AshleyRivera

5/26/2016
DETERMININGTHESTRENGTHOFTUMS
INTRODUCTION:
Heartburniscausedbyanexcessofhydrochloricacid(HCl)inthestomach.Thislowers
thestomachspHtouncomfortablelevels.Antacidsareusedtoproviderelieffromheartburn.
TheydothisbyneutralizingsomeoftheHClinthestomach,andtherebyloweringthepH.
Neutralizationiswhenanacidandabasearecombinedtoneutralizeeachother.This
+
chemicalreactionalwaysproduceswaterandsalt.Thehydrogenions(H
)andhydroxideions

(OH
),fromtheacidandbaserespectively,combinetocreatewater(HOH)withapHof7.

Inthisexperiment,theeffectivenessofTUMSantacidsweretested.Onewayto
determinetheeffectivenessofanantacidistodeterminehowmuchaciditcanneutralize.This
wasdeterminedbyusingtitration.
Titrationisalabprocessusedtodetermineanunknownconcentrationofanacidorbase.
Inthisprocess,anacidicsubstanceandabasicsubstancearecombinedtoneutralizeeachother.
Thevolumeofeachsubstanceneededtofullyneutralizetheotheriscarefullyrecordedusinga
burettube.Onesubstanceisplacedintheburettubeandsuspendedoverabeakerorflask
containingtheothersubstance.Usingtheburettubetheacidandbaseareslowlycombineduntil
theequivalencepointisreached.Theequivalencepointisthepointatwhichthemolesofacidis
equaltothemolesofbaseandcanbeobservedusingacolorchangingindicatororapHprobe.
Findingtheequivalencepointtellshowmuchvolumeofeachsubstanceisneededtoneutralize
oneanother.

Theentireconceptisgovernedbythefollowingformula:
nbM aV a = naM bV b
(Eq.1)
WhereVisthevolumeinmilliliters(mL),Misthemolarityorconcentration,andnisthe
molarratio,orthecoefficientfoundinthebalancedchemicalequation.aandbstandfor
acidandbaserespectively.Becausethisformularequiresknowingthemoletomoleratio,a
balancedchemicalequationmustbewrittenbeforeusingit.
ThisexperimenttestedtheneutralizationcapabilitiesofTUMSantacidswith
hydrochloricacid.TheactiveingredientintheTUMSantacidstestediscalciumcarbonate
(CaCO
).TheindependantvariableistheadvertisedstrengthoftheTUMStabletorthe
3
milligramsofcalciumcarbonatepertabletaccordingtothelabel.Thedependantvariableisthe
effectivenessofthetabletwhichismeasuredbytheamountofHClitneutralizesandthereaction
rateatwhichitdoesso.Thebalancedchemicalequationforthisreactionisasfollows:
C aCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) C aCl2(aq) + H OH(l) + CO2(g)
(Eq.2)
Aswithallacidbaseneutralizationreactions,theproductsarewaterandsalt,inthiscase,CaCl
.
2
Carbondioxideisalsoproduced.

BeforeperformingthetitrationstodeterminehowmuchHCltheantacidscould

neutralize,theformulainEq.1wasusedtopredicttheresults.Thatwaythemostreasonable
amountandmolarityofHClcouldbeused.
Tobeginwith,theamountofCaCO
pertabletofTUMSantacidwasgivenonthedrug
3
informationlabel.ThreedifferentstrengthsofTUMSantacidsweretested,UltraStrength,Extra

Strength,andRegularStrength.ThemolarityoftheHClneededtobeconstantforeverytest.
AsidefromthemolesofCaCO
,theantacidsolutionsalsoneededtoremainconstant:thesame
3
volume,samedosage(1tablet),andsamemethodtoputintosolution.Theentirelabneededto
maintainconsistentmethodsandequipmentforalltesting.
TheUltraStrengthTUMSantacidwasusedtocalculateoutwhattheHClmolarity
shouldbe.OneUltraStrengthTUMStablethad,accordingtothelabel,1000mgofcalcium
carbonateinit.Themolesofcalciumcarbonatewasfoundusingstoichiometry:
1000mgCaCO3

