+PFKC

1 Etymology

6JKU CTVKENG KU CDQWV VJG 4GRWDNKE QH +PFKC (QT QVJGT

WUGU UGG +PFKC
FKUCODKIWCVKQP

/CKP CTVKENG 0COGU QH +PFKC

India QEKCNN[ VJG Republic of India

+#56 #ISBU
(BBSKZB=?=?=NQYGTCNRJC ? KU C EQWPVT[ KP 5QWVJ #UKC
+V KU VJG UGXGPVJNCTIGUV EQWPVT[ D[ CTGC VJG UGEQPFOQUV
RQRWNQWU EQWPVT[
YKVJ QXGT  DKNNKQP RGQRNG CPF VJG
OQUV RQRWNQWU FGOQETCE[ KP VJG YQTNF $QWPFGF D[ VJG
+PFKCP 1EGCP QP VJG UQWVJ VJG #TCDKCP 5GC QP VJG UQWVJ
YGUV CPF VJG $C[ QH $GPICN QP VJG UQWVJGCUV KV UJCTGU
NCPF DQTFGTU YKVJ 2CMKUVCP VQ VJG YGUV=NQYGTCNRJC ? %JKPC
0GRCN CPF $JWVCP VQ VJG PQTVJGCUV CPF /[CPOCT

$WTOC CPF $CPINCFGUJ VQ VJG GCUV +P VJG +PFKCP 1EGCP

+PFKC KU KP VJG XKEKPKV[ QH 5TK .CPMC CPF VJG /CNFKXGU KP
CFFKVKQP +PFKCU #PFCOCP CPF 0KEQDCT +UNCPFU UJCTG C
OCTKVKOG DQTFGT YKVJ 6JCKNCPF CPF +PFQPGUKC

6JG PCOG *OEJB KU FGTKXGF HTQO *OEVT YJKEJ QTKIKPCVGU

HTQO VJG 1NF 2GTUKCP YQTF 4JOEIJ=? 6JG NCVVGT VGTO
UVGOU HTQO VJG 5CPUMTKV YQTF 4JOEIV YJKEJ YCU VJG
JKUVQTKECN NQECN CRRGNNCVKQP HQT VJG +PFWU 4KXGT=? 6JG
CPEKGPV )TGGMU TGHGTTGF VQ VJG +PFKCPU CU *OEPJ

YJKEJ VTCPUNCVGU CU 6JG RGQRNG QH VJG +PFWU=?
6JG IGQITCRJKECN VGTO #IBSBU
$JTCV RTQPQWPEGF
=DCTV? YJKEJ KU TGEQIPKUGF D[ VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH +P
FKC CU CP QEKCN PCOG HQT VJG EQWPVT[=? KU WUGF D[ OCP[
+PFKCP NCPIWCIGU KP KVU XCTKCVKQPU +V KU C OQFGTPKUCVKQP
QH VJG JKUVQTKECN PCOG #IBSBUBWBSTIB YJKEJ ICKPGF KP
ETGCUKPI EWTTGPE[ HTQO VJG OKFVJ EGPVWT[ QPYCTFU CU
C PCVKXG PCOG QH +PFKC=? 5EJQNCTU DGNKGXG KV VQ DG PCOGF
CHVGT VJG 8GFKE VTKDG QH #IBSBUBT KP VJG UGEQPF OKNNGP
PKWO $%'=? +V KU CNUQ VTCFKVKQPCNN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG
TWNG QH VJG NGIGPFCT[ GORGTQT $JCTCVC=? (BBSKZB
NKV
GTCNN[ RGQRNGU 5VCVG KU VJG 5CPUMTKV*KPFK VGTO HQT TG
RWDNKE FCVKPI DCEM VQ VJG CPEKGPV VKOGU=?=?=?

*QOG VQ VJG CPEKGPV +PFWU 8CNNG[ %KXKNKUCVKQP CPF C

TGIKQP QH JKUVQTKE VTCFG TQWVGU CPF XCUV GORKTGU VJG
+PFKCP UWDEQPVKPGPV YCU KFGPVKGF YKVJ KVU EQOOGTEKCN
CPF EWNVWTCN YGCNVJ HQT OWEJ QH KVU NQPI JKUVQT[=?
(QWT TGNKIKQPU*KPFWKUO $WFFJKUO ,CKPKUO CPF
5KMJKUOQTKIKPCVGF JGTG YJGTGCU <QTQCUVTKCPKUO
,WFCKUO %JTKUVKCPKV[ CPF +UNCO CTTKXGF KP VJG UV
OKNNGPPKWO %' CPF CNUQ UJCRGF VJG TGIKQPU FKXGTUG
EWNVWTG )TCFWCNN[ CPPGZGF D[ CPF DTQWIJV WPFGT VJG
CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QH VJG $TKVKUJ 'CUV +PFKC %QORCP[ HTQO
VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ CPF CFOKPKUVGTGF FKTGEVN[ D[
VJG 7PKVGF -KPIFQO CHVGT VJG +PFKCP 4GDGNNKQP QH
 +PFKC DGECOG CP KPFGRGPFGPV PCVKQP KP 
CHVGT C UVTWIING HQT KPFGRGPFGPEG VJCV YCU OCTMGF D[
PQPXKQNGPV TGUKUVCPEG NGF D[ /CJCVOC )CPFJK

)JOEVTUBO
=PF UVCP? KU CP CPEKGPV 2GTUKCP PCOG HQT
+PFKC FCVKPI VQ  EGPVWT[ $%' +V YCU KPVTQFWEGF KPVQ
+PFKC D[ VJG /WIJCNU CPF YKFGN[ WUGF UKPEG VJGP QHVGP
DGKPI VJQWIJV QH CU VJG .CPF QH VJG *KPFWU +VU OGCPKPI
XCTKGF TGHGTTKPI VQ C TGIKQP VJCV GPEQORCUUGF PQTVJGTP
+PFKC CPF 2CMKUVCP QT +PFKC KP KVU GPVKTGV[=?=?=?

2 History

%WTTGPVN[ VJG +PFKCP GEQPQO[ KU VJG YQTNFU UGXGPVJ

NCTIGUV D[ PQOKPCN )&2 CPF VJKTFNCTIGUV D[ RWTEJCU
KPI RQYGT RCTKV[
222=? (QNNQYKPI OCTMGVDCUGF GEQ
PQOKE TGHQTOU KP  +PFKC DGECOG QPG QH VJG HCUVGUV
ITQYKPI OCLQT GEQPQOKGU KV KU EQPUKFGTGF C PGYN[ KP
FWUVTKCNKUGF EQWPVT[ *QYGXGT KV EQPVKPWGU VQ HCEG
VJG EJCNNGPIGU QH RQXGTV[ EQTTWRVKQP OCNPWVTKVKQP CPF
KPCFGSWCVG RWDNKE JGCNVJECTG # PWENGCT YGCRQPU UVCVG
CPF C TGIKQPCN RQYGT KV JCU VJG VJKTFNCTIGUV UVCPFKPI
CTO[ KP VJG YQTNF CPF TCPMU UKZVJ KP OKNKVCT[ GZRGPFKVWTG
COQPI PCVKQPU +PFKC KU C HGFGTCN TGRWDNKE IQXGTPGF WP
FGT C RCTNKCOGPVCT[ U[UVGO EQPUKUVKPI QH  UVCVGU CPF 
WPKQP VGTTKVQTKGU +PFKC KU C RNWTCNKUVKE OWNVKNKPIWCN CPF
C OWNVKGVJPKE UQEKGV[ +V KU CNUQ JQOG VQ C FKXGTUKV[ QH
YKNFNKHG KP C XCTKGV[ QH RTQVGEVGF JCDKVCVU

/CKP CTVKENGU *KUVQT[ QH +PFKC CPF *KUVQT[ QH VJG

4GRWDNKE QH +PFKC

2.1 Ancient India

6JG GCTNKGUV CWVJGPVKECVGF JWOCP TGOCKPU KP 5QWVJ #UKC
FCVG VQ CDQWV  [GCTU CIQ=? 0GCTN[ EQPVGORQ
TCPGQWU /GUQNKVJKE TQEM CTV UKVGU JCXG DGGP HQWPF KP
OCP[ RCTVU QH VJG +PFKCP UWDEQPVKPGPV KPENWFKPI CV VJG
$JKODGVMC TQEM UJGNVGTU KP /CFJ[C 2TCFGUJ=? #TQWPF
 $%' VJG TUV MPQYP 0GQNKVJKE UGVVNGOGPVU CR
RGCTGF QP VJG UWDEQPVKPGPV KP /GJTICTJ CPF QVJGT UKVGU
KP YGUVGTP 2CMKUVCP=? 6JGUG ITCFWCNN[ FGXGNQRGF KPVQ
VJG +PFWU 8CNNG[ %KXKNKUCVKQP=? VJG TUV WTDCP EWNVWTG KP


)*4503:

5QWVJ #UKC=? KV QWTKUJGF FWTKPI  $%' KP

2CMKUVCP CPF YGUVGTP +PFKC=? %GPVTGF CTQWPF EKVKGU UWEJ
CU /QJGPLQFCTQ *CTCRRC &JQNCXKTC CPF -CNKDCPICP
CPF TGN[KPI QP XCTKGF HQTOU QH UWDUKUVGPEG VJG EKXKNKUCVKQP
GPICIGF TQDWUVN[ KP ETCHVU RTQFWEVKQP CPF YKFGTCPIKPI
VTCFG=?

.BQ PG UIF *OEJBO TVCDPOUJOFOU EVSJOH UIF 7FEJD QFSJPE

&WTKPI VJG RGTKQF  $%' KP VGTOU QH EWNVWTG

OCP[ TGIKQPU QH VJG UWDEQPVKPGPV VTCPUKVKQPGF HTQO VJG
%JCNEQNKVJKE VQ VJG +TQP #IG=? 6JG 8GFCU VJG QNFGUV
UETKRVWTGU QH *KPFWKUO=? YGTG EQORQUGF FWTKPI VJKU
RGTKQF=? CPF JKUVQTKCPU JCXG CPCN[UGF VJGUG VQ RQUKV C
8GFKE EWNVWTG KP VJG 2WPLCD TGIKQP CPF VJG WRRGT )CPIGVKE
2NCKP=? /QUV JKUVQTKCPU CNUQ EQPUKFGT VJKU RGTKQF VQ
JCXG GPEQORCUUGF UGXGTCN YCXGU QH +PFQ#T[CP OKITC
VKQP KPVQ VJG UWDEQPVKPGPV=?=? 6JG ECUVG U[UVGO CTQUG
FWTKPI VJKU RGTKQF ETGCVKPI C JKGTCTEJ[ QH RTKGUVU YCT
TKQTU HTGG RGCUCPVU CPF VTCFGTU CPF NCUVN[ VJG KPFKIG
PQWU RGQRNGU YJQ YGTG TGICTFGF CU KORWTG CPF UOCNN
VTKDCN WPKVU ITCFWCNN[ EQCNGUEGF KPVQ OQPCTEJKECN UVCVG
NGXGN RQNKVKGU=?=? 1P VJG &GEECP 2NCVGCW CTEJCGQNQI
KECN GXKFGPEG HTQO VJKU RGTKQF UWIIGUVU VJG GZKUVGPEG QH
C EJKGHFQO UVCIG QH RQNKVKECN QTICPKUCVKQP=? +P UQWVJ
GTP +PFKC C RTQITGUUKQP VQ UGFGPVCT[ NKHG KU KPFKECVGF D[
VJG NCTIG PWODGT QH OGICNKVJKE OQPWOGPVU FCVKPI HTQO
VJKU RGTKQF=? CU YGNN CU D[ PGCTD[ VTCEGU QH CITKEWNVWTG
KTTKICVKQP VCPMU CPF ETCHV VTCFKVKQPU=?
+P VJG NCVG 8GFKE RGTKQF CTQWPF VJG VJ EGPVWT[ $%'
VJG UOCNN UVCVGU CPF EJKGHFQOU QH VJG )CPIGU 2NCKP CPF
VJG PQTVJYGUVGTP TGIKQPU JCF EQPUQNKFCVGF KPVQ  OC
LQT QNKICTEJKGU CPF OQPCTEJKGU VJCV YGTG MPQYP CU VJG
NBIBKBOBQBEBT=?=? 6JG GOGTIKPI WTDCPKUCVKQP ICXG
TKUG VQ PQP8GFKE TGNKIKQWU OQXGOGPVU VYQ QH YJKEJ DG
ECOG KPFGRGPFGPV TGNKIKQPU ,CKPKUO ECOG KPVQ RTQOK
PGPEG FWTKPI VJG NKHG QH KVU GZGORNCT /CJCXKTC=?
$WFFJKUO DCUGF QP VJG VGCEJKPIU QH )CWVCOC $WF
FJC CVVTCEVGF HQNNQYGTU HTQO CNN UQEKCN ENCUUGU GZEGRV
KPI VJG OKFFNG ENCUU EJTQPKENKPI VJG NKHG QH VJG $WF
FJC YCU EGPVTCN VQ VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH TGEQTFGF JKUVQT[ KP
+PFKC=?=?=? +P CP CIG QH KPETGCUKPI WTDCP YGCNVJ DQVJ
TGNKIKQPU JGNF WR TGPWPEKCVKQP CU CP KFGCN=? CPF DQVJ GU
VCDNKUJGF NQPINCUVKPI OQPCUVKE VTCFKVKQPU 2QNKVKECNN[ D[

