Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
But it is equally important to understand and appreciate the flip side of such
sophisticated IT packages like ERP. First of all the people ho handle such a package must
be qualified and must posses relevant work experience in the functional module, which a
person wants to get trained.
An organization, which wishes to work with ERP, must have already had
experience with proper working IT infrastructure. There should be enough number of
terminals for concerned people to key in data or run a query.
One of the toughest things to overcome is the attitude of the people for adapting to a
change. Thus ushering in a new "IT culture" remains one of the greatest challenges for any
management interested in adapting IT as a tool in as many functions of the organization as
possible.
1
The vital role of IT is to support a management and not control it. Thus the IT most
understands their role vis-à-vis decision-making. Just because a sophisticated IT package
has been installed in an organization cannot guarantee success .If for example, a vendor is
supplying poor quality supplies consistently, the information system will tell the
management of such a fact faster. But now it is up to the management to initiate corrective
measures- visit vendor to assist him to come up to standard, develop alternate vendor or
import.
In the enthusiasm to appear very modern and up-to date a management may go in
for IT package when the ground reality within the organization is not conductive to such a
drastic change. On the other hand a few well-tried techniques do wonders for an
organization. For example, an organization's urgent need may be to change existing
technology to an upgraded one. An ERP package obviously, won't tell the management to
do just that. Also, a few time -honored principles like "do it right at the first time" must be
followed in an organization with or without a sophisticated IT tools.
A responsible management will put the IT in its place to serve the overall business
interests.
2
2.1 Statement of the Problem
3
2.4 Review Of Literature
Purpose
The literature review section examines the importance of search studies, company
data or industry reports that serve as a foundation for the setup of study. The research
dimension of the related literature and the relevant information begins from an explanatory
perspective, approaching towards specific studies which do related to the judge the
limitations and informational gaps in data from the secondary sources.
This analysis may reveal conclusions from past studies to realize the reliability of
the secondary sources and their credibility. This in turn enables one to rely on a
comprehensive review for the study.
Rating scales are by far the most widely used appraisal technique. About 62%
of small organization use rating scales, 20% use essays, and about 19% use MBO.
Among the large organizations, 51% use rating scales, just over 23% use essays and
about 17% use MBO.
4
However, those using ratings as the main appraisal technique typically also
require narrative comments to justify rating and to describe employee strengths and
weakness and document development plans. Those using essays as the main appraisal
technique usually require an overall quantitative performance rating to facilitate
employee comparisons for compensation decisions.
The review of literature does scrutinize the important research studies. The primary
sources that provide relevant information are the best form to retrieve data from the
research. The primary sources were encouraged with the help of distribution of questioners
as well as conducting personal interviews. With this the data received enables the
researcher to accurately arrive at the problem of the study and the consecutively solutions
to the same. The secondary sources were also relied on for additional information. It
includes company journal, newsletters, records, manuals etc.
Conclusion
Performance Appraisal
Measuring Performance
The annual performance appraisal system tends to serve only a little purpose: salary
administration, training and succession planning. But this is not the sole objective of
performance appraisal. These objectives will only dilute and weaken the clarity and validity
of any appraisal system. Most organization ties the formal appraisal system directly to
salary increase, which decrease their validity.
7
It is therefore very important for organizations to:
Most personnel departments have a very narrow outlook to appraisals. The general
view is to receive the appraisal forms at a date (which usually is the deadline), issue
instructions regarding increments and promotions, receive the data regarding the same and
they issue letters to the concerned employee informing of their salary increase. The
appraisal process gets polluted as the appraiser and appraise have at the back of their minds
promotion and salary increase, rather than performance plans and participative reviews.
This dilutes the objectives of appraisal to great extent. In fact, if organizations create, a
culture of continuous feedback on the performance they would be making the appraisal
system more relevant. Several organizations have already started delinking performance
appraisal from salary increase.