1gCaCO3
1000mgCaCO3

)(

1molCaCO3
100gCaCO3

) = 0.01molCaCO
3

(Eq.3)
AsingleUltratablethas0.01molesofCaCO
.Then,thereasonablenumberof25mLwas
3
chosenasthevolumefortheantacidsolution.Themolarityformulacouldthenbeusedto
determinetheconcentrationofthissolution.Theformulais:
M = n/V
(Eq.4)
WherenisthemolesandVisthevolumeinliters.UsingthemolaramountfoundinEq.3
andthechosenvolumeof25mL,theequationfortheconcentrationoftheUltraantacidsolution
is:
M = 0.01/0.025 = 0.4M
(Eq.5)
Oncethevolumeandmolarityoftheantacidsolutionhadbeendeterminedthemolarity
oftheHClsolutionneededtobedecided.Tomakethelabtitrationeasier,theconcentrationof
theacidneededtobesomethingthatwouldresultinlessthan50mLofitbeingneeded,soit

wouldfitintheburettube.Severalcalculationswereperformedbeforeitwasdecidedthatthe
HClwouldhaveaconcentrationof0.50M.BasedonthepHequationthismolarityhadapHof
0.03.
pH = log0.50 = 0.30pH
(Eq.6)
ThispHismuchlowerthanthepHofHClinahumanstomach,butaslongasitsused
consistentlyforeverytesttheeffectivenessoftheantacidscouldstillbecompared.Atthis
concentrationthepredictedamountofHClthattheantacidscouldneutralizewouldnotbe
inconvenientlyhigh.Theamountthatcouldbeneutralizedwaspredictedusingtheformulafrom
Eq.1withthe0.50MHCl,the25mLof0.40MUltrastrengthantacid,andthecoefficientsfrom
Eq.2.Thecalculationwentasfollows:
(1)(.50M)V a = (2)(.40M)(25mL)
V a = 40mL
(Eq.7)
Thepredictedamountof0.50MHClthatonetabletofUltraStrengthTUMSantacidcould
neutralizewas40mL.
ThissamecalculationwasthendonefortheExtraStrengthandRegularStrengthTUMS
antacids.
First,thestoichiometrywasdonetofindthestoichiometrywasdonetofindthemolesof
CaCO
pertablet,thenthemolaritywasfoundfora25mLsolution,thenthevolumeof0.50M
3
HClitcouldneutralizewaspredicted.
TheExtraStrengthlabelsaid750mgofCaCO
pertablet.
3

750mgCaCO3

1gCaCO3
1000mgCaCO3

)(

1molCaCO3
100gCaCO3

) = 0.0075molCaCO
3

(Eq.8)
M = 0.0075/0.025 = 0.3M
(Eq.9)
(1)(.50M)V a = (2)(.30M)(25mL)
V a = 30mL
(Eq.10)
Thepredictedamountof0.50MHClthatonetabletofExtraStrengthTUMSantacidcould
neutralizewas30mL.
TheRegularStrengthlabelsaid500mgofCaCO
pertablet.
3
500mgCaCO3

1gCaCO3
1000mgCaCO3

)(

1molCaCO3
100gCaCO3

) = 0.005molCaCO
3

(Eq.11)
M = 0.005/0.025 = 0.2M
(Eq.12)
(1)(.50M)V a = (2)(.20M)(25mL)
V a = 20mL
(Eq.13)
Thepredictedamountof0.50MHClthatonetabletofRegularStrengthTUMSantacidcould
neutralizewas20mL.

Basedonthepredictions,thehypothesisis:IftheUltraStrengthtabletisused,thenmore
hydrochloricacidwillbeneutralizedandthereactionratewillbefaster,becauseUltraStrength
hasthemostmilligramsofactiveingredient.
Consideringthenumberoftrialsthatwouldneedtobedone,500.0mLoftheHCl
solutionwasprepared.ThestocksolutionofHClwas3M.Thefollowingequationwasusedto
determinehowmuchofthestocksolutionneededtobeused:
(3M)V = (.50M)(500.0mL)
V = 83.33mL
(Eq.14)
83.33mLofthe3Mstocksolutionwasneededtomakeenough0.50Msolutionforthe
experiments.
ThesecondfactorfordeterminingtheeffectivenessofeachTUMSantacidwasreaction
rate,whichishowfasteachreactiongoestocompletion.Theequationforthisis:
+

]
R = [H
t

(Eq.15)
+
Whereis[H
]thefinalhydrogenionconcentrationminustheinitialhydrogenion

concentration,andtistheamountoftimethereactiontook.
Thechangeinmolaritywouldbefoundusingtheexperimentalresultsfromthetitrations
forhowmuchHCleachtabletneutralizes.TheactualamountofHClrequiredforfull
neutralizationwouldbepouredinandthereactionwouldbetimed.Thisdatawouldbeusedfor
theequationtofindreactionrate.