1BJOUJOHT BU UIF "KBOUB $BWFT JO "VSBOHBCBE .BIBSBTIUSB UI

DFOUVSZ

VJG TF EGPVWT[ $%' VJG MKPIFQO QH /CICFJC JCF CP

PGZGF QT TGFWEGF QVJGT UVCVGU VQ GOGTIG CU VJG /CWT[CP
'ORKTG=? 6JG GORKTG YCU QPEG VJQWIJV VQ JCXG EQP
VTQNNGF OQUV QH VJG UWDEQPVKPGPV GZEGRVKPI VJG HCT UQWVJ
DWV KVU EQTG TGIKQPU CTG PQY VJQWIJV VQ JCXG DGGP UGR
CTCVGF D[ NCTIG CWVQPQOQWU CTGCU=?=? 6JG /CWT[CP
MKPIU CTG MPQYP CU OWEJ HQT VJGKT GORKTGDWKNFKPI CPF
FGVGTOKPGF OCPCIGOGPV QH RWDNKE NKHG CU HQT #UJQMC U
TGPWPEKCVKQP QH OKNKVCTKUO CPF HCTWPI CFXQECE[ QH VJG
$WFFJKUV EIBNNB=?=?
6JG 5CPICO NKVGTCVWTG QH VJG 6COKN NCPIWCIG TGXGCNU
VJCV DGVYGGP  $%' CPF  %' VJG UQWVJGTP
RGPKPUWNC YCU DGKPI TWNGF D[ VJG %JGTCU VJG %JQNCU
CPF VJG 2CPF[CU F[PCUVKGU VJCV VTCFGF GZVGPUKXGN[ YKVJ
VJG 4QOCP 'ORKTG CPF YKVJ 9GUV CPF 5QWVJ'CUV
#UKC=?=? +P 0QTVJ +PFKC *KPFWKUO CUUGTVGF RCVTKCTEJCN
EQPVTQN YKVJKP VJG HCOKN[ NGCFKPI VQ KPETGCUGF UWDQTFKPC
VKQP QH YQOGP=?=? $[ VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWTKGU VJG
)WRVC 'ORKTG JCF ETGCVGF KP VJG ITGCVGT )CPIGU 2NCKP
C EQORNGZ U[UVGO QH CFOKPKUVTCVKQP CPF VCZCVKQP VJCV DG
ECOG C OQFGN HQT NCVGT +PFKCP MKPIFQOU=?=? 7PFGT VJG
)WRVCU C TGPGYGF *KPFWKUO DCUGF QP FGXQVKQP TCVJGT
VJCP VJG OCPCIGOGPV QH TKVWCN DGICP VQ CUUGTV KVUGNH=?
6JG TGPGYCN YCU TGGEVGF KP C QYGTKPI QH UEWNRVWTG
CPF CTEJKVGEVWTG YJKEJ HQWPF RCVTQPU COQPI CP WTDCP
GNKVG=? %NCUUKECN 5CPUMTKV NKVGTCVWTG QYGTGF CU YGNN CPF
+PFKCP UEKGPEG CUVTQPQO[ OGFKEKPG CPF OCVJGOCVKEU
OCFG UKIPKECPV CFXCPEGU=?

2.2 Medieval India

6JG +PFKCP GCTN[ OGFKGXCN CIG  %' VQ  %' KU
FGPGF D[ TGIKQPCN MKPIFQOU CPF EWNVWTCN FKXGTUKV[=?
9JGP *CTUJC QH -CPPCWL YJQ TWNGF OWEJ QH VJG +PFQ



&BSMZ NPEFSO *OEJB

KPXQNXGF KP VJKU VTCPUOKUUKQP 5QWVJ'CUV #UKCPU VQQM VJG

KPKVKCVKXG CU YGNN YKVJ OCP[ UQLQWTPKPI KP +PFKCP UGOK
PCTKGU CPF VTCPUNCVKPI $WFFJKUV CPF *KPFW VGZVU KPVQ VJGKT
NCPIWCIGU=?

5IF HSBOJUF UPXFS PG #SJIBEFFTXBSBS 5FNQMF JO 5IBOKBWVS XBT

DPNQMFUFE JO  $& CZ 3BKB 3BKB $IPMB *

)CPIGVKE 2NCKP HTQO  VQ  %' CVVGORVGF VQ GZRCPF

UQWVJYCTFU JG YCU FGHGCVGF D[ VJG %JCNWM[C TWNGT QH
VJG &GEECP=? 9JGP JKU UWEEGUUQT CVVGORVGF VQ GZRCPF
GCUVYCTFU JG YCU FGHGCVGF D[ VJG 2CNC MKPI QH $GPICN=?
9JGP VJG %JCNWM[CU CVVGORVGF VQ GZRCPF UQWVJYCTFU
VJG[ YGTG FGHGCVGF D[ VJG 2CNNCXCU HTQO HCTVJGT UQWVJ
YJQ KP VWTP YGTG QRRQUGF D[ VJG 2CPF[CU CPF VJG %JQNCU
HTQO UVKNN HCTVJGT UQWVJ=? 0Q TWNGT QH VJKU RGTKQF YCU
CDNG VQ ETGCVG CP GORKTG CPF EQPUKUVGPVN[ EQPVTQN NCPFU
OWEJ DG[QPF JKU EQTG TGIKQP=? &WTKPI VJKU VKOG RCU
VQTCN RGQRNGU YJQUG NCPF JCF DGGP ENGCTGF VQ OCMG YC[
HQT VJG ITQYKPI CITKEWNVWTCN GEQPQO[ YGTG CEEQOOQ
FCVGF YKVJKP ECUVG UQEKGV[ CU YGTG PGY PQPVTCFKVKQPCN
TWNKPI ENCUUGU=? 6JG ECUVG U[UVGO EQPUGSWGPVN[ DGICP
VQ UJQY TGIKQPCN FKGTGPEGU=?
+P VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWTKGU VJG TUV FGXQVKQPCN J[OPU
YGTG ETGCVGF KP VJG 6COKN NCPIWCIG=? 6JG[ YGTG KO
KVCVGF CNN QXGT +PFKC CPF NGF VQ DQVJ VJG TGUWTIGPEG
QH *KPFWKUO CPF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH CNN OQFGTP NCP
IWCIGU QH VJG UWDEQPVKPGPV=? +PFKCP TQ[CNV[ DKI CPF
UOCNN CPF VJG VGORNGU VJG[ RCVTQPKUGF FTGY EKVK\GPU KP
ITGCV PWODGTU VQ VJG ECRKVCN EKVKGU YJKEJ DGECOG GEQ
PQOKE JWDU CU YGNN=? 6GORNG VQYPU QH XCTKQWU UK\GU
DGICP VQ CRRGCT GXGT[YJGTG CU +PFKC WPFGTYGPV CPQVJGT
WTDCPKUCVKQP=? $[ VJG VJ CPF VJ EGPVWTKGU VJG GH
HGEVU YGTG HGNV KP 5QWVJ'CUV #UKC CU 5QWVJ +PFKCP EWN
VWTG CPF RQNKVKECN U[UVGOU YGTG GZRQTVGF VQ NCPFU VJCV
DGECOG RCTV QH OQFGTPFC[ /[CPOCT 6JCKNCPF .CQU
%CODQFKC 8KGVPCO 2JKNKRRKPGU /CNC[UKC CPF ,CXC=?
+PFKCP OGTEJCPVU UEJQNCTU CPF UQOGVKOGU CTOKGU YGTG

#HVGT VJG VJ EGPVWT[ /WUNKO %GPVTCN #UKCP PQOCFKE

ENCPU WUKPI UYKHVJQTUG ECXCNT[ CPF TCKUKPI XCUV CTOKGU
WPKVGF D[ GVJPKEKV[ CPF TGNKIKQP TGRGCVGFN[ QXGTTCP 5QWVJ
#UKCU PQTVJYGUVGTP RNCKPU NGCFKPI GXGPVWCNN[ VQ VJG GU
VCDNKUJOGPV QH VJG +UNCOKE &GNJK 5WNVCPCVG KP =?
6JG UWNVCPCVG YCU VQ EQPVTQN OWEJ QH 0QTVJ +PFKC CPF
VQ OCMG OCP[ HQTC[U KPVQ 5QWVJ +PFKC #NVJQWIJ CV
TUV FKUTWRVKXG HQT VJG +PFKCP GNKVGU VJG UWNVCPCVG NCTIGN[
NGHV KVU XCUV PQP/WUNKO UWDLGEV RQRWNCVKQP VQ KVU QYP
NCYU CPF EWUVQOU=?=? $[ TGRGCVGFN[ TGRWNUKPI /QPIQN
TCKFGTU KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG UWNVCPCVG UCXGF +PFKC HTQO
VJG FGXCUVCVKQP XKUKVGF QP 9GUV CPF %GPVTCN #UKC UGV
VKPI VJG UEGPG HQT EGPVWTKGU QH OKITCVKQP QH GGKPI UQN
FKGTU NGCTPGF OGP O[UVKEU VTCFGTU CTVKUVU CPF CTVKUCPU
HTQO VJCV TGIKQP KPVQ VJG UWDEQPVKPGPV VJGTGD[ ETGCVKPI
C U[PETGVKE +PFQ+UNCOKE EWNVWTG KP VJG PQTVJ=?=? 6JG
UWNVCPCVGU TCKFKPI CPF YGCMGPKPI QH VJG TGIKQPCN MKPI
FQOU QH 5QWVJ +PFKC RCXGF VJG YC[ HQT VJG KPFKIGPQWU
8KLC[CPCICTC 'ORKTG=? 'ODTCEKPI C UVTQPI 5JCKXKVG
VTCFKVKQP CPF DWKNFKPI WRQP VJG OKNKVCT[ VGEJPQNQI[ QH VJG
UWNVCPCVG VJG GORKTG ECOG VQ EQPVTQN OWEJ QH RGPKPUW
NCT +PFKC=? CPF YCU VQ KPWGPEG 5QWVJ +PFKCP UQEKGV[ HQT
NQPI CHVGTYCTFU=?

2.3 Early modern India

+P VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ PQTVJGTP +PFKC DGKPI VJGP WP
FGT OCKPN[ /WUNKO TWNGTU=? HGNN CICKP VQ VJG UWRGTKQT
OQDKNKV[ CPF TGRQYGT QH C PGY IGPGTCVKQP QH %GPVTCN
#UKCP YCTTKQTU=? 6JG TGUWNVKPI /WIJCN 'ORKTG FKF PQV
UVCOR QWV VJG NQECN UQEKGVKGU KV ECOG VQ TWNG DWV TCVJGT
DCNCPEGF CPF RCEKGF VJGO VJTQWIJ PGY CFOKPKUVTCVKXG
RTCEVKEGU=?=? CPF FKXGTUG CPF KPENWUKXG TWNKPI GNKVGU=?
NGCFKPI VQ OQTG U[UVGOCVKE EGPVTCNKUGF CPF WPKHQTO
TWNG=? 'UEJGYKPI VTKDCN DQPFU CPF +UNCOKE KFGPVKV[ GU
RGEKCNN[ WPFGT #MDCT VJG /WIJCNU WPKVGF VJGKT HCTWPI
TGCNOU VJTQWIJ NQ[CNV[ GZRTGUUGF VJTQWIJ C 2GTUKCPKUGF
EWNVWTG VQ CP GORGTQT YJQ JCF PGCTFKXKPG UVCVWU=? 6JG
/WIJCN UVCVGU GEQPQOKE RQNKEKGU FGTKXKPI OQUV TGXGPWGU
HTQO CITKEWNVWTG=? CPF OCPFCVKPI VJCV VCZGU DG RCKF KP
VJG YGNNTGIWNCVGF UKNXGT EWTTGPE[=? ECWUGF RGCUCPVU CPF
CTVKUCPU VQ GPVGT NCTIGT OCTMGVU=? 6JG TGNCVKXG RGCEG
OCKPVCKPGF D[ VJG GORKTG FWTKPI OWEJ QH VJG VJ EGP
VWT[ YCU C HCEVQT KP +PFKCU GEQPQOKE GZRCPUKQP=? TGUWNV
KPI KP ITGCVGT RCVTQPCIG QH RCKPVKPI NKVGTCT[ HQTOU VGZ
VKNGU CPF CTEJKVGEVWTG=? 0GYN[ EQJGTGPV UQEKCN ITQWRU
KP PQTVJGTP CPF YGUVGTP +PFKC UWEJ CU VJG /CTCVJCU VJG
4CLRWVU CPF VJG 5KMJU ICKPGF OKNKVCT[ CPF IQXGTPKPI
CODKVKQPU FWTKPI /WIJCN TWNG YJKEJ VJTQWIJ EQNNCDQTC
VKQP QT CFXGTUKV[ ICXG VJGO DQVJ TGEQIPKVKQP CPF OKNKVCT[
GZRGTKGPEG=? 'ZRCPFKPI EQOOGTEG FWTKPI /WIJCN TWNG
ICXG TKUG VQ PGY +PFKCP EQOOGTEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN GNKVGU
CNQPI VJG EQCUVU QH UQWVJGTP CPF GCUVGTP +PFKC=? #U VJG

)*4503:

OCFG CP CTO QH $TKVKUJ CFOKPKUVTCVKQP VJG %QORCP[ DG

ICP VQ OQTG EQPUEKQWUN[ GPVGT PQPGEQPQOKE CTGPCU UWEJ
CU GFWECVKQP UQEKCN TGHQTO CPF EWNVWTG=?

