CHAPTER 2: SETS

2.1 Definitions Involving Sets

A ______________ is a well-defined collection of objects or
numbers.
Ex: Set A = Even integers greater than 0 and less than 10
A = ________________
We can name a set by assigning a capital letter to it, as we did in
the above example. Note, too, that the members of a set are listed (or
tabulated) inside the braces.
_________________ are the members that are contained in a
given set. They can be numbers, letters, symbols or any other type of
object.
If we want to say that a particular number or object is an element of a
set, we can use the symbol

_____.

For example:
Set B is the set of common household pets
B = {cat, dog, bird, hamster, fish, snake}
Cat is an element of the set of common pets
cat is an element in set B : _________________
When an element is not part of the set:
elephant is not an element in set B : ___________________

2.2 Kinds of Sets

A __________________ _____________ is a set whose
elements can be counted. In other words, there is a definite number
of elements in the given set. ______________ ____________
dont have to be EASY to countthey can have millions of
elementsbut there has to be a finite, or limited, number of
elements in the set.

Ex:

An ________________ _______________ is a set whose

elements cannot be counted.

Ex:

***Please Note:
{1, 2, 3, 4, . . ., 200} - This means that the set includes the #s
1 to 200, consecutively. We use the three dots to represent the rest
of the #s between 4 and 200. (it would take too long to write them all)
{1, 2, 3, . . .} - This means that the set is an infinite set. The list of
the elements in the set keeps going on forever.

Theres one more type of set we need to discuss: the ____________

set (or _____________ Set). Its a set that has no elements.
We represent the ___________ set one of two ways: either the
symbol

___

or a pair of empty braces ______.

Examples of sets that are empty:

Please note that we do NOT put the symbol into braces. Doing so
would mean that they were no longer empty. Nor do we put the
number zero in braces. That would mean the set is a finite set
containing the element 0.
******INCORRECT USES******
{ } & {0}

The empty set is a ______________** of every set.

2.3 Relationships Between Sets

___________________ Sets are sets that contain exactly the same
elements, though the order of elements does not matter.
The symbol for equal sets is
Ex1:

__________ .

A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {even counting numbers < 10}

Conclusion:

Ex2: C = { &, @, $, # }
D = { $, &, #, @ }

Conclusion:

Ex3: E = { x, y, z }
F = { a, b, c }
Conclusion:

Sets E and F are not EQUAL sets, but they are an example of
____________________ sets.

____________________ Sets have the same number of elements.

Each element in one set can be matched to an element in another. This
is another way of saying that there is
_____________________ _________________ between the two
sets an idea that will become important as you go on in math.
The symbol for equivalent sets is
Ex:

_______

G = {Beth, Mary, Kelly, Sue}

H = {William, Joe, Mark, George}

Conclusion:

The ___________________ Set is the entire set of elements under

consideration in a given situation.
The ____________________ Set is represented by the symbol ___.
For example, if we wanted to examine the English Alphabet we would
state:
U = {the letters of the alphabet}
We can then look at the subsets* that are found in U.
Ex: V = {vowels} and C = {consonants}

A _________________** is a set that contains the elements of

another set. Logically, then, every set is a _____________ of itself.
The symbol is

__________

Ex: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

B = {3, 4, 5, 6}

We can say that set B is a subset of set A :

_______________
Could set A be a subset of set B?

You try:
Rewrite these true statements using the symbol:
1. Set A is a subset of itself. ___________________
2. Set B is a subset of itself. ___________________
3. The empty set is a subset of A. ________________
4. The empty set is a subset of B. ________________

___________________ of Sets: Sets intersect when they share at

least one common element. That intersection contains any overlap

between the sets.
The symbol is

______
Ex:
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
A

B = ___________

___________________ Sets are when sets do not have any common

elements -- when their intersection yields the empty set.
Ex:
C= {2, 4, 6, 8}
D= {1, 3, 5, 7}
C

D = { } or

____________________ of Sets is the combination of the elements

of 2 or more sets.
The symbol for Union is

_____.

It will be easy to remember, since

it looks like the capital letter U.

Ex1:

A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {4, 5, 6}

Ex2:

B = _________________

C = {5, 6, 7, 8}
D = {4, 5, 6, 7, 9}

D = _________________

Remember to copy each element only once.

A good tip: Putting the elements into alphabetical/numerical order is a
helpful way to check that you have listed all the elements needed.

Using the Empty Set with UNION & INTERSECTION

ANY SET

___________________

ANY SET

___________________

For example if set A = {1, 2, 3} then

___________________

___________________

The ____________________ of a Set is the set of elements in the

Universal Set that are NOT in the given set. Obviously, in order to find
the ____________________ of a set, you need to also know which
elements are in the Universal Set.
The symbol is an apostrophe placed after the name of the set.

Ex:

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A = {2, 4}

A = {1, 3, 5}

Symbol that
denotes a
complement

2.4. The Venn Diagram

A Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of a set. Venn

Diagrams sometimes make it easier to find the answers to
problems involving sets.
In using Venn Diagrams, a rectangle will represent the
____________________ ______________. It surrounds the
rest of the diagram. Circles represent ________________ of the
Universal Set and the _________________ of a set are placed in
the circle.

EX 1:

5
2
10

a) List U

b) List A

3
6

B
4

8
9

c) List B

d) List A B

e) List A B

f) List A

g) List B

h) List (A B)

i) List (A B)

j) List A B

EX 2:

b) List A

c) List B
d) List C

e) List A B

f) List B C

g) List A C

1
2

a) List U

5
3

10

h) List A B
i) List A
j) List C
k) List (A B)
l) List (A C)
m) List A C
n) List A B
o) List A B C
p) List [ A B C ]
q) List A B C
r) List [ A B C ]