8
• To help the employees identify and recognize their own strengths and
weaknesses. To make them assess their own competencies and how the same
can be multiplied and improved.
• To generate data about the employee for various decisions like transfers,
rewards, job-rotation, etc.
Managers should develop part ownership in the employee's future. Any good
appraisal system should focus on developmental appraisal. Developmental appraisal mean
that an organization needs to develop not just isolated performance appraisal tool/system,
but the total frame work for the individuals development, improvement in job and level of
competence and preparing employees for future jobs. Thus, appraisal of people, which is a
part of the total HRD system, lies to be linked to long-term development activity and
carrier planning.
Organizations have to show vision for the future. Vision, strategies and objectives
will give rise to individual objectives and performance standards. The immediate rewards
and recognition do not lead to enduring performance and upgrading of competence and
therefore are not real motivators. The appraisal as a tool not only gives the individual and
the organization the idea of where the individual stands in terms of his skills, competencies
and abilities, but also monitors the process of growth and development, together with the
inputs that are required to develop a high level of competence by individuals.
Subordinates need feedback more often on their performance. The best way to do it
is to let them appraise their own performance.
9
Self-appraisal would -
1) Motivate the employee to take more responsibility for his/her own performance.
2) Focus on the job behavior only.
3) Reduce ambiguity in performance and focus on change in job behavior.
When subordinates undertake self-appraisal, they analyze their job duties and how
key issues in a job they handle. Each individual may rate himself or herself.
Self-appraisal may focus on cost control, communication, planning, training, delegation
and decision-making. After self-appraisal, the subordinate discusses the ratings with his/her
direct report or superior to get a feed back on performance. Both then come to an
agreement in areas of convergence and draw a job improvement plan.
10
Muscle builds the organization by
1) Enhancing your own performance
2) Accelerating the professional growth of the best performers
3) Not tolerating managerial performers. One cannot muscle build the
organization, unless marginal performers are replaced.
4) Developing multiple skills and competencies by worshiping success and
potential.
11
a) Past Oriented Methods
• Rating Scales
This is the simplest and most popular technique for appraising employee
performance. The typical rating scale system consists of several numerical
scales, each representing a job-related performance criterion such as
dependability, initiative, output, attendance, attitude, co-operation, and the like.
Each scale ranges from excellent to poor. The rater checks the appropriate
performance level on each criterion, and then computes the employee’s total
numerical score. The number of points scored may be linked to salary
increases etc.
• Checklist
Under this method, a checklist of statements on the traits of the employee and
his or her job is prepared in two columns – viz., a ‘Yes’ column and a ‘No’ column.
All that the rater should do is to tick the ‘Yes’ column if the statement is positive
and in column ‘No’ if the answer is negative. After ticking off against each item,
the rater forwards the list to the HR department where the actual assessment of the
employee takes place. In other words, the rater only does the reporting, while
actual evaluation is done by the HR department. The HR department assigns
certain points to each ‘Yes’ ticked. Depending on the number of ‘Yes’ the total
score is arrived at. When points are allotted to the checklist, the technique becomes
a weighed checklist.
12
• Forced Distribution Method
One of the errors in rating is leniency – clustering a large number of employees
around a high point on a rating scale. The forced distribution method seeks to
overcome the problem by compelling the rater to distribute the rates on all points
on the rating scale.
The method operates under an assumption that the employee performance level
conforms to a normal statistical distribution. Generally, it is assumed that
employee performance levels conform to a bell – shaped curve. For example, the
following distribution might be assumed to exist - excellent 10%, good 20%,
average 40% below average 20% and unsatisfactory 10%.
The major weakness of the forced distribution method lies in the assumption
that employee performance levels always conform to a normal (or some other)
distribution. In organizations that have done a good job of selecting and retaining
only the good performers, the use of forced distribution approach would be
unrealistic as well as possibly destructive to the employee morale. One merit of
this approach is that it seeks to eliminate the error of leniency. This technique is
however not acceptable by most of the rates and rates.
