x =r
M =I r F R = 2 mr 2
F R=
1
1 mr x F R =1 m x
mr =
2
2
r
2
()
1
m x +kx m x =0
2
En ()
m
x + kx=0
2
x +
// 2/m
2
kx=0
m
x=z 1
x = z1=z 2
x =z 2
x = z2=
[][
2
k z1
m
][ ]
0
1 z
z 1
1
= 2
k 0 z2
z 2
m
Yi=I+I2
(1)
1
y2= I 2 dt
C
y2
=1/C *I2
I2=C y 2
En (1) reemplazamos
(4)
Y1=I+C y 2
I = y 1c y 2
Y 1=z 1
y1= z1=z 2
y 2=z 2
y2= z2
y2=z 3
y2= z3
[][ (
R
z 1
L
z 2 =
0
R 1
1
z 3
C L2 L
1
L
0
1 1 1
+
C L L2
CR
L
1
1 2
R
L L2
][ ] [ ]
1
Z1
L
Z2 + 0 X (t)
1
Z3
LC