2.4 Modern India

5IF #SJUJTI *OEJBO &NQJSF GSPN UIF  FEJUJPO PG 6JG +ORG
TKCN )C\GVVGGT QH +PFKC "SFBT EJSFDUMZ HPWFSOFE CZ UIF #SJUJTI
BSF TIBEFE QJOL UIF QSJODFMZ TUBUFT VOEFS #SJUJTI TV[FSBJOUZ BSF
JO ZFMMPX

8SJUJOH UIF XJMM BOE UFTUBNFOU PG UIF .VHIBM LJOH DPVSU JO 1FS
TJBO 

GORKTG FKUKPVGITCVGF OCP[ COQPI VJGUG GNKVGU YGTG CDNG

VQ UGGM CPF EQPVTQN VJGKT QYP CCKTU=?
$[ VJG GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ YKVJ VJG NKPGU DGVYGGP
EQOOGTEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN FQOKPCPEG DGKPI KPETGCUKPIN[
DNWTTGF C PWODGT QH 'WTQRGCP VTCFKPI EQORCPKGU KP
ENWFKPI VJG 'PINKUJ 'CUV +PFKC %QORCP[ JCF GUVCDNKUJGF
EQCUVCN QWVRQUVU=?=? 6JG 'CUV +PFKC %QORCP[U EQPVTQN
QH VJG UGCU ITGCVGT TGUQWTEGU CPF OQTG CFXCPEGF OKNK
VCT[ VTCKPKPI CPF VGEJPQNQI[ NGF KV VQ KPETGCUKPIN[ GZ KVU
OKNKVCT[ OWUENG CPF ECWUGF KV VQ DGEQOG CVVTCEVKXG VQ C
RQTVKQP QH VJG +PFKCP GNKVG DQVJ VJGUG HCEVQTU YGTG ETW
EKCN KP CNNQYKPI VJG %QORCP[ VQ ICKP EQPVTQN QXGT VJG
$GPICN TGIKQP D[  CPF UKFGNKPG VJG QVJGT 'WTQRGCP
EQORCPKGU=?=?=?=? +VU HWTVJGT CEEGUU VQ VJG TKEJGU QH
$GPICN CPF VJG UWDUGSWGPV KPETGCUGF UVTGPIVJ CPF UK\G QH
KVU CTO[ GPCDNGF KV VQ CPPGZ QT UWDFWG OQUV QH +PFKC D[
VJG U=? +PFKC YCU VJGP PQ NQPIGT GZRQTVKPI OCP
WHCEVWTGF IQQFU CU KV NQPI JCF DWV YCU KPUVGCF UWRRN[
KPI VJG $TKVKUJ 'ORKTG YKVJ TCY OCVGTKCNU CPF OCP[ JKU
VQTKCPU EQPUKFGT VJKU VQ DG VJG QPUGV QH +PFKCU EQNQPKCN
RGTKQF=? $[ VJKU VKOG YKVJ KVU GEQPQOKE RQYGT UGXGTGN[
EWTVCKNGF D[ VJG $TKVKUJ RCTNKCOGPV CPF KVUGNH GGEVKXGN[

*KUVQTKCPU EQPUKFGT +PFKCU OQFGTP CIG VQ JCXG DGIWP

UQOGVKOG DGVYGGP  CPF  6JG CRRQKPVOGPV KP
 QH .QTF &CNJQWUKG CU )QXGTPQT )GPGTCN QH VJG 'CUV
+PFKC %QORCP[ UGV VJG UVCIG HQT EJCPIGU GUUGPVKCN VQ C
OQFGTP UVCVG 6JGUG KPENWFGF VJG EQPUQNKFCVKQP CPF FG
OCTECVKQP QH UQXGTGKIPV[ VJG UWTXGKNNCPEG QH VJG RQRWNC
VKQP CPF VJG GFWECVKQP QH EKVK\GPU
'PINKUJ 'FWECVKQP #EV
 6GEJPQNQIKECN EJCPIGUCOQPI VJGO TCKNYC[U
ECPCNU CPF VJG VGNGITCRJYGTG KPVTQFWEGF PQV NQPI CHVGT
VJGKT KPVTQFWEVKQP KP 'WTQRG=?=?=?=? *QYGXGT FKU
CGEVKQP YKVJ VJG %QORCP[ CNUQ ITGY FWTKPI VJKU VKOG
CPF UGV Q VJG +PFKCP 4GDGNNKQP QH  (GF D[ FKXGTUG
TGUGPVOGPVU CPF RGTEGRVKQPU KPENWFKPI KPXCUKXG $TKVKUJ
UV[NG UQEKCN TGHQTOU JCTUJ NCPF VCZGU CPF UWOOCT[ VTGCV
OGPV QH UQOG TKEJ NCPFQYPGTU CPF RTKPEGU VJG TGDGN
NKQP TQEMGF OCP[ TGIKQPU QH PQTVJGTP CPF EGPVTCN +PFKC
CPF UJQQM VJG HQWPFCVKQPU QH %QORCP[ TWNG=?=? #N
VJQWIJ VJG TGDGNNKQP YCU UWRRTGUUGF D[  KV NGF VQ VJG
FKUUQNWVKQP QH VJG 'CUV +PFKC %QORCP[ CPF VQ VJG FKTGEV
CFOKPKUVTCVKQP QH +PFKC D[ VJG $TKVKUJ IQXGTPOGPV 2TQ
ENCKOKPI C WPKVCT[ UVCVG CPF C ITCFWCN DWV NKOKVGF $TKVKUJ
UV[NG RCTNKCOGPVCT[ U[UVGO VJG PGY TWNGTU CNUQ RTQVGEVGF
RTKPEGU CPF NCPFGF IGPVT[ CU C HGWFCN UCHGIWCTF CICKPUV
HWVWTG WPTGUV=?=? +P VJG FGECFGU HQNNQYKPI RWDNKE
NKHG ITCFWCNN[ GOGTIGF CNN QXGT +PFKC NGCFKPI GXGPVW
CNN[ VQ VJG HQWPFKPI QH VJG +PFKCP 0CVKQPCN %QPITGUU KP
=?=?=?=?
6JG TWUJ QH VGEJPQNQI[ CPF VJG EQOOGTEKCNKUCVKQP QH
CITKEWNVWTG KP VJG UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YCU
OCTMGF D[ GEQPQOKE UGVDCEMUOCP[ UOCNN HCTOGTU DG
ECOG FGRGPFGPV QP VJG YJKOU QH HCTCYC[ OCTMGVU=?


GCUV +PFKC=? +V JCU WPTGUQNXGF VGTTKVQTKCN FKURWVGU YKVJ
%JKPC=? CPF YKVJ 2CMKUVCP=? 6JG +PFKC2CMKUVCP PW
ENGCT TKXCNT[ ECOG VQ C JGCF KP =? +PFKCU UWUVCKPGF
FGOQETCVKE HTGGFQOU CTG WPKSWG COQPI VJG YQTNFU PGYGT
PCVKQPU JQYGXGT KP URKVG QH KVU TGEGPV GEQPQOKE UWE
EGUUGU HTGGFQO HTQO YCPV HQT KVU FKUCFXCPVCIGF RQRW
NCVKQP TGOCKPU C IQCN [GV VQ DG CEJKGXGF=?

3 Geography

+BXBIBSMBM /FISV MFGU

CFDBNF *OEJBT STU QSJNF NJOJTUFS JO
 .BIBUNB (BOEIJ SJHIU
MFE UIF JOEFQFOEFODF NPWFNFOU

6JGTG YCU CP KPETGCUG KP VJG PWODGT QH NCTIGUECNG

HCOKPGU=? CPF FGURKVG VJG TKUMU QH KPHTCUVTWEVWTG FG
XGNQROGPV DQTPG D[ +PFKCP VCZRC[GTU NKVVNG KPFWUVTKCN GO
RNQ[OGPV YCU IGPGTCVGF HQT +PFKCPU=? 6JGTG YGTG CNUQ
UCNWVCT[ GGEVU EQOOGTEKCN ETQRRKPI GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG
PGYN[ ECPCNNGF 2WPLCD NGF VQ KPETGCUGF HQQF RTQFWEVKQP
HQT KPVGTPCN EQPUWORVKQP=? 6JG TCKNYC[ PGVYQTM RTQ
XKFGF ETKVKECN HCOKPG TGNKGH=? PQVCDN[ TGFWEGF VJG EQUV
QH OQXKPI IQQFU=? CPF JGNRGF PCUEGPV +PFKCPQYPGF
KPFWUVT[=? #HVGT 9QTNF 9CT + KP YJKEJ CRRTQZKOCVGN[
QPG OKNNKQP +PFKCPU UGTXGF=? C PGY RGTKQF DGICP +V
YCU OCTMGF D[ $TKVKUJ TGHQTOU DWV CNUQ TGRTGUUKXG NGI
KUNCVKQPU D[ OQTG UVTKFGPV +PFKCP ECNNU HQT UGNHTWNG CPF
D[ VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH C PQPXKQNGPV OQXGOGPV QH PQP
EQQRGTCVKQP QH YJKEJ /QJCPFCU -CTCOEJCPF )CPFJK
YQWNF DGEQOG VJG NGCFGT CPF GPFWTKPI U[ODQN=? &WT
KPI VJG U UNQY NGIKUNCVKXG TGHQTO YCU GPCEVGF D[
VJG $TKVKUJ VJG +PFKCP 0CVKQPCN %QPITGUU YQP XKEVQTKGU
KP VJG TGUWNVKPI GNGEVKQPU=? 6JG PGZV FGECFG YCU DG
UGV YKVJ ETKUGU +PFKCP RCTVKEKRCVKQP KP 9QTNF 9CT ++ VJG
%QPITGUUU PCN RWUJ HQT PQPEQQRGTCVKQP CPF CP WRUWTIG
QH /WUNKO PCVKQPCNKUO #NN YGTG ECRRGF D[ VJG CFXGPV QH
KPFGRGPFGPEG KP  DWV VGORGTGF D[ VJG RCTVKVKQP QH
+PFKC KPVQ VYQ UVCVGU +PFKC CPF 2CMKUVCP=?
8KVCN VQ +PFKCU UGNHKOCIG CU CP KPFGRGPFGPV PCVKQP YCU
KVU EQPUVKVWVKQP EQORNGVGF KP  YJKEJ RWV KP RNCEG
C UGEWNCT CPF FGOQETCVKE TGRWDNKE=? +P VJG  [GCTU
UKPEG +PFKC JCU JCF C OKZGF TGEQTF QH UWEEGUUGU CPF
HCKNWTGU=? +V JCU TGOCKPGF C FGOQETCE[ YKVJ EKXKN NKD
GTVKGU CP CEVKXG 5WRTGOG %QWTV CPF C NCTIGN[ KPFG
RGPFGPV RTGUU=? 'EQPQOKE NKDGTCNKUCVKQP YJKEJ YCU
DGIWP KP VJG U JCU ETGCVGF C NCTIG WTDCP OKFFNG
ENCUU VTCPUHQTOGF +PFKC KPVQ QPG QH VJG YQTNFU HCUVGUV
ITQYKPI GEQPQOKGU=? CPF KPETGCUGF KVU IGQRQNKVKECN
ENQWV +PFKCP OQXKGU OWUKE CPF URKTKVWCN VGCEJKPIU
RNC[ CP KPETGCUKPI TQNG KP INQDCN EWNVWTG=? ;GV +P
FKC KU CNUQ UJCRGF D[ UGGOKPIN[ WP[KGNFKPI RQXGTV[ DQVJ
TWTCN CPF WTDCP=? D[ TGNKIKQWU CPF ECUVGTGNCVGF XKQ
NGPEG=? D[ /CQKUVKPURKTGF 0CZCNKVG KPUWTIGPEKGU=?
CPF D[ UGRCTCVKUO KP ,COOW CPF -CUJOKT CPF KP 0QTVJ