13
a) Negative incidents tend to get noticed more than positive incidents.
b) Recording is a chore, so supervisor could easily forget.
c) Overly close supervision may result.
14
• Essay Method
Here, the rater must describe the employee within a number of broad categories
such as.
1. The raters overall impression of the employee’s performance.
2. The promotability of the employee
3. The jobs that the employee is now qualified or capable to perform
4. The strengths and weakness of the employee
5. The training and development assistance required by the employee.
15
The second step involves setting the performance standard for the subordinates
in a previously arranged time period. As subordinates perform, they know fairly
well what there is to do, what has been done and what remains to be done.
The third step, the actual level of goal attainment is compared with the goals
agreed upon. The evaluator explores reasons for the goals that were not met and
for the goals that were exceeded. This step helps determine possible training needs.
It also alerts the superior to conditions in the organization that may affect a
subordinate but over which the subordinate has no control.
The final step involves establishing new goals and possibly, new strategies for
goals not previously attained.
• Psychological Appraisals
Large organizations employ full time industrial psychologists. When
psychologists are used for evaluations, they assess an individual’s future potential
and not past performance. The appraisal normally consists of in-depth interviews,
psychological tests, discussions with superiors and a review of other evaluations.
The psychologist then writes an evaluation of the employee’s intellectual,
emotional, motivational and other related characteristics that suggest individual
potential and my predict future performance. The evaluation by the psychologist
may be for a specific job opening for which the person is being considered, or it
may be a global assessment for his or her future potential. From these evaluations,
placement and development decisions may be made to shape the person’s career.
16
employee’s performance. In addition, the technique provides for greater self-
development of the employees. For an employees development multi-source
feedback is very useful as it enables the employee to compare his or her
perceptions of self with the perceptions of others.
The data is usually fed back in the form of ratings against various performance
dimensions. 360° feedback is also referred to as multi-source assessment or multi-rater
feedback.
1. The Questionnaire
360° feedback processes usually obtain data from questionnaires, which
measure from different perspectives the behaviors of individuals against a list of
competencies. The competence model may be developed within the organization or
the competency headings may be provided by the supplier of the questionnaire. The
dimensions may broadly refer to leadership, management and approaches to work.
2. Ratings
Ratings are given by the generators of the feedback on a scale against each
heading. This may refer both to importance and performance, as in the questionnaire,
which asks those completing it to rate the importance of each item on a scale of 1 (not
important) to 6 (essential) and performance on a scale of 1 (weak in this area) to 6
(outstanding).
17
3. Data Processing
Questionnaires are normally processed with the help of software developed
within the organization or, most commonly, provided by external suppliers. This
enables the data collection and analysis to be completed swiftly, with the minimum of
effort and in a way that facilitates graphical as well as numerical presentation.
4. Feedback
The feedback is often anonymous and may be presented to the individual (most
commonly) to the individual’s manager (less common) or to both the individual and the
manager. Some organizations do not arrange for feedback to be anonymous. Whether
or not feedback is anonymous depends on the organization’s culture – the more open
the culture, the more likely is the source of feedback to be revealed.
5. Action
The action generated by the feedback will depend on the purposes of the
process, i.e. development, appraisal or pay. If the purpose is primarily developmental,
the action may be left to individuals as part of their personal development plans, but
the planning process may be shared between individuals and their managers if they
both have access to the information. Even if the data only goes to the individual, it can
be discussed in a performance review meeting so that joint plans can be made, and
there is much to be said for adopting this approach.
18
360-Degree Feedback – Advantages and Disadvantages
• Individuals get a broader perspective of how they are perceived by others than
previously possible.
• Increased awareness of and relevance of competencies
• Increased awareness by senior management that they too have development
needs.
• More reliable feedback to senior managers about their performance.
• Gaining acceptance of the principle of multiple stakeholders as a measure of
performance.