Theoverallobjectiveofthisexperimentwastodeterminetheneutralizationpowerand
rateofeachdifferentStrengthofTUMStabletsoastodecidewhichisthemosteffective
antacid.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS:
Beforestartinganytitrations,the0.5Msolutionofhydrochloricacidwasneed.Following
thecalculationsabove,a500mLvolumetricflaskanda100mLgraduatedcylinderwasneeded.
AccordingtoEq.14,83.3mLofthe3MHClstocksolutionwasneeded.Itwasmeasuredinthe
graduatedcylinder,usingadroppertogettheexactamount.Itwasthenpoured,usingafunnel,
intothevolumetricflask.Boththecylinderandthefunnelwerethenrinsedwithdistilledwater
toensurenomolesofHClwerelost.Distilledwaterwasaddeduntiltheflaskwasabouthalffull,
atwhichpointtheflaskwascappedandcarefullyinvertedafewtimestomix.Moredistilled
waterwasaddeduptothe500mLline.Acleandropperwasusedtomakesurethebottomofthe
meniscuswaslocatedexactlyontheline.Oncetheamountwasexactlycorrect,theflaskwas
cappedagainandinvertedforafinalmixing.Thefinished0.5Msolutionwasthenpouredintoa
bottleandlabeledappropriately.
Beforestartingeachtitration,theantacidtablethadtobeputintosolution.Eachtitration
usedonlyonetablet.Itwasfirstcrushedusingamortarandpestle,thenpouredintoa200mL
beakerwith25mLofdistilledwater.A25mLgraduatedcylinderandadropperwasusedtoget
therightamountofwater.Tocrushthetabletwithoutlosinganyofit,awaxsheetofpaperwas
firstplacedinthemortar.Thenthetabletwasdroppedinandanotherwaxsheetwasplacedon

topofit.Usingthepestle,thetabletwascrushedinsidethewaxpaper.Thisway,nopowdergot
stuckonthemortarorpestle.
Thenowpowderedtabletwaspouredintothebeakerfirst,thenthe25mLofwater
previouslymeasuredoutwasusedtorinsethewaxpaperintothebeaker,ensuringeverymole
wastransferred.Thesolutionwasswirstirreduntilcompletelydissolved.
Nexttheburettubewaspreparedfortitrating.Asdescribedinthelaboratorymanual(1),
theburettubewasfirstrinsedusingdistilledwater,thenrinsedusingabout5mLofthetitrant
(HClinthiscase).Theburettubewasthensecureduprightonaringstandandfilledwiththe
newlymade0.50MHClsolution.Theantacidsolutionbeakerwasthenplacedunderneathitand
apHprobewasplacedinit.
Onceeverythingwassetup,thetitratingitselfcouldbegin.First,abeginningdatapoint
wascollectedfortheinitialpHwith0.0mLofHCladded.ThentheHClwasadded,bitbybit.
Atthebeginningitwouldbeaddedrelativelyfastafewmililitersatatimebutasthe
equivalencepointwasapproachitwassloweddowntolessthanamililiteratatime.Everytime
moreHClwasadded,theanalytewasstirreduntilthereadingfromthepHprobestopped
changing.ThenthepointwouldbesavedandthevolumeofHClusedwouldberecorded.
Readingthevolumeontheburettubewasverytrickybecauseofthewayitwaslabeled,butit
wasdonecarefully.
Oncetheequivalencepointhadbeenreachedandsafelypassedsoacompletegraphwas
created,thetrialwasconsidereddoneandtheanalytewasdisposedofproperly.Theentire
processwasrepeated,withanewtabletbeingcrushedandmixedintosolutionandtheburettube
beingtoppedoffwithmoreHCl.Thiswasdonesixtimes,twotrialsforeachstrengthoftablet.