/CKP CTVKENG )GQITCRJ[ QH +PFKC

5GG CNUQ )GQNQI[ QH +PFKC
+PFKC EQORTKUGU VJG DWNM QH VJG +PFKCP UWDEQPVKPGPV N[

" UPQPHSBQIJD NBQ PG *OEJB

KPI CVQR VJG +PFKCP VGEVQPKE RNCVG CPF RCTV QH VJG +PFQ
#WUVTCNKCP 2NCVG=? +PFKCU FGPKPI IGQNQIKECN RTQEGUUGU
DGICP  OKNNKQP [GCTU CIQ YJGP VJG +PFKCP RNCVG VJGP
RCTV QH VJG UQWVJGTP UWRGTEQPVKPGPV )QPFYCPC DGICP C
PQTVJGCUVYCTF FTKHV ECWUGF D[ UGCQQT URTGCFKPI VQ KVU
UQWVJYGUV CPF NCVGT UQWVJ CPF UQWVJGCUV=? 5KOWN
VCPGQWUN[ VJG XCUV 6GVJ[P QEGCPKE ETWUV VQ KVU PQTVJ
GCUV DGICP VQ UWDFWEV WPFGT VJG 'WTCUKCP RNCVG=?
6JGUG FWCN RTQEGUUGU FTKXGP D[ EQPXGEVKQP KP VJG 'CTVJU
OCPVNG DQVJ ETGCVGF VJG +PFKCP 1EGCP CPF ECWUGF VJG
+PFKCP EQPVKPGPVCN ETWUV GXGPVWCNN[ VQ WPFGTVJTWUV 'WTC
UKC CPF VQ WRNKHV VJG *KOCNC[CU=? +OOGFKCVGN[ UQWVJ QH
VJG GOGTIKPI *KOCNC[CU RNCVG OQXGOGPV ETGCVGF C XCUV
VTQWIJ VJCV TCRKFN[ NNGF YKVJ TKXGTDQTPG UGFKOGPV=?
CPF PQY EQPUVKVWVGU VJG +PFQ)CPIGVKE 2NCKP=? %WV Q
HTQO VJG RNCKP D[ VJG CPEKGPV #TCXCNNK 4CPIG NKGU VJG 6JCT
&GUGTV=?
6JG QTKIKPCN +PFKCP RNCVG UWTXKXGU CU RGPKPUWNCT +PFKC VJG
QNFGUV CPF IGQNQIKECNN[ OQUV UVCDNG RCTV QH +PFKC +V GZ
VGPFU CU HCT PQTVJ CU VJG 5CVRWTC CPF 8KPFJ[C TCPIGU KP
EGPVTCN +PFKC 6JGUG RCTCNNGN EJCKPU TWP HTQO VJG #TC
DKCP 5GC EQCUV KP )WLCTCV KP VJG YGUV VQ VJG EQCNTKEJ
%JQVC 0CIRWT 2NCVGCW KP ,JCTMJCPF KP VJG GCUV=? 6Q


VJG UQWVJ VJG TGOCKPKPI RGPKPUWNCT NCPFOCUU VJG &GEECP
2NCVGCW KU CPMGF QP VJG YGUV CPF GCUV D[ EQCUVCN TCPIGU
MPQYP CU VJG 9GUVGTP CPF 'CUVGTP )JCVU=? VJG RNCVGCW
EQPVCKPU VJG EQWPVT[U QNFGUV TQEM HQTOCVKQPU UQOG QXGT
QPG DKNNKQP [GCTU QNF %QPUVKVWVGF KP UWEJ HCUJKQP +PFKC
NKGU VQ VJG PQTVJ QH VJG GSWCVQT DGVYGGP q  CPF q
 PQTVJ NCVKVWFG=NQYGTCNRJC ? CPF q  CPF q  GCUV
NQPIKVWFG=?

 #*0%*7&34*5:
TQNG KP CVVTCEVKPI VJG OQKUVWTGNCFGP UQWVJYGUV UWOOGT
OQPUQQP YKPFU VJCV DGVYGGP ,WPG CPF 1EVQDGT RTQXKFG
VJG OCLQTKV[ QH +PFKCU TCKPHCNN=? (QWT OCLQT ENKOCVKE
ITQWRKPIU RTGFQOKPCVG KP +PFKC VTQRKECN YGV VTQRKECN
FT[ UWDVTQRKECN JWOKF CPF OQPVCPG=?

4 Biodiversity
/CKP CTVKENG 9KNFNKHG QH +PFKC
+PFKC NKGU YKVJKP VJG +PFQOCNC[C GEQ\QPG CPF EQPVCKPU

5IF ,FEBS 3BOHF PG UIF (SFBUFS )JNBMBZBT SJTFT CFIJOE

,FEBSOBUI 5FNQMF *OEJBO TUBUF PG 6UUBSBLIBOE
XIJDI JT POF
PG UIF UXFMWF L[QVKTNKPIC TISJOFT

+PFKCU EQCUVNKPG OGCUWTGU  MKNQOGVTGU

 OK
KP NGPIVJ QH VJKU FKUVCPEG  MKNQOGVTGU
 OK
DGNQPI VQ RGPKPUWNCT +PFKC CPF  MKNQOGVTGU

OK VQ VJG #PFCOCP 0KEQDCT CPF .CMUJCFYGGR KUNCPF
EJCKPU=? #EEQTFKPI VQ VJG +PFKCP PCXCN J[FTQITCRJKE
EJCTVU VJG OCKPNCPF EQCUVNKPG EQPUKUVU QH VJG HQNNQYKPI
 UCPF[ DGCEJGU  TQEM[ UJQTGU KPENWFKPI ENKU
CPF  OWFCVU QT OCTUJ[ UJQTGU=?

5IF CSBINJOZ LJUF *CNKCUVWT KPFWU

JT JEFOUJFE XJUI (BSVEB
UIF NZUIJDBM NPVOU PG 7JTIOV *U IVOUT GPS TI BOE PUIFS QSFZ
OFBS UIF DPBTUT BOE BSPVOE JOMBOE XFUMBOET

VJTGG DKQFKXGTUKV[ JQVURQVU=? 1PG QH  OGICFKXGTUG

EQWPVTKGU KV JQUVU  QH CNN OCOOCNKCP  QH
CNN CXKCP  QH CNN TGRVKNKCP  QH CNN CORJKD
KCP  QH CNN RKUEKPG CPF  QH CNN QYGTKPI
RNCPV URGEKGU=?=? #DQWV  QH VJG EQWPVT[U NCPF
OCUU KU EQXGTGF D[ HQTGUVU
VTGG ECPQR[ FGPUKV[ 
QH YJKEJ  EQORTKUGU OQFGTCVGN[ QT XGT[ FGPUG
HQTGUVU
VTGG ECPQR[ FGPUKV[ =? 'PFGOKUO KU
JKIJ COQPI RNCPVU  CPF COQPI GEQTGIKQPU UWEJ CU
VJG UJQNC HQTGUVU=? *CDKVCV TCPIGU HTQO VJG VTQRKECN
TCKPHQTGUV QH VJG #PFCOCP +UNCPFU 9GUVGTP )JCVU CPF
0QTVJ'CUV +PFKC VQ VJG EQPKHGTQWU HQTGUV QH VJG *KOCNC[C
$GVYGGP VJGUG GZVTGOGU NKG VJG OQKUV FGEKFWQWU UCN HQTGUV
QH GCUVGTP +PFKC VJG FT[ FGEKFWQWU VGCM HQTGUV QH EGPVTCN
CPF UQWVJGTP +PFKC CPF VJG DCDWNFQOKPCVGF VJQTP HQT
GUV QH VJG EGPVTCN &GEECP CPF YGUVGTP )CPIGVKE RNCKP=?
6JG OGFKEKPCN PGGO YKFGN[ WUGF KP TWTCN +PFKCP JGTDCN
TGOGFKGU KU C MG[ +PFKCP VTGG 6JG NWZWTKCPV RKRCN I
VTGG UJQYP QP VJG UGCNU QH /QJGPLQFCTQ UJCFGF )CW
VCOC $WFFJC CU JG UQWIJV GPNKIJVGPOGPV

/CLQT *KOCNC[CPQTKIKP TKXGTU VJCV UWDUVCPVKCNN[ QY

VJTQWIJ +PFKC KPENWFG VJG )CPIGU CPF VJG $TCJOCRWVTC
DQVJ QH YJKEJ FTCKP KPVQ VJG $C[ QH $GPICN=? +ORQT
VCPV VTKDWVCTKGU QH VJG )CPIGU KPENWFG VJG ;COWPC CPF
VJG -QUK VJG NCVVGTU GZVTGOGN[ NQY ITCFKGPV QHVGP NGCFU
VQ UGXGTG QQFU CPF EQWTUG EJCPIGU=? /CLQT RGPKPUW
NCT TKXGTU YJQUG UVGGRGT ITCFKGPVU RTGXGPV VJGKT YCVGTU
HTQO QQFKPI KPENWFG VJG )QFCXCTK VJG /CJCPCFK VJG
-CXGTK CPF VJG -TKUJPC YJKEJ CNUQ FTCKP KPVQ VJG $C[
QH $GPICN=? CPF VJG 0CTOCFC CPF VJG 6CRVK YJKEJ
FTCKP KPVQ VJG #TCDKCP 5GC=? %QCUVCN HGCVWTGU KPENWFG
VJG OCTUJ[ 4CPP QH -WVEJ QH YGUVGTP +PFKC CPF VJG CNNW
XKCN 5WPFCTDCPU FGNVC QH GCUVGTP +PFKC VJG NCVVGT KU UJCTGF
YKVJ $CPINCFGUJ=? +PFKC JCU VYQ CTEJKRGNCIQU VJG
.CMUJCFYGGR EQTCN CVQNNU Q +PFKCU UQWVJYGUVGTP EQCUV
CPF VJG #PFCOCP CPF 0KEQDCT +UNCPFU C XQNECPKE EJCKP
KP VJG #PFCOCP 5GC=?
/CP[ +PFKCP URGEKGU FGUEGPF HTQO VCZC QTKIKPCVKPI KP
6JG +PFKCP ENKOCVG KU UVTQPIN[ KPWGPEGF D[ VJG *K )QPFYCPC HTQO YJKEJ VJG +PFKCP RNCVG UGRCTCVGF OQTG
OCNC[CU CPF VJG 6JCT &GUGTV DQVJ QH YJKEJ FTKXG VJG VJCP  OKNNKQP [GCTU DGHQTG RTGUGPV=? 2GPKPUWNCT +P
GEQPQOKECNN[ CPF EWNVWTCNN[ RKXQVCN UWOOGT CPF YKPVGT FKC U UWDUGSWGPV OQXGOGPV VQYCTFU CPF EQNNKUKQP YKVJ VJG
OQPUQQPU=? 6JG *KOCNC[CU RTGXGPV EQNF %GPVTCN #UKCP .CWTCUKCP NCPFOCUU UGV Q C OCUU GZEJCPIG QH URGEKGU
MCVCDCVKE YKPFU HTQO DNQYKPI KP MGGRKPI VJG DWNM QH 'RQEJCN XQNECPKUO CPF ENKOCVKE EJCPIGU  OKNNKQP [GCTU
VJG +PFKCP UWDEQPVKPGPV YCTOGT VJCP OQUV NQECVKQPU CV CIQ HQTEGF C OCUU GZVKPEVKQP=? /COOCNU VJGP GPVGTGF
UKOKNCT NCVKVWFGU=?=? 6JG 6JCT &GUGTV RNC[U C ETWEKCN +PFKC HTQO #UKC VJTQWIJ VYQ \QQIGQITCRJKECN RCUUGU


CPMKPI VJG TKUKPI *KOCNC[C=? 6JWU YJKNG  QH
TGRVKNGU CPF  QH CORJKDKCPU CTG GPFGOKE QPN[
 QH OCOOCNU CPF  QH DKTFU CTG=? #OQPI
VJGO CTG VJG 0KNIKTK NGCH OQPMG[ CPF $GFFQOGU VQCF
QH VJG 9GUVGTP )JCVU +PFKC EQPVCKPU  +7%0
FGUKIPCVGF VJTGCVGPGF CPKOCN URGEKGU QT  QH GP
FCPIGTGF HQTOU=? 6JGUG KPENWFG VJG #UKCVKE NKQP VJG
$GPICN VKIGT VJG UPQY NGQRCTF CPF VJG +PFKCP YJKVG
TWORGF XWNVWTG YJKEJ D[ KPIGUVKPI VJG ECTTKQP QH
FKENQHGPCENCEGF ECVVNG PGCTN[ DGECOG GZVKPEV
6JG RGTXCUKXG CPF GEQNQIKECNN[ FGXCUVCVKPI JWOCP GP
ETQCEJOGPV QH TGEGPV FGECFGU JCU ETKVKECNN[ GPFCPIGTGF
+PFKCP YKNFNKHG +P TGURQPUG VJG U[UVGO QH PCVKQPCN RCTMU
CPF RTQVGEVGF CTGCU TUV GUVCDNKUJGF KP  YCU UWD
UVCPVKCNN[ GZRCPFGF +P  +PFKC GPCEVGF VJG 9KNFNKHG
2TQVGEVKQP #EV=? CPF 2TQLGEV 6KIGT VQ UCHGIWCTF ETW
EKCN YKNFGTPGUU VJG (QTGUV %QPUGTXCVKQP #EV YCU GPCEVGF
KP  CPF COGPFOGPVU CFFGF KP =? +PFKC JQUVU
OQTG VJCP XG JWPFTGF YKNFNKHG UCPEVWCTKGU CPF VJKTVGGP
DKQURJGTG TGUGTXGU=? HQWT QH YJKEJ CTG RCTV QH VJG
9QTNF 0GVYQTM QH $KQURJGTG 4GUGTXGU VYGPV[XG YGV
NCPFU CTG TGIKUVGTGF WPFGT VJG 4COUCT %QPXGPVKQP=?