• Encouraging more open feedback – new insights.
• Reinforcing the desired competencies of the business.
• Provided a clearer picture to senior management of individual’s real worth
(although there tended to be some ‘halo’ – effect syndromes).
• Clarified to employee’s critical performance aspects.
• Opens up feedback and gives people a more rounded view of performance than
they had previously.
• Identifying key development areas for the individual, a department and the
organization as a whole.
• Identify strengths that can be used to the best advantage of the business.
• A rounded view of an individuals / teams / the organization performance and
what its strength and weakness are
• It has raised the self awareness of people managers of how they personally
impact upon others – positively and negatively
• It is supporting a climate of continuous improvement
• It is starting to improve the climate / morale, as measured through out employee
opinion survey
• Focused agenda for development. Forced line managers to discuss
development issues.
• Perception of feedback as more valid and objective, leading to acceptance of
results and actions required.
19
But there may be problems. These include:
People not giving frank honest feedback;
People being put under stress in receiving or giving feedback;
Lack of action following feedback;
Over-reliance on technology
Too much bureaucracy
20
APPRAISAL ERRORS
None of the methods for appraising performance is absolutely valid or reliable;
each method has its own strengths and weakness. Let us try to understand the most
commonly occurring errors within performance appraisal methods.
2. Error of Leniency:
This is caused by the tendency of the lenient rater to put most of the rates on the
higher side of the scale, while a tough rater places them on the lower side of the scale.
3. Halo Effect:
In other words, it is tendency to allow the assessment on one trait to influence
assessment on others. This usually arises when traits are unfamiliar, ill – defined and
involved personal reactions.
4. Error in Unreliability:
This error occurs when there is the existence of inconsistency in the evaluations
of a group of employees by two / more appraisers.
5. Personal Bias:
This error occurs when there exists a close relationship between the appraiser
and the appraise. This tends to influence the evaluation. The scores could be on the
higher when there would be a bias on the side of the appraiser. Therefore, the scores
given could tend to be higher then what the appraise deserves. This would give the
appraise an undue advantage for the appraise during the times of promotions, pay rise
etc. the same could happen vice versa too if an appraiser does not share a good
relationship with the appraise, he could tend to give absolutely low scores for the
appraise.
21
5. No Consultation
There would tend to be an error in the scores if the appraiser just goes on giving
scores without discussing with the appraise. If the appraise would not be given his say
in the matter, the score will not reflect the actual capability of the appraise.
7. Status Effect:
It refers to over rating of employed in higher level job or jobs held in high
esteem, and under rating employees in lower level job at job held in low esteem.
Type of Research
The research design comprise of the plan and structure of investigation conceived
so as to arrive at the responses to the research queries. It there by addresses the aims and
objectives of the study, both descriptively and analytically.
Sampling Technique
The sampling technique adopted for the study is non-probability Random sampling
technique according to the convenience of the researcher.
A questionnaire was administered to HR managers / executives of different
software companies to obtain data for the purpose of analysis.
22
Sample Size
Data is collected using a sample of 30 software companies.
Sample Description
The sample mainly consists of data from the primary sources that are utilized for
the purpose of this study. This is done by means of administrating questioners to human
resource managers / executives in different software companies in the city of Bangalore.
Secondary data like company journals, newsletters, records etc. were also relied on for
retrieving further information.
Instrumentation Technique
Questionnaire and structure disguised questions.
The null hypothesis asserts that there are no significant differences between the
statistics and the population parameters and whatever observes difference is there merely
due to fluctuations in sampling from the sample population. Null hypothesis is usually
denoted by the symbol, Ho. Any hypothesis that contradicts the Ho (null hypothesis) is
23
called an alternative hypothesis and is denoted by symbol H1. The technique used to test
the hypothesis is Test for proportion.