Aftereachtrial,alltheequipmentwascleanedthoroughly.
Aftercompletingalltitrations,thereactionratelabswereconducted.Foreachtrialofthis
atabletwascrushedandputintosolutionwith25mLofdistilledwaterexactlylikeitwasdone
foreverytitrationtrial.ApHprobewasalsosetupthesameway.Then,lookingattheresults
fromthetitrationtrials,agraduatedcylinderwasusedtomeasureouttheactualvolumeofHCl
thathadtitratedthetablet.AninitialreadingofthepHoftheantacidsolutionwastaken,thenthe
HClwaspouredintoitfromthecylinder.ImmediatelyastheHClwaspouredinatimerwas
startedandstirringbegan.Thestirringwascontinuous.WhentheHClwasaddedthepHdropped
rapidlythenbegantosteadilyincrease.Assoonastheincreasingstoppedorfaltered,thetimer
wasstoppedandthepHwasrecorded.Thesolutionwasthendisposedofandtheequipmentwas
cleanedbeforeresetingforthenexttrial.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION:
Thefollowingfiguresrecordallofthedatafromtheexperiments.Thefirstsixfiguresare
thegraphsfromthetitrationsEachpointmarksthepHafteranamountofHClhasbeenadded.
Figure1:UltraStrengthTitrationTrial1


(Fig.1)
ThisfirstgraphisthedatafromthefirsttitrationdoneusinganUltraStrengthtablet.
Noticethatmanypointsweretakenandthereadingswereunsureinsomepoints.Thepredicted
volumeofHClanUltratabletwouldneutralizewas40mL,butthisfirsttrialfoundthe
equivalencepointat44.1mL.
Figure2:UltraStrengthTitrationTrial2

(Fig.2)

Duringthesecondtrial,fewerpointsweretakenbecausetheapproximatelocationofthe
equivalencepointwasknown.NoticethatthepHdropsinalmostexactlythesameplace.Since
bothtrialshadanequivalencepointof44.1,thatcouldconfidentlybeconsideredthecorrect
volume.
ThethirdgraphisthefirsttrialfortheExtraStrengthtablet.

Figure3:ExtraStrengthTitrationTrial1

(Fig.3)
Fewerpointsweretakenbecausethemethodoftitrationwasbecomingmorefamiliar.However
mistakesstillhappened.Noticetheonepointthatisclearlyanoutlier.Onthisgraph,the
equivalencepointis32.1mL.
Figure4:ExtraStrengthTitrationTrial2

(Fig.4)

ThesecondtrialforExtrawasnotdonewell.Toofewpointsweretakenandanexact
equivalencepointwasnotrecorded.Aclearrangeforitwasobservedthough.Theequivalence
pointisbetween31.7mLand32.9mL.Itwasestimatedtobe32.3mL.Despiterealizingthe
potentialconsequencesoftakingtoofewpoints,thenexttrialthefirstoneforRegularStrength
alsohadveryfewpointsrecorded.
Figure5:RegularStrengthTitrationTrial1

(Fig.5)
ThesmallnumberofpointswasduetothefactthateverytimemoreHClwasaddedalarge
amountoftimehadtopasswhilethesolutionwasstirredbeforethepHreadingleveledout.For
thistitrationtheequivalencepointwasassumedtobe21.5mL.

Figure6:RegularStrengthTitrationTrial2

(Fig.6)
Bythelasttest,themethodfortitrationhadbeenperfectedandtheresultingcurveofthegraph
wasperfect.Buttheequivalencepointwas21.7mL,whichdidnotmatchwiththefirsttrialas
well.
Thefollowingtableorganizestheresultsofallsixtrialsandshowsthefoundequivalence
pointsforeachone.
DataTable1:TitrationResults
ULTRA

[CaCO
]
3
(M)

Volume
CaCO
(mL)
3

VolumeofHCl
predicted(mL)

pHof
endpoint
(pH)

VolumeofHCl
Used(mL)

Trial#1

0.40

25.0

40.0

3.20

44.1

Trial#2

0.40

25.0

40.0

3.29

44.1

EXTRA

[CaCO
]
3
(M)

Volume
CaCO
(mL)
3

Volumeof
HClpredicted
(mL)

pHof
endpoint
(pH)

VolumeofHCl
Used(mL)

Trial#1

0.30

25.0

30.0

3.36

32.1

Trial#2

0.30

25.0

30.0

3.52

32.3


REGULAR [CaCO
]
Volume
3
(M)
CaCO
(mL)
3

Volumeof
HClpredicted
(mL)

pHof
endpoint
(pH)

VolumeofHCl
Used(mL)

Trial#1

0.20

25.0

20.0

2.59

21.5

Trial#2

0.20

25.0

20.0

3.64

21.7

(Fig.7)
NoticetheVolumePredictedcolumnandVolumeUsedcolumnareverysimilar,butnotthe
same.NoticealsothattheresultsforbothtrialsforeachStrengthwereverysimilar.Theresults
oftheexperimentmatchedandexceededtheexpectations.