Politics

/CKP CTVKENG 2QNKVKEU QH +PFKC

5GG CNUQ %QPUVKVWVKQP QH +PFKC
+PFKC KU VJG YQTNFU OQUV RQRWNQWU FGOQETCE[=? #

" QBSMJBNFOUBSZ KPJOU TFTTJPO CFJOH IFME JO UIF 4BOTBE #IBWBO

RCTNKCOGPVCT[ TGRWDNKE YKVJ C OWNVKRCTV[ U[UVGO=? KV

JCU UKZ TGEQIPKUGF PCVKQPCN RCTVKGU KPENWFKPI VJG +PFKCP
0CVKQPCN %QPITGUU CPF VJG $JCTCVK[C ,CPCVC 2CTV[
$,2
CPF OQTG VJCP  TGIKQPCN RCTVKGU=? 6JG %QPITGUU KU
EQPUKFGTGF EGPVTGNGHV KP +PFKCP RQNKVKECN EWNVWTG=? CPF
VJG $,2 TKIJVYKPI=?=?=? (QT OQUV QH VJG RGTKQF
DGVYGGP YJGP +PFKC TUV DGECOG C TGRWDNKECPF
VJG NCVG U VJG %QPITGUU JGNF C OCLQTKV[ KP VJG RCTNKC
OGPV 5KPEG VJGP JQYGXGT KV JCU KPETGCUKPIN[ UJCTGF VJG
RQNKVKECN UVCIG YKVJ VJG $,2=? CU YGNN CU YKVJ RQYGTHWN
TGIKQPCN RCTVKGU YJKEJ JCXG QHVGP HQTEGF VJG ETGCVKQP QH
OWNVKRCTV[ EQCNKVKQPU CV VJG EGPVTG=?

5IF 3BTIUSBQBUJ #IBWBO JT UIF PDJBM SFTJEFODF PG UIF QSFTJEFOU

PG *OEJB

+P VJG 4GRWDNKE QH +PFKCU TUV VJTGG IGPGTCN GNGEVKQPU

KP   CPF  VJG ,CYCJCTNCN 0GJTWNGF
%QPITGUU YQP GCU[ XKEVQTKGU 1P 0GJTWU FGCVJ KP 
.CN $CJCFWT 5JCUVTK DTKG[ DGECOG RTKOG OKPKUVGT JG
YCU UWEEGGFGF CHVGT JKU QYP WPGZRGEVGF FGCVJ KP 
D[ +PFKTC )CPFJK YJQ YGPV QP VQ NGCF VJG %QPITGUU VQ
GNGEVKQP XKEVQTKGU KP  CPF  (QNNQYKPI RWDNKE
FKUEQPVGPV YKVJ VJG UVCVG QH GOGTIGPE[ UJG FGENCTGF KP
 VJG %QPITGUU YCU XQVGF QWV QH RQYGT KP 
VJG VJGPPGY ,CPCVC 2CTV[ YJKEJ JCF QRRQUGF VJG GOGT
IGPE[ YCU XQVGF KP +VU IQXGTPOGPV NCUVGF LWUV QXGT VJTGG
[GCTU 8QVGF DCEM KPVQ RQYGT KP  VJG %QPITGUU UCY
C EJCPIG KP NGCFGTUJKR KP  YJGP +PFKTC )CPFJK YCU
CUUCUUKPCVGF UJG YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JGT UQP 4CLKX )CPFJK
YJQ YQP CP GCU[ XKEVQT[ KP VJG IGPGTCN GNGEVKQPU NCVGT VJCV
[GCT 6JG %QPITGUU YCU XQVGF QWV CICKP KP  YJGP C
0CVKQPCN (TQPV EQCNKVKQP NGF D[ VJG PGYN[ HQTOGF ,CPCVC
&CN KP CNNKCPEG YKVJ VJG .GHV (TQPV YQP VJG GNGEVKQPU VJCV
IQXGTPOGPV VQQ RTQXGF TGNCVKXGN[ UJQTVNKXGF NCUVKPI LWUV
WPFGT VYQ [GCTU=? 'NGEVKQPU YGTG JGNF CICKP KP 
PQ RCTV[ YQP CP CDUQNWVG OCLQTKV[ $WV VJG %QPITGUU CU
VJG NCTIGUV UKPING RCTV[ YCU CDNG VQ HQTO C OKPQTKV[ IQX
GTPOGPV NGF D[ 2 8 0CTCUKOJC 4CQ=?
# VYQ[GCT RGTKQF QH RQNKVKECN VWTOQKN HQNNQYGF VJG IGP
GTCN GNGEVKQP QH  5GXGTCN UJQTVNKXGF CNNKCPEGU UJCTGF
RQYGT CV VJG EGPVTG 6JG $,2 HQTOGF C IQXGTPOGPV
DTKG[ KP  KV YCU HQNNQYGF D[ VYQ EQORCTCVKXGN[
NQPINCUVKPI 7PKVGF (TQPV EQCNKVKQPU YJKEJ FGRGPFGF QP
GZVGTPCN UWRRQTV +P  VJG $,2 YCU CDNG VQ HQTO C
UWEEGUUHWN EQCNKVKQP VJG 0CVKQPCN &GOQETCVKE #NNKCPEG

0&# .GF D[ #VCN $KJCTK 8CLRC[GG VJG 0&# DGECOG

VJG TUV PQP%QPITGUU EQCNKVKQP IQXGTPOGPV VQ EQORNGVG
C XG[GCT VGTO=? +P VJG  +PFKCP IGPGTCN GNGEVKQPU
CICKP PQ RCTV[ YQP CP CDUQNWVG OCLQTKV[ DWV VJG %QPITGUU
GOGTIGF CU VJG NCTIGUV UKPING RCTV[ HQTOKPI CPQVJGT UWE
EGUUHWN EQCNKVKQP VJG 7PKVGF 2TQITGUUKXG #NNKCPEG
72#
+V JCF VJG UWRRQTV QH NGHVNGCPKPI RCTVKGU CPF /2U YJQ QR
RQUGF VJG $,2 6JG 72# TGVWTPGF VQ RQYGT KP VJG 
IGPGTCN GNGEVKQP YKVJ KPETGCUGF PWODGTU CPF KV PQ NQPIGT
TGSWKTGF GZVGTPCN UWRRQTV HTQO +PFKCU EQOOWPKUV RCT
VKGU=? 6JCV [GCT /CPOQJCP 5KPIJ DGECOG VJG TUV
RTKOG OKPKUVGT UKPEG ,CYCJCTNCN 0GJTW KP  CPF 

VQ DG TGGNGEVGF VQ C EQPUGEWVKXG XG[GCT VGTO=? +P VJG

 IGPGTCN GNGEVKQP VJG $,2 DGECOG VJG TUV RQNKVKECN
RCTV[ UKPEG  VQ YKP C OCLQTKV[ CPF IQXGTP YKVJQWV VJG
UWRRQTV QH QVJGT RCTVKGU=? 6JG 2TKOG /KPKUVGT QH +PFKC
KU 0CTGPFTC /QFK YJQ YCU HQTOGTN[ %JKGH /KPKUVGT QH
)WLCTCV

5.1

Government

/CKP CTVKENG )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC

5GG CNUQ 'NGEVKQPU KP +PFKC
+PFKC KU C HGFGTCVKQP YKVJ C RCTNKCOGPVCT[ U[UVGO IQX
GTPGF WPFGT VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH +PFKC YJKEJ UGTXGU CU
VJG EQWPVT[U UWRTGOG NGICN FQEWOGPV +V KU C TGRWDNKE CPF
TGRTGUGPVCVKXG FGOQETCE[ KP YJKEJ OCLQTKV[ TWNG KU VGO
RGTGF D[ OKPQTKV[ TKIJVU RTQVGEVGF D[ NCY (GFGTCNKUO
KP +PFKC FGPGU VJG RQYGT FKUVTKDWVKQP DGVYGGP VJG HGF
GTCN IQXGTPOGPV CPF VJG UVCVGU 6JG IQXGTPOGPV CDKFGU
D[ EQPUVKVWVKQPCN EJGEMU CPF DCNCPEGU 6JG %QPUVKVWVKQP
QH +PFKC YJKEJ ECOG KPVQ GGEV QP  ,CPWCT[ =?
UVCVGU KP KVU RTGCODNG VJCV +PFKC KU C UQXGTGKIP UQEKCNKUV
UGEWNCT FGOQETCVKE TGRWDNKE=? +PFKCU HQTO QH IQXGTP
OGPV VTCFKVKQPCNN[ FGUETKDGF CU SWCUKHGFGTCN YKVJ C
UVTQPI EGPVTG CPF YGCM UVCVGU=? JCU ITQYP KPETGCUKPIN[
HGFGTCN UKPEG VJG NCVG U CU C TGUWNV QH RQNKVKECN GEQ
PQOKE CPF UQEKCN EJCPIGU=?=?
6JG HGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV EQORTKUGU VJTGG DTCPEJGU
'ZGEWVKXG 6JG 2TGUKFGPV QH +PFKC KU VJG JGCF QH
UVCVG=? CPF KU GNGEVGF KPFKTGEVN[ D[ C PCVKQPCN
GNGEVQTCN EQNNGIG=? HQT C XG[GCT VGTO=? 6JG
2TKOG /KPKUVGT QH +PFKC KU VJG JGCF QH IQXGTP
OGPV CPF GZGTEKUGU OQUV GZGEWVKXG RQYGT=? #R
RQKPVGF D[ VJG RTGUKFGPV=? VJG RTKOG OKPKUVGT KU
D[ EQPXGPVKQP UWRRQTVGF D[ VJG RCTV[ QT RQNKVKECN
CNNKCPEG JQNFKPI VJG OCLQTKV[ QH UGCVU KP VJG NQYGT
JQWUG QH RCTNKCOGPV=? 6JG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ QH
VJG +PFKCP IQXGTPOGPV EQPUKUVU QH VJG RTGUKFGPV VJG
XKEGRTGUKFGPV CPF VJG %QWPEKN QH /KPKUVGTUVJG
ECDKPGV DGKPI KVU GZGEWVKXG EQOOKVVGGJGCFGF D[
VJG RTKOG OKPKUVGT #P[ OKPKUVGT JQNFKPI C RQTV
HQNKQ OWUV DG C OGODGT QH QPG QH VJG JQWUGU QH
RCTNKCOGPV=? +P VJG +PFKCP RCTNKCOGPVCT[ U[UVGO
VJG GZGEWVKXG KU UWDQTFKPCVG VQ VJG NGIKUNCVWTG VJG
RTKOG OKPKUVGT CPF JKU EQWPEKN CTG FKTGEVN[ TGURQP
UKDNG VQ VJG NQYGT JQWUG QH VJG RCTNKCOGPV=?
.GIKUNCVKXG 6JG NGIKUNCVWTG QH +PFKC KU VJG DKECOGTCN
RCTNKCOGPV +V QRGTCVGU WPFGT C 9GUVOKPUVGT
UV[NG RCTNKCOGPVCT[ U[UVGO CPF EQORTKUGU VJG WRRGT
JQWUG ECNNGF VJG 4CL[C 5CDJC
%QWPEKN QH 5VCVGU
CPF VJG NQYGT ECNNGF VJG .QM 5CDJC
*QWUG QH
VJG 2GQRNG=? 6JG 4CL[C 5CDJC KU C RGTOCPGPV
DQF[ VJCV JCU  OGODGTU YJQ UGTXG KP UVCI
IGTGF UKZ[GCT VGTOU=? /QUV CTG GNGEVGF KPFK
TGEVN[ D[ VJG UVCVG CPF VGTTKVQTKCN NGIKUNCVWTGU KP PWO