The large random sample of size n from the population, let x units possess the
attribute. Then the sample proportion is p = x/n.
p-P
And so, Z =
√ PQ
n
Therefore, the test statistics is | Z | = P = assumed level of effectiveness
Q = 1-P
p = level of effectiveness of sample
n = sample size
For the sample, if | Z | cal > k, Ho is rejected .On the other hand, if | Z | cal < Ho is
accepted.
For the data analysis, and the subsequent interpretation the researcher has adopted
advanced version of MS-EXCEL 2000. This application software has facilitated the
researcher to construct the frequency table, various kinds of graphs and to find out the
average responses from the sample. By this automated data analysis it has minimized the
researcher’s time constraint and reduced human errors and also accurate outlay of
information.
24
PROFILE OF SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
The Indian IT-ITES industry is broadly categorized into IT services and software,
ITES-BPO and Hardware segments.
• The earnings from IT-ITES exports was US$ 13.3 billion (61.9 percent of total
industry revenues) in 2004-05 and is expected to touch US$ 17.9 billion (63.7
percent) in 2005-06. Key drivers of growth include the growing adoption of IT
outsourcing and the rapid expansion in the scale and breadth of ITES-BPO
offerings by Indian vendors.
o During 2005-06, software and services, and ITES-BPO would continue to
remain the key contributors to India’s IT-ITES export revenues, with a share
of 67.8 percent and 28.4 percent, respectively. While contribution of
hardware exports would be around 3.7 percent, the situation is expected to
change in the medium term, with this segment receiving a boost owing to
market conditions.
o Overall pricing levels in IT services stabilized at US$ 55-60 per hour for
onsite services and between US$ 18-24 per hour for offshore services.
o Indian IT-ITES vendors successfully executed the offshore delivery model
to achieve sustained growth in service exports and established India as the
most preferred offshore destination for global sourcing of services.
25
• Indian IT-ITES vendors successfully executed the offshore delivery model to
achieve sustained growth in service exports and established India as the most
preferred offshore destination for global sourcing of services.
• The domestic IT-ITES market witnessed a revival during 2004-05, with revenues
reaching US$ 8.2 billion (a growth of 30 percent over previous year). The segment
is expected to touch revenues of around US$ 10.2 billion during 2004-05, at a
CAGR of 19.2 percent for the 2004-05 periods. Hardware and IT services
accounted for around 90 percent of the domestic IT-ITES revenues during 2004-05
and this market share is not likely to change in 2004-05.
o The BFSI (Banking, Financial services, Insurance), Government and
telecom segments remained the key revenue drivers for the domestic IT-
ITES market.
• Two more companies within the IT-ITES domain joined the billion-dollar club,
which now includes the HCL Group, Infosys, TCS and Wipro.
• During 2004-05, the Indian IT software and services segment added 98,000 jobs
and the ITES-BPO sector added about 73,500 jobs. A total of 203,5000 new jobs
are likely to be created by the IT-ITES sector in the current fiscal.
• Indian IT-ITES vendors focused on improving productivity and utilization and
moved up the value chain. While IT service companies included new service lines
such as package software implementation, systems integration, R&D engineering
and remote network management to their portfolio of offerings, ITES-BPO
companies began more complex services such as financial research and analytics,
actuarial modeling, corporate and business research.
The Indian IT-ITES players expanded their focus from the Fortune 500 companies to
address the needs of Global 2000 corporations.
26
Bangalore - The "Technopolis" of India
A large part of India's success in the software sector is due to the crucial role played
by the State of Karnataka in promoting and providing a boost to IT. Karnataka has emerged
as the computer capital and center of high-tech industries, especially software. Bangalore
has for long been known as India's answer to Silicon Valley, and this is the city where most
large software companies have set up shop and operate out of state-of-the-art facilities.