Basedonthisdata,thelabelswerecorrectinsayingthatUltraneutralizesthemost

stomachacid,followedbyExtra,followedbyRegular.TheUltratablettitrated44.1mLofHCl.
TheExtratablettitrated32.1mLofHCl,andtheRegularstrengthtabletonlyneutralized21.5
mLofHCl.Ultratitrated12mLmorethanExtraand22.6mLmorethanRegular.
Thelastfigureshowstheresultsofthereactionrateexperimentandtheconversionsused
tofindthereactionratefromthedata.
DataTable2:ReactionRate

Volum
eHCl
added
(mL)

Initial
pH

Final
pH

Time
(sec)

Initial
Final
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Concentration Concentration
[H+]M
[H+]M

Delta
[H+]
M

Reaction
Rate
M/s

Trial2
Ultra

44.1

9.95

3.45

73.35

1.12202x
1010

3.54813x104

0.00036

0.0000004
9
4.908x107

Trial1
Extra

32.1

6.69

3.82

48.62

2.0417379x
107

1.51356x104

0.00015

0.0000031
3.085x106

Trial1
Regul
ar

21.5

9.81

3.17

35.48

1.54881662x
1010

6.76083x104

0.00068

0.000019
1.9166x
105


(Fig.8)
ThevaluesintheReactionRatecolumnwerefoundusingEq.15andthedataincolumnsTime
andDelta[H+].TheequationforUltraStrengthisasasfollows:
7
R = 0.00036M
73.35sec = 4.908 10 M/s

(Eq.16)
TheExtraandRegularreactionrateswerefoundthesameway.
Basedonthedata,theRegularStrengthTUMStablethasthefastestreactionrate.Ithasa
reactionrateof0.000019M/s,whichissignificantymorethanExtra(0.0000031M/s)orUltra
(0.00000049M/s).Regularhadthebiggestchangeinhydrogenconcentrationintheleastamount
oftime.
Forthetitrationresults,thepercenterrorforUltrais10.25%.ThepercenterrorforExtra
is7.0%.ThepercenterrorforRegularis7.5%.SeeAppendixAforcalculations.Factorsthat
mayhavecontributedtotheseerrorsarequantitativetransferissuesoftheantacidsolutionsor
themolesofHClwhendilutingthestocksolution.Misreadingthevolumeontheburettubeor
takingadatapointwhiletheacidandbasewerestillreactingduringtitrationmayhavealso
contributed.Otherproblemsencounteredincludetiming.Itisunlikelythat,whiletimingthe
reactionrate,thestopwatchwasstartedandstoppedatexactlytherighttime.ThepHprobemay
alsohavebeenreadorhandledincorrectlyduringanyofthetrials.
CONCLUSIONS:
Inthisexperiment,differentStrengthsofTUMSantacidtabletsweretestedtodetermine
theeffectivenessofeach,basedonreactionrateandvolumeofHClneutralized.Usingasingle
tabletforeachtrial,thedifferentStrengthsweretitratedandtheresultsfortheunknownvolume

ofHClwascomparedtothepredictedvolumesanddifferentstrengths.Thereactionratewas
foundusingtheresultsofthetitrationexperimentandtiminghowlongeachtooktoreact
completely.Thisdatawasusedtofindreactionrates,whichwerealsocomparedtodeterminethe
fastestworkingantacid.
ThedatashowsthattheUltraStrengthtablettitratedthemostHCl,buttheRegular
strengthtabletwasthefastestworking.Thispartiallysupportsthehypothesis,becauseitwas
correctinpredictingtheUltraStrengthtohavethemostneutralizingpower,butincorrectin
assumingUltrawouldalsobethefastest.
AfutureexperimentmightincludecomparingRegularandUltraTUMSantacidsto
Rolaids,becauseRolaidscontainsboth
calciumcarbonateandmagnesiumhydroxide.
APPENDIXA:PERCENTERROR
UltraStrengthTUMSAntacid

(|4044.1|
40 ) 100 = 10.25%
ExtraStrengthTUMSAntacid

(|3032.1|
30 ) 100 = 7.0%
RegularStrengthTUMSAntacid

(|2021.5|
20 ) 100 = 7.5%

GeneralChemistryExperiments
.DeterminingtheConcentrationofanUnknownNaOH
Solution,April28,2016.Retrievedfrom
https://docs.google.com/a/echo.ifschools.org/document/d/1ASPSKZuautgbZKamFxkTZCDjDrr1
KwTy4i55cYAFEk/edit?usp=sharing.
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