'03&*(/ 3&-"5*0/4 "/% .*-*5"3:

DGTU RTQRQTVKQPCN VQ VJGKT UVCVGU UJCTG QH VJG PC

VKQPCN RQRWNCVKQP=? #NN DWV VYQ QH VJG .QM 5CDJCU
 OGODGTU CTG FKTGEVN[ GNGEVGF D[ RQRWNCT XQVG
VJG[ TGRTGUGPV KPFKXKFWCN EQPUVKVWGPEKGU XKC XG[GCT
VGTOU=? 6JG TGOCKPKPI VYQ OGODGTU CTG PQOK
PCVGF D[ VJG RTGUKFGPV HTQO COQPI VJG #PINQ+PFKCP
EQOOWPKV[ KP ECUG VJG RTGUKFGPV FGEKFGU VJCV VJG[
CTG PQV CFGSWCVGN[ TGRTGUGPVGF=?
,WFKEKCN +PFKC JCU C WPKVCT[ VJTGGVKGT KPFGRGPFGPV
LWFKEKCT[=? VJCV EQORTKUGU VJG 5WRTGOG %QWTV
JGCFGF D[ VJG %JKGH ,WUVKEG QH +PFKC  *KIJ
%QWTVU CPF C NCTIG PWODGT QH VTKCN EQWTVU=? 6JG
5WRTGOG %QWTV JCU QTKIKPCN LWTKUFKEVKQP QXGT ECUGU
KPXQNXKPI HWPFCOGPVCN TKIJVU CPF QXGT FKURWVGU DG
VYGGP UVCVGU CPF VJG EGPVTG KV JCU CRRGNNCVG LWTKU
FKEVKQP QXGT VJG *KIJ %QWTVU=? +V JCU VJG RQYGT
DQVJ VQ FGENCTG VJG NCY CPF VQ UVTKMG FQYP WPKQP QT
UVCVG NCYU YJKEJ EQPVTCXGPG VJG EQPUVKVWVKQP=? CU
YGNN CU VQ KPXCNKFCVG CP[ IQXGTPOGPV CEVKQP KV FGGOU
WPEQPUVKVWVKQPCN=?

5.2 Subdivisions
/CKP CTVKENG #FOKPKUVTCVKXG FKXKUKQPU QH +PFKC
5GG CNUQ 2QNKVKECN KPVGITCVKQP QH +PFKC
# ENKEMCDNG OCR QH VJG  UVCVGU CPF  WPKQP VGTTKVQTKGU
QH +PFKC
+PFKC KU C HGFGTCVKQP EQORQUGF QH  UVCVGU CPF  WPKQP
VGTTKVQTKGU=? #NN UVCVGU CU YGNN CU VJG WPKQP VGTTKVQ
TKGU QH 2WFWEJGTT[ CPF VJG 0CVKQPCN %CRKVCN 6GTTKVQT[ QH
&GNJK JCXG GNGEVGF NGIKUNCVWTGU CPF IQXGTPOGPVU DQVJ
RCVVGTPGF QP VJG 9GUVOKPUVGT OQFGN 6JG TGOCKPKPI XG
WPKQP VGTTKVQTKGU CTG FKTGEVN[ TWNGF D[ VJG EGPVTG VJTQWIJ
CRRQKPVGF CFOKPKUVTCVQTU +P  WPFGT VJG 5VCVGU 4G
QTICPKUCVKQP #EV UVCVGU YGTG TGQTICPKUGF QP C NKPIWKUVKE
DCUKU=? 5KPEG VJGP VJGKT UVTWEVWTG JCU TGOCKPGF NCTIGN[
WPEJCPIGF 'CEJ UVCVG QT WPKQP VGTTKVQT[ KU HWTVJGT FK
XKFGF KPVQ CFOKPKUVTCVKXG FKUVTKEVU 6JG FKUVTKEVU KP VWTP
CTG HWTVJGT FKXKFGF KPVQ VGJUKNU CPF WNVKOCVGN[ KPVQ XKN
NCIGU

6 Foreign relations and military

/CKP CTVKENGU (QTGKIP TGNCVKQPU QH +PFKC CPF +PFKCP
#TOGF (QTEGU
5KPEG KVU KPFGRGPFGPEG KP  +PFKC JCU OCKPVCKPGF
EQTFKCN TGNCVKQPU YKVJ OQUV PCVKQPU +P VJG U KV
UVTQPIN[ UWRRQTVGF FGEQNQPKUCVKQP KP #HTKEC CPF #UKC CPF
RNC[GF C NGCF TQNG KP VJG 0QP#NKIPGF /QXGOGPV=?
+P VJG NCVG U VJG +PFKCP OKNKVCT[ VYKEG KPVGTXGPGF
CDTQCF CV VJG KPXKVCVKQP QH PGKIJDQWTKPI EQWPVTKGU C
RGCEGMGGRKPI QRGTCVKQP KP 5TK .CPMC DGVYGGP  CPF
 CPF CP CTOGF KPVGTXGPVKQP VQ RTGXGPV C  EQWR
F VCV CVVGORV KP /CNFKXGU +PFKC JCU VGPUG TGNCVKQPU YKVJ

/BSFOESB .PEJ NFFUT 7MBEJNJS 1VUJO BU UIF UI #3*$4 TVNNJU

*OEJB BOE 3VTTJB TIBSF FYUFOTJWF FDPOPNJD EFGFODF BOE UFDI
OPMPHJDBM UJFT

PGKIJDQWTKPI 2CMKUVCP VJG VYQ PCVKQPU JCXG IQPG VQ YCT

HQWT VKOGU KP    CPF  6JTGG QH
VJGUG YCTU YGTG HQWIJV QXGT VJG FKURWVGF VGTTKVQT[ QH
-CUJOKT YJKNG VJG HQWTVJ VJG  YCT HQNNQYGF HTQO
+PFKCU UWRRQTV HQT VJG KPFGRGPFGPEG QH $CPINCFGUJ=?
#HVGT YCIKPI VJG  5KPQ+PFKCP 9CT CPF VJG  YCT
YKVJ 2CMKUVCP +PFKC RWTUWGF ENQUG OKNKVCT[ CPF GEQPQOKE
VKGU YKVJ VJG 5QXKGV 7PKQP D[ VJG NCVG U VJG 5QXKGV
7PKQP YCU KVU NCTIGUV CTOU UWRRNKGT=?
#UKFG HTQO QPIQKPI UVTCVGIKE TGNCVKQPU YKVJ 4WUUKC +P
FKC JCU YKFGTCPIKPI FGHGPEG TGNCVKQPU YKVJ +UTCGN CPF
(TCPEG +P TGEGPV [GCTU KV JCU RNC[GF MG[ TQNGU KP VJG
5QWVJ #UKCP #UUQEKCVKQP HQT 4GIKQPCN %QQRGTCVKQP CPF
VJG 9QTNF 6TCFG 1TICPKUCVKQP 6JG PCVKQP JCU RTQXKFGF
 OKNKVCT[ CPF RQNKEG RGTUQPPGN VQ UGTXG KP  70
RGCEGMGGRKPI QRGTCVKQPU CETQUU HQWT EQPVKPGPVU +V RCTVKE
KRCVGU KP VJG 'CUV #UKC 5WOOKV VJG )  CPF QVJGT OWN
VKNCVGTCN HQTWOU=? +PFKC JCU ENQUG GEQPQOKE VKGU YKVJ
5QWVJ #OGTKEC=? #UKC CPF #HTKEC KV RWTUWGU C .QQM
'CUV RQNKE[ VJCV UGGMU VQ UVTGPIVJGP RCTVPGTUJKRU YKVJ
VJG #5'#0 PCVKQPU ,CRCP CPF 5QWVJ -QTGC VJCV TGXQNXG
CTQWPF OCP[ KUUWGU DWV GURGEKCNN[ VJQUG KPXQNXKPI GEQ
PQOKE KPXGUVOGPV CPF TGIKQPCN UGEWTKV[=?=?

*/4 8KMTCOCFKV[C UIF *OEJBO /BWZT CJHHFTU XBSTIJQ

YCT EQPXKPEGF +PFKC VQ FGXGNQR PWENGCT YGCRQPU=? +P

FKC EQPFWEVGF KVU TUV PWENGCT YGCRQPU VGUV KP  CPF
ECTTKGF QWV HWTVJGT WPFGTITQWPF VGUVKPI KP  &G
URKVG ETKVKEKUO CPF OKNKVCT[ UCPEVKQPU +PFKC JCU UKIPGF
PGKVJGT VJG %QORTGJGPUKXG 0WENGCT6GUV$CP 6TGCV[ PQT
VJG 0WENGCT 0QP2TQNKHGTCVKQP 6TGCV[ EQPUKFGTKPI DQVJ
VQ DG CYGF CPF FKUETKOKPCVQT[=? +PFKC OCKPVCKPU C
PQ TUV WUG PWENGCT RQNKE[ CPF KU FGXGNQRKPI C PWENGCT
VTKCF ECRCDKNKV[ CU C RCTV QH KVU OKPKOWO ETGFKDNG FGVGT
TGPEG FQEVTKPG=?=? +V KU FGXGNQRKPI C DCNNKUVKE OKU
UKNG FGHGPEG UJKGNF CPF KP EQNNCDQTCVKQP YKVJ 4WUUKC C
HVJIGPGTCVKQP IJVGT LGV=? 1VJGT KPFKIGPQWU OKNK
VCT[ RTQLGEVU KPXQNXG VJG FGUKIP CPF KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH
7JLSBOUENCUU CKTETCHV ECTTKGTU CPF "SJIBOUENCUU PWENGCT
UWDOCTKPGU=?
5KPEG VJG GPF QH VJG %QNF 9CT +PFKC JCU KPETGCUGF KVU
GEQPQOKE UVTCVGIKE CPF OKNKVCT[ EQQRGTCVKQP YKVJ VJG
7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF VJG 'WTQRGCP 7PKQP=? +P  C
EKXKNKCP PWENGCT CITGGOGPV YCU UKIPGF DGVYGGP +PFKC CPF
VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #NVJQWIJ +PFKC RQUUGUUGF PWENGCT
YGCRQPU CV VJG VKOG CPF YCU PQV RCTV[ VQ VJG 0WENGCT
0QP2TQNKHGTCVKQP 6TGCV[ KV TGEGKXGF YCKXGTU HTQO VJG
+PVGTPCVKQPCN #VQOKE 'PGTI[ #IGPE[ CPF VJG 0WENGCT
5WRRNKGTU )TQWR GPFKPI GCTNKGT TGUVTKEVKQPU QP +PFKCU PW
ENGCT VGEJPQNQI[ CPF EQOOGTEG #U C EQPUGSWGPEG +PFKC
DGECOG VJG UKZVJ EF GBDUP PWENGCT YGCRQPU UVCVG=? +P
FKC UWDUGSWGPVN[ UKIPGF EQQRGTCVKQP CITGGOGPVU KPXQNX
KPI EKXKNKCP PWENGCT GPGTI[ YKVJ 4WUUKC=? (TCPEG=?
VJG 7PKVGF -KPIFQO=? CPF %CPCFC=?
6JG 2TGUKFGPV QH +PFKC KU VJG UWRTGOG EQOOCPFGT QH
VJG PCVKQPU CTOGF HQTEGU YKVJ  OKNNKQP CEVKXG
VTQQRU VJG[ EQORQUG VJG YQTNFU VJKTFNCTIGUV OKNK
VCT[=? +V EQORTKUGU VJG +PFKCP #TO[ VJG +PFKCP 0CX[
CPF VJG +PFKCP #KT (QTEG CWZKNKCT[ QTICPKUCVKQPU KPENWFG
VJG 5VTCVGIKE (QTEGU %QOOCPF CPF VJTGG RCTCOKNKVCT[
ITQWRU VJG #UUCO 4KGU VJG 5RGEKCN (TQPVKGT (QTEG
CPF VJG +PFKCP %QCUV )WCTF=? 6JG QEKCN +PFKCP
FGHGPEG DWFIGV HQT  YCU 75 DKNNKQP QT 
QH )&2=? (QT VJG UECN [GCT URCPPKPI 
75 DKNNKQP YCU DWFIGVGF=? #EEQTFKPI VQ C 
5+24+ TGRQTV +PFKCU CPPWCN OKNKVCT[ GZRGPFKVWTG KP VGTOU
QH RWTEJCUKPI RQYGT UVQQF CV 75 DKNNKQP=? +P
 VJG CPPWCN FGHGPEG DWFIGV KPETGCUGF D[ =?
CNVJQWIJ VJKU FQGU PQV KPENWFG HWPFU VJCV TGCEJ VJG OKN
KVCT[ VJTQWIJ QVJGT DTCPEJGU QH IQXGTPOGPV=? #U QH
 +PFKC KU VJG YQTNFU NCTIGUV CTOU KORQTVGT DGVYGGP
 CPF  KV CEEQWPVGF HQT  QH HWPFU URGPV
QP KPVGTPCVKQPCN CTOU RWTEJCUGU=? /WEJ QH VJG OKNK
VCT[ GZRGPFKVWTG YCU HQEWUGF QP FGHGPEG CICKPUV 2CMKUVCP
CPF EQWPVGTKPI ITQYKPI %JKPGUG KPWGPEG KP VJG +PFKCP
1EGCP=?