This is the reason why it is fast becoming the "Technopolis" of India. The Government of
Karnataka has also been extremely positive about the software and services marketplace
and has helped create the relevant telecom and policy infrastructure conducive to the
growth of this sector. The dynamic industrial policy declared in 1996, with comprehensive
packages of incentives and concessions, has ensured a productive ground for various
industries. The hardware and software industries have now brought about a revolution of
sorts under these schemes. Various institutions and computer training centers have
contributed to the large number of trained and talented professionals.
The City of Bangalore has positioned itself to help market the software industry.
This is also why Bangalore has been playing host to international-class conferences,
workshops and exhibitions devoted to the software cause. The city has the highest number
of engineering colleges in the world, almost 50 percent of the world's SEI CMM Level 5
companies; COPC/ISO recognized Customer Interaction Centers, and over 103 R&D
Institutions. It is, in fact, home to GE's biggest R&D Center outside the U.S.-the Jack
Welch Technology Center, which hires over 200 PhDs/scientists every month! To top it all,
Bangalore has just been ranked the fourth best "Global hub of technological innovation" by
none other than the United Nations.
Bangalore's strengths in the software market also lie in its pursuit of new
opportunities. In fact, two key segments that are expected to open up over the next few
years for India are e-commerce and remote processing. Opportunities in e-commerce
software solutions are emerging as a major area of growth in the Indian IT software and
services industry. A recent study undertaken by The Boston Consulting Group for
NASSCOM clearly stated that India could earn revenues of US$9 billion from e-business
solutions by 2005.
.
27
Various Approaches Of Performance Appraisal
The data was processed after collection and analyzed for the purpose. The data was
Analysis of data was done with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and
organizing these in such a manner that they answer the research questions. Percentage
analysis was used for analysis of data and the results have been presented by way of pie
After analysis, the phase of interpretation starts. This is done by drawing inferences
from analyzed data. After interpretations, a report was prepared on the basis of inferences.
28
Table 4.1 Distribution of companies according to the total no of Employees
Above 1000
Upto 100
100 - 1000
29
Table 4.2 Type of Appraisal System
Graph 4.2 Indicates the type of appraisal system adopted by the software companies
10Point scale
4.Point scale
3.point Scale
5Point Scale
36FeedBack
Manager,Supervisor,A
MBO
opensystem
Self appraisal
30
Table 4.3 Frequency of Appraisal
Period Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Quarterly 14 46.7 46.7
Half 6 20.0 66.7
Yearly
Annually 4 13.3 80.0
Others 6 20.0 100.0
Total 30 100.0
Graph 4.3Indicates how often appraisals are carried out by the companies
Frequency of Appraisal
Others
Quarterly
Annually
Half Yearly
31
Table 4.4 Criteria used for evaluation
Graph 4.4
Quality of Output
Key Result Areas
Performance
Attandence
Technical Competence
customer Focus
32
Table 4.5 Rating System used by S / W Companies
Scoring
Both
Comments
33
Table 4.6 Percentage if scoring is the Rating Scale
Both
Numeric
34
Table 4.7 Feedback to employees after Appraisal
Interpretation
The above table indicates that 86.67% of the employees appraised received feedback and
13.33% employees did not receive feedback.
No
Yes
35
Table 4.8 Percentage of Feedback given to Employees
Manger Assessed
Self-Assessed Written
Summarized
Detailed
Oral
36
Table 4.9 Percentage of Positive or Negative Feedback
Graph 4.9 whether the negative and positive feedback is shared with the appraise in the
same meeting.
No
Yes
37
Table 4.10 Self-Assessment
Graph 4.10 whether the self-assessment of employee is followed in the company or not.
Self-Assessment
No
Yes
38
Table 4.11 Percentage of Company following Self-Assessment.
%of companyfollowingSelf-Assessment
Missing
Yes
No
39
Table 4.12 Percentage of Compensation increase
No
Yes
40
Table 4.13 Compensation increased and Appraisers set targets
No
Yes
41
Table 4.14 Distribution of set target
Interpretation
From the above table, half (15) of the companies, the appraiser sets targets for an
employee being appraised for a period of 12 months (50%), in other companies the
targets are set for 6 months (20%), 3-6 (20%) and 3 months (10%).