7 Economy

%JKPCU PWENGCT VGUV QH  CU YGNN CU KVU TGRGCVGF /CKP CTVKENG 'EQPQO[ QH +PFKC
VJTGCVU VQ KPVGTXGPG KP UWRRQTV QH 2CMKUVCP KP VJG  5GG CNUQ 'EQPQOKE JKUVQT[ QH +PFKC 'EQPQOKE FGXGNQR



 &$0/0.:

OGPV KP +PFKC 6QWTKUO KP +PFKC CPF 6TCPURQTV KP +PFKC

LGYGNNGT[ UQHVYCTG GPIKPGGTKPI IQQFU EJGOKECNU CPF
#EEQTFKPI VQ VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN /QPGVCT[ (WPF
+/( NGCVJGT OCPWHCEVWTGU=? /CLQT KORQTVU KPENWFG ETWFG
QKN OCEJKPGT[ IGOU HGTVKNKUGT CPF EJGOKECNU=? $G
VYGGP  CPF  VJG EQPVTKDWVKQP QH RGVTQEJGOKECN
CPF GPIKPGGTKPI IQQFU VQ VQVCN GZRQTVU ITGY HTQO 
VQ =? +PFKC YCU VJG UGEQPF NCTIGUV VGZVKNG GZRQTVGT
CHVGT %JKPC KP VJG YQTNF KP ECNGPFCT [GCT =?
#XGTCIKPI CP GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ TCVG QH  HQT UGXGTCN
[GCTU RTKQT VQ =? +PFKC JCU OQTG VJCP FQWDNGF
KVU JQWTN[ YCIG TCVGU FWTKPI VJG TUV FGECFG QH VJG UV
EGPVWT[=? 5QOG  OKNNKQP +PFKCPU JCXG NGHV RQXGTV[
UKPEG  +PFKCU OKFFNG ENCUUGU CTG RTQLGEVGF VQ PWO
DGT CTQWPF  OKNNKQP D[ =? 6JQWIJ TCPMKPI UV
KP INQDCN EQORGVKVKXGPGUU +PFKC TCPMU VJ KP PCPEKCN
OCTMGV UQRJKUVKECVKQP VJ KP VJG DCPMKPI UGEVQT VJ
'JTIFSNFO PO UIF $IJOFTF TIJOH OFUT PG $PDIJO 'JTIFSJFT JO KP DWUKPGUU UQRJKUVKECVKQP CPF VJ KP KPPQXCVKQP CJGCF
=?
9KVJ 
*OEJB JT B NBKPS JOEVTUSZ JO JUT DPBTUBM TUBUFT FNQMPZJOH PWFS  QH UGXGTCN CFXCPEGF GEQPQOKGU CU QH 
NJMMJPO QFPQMF 5IF BOOVBM DBUDI EPVCMFE CFUXFFO  BOE QH VJG YQTNFU VQR  KPHQTOCVKQP VGEJPQNQI[ QWVUQWTEKPI

EQORCPKGU DCUGF KP +PFKC VJG EQWPVT[ KU XKGYGF CU VJG
UGEQPFOQUV HCXQWTCDNG QWVUQWTEKPI FGUVKPCVKQP CHVGT VJG
VJG +PFKCP GEQPQO[ KP  YCU PQOKPCNN[ YQTVJ 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CU QH =? +PFKCU EQPUWOGT OCTMGV
75 VTKNNKQP KV KU VJG VJNCTIGUV GEQPQO[ D[ OCT VJG YQTNFU GNGXGPVJNCTIGUV KU GZRGEVGF VQ DGEQOG HVJ
MGV GZEJCPIG TCVGU CPF KU CV 75 VTKNNKQP VJG NCTIGUV D[ =?
VJKTFNCTIGUV D[ RWTEJCUKPI RQYGT RCTKV[ QT 222=?
9KVJ KVU CXGTCIG CPPWCN )&2 ITQYVJ TCVG QH  &TKXGP D[ ITQYVJ +PFKCU PQOKPCN )&2 RGT ECRKVC JCU
QXGT VJG RCUV VYQ FGECFGU CPF TGCEJKPI  FWTKPI UVGCFKN[ KPETGCUGF HTQO 75 KP  YJGP GEQPQOKE
=? +PFKC KU QPG QH VJG YQTNFU HCUVGUVITQYKPI NKDGTCNKUCVKQP DGICP VQ 75 KP  CPF KU GU
GEQPQOKGU=? *QYGXGT VJG EQWPVT[ TCPMU VJ KP VJG VKOCVGF VQ KPETGCUG VQ 75 D[  JQYGXGT KV
YQTNF KP PQOKPCN )&2 RGT ECRKVC CPF VJ KP )&2 RGT JCU TGOCKPGF NQYGT VJCP VJQUG QH QVJGT #UKCP FGXGNQR
ECRKVC CV 222=? 7PVKN  CNN +PFKCP IQXGTPOGPVU KPI EQWPVTKGU UWEJ CU +PFQPGUKC /CNC[UKC 2JKNKRRKPGU 5TK
HQNNQYGF RTQVGEVKQPKUV RQNKEKGU VJCV YGTG KPWGPEGF D[ .CPMC CPF 6JCKNCPF CPF KU GZRGEVGF VQ TGOCKP UQ KP VJG
2CMKUVCP 0GRCN
UQEKCNKUV GEQPQOKEU 9KFGURTGCF UVCVG KPVGTXGPVKQP CPF PGCT HWVWTG *QYGXGT KV KU JKIJGT VJCP
=?
#HIJCPKUVCP
$CPINCFGUJ
CPF
QVJGTU
TGIWNCVKQP NCTIGN[ YCNNGF VJG GEQPQO[ Q HTQO VJG QWV
UKFG YQTNF #P CEWVG DCNCPEG QH RC[OGPVU ETKUKU KP  #EEQTFKPI VQ C  2TKEGYCVGTJQWUG%QQRGTU TGRQTV +P
HQTEGF VJG PCVKQP VQ NKDGTCNKUG KVU GEQPQO[=? UKPEG VJGP FKCU )&2 CV RWTEJCUKPI RQYGT RCTKV[ EQWNF QXGTVCMG VJCV
KV JCU UNQYN[ OQXGF VQYCTFU C HTGGOCTMGV U[UVGO=?=? QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ =? &WTKPI VJG PGZV HQWT
D[ GORJCUKUKPI DQVJ HQTGKIP VTCFG CPF FKTGEV KPXGUVOGPV FGECFGU +PFKCP )&2 KU GZRGEVGF VQ ITQY CV CP CPPW
KPQYU=? +PFKCU TGEGPV GEQPQOKE OQFGN KU NCTIGN[ CNKUGF CXGTCIG QH  OCMKPI KV RQVGPVKCNN[ VJG YQTNFU
ECRKVCNKUV=? +PFKC JCU DGGP C OGODGT QH 961 UKPEG HCUVGUVITQYKPI OCLQT GEQPQO[ WPVKN =? 6JG TG
 ,CPWCT[ =?
RQTV JKIJNKIJVU MG[ ITQYVJ HCEVQTU C [QWPI CPF TCRKFN[
6JG OKNNKQP YQTMGT +PFKCP NCDQWT HQTEG KU VJG ITQYKPI YQTMKPICIG RQRWNCVKQP ITQYVJ KP VJG OCPWHCE
YQTNFU UGEQPFNCTIGUV CU QH =? 6JG UGTXKEG UGE VWTKPI UGEVQT DGECWUG QH TKUKPI GFWECVKQP CPF GPIKPGGTKPI
OCTMGV
VQT OCMGU WR  QH )&2 VJG KPFWUVTKCN UGEVQT  UMKNN NGXGNU CPF UWUVCKPGF ITQYVJ QH VJG EQPUWOGT
=?
FTKXGP
D[
C
TCRKFN[
ITQYKPI
OKFFNG
ENCUU
6JG
9QTNF
CPF VJG CITKEWNVWTCN UGEVQT  +PFKCU HQTGKIP GZ
$CPM
ECWVKQPU
VJCV
HQT
+PFKC
VQ
CEJKGXG
KVU
GEQPQOKE
RQ
EJCPIG TGOKVVCPEGU YGTG 75 DKNNKQP KP [GCT  VJG
VGPVKCN
KV
OWUV
EQPVKPWG
VQ
HQEWU
QP
RWDNKE
UGEVQT
TGHQTO
NCTIGUV KP VJG YQTNF EQPVTKDWVGF VQ KVU GEQPQO[ D[ 
OKNNKQP +PFKCPU YQTMKPI KP HQTGKIP EQWPVTKGU=? /CLQT VTCPURQTV KPHTCUVTWEVWTG CITKEWNVWTCN CPF TWTCN FGXGNQR
GPGTI[
CITKEWNVWTCN RTQFWEVU KPENWFG TKEG YJGCV QKNUGGF EQV OGPV TGOQXCN QH NCDQWT TGIWNCVKQPU GFWECVKQP
=?
=?
UGEWTKV[
CPF
RWDNKE
JGCNVJ
CPF
PWVTKVKQP
VQP LWVG VGC UWICTECPG CPF RQVCVQGU
/CLQT KP
FWUVTKGU KPENWFG VGZVKNGU VGNGEQOOWPKECVKQPU EJGOKECNU
RJCTOCEGWVKECNU DKQVGEJPQNQI[ HQQF RTQEGUUKPI UVGGN
VTCPURQTV GSWKROGPV EGOGPV OKPKPI RGVTQNGWO OC
EJKPGT[ CPF UQHVYCTG=? +P  VJG UJCTG QH GZVGT
PCN VTCFG KP +PFKCU )&2 UVQQF CV  WR HTQO 
KP =? +P  +PFKCU UJCTG QH YQTNF VTCFG YCU
=? +P  +PFKC YCU VJG YQTNFU VGPVJNCTIGUV
KORQTVGT CPF VJG PKPGVGGPVJNCTIGUV GZRQTVGT=? /C
LQT GZRQTVU KPENWFG RGVTQNGWO RTQFWEVU VGZVKNG IQQFU

+P  VJG 'EQPQOKUV +PVGNNKIGPEG 7PKV

'+7 TGNGCUGF
6QR  EJGCRGUV EKVKGU KP VJG YQTNF YJKEJ  QH KV YGTG
HTQO +PFKC $CPICNQTG
PF /WODCK
TF %JGPPCK

VJ CPF 0GY &GNJK

VJ DCUGF QP VJG EQUV QH  RTQF
WEVU CPF UGTXKEGU=?



7.1



1PWFSUZ

Sectors

 QH +PFKCPU RC[ KPEQOG VCZGU=?