Graph 4.14 If the appraiser sets targets, for what period the targets are set.
Missing 3 Months
3 - 6 Months
6 Months
12 Months
42
Table 4.15 Usage of checklists in Appraisals
Interpretation
The above table indicates that 76.67% of the companies (23) have a checklist for
carrying out appraisals while 23.33% said no. Some companies have a performance
appraisal handbook, which gives the details. One of the companies has an IT Tool as
checklist.
Graph 4.15 Do the companies have a checklist for carrying out appraisal
No
Yes
43
Table 4.16 Is Career Planning effective
The above table indicates that out of 30 companies 19 companies feel that career
planning place an important role in Performance Appraisal (63.33%) and rest of the 11
companies do not agree with this (36.36%).
No
Yes
44
Table 4.17 Effectiveness of 360 degree appraisal
form of appraisal.
20%- 35%
35%- 50%
Above 50%
45
Table 4.18 Distribution Of Companies according to the total no. of
employees
Interpretation
From the above table it can be inferred that the criteria used to evaluate an employee for a
Small Company is performance (100%) but for a Medium Company it is
performance(18.8%),customer focus(37.5%), technical competence(25%) and
attendance(18.8%). And finally for a Large Company the criteria include target Vs.
achievement(40%),Key Result Areas(20%), quality of output(20%) and 3Point
scheme(20%)
46
Table 4.19 Type of Appraisal System adopted and the frequency of
Appraisal
Appraisal Frequency
Quarterly Half Annually Others Total
Yearly
Manager 11 11
Supervisor
Appraiser (100) (100)
Self-Appraisal 3 3 6
(100) (100)
360 Feedback 2 2
(100) (100)
5Point 1 1
Scale
(100) (100)
3Point Scale 1 1
(100) (100)
4point 1 1
Scale
(100)
(100)
Total 14 6 4 5 30
47
Table 4.20 Adoption of Performance Appraisal and percentage of
Feedback given to employees.
Feedback
Companies Written Oral Detailed Summarized Self- Manager Total
Assessed assessed
9 9
Small
(100)
(100)
Medium 7 5 3 1 16
Interpretation
This table indicates how feedback is obtained from the employee, ie., Oral(23.3%),
Written(30%), Detailed(16.7%), Summarized(10%), Self-Assessed(10%), Manager
Assessed(10%) which holds good for Small, Medium and Large Companies.
48
Table 4.21 Performance Appraisal System and the effectiveness of
360Degree feedback
Interpretation
This table shows how effective and feasible the 360Degree Appraisal format applies to the
Companies broken up into segments of : less than 20%, in between 20%-35%, 35%-50%,
Above 50%
49
Table 4.22 The level of effectiveness of 3600 appraisals
√ PQ
n
p= X /N = 21 / 30
X= number of respondents saying the effectiveness of 3600 appraisals is more than or equal
to 50%
n = total number of respondents ie; 30
P = assumed level of effectiveness i.e., 0.50
Q = 1-P
Q = 1 - 0 .50 = 0.50
Z= 0.7 – 0.5
√ 0.5 * 0.5
30
Z = 2.191
50
Calculated Value |Z| cal: 2.191
Table Value |Z| tab: 1.645
Inference
Since the |Z| cal > Z tab, the researcher has to reject Null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance and the researcher can conclude that the level of effectiveness of 3600
appraisal is more than or equal to 50% (H1).
51
5.1FINDINGS
The following findings have been derived from the study conducted. The most
common appraiser is the manager/supervisor/appraiser. The self-appraisal of an employee
is emphasized. Most of the companies followed a combination of self-appraisal and
manager assessment.
There is benefit of the objective setting for next six months. A clear distinction
between performers and non-performers is possible. Appraisal on performance as well as
values makes it a positive area where it makes it punctual and efficient. All variables are
easily quantified into a meaningful exercise and objective with work behavior, helping
qualitative contribution in building culture.
52
Majority of the companies obtain feedback on the person being appraised. Manager
gives the feedback in most cases while peer and mixed is used in few cases. 360° feedback
is followed in a lesser percentage of companies. Reverse appraisal, slab-not time based is
prevalent in a few companies.
Feedback is given in the written form, manager assessed and self-assessed in most
cases while summarized in few cases. There is a combination of the type of feedback given
to the employers. Both positive and negative feedbacks are shared in the same meeting with
appraise. Almost all companies follow a self-assessment of an employer, which is
integrated, into the appraisal system followed. In majority of the companies, the appraisal
by the manager and self-sources are protected, the manager assessment in a few companies
the sources are protected.
The appraiser sets targets for the employee being appraised for a period of six
months, 12 months and three months being lease. Targets are tracked by constant
monitoring, appraisal at the end of the project, input form customer, six months reviews,
weekly reports, by revenues and assignments.
The benefits of 360° feedback are that it gives an all round perspective restricting
the inconsistency factors that exists in traditional appraisal system. Evaluation and
feedback is more comprehensive and complete. It removes a lot off friction down the line
improving boss-subordinate relation. The limitations because of 360° feedback is not
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directly appreciated and not well taken in application-oriented areas. Most companies’ have
not implemented the system as it consumes more time.
The 3600 feedback is an appropriate system to use as it helps the appraise to know
the areas to be focused for development. An appropriate system should be an open system,
system that link reward / recognition and pay for performance. It should provide for two-
way feedback, reduce subjectivity judgment factor.
Most of the software companies are in the verge of implementing 360 0 feedback
processes in the near future.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Appraisal systems are a very effective means to realize the growth of a company and its
employees. Hence, it is considered to be important for the development of the industry.
From the appraisal systems, the 3600 are the most preferred by a majority of them.
5.3 CONCLUSION
The major implications are to know the different appraisal systems adopted in the
software industry and its level of effectiveness when implemented in the various
organizations. From the research, certain suggestions could be arrived at with the help of
available and relevant data. This in turn could enable one to understand the growth and
development of a company and that of its employees.
The common type of appraisal system is the open system and the management by
objectives; some of the companies followed the 360-feedback process. The point-based
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system of appraisal is also very popular among the software companies, with the 5-point
scale being widely used. One of the companies followed personal interaction evaluation
personal business commitment program. None of the companies followed one single
system of appraisal. Performance appraisal is followed in most of the companies annually
and half yearly while a less percentage follows the quarterly system.
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Ashwathappa K. Human Resource and Personnel Management. TATA McGraw Hill,
1997.
Monappa Arun and Mizra S. Saiyadin. Personnel Management, TATA McGraw Hill,
1997.
Edwards, R.Mark. 360Degree Feedback: The powerful new model for Employee
Assessment and Performance management.US Publication, 1996.
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QUESTIONNAIRE
I am a final year MBA student of Kristu Jayanti College Bangalore, conducting a research
on Appraisal Systems. This project is in partial fulfillment of my MBA program. Your
participation ill be greatly appreciated in this research effort; the responses will be kept
confidential and only be used in an aggregate manner.
Yes No
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5. What is the rating system used in your company?
Scoring Comments
Both
If scoring is it
Alpha Numeric
Both
6. Do you obtain feedback on the person being appraised?
Yes No
8. Do you share both positive and negative feedback with appraise in the same meeting?
Yes No
11. Does the appraiser set targets for an employee being appraised?
Yes No
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12. Do you have a checklist for carrying out appraisals?
Yes No
13. Do you follow career planning?
Yes No
14. What would be the level of effectiveness of 360 score when implemented as a form of
appraisal?
59