+PFKCU VGNGEQOOWPKECVKQP KPFWUVT[ VJG YQTNFU HCUVGUV

ITQYKPI CFFGF  OKNNKQP UWDUETKDGTU FWTKPI VJG RGTKQF 7.2 Poverty
=? CPF CHVGT VJG TUV SWCTVGT QH  +PFKC
UWTRCUUGF ,CRCP VQ DGEQOG VJG VJKTF NCTIGUV UOCTVRJQPG /CKP CTVKENG 2QXGTV[ KP +PFKC
OCTMGV KP VJG YQTNF CHVGT %JKPC CPF VJG 75=?
&GURKVG KORTGUUKXG GEQPQOKE ITQYVJ FWTKPI TGEGPV
FGECFGU +PFKC EQPVKPWGU VQ HCEG UQEKQGEQPQOKE EJCN
NGPIGU +PFKC EQPVCKPU VJG NCTIGUV EQPEGPVTCVKQP QH RGQ
RNG NKXKPI DGNQY VJG 9QTNF $CPMU KPVGTPCVKQPCN RQXGTV[
NKPG QH 75 RGT FC[=? VJG RTQRQTVKQP JCXKPI FG
ETGCUGF HTQO  KP  VQ  KP  CPF  KP
=?  QH +PFKCU EJKNFTGP WPFGT VJG CIG QH XG
CTG WPFGTYGKIJV=? #EEQTFKPI VQ C (QQF CPF #ITKEWN
VWTG 1TICPK\CVKQP TGRQTV KP   QH +PFKCP RQR
WNCVKQP KU WPFGTPQWTKUJGF=?=? 6JG /KF&C[ /GCN
5EJGOG CVVGORVU VQ NQYGT VJGUG TCVGU=? 5KPEG 
GEQPQOKE KPGSWCNKV[ DGVYGGP +PFKCU UVCVGU JCU EQPUKU
VGPVN[ ITQYP VJG RGTECRKVC PGV UVCVG FQOGUVKE RTQFWEV
QH VJG TKEJGUV UVCVGU KP  YCU  VKOGU VJCV QH VJG
RQQTGUV=? %QTTWRVKQP KP +PFKC KU RGTEGKXGF VQ JCXG KP
ETGCUGF UKIPKECPVN[=? YKVJ QPG TGRQTV GUVKOCVKPI VJG
KNNGICN ECRKVCN QYU UKPEG KPFGRGPFGPEG VQ DG 75
DKNNKQP=? +PFKC JCU VJG JKIJGUV PWODGT QH RGQRNG NKX
KPI KP EQPFKVKQPU QH UNCXGT[  OKNNKQP OQUV QH YJQO
CTG KP DQPFGF NCDQWT=? +PFKC JCU VJG NCTIGUV PWODGT
QH EJKNF NCDQWTGTU WPFGT VJG CIG QH  KP VJG YQTNF YKVJ
CP GUVKOCVGF  OKNNKQP EJKNFTGP GPICIGF KP JC\CTFQWU
QEEWRCVKQPU=?=?=?

8 Demographics
*OEJB IBT UIF XPSMET TFDPOEMBSHFTU NPCJMF QIPOF VTFS CBTF PG
 NJMMJPO VTFST BT PG 4FQUFNCFS  4IPXO IFSF JT B SPPG
UPQ NPCJMF QIPOF UPXFS JO #BOHBMPSF

+VU CWVQOQVKXG KPFWUVT[ VJG YQTNFU UGEQPF HCUVGUV ITQY

KPI KPETGCUGF FQOGUVKE UCNGU D[  FWTKPI 
=? CPF GZRQTVU D[  FWTKPI =? +PFKCU
ECRCEKV[ VQ IGPGTCVG GNGEVTKECN RQYGT KU  IKICYCVVU QH
YJKEJ  KU TGPGYCDNG #V VJG GPF QH  VJG +PFKCP
+6 KPFWUVT[ GORNQ[GF  OKNNKQP RTQHGUUKQPCNU IGPGTCVGF
TGXGPWGU ENQUG VQ 75 DKNNKQP GSWCNNKPI  QH +P
FKCP )&2 CPF EQPVTKDWVGF  QH +PFKCU OGTEJCPFKUG
GZRQTVU=?
6JG RJCTOCEGWVKECN KPFWUVT[ KP +PFKC KU COQPI VJG UKIPKH
KECPV GOGTIKPI OCTMGVU HQT INQDCN RJCTOC KPFWUVT[ 6JG
+PFKCP RJCTOCEGWVKECN OCTMGV KU GZRGEVGF VQ TGCEJ 
DKNNKQP D[  +PFKCU 4  & URGPFKPI EQPUVKVWVGU 
QH VJG DKQRJCTOCEGWVKECN KPFWUVT[=?=? +PFKC KU COQPI
VJG VQR  DKQVGEJ FGUVKPCVKQPU QH VJG YQTNF=?=? 6JG
+PFKCP DKQVGEJ KPFWUVT[ ITGY D[  KP  KP
ETGCUKPI KVU TGXGPWGU HTQO  $KNNKQP +04
+PFKCP 4W
RGGU VQ  $KNNKQP +04
 $ 75  GZEJCPIG TCVG
,WPG   75 CRRTQZ  +04=? #NVJQWIJ JCTFN[

/CKP CTVKENG &GOQITCRJKEU QH +PFKC

5GG CNUQ .CPIWCIGU QH +PFKC
9KVJ  TGUKFGPVU TGRQTVGF KP VJG  RTQ
XKUKQPCN EGPUWU TGRQTV=? +PFKC KU VJG YQTNFU UGEQPF
OQUV RQRWNQWU EQWPVT[ +VU RQRWNCVKQP ITGY D[ 
FWTKPI =? EQORCTGF VQ  ITQYVJ KP
VJG RTGXKQWU FGECFG
=? 6JG JWOCP UGZ
TCVKQ CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG  EGPUWU KU  HGOCNGU
RGT  OCNGU=? 6JG OGFKCP CIG YCU  KP VJG
 EGPUWU=? 6JG TUV RQUVEQNQPKCN EGPUWU EQP
FWEVGF KP  EQWPVGF  OKNNKQP RGQRNG=? /GF
KECN CFXCPEGU OCFG KP VJG NCUV  [GCTU CU YGNN CU KP
ETGCUGF CITKEWNVWTCN RTQFWEVKXKV[ DTQWIJV CDQWV D[ VJG
)TGGP 4GXQNWVKQP JCXG ECWUGF +PFKCU RQRWNCVKQP VQ
ITQY TCRKFN[=? +PFKC EQPVKPWGU VQ HCEG UGXGTCN RWDNKE
JGCNVJTGNCVGF EJCNNGPIGU=?=?
.KHG GZRGEVCPE[ KP +PFKC KU CV  [GCTU YKVJ NKHG GZ
RGEVCPE[ HQT YQOGP DGKPI  [GCTU CPF HQT OGP DG
KPI =? 6JGTG CTG CTQWPF  RJ[UKEKCPU RGT 
+PFKCPU=? 6JG PWODGT QH +PFKCPU NKXKPI KP WTDCP CTGCU
JCU ITQYP D[  DGVYGGP  CPF =? ;GV KP
 QXGT  NKXGF KP TWTCN CTGCU=?=? 6JG NGXGN QH
WTDCPK\CVKQP KPETGCUGF HTQO  KP  %GPUWU VQ



 $6-563&
YKVJ =?

+PFKC KU JQOG VQ VYQ OCLQT NCPIWCIG HCOKNKGU +PFQ

#T[CP
URQMGP D[ CDQWV  QH VJG RQRWNCVKQP CPF
&TCXKFKCP
 1VJGT NCPIWCIGU URQMGP KP +PFKC EQOG
HTQO VJG #WUVTQCUKCVKE CPF 5KPQ6KDGVCP NCPIWCIG HCO
KNKGU +PFKC JCU PQ PCVKQPCN NCPIWCIG=? *KPFK YKVJ
VJG NCTIGUV PWODGT QH URGCMGTU KU VJG QEKCN NCPIWCIG
QH VJG IQXGTPOGPV=?=? 'PINKUJ KU WUGF GZVGPUKXGN[ KP
DWUKPGUU CPF CFOKPKUVTCVKQP CPF JCU VJG UVCVWU QH C UWD
UKFKCT[ QEKCN NCPIWCIG=? KV KU KORQTVCPV KP GFWECVKQP
GURGEKCNN[ CU C OGFKWO QH JKIJGT GFWECVKQP 'CEJ UVCVG
CPF WPKQP VGTTKVQT[ JCU QPG QT OQTG QEKCN NCPIWCIGU
CPF VJG EQPUVKVWVKQP TGEQIPKUGU KP RCTVKEWNCT  UEJGF
WNGF NCPIWCIGU 6JG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH +PFKC TGEQIPKUGU
 UEJGFWNGF VTKDCN ITQWRU YJKEJ VQIGVJGT EQPUVKVWVG
CDQWV  QH VJG EQWPVT[U RQRWNCVKQP=? 6JG 
EGPUWU TGRQTVGF=? VJCV *KPFWKUO
 QH VJG RQR
WNCVKQP KU VJG NCTIGUV TGNKIKQP KP +PFKC HQNNQYGF D[ +UNCO

 1VJGT TGNKIKQPU QT PQPG

 QH VJG RQR
" QPQVMBUJPO EFOTJUZ BOE *OEJBO 3BJMXBZT DPOOFDUJWJUZ NBQ 5IF WNCVKQP KPENWFG %JTKUVKCPKV[
 5KMJKUO

BMSFBEZ EFOTFMZ TFUUMFE *OEP(BOHFUJD 1MBJO JT UIF NBJO ESJWFS PG
$WFFJKUO
 ,CKPKUO ,WFCKUO <QTQCUVTKCPKUO
*OEJBO QPQVMBUJPO HSPXUI
CPF VJG $CJ (CKVJ=? +PFKC JCU VJG YQTNFU NCTIGUV
*KPFW 5KMJ ,CKP <QTQCUVTKCP CPF $CJ RQRWNCVKQPU
CPF JCU VJG VJKTFNCTIGUV /WUNKO RQRWNCVKQP CPF VJG
NCTIGUV /WUNKO RQRWNCVKQP HQT C PQP/WUNKO OCLQTKV[
EQWPVT[=?=?

9 Culture
/CKP CTVKENG %WNVWTG QH +PFKC
+PFKCP EWNVWTCN JKUVQT[ URCPU OQTG VJCP  [GCTU=?

$IJMESFO QSFQBSF GPS B USBEJUJPOBM EBODF JO 5SJQVSB

 KP  %GPUWU 6JG UNQYKPI FQYP QH VJG QXGTCNN

ITQYVJ TCVG QH RQRWNCVKQP YCU FWG VQ VJG UJCTR FGENKPG KP
VJG ITQYVJ TCVG KP TWTCN CTGCU UKPEG =? #EEQTFKPI
VQ VJG  EGPUWU VJGTG CTG  OKNNKQPRNWU EKVKGU KP +P
FKC COQPI VJGO /WODCK &GNJK $CPICNQTG *[FGTCDCF
%JGPPCK #JOGFCDCF CPF -QNMCVC KP FGETGCUKPI QTFGT
D[ RQRWNCVKQP=? 6JG NKVGTCE[ TCVG KP  YCU 
 COQPI HGOCNGU CPF  COQPI OCNGU=?
6JG TWTCN WTDCP NKVGTCE[ ICR YJKEJ YCU  RGTEGPV
CIG RQKPVU KP  FTQRRGF VQ  RGTEGPVCIG RQKPVU
KP  6JG KORTQXGOGPV KP NKVGTCE[ TCVG KP TWTCN CTGC
KU VYQ VKOGU VJCV KP WTDCP CTGCU=? -GTCNC KU VJG OQUV
NKVGTCVG UVCVG YKVJ  NKVGTCE[ YJKNG $KJCT VJG NGCUV

" 8BSMJ USJCBM QBJOUJOH CZ +JWZB 4PNB .BTIF GSPN 5IBOF .B
IBSBTIUSB

&WTKPI VJG 8GFKE RGTKQF

E   $%' VJG
HQWPFCVKQPU QH *KPFW RJKNQUQRJ[ O[VJQNQI[ VJGQNQI[
CPF NKVGTCVWTG YGTG NCKF CPF OCP[ DGNKGHU CPF RTCEVKEGU
YJKEJ UVKNN GZKUV VQFC[ UWEJ CU EISNB LSNB ZHB
CPF NPLB YGTG GUVCDNKUJGF=? +PFKC KU PQVCDNG HQT KVU
TGNKIKQWU FKXGTUKV[ YKVJ *KPFWKUO $WFFJKUO 5KMJKUO
+UNCO %JTKUVKCPKV[ CPF ,CKPKUO COQPI VJG PCVKQPU OCLQT
TGNKIKQPU=? 6JG RTGFQOKPCPV TGNKIKQP *KPFWKUO JCU





1FSGPSNJOH BSUT

DGGP UJCRGF D[ XCTKQWU JKUVQTKECN UEJQQNU QH VJQWIJV KP 9.3

ENWFKPI VJQUG QH VJG 6QBOJTIBET=? VJG :PHB 4VUSBT VJG
#IBLUJ OQXGOGPV=? CPF D[ $WFFJKUV RJKNQUQRJ[=?

9.1

Art and architecture

/WEJ QH +PFKCP CTEJKVGEVWTG KPENWFKPI VJG 6CL /CJCN

QVJGT YQTMU QH /WIJCN CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF 5QWVJ +PFKCP
CTEJKVGEVWTG DNGPFU CPEKGPV NQECN VTCFKVKQPU YKVJ KO
RQTVGF UV[NGU=? 8GTPCEWNCT CTEJKVGEVWTG KU CNUQ JKIJN[
TGIKQPCN KP KV CXQWTU 7BTUV TIBTUSB NKVGTCNN[ UEK
GPEG QH EQPUVTWEVKQP QT CTEJKVGEVWTG CPF CUETKDGF VQ
/COWPK /C[CP=? GZRNQTGU JQY VJG NCYU QH PCVWTG
CGEV JWOCP FYGNNKPIU=? KV GORNQ[U RTGEKUG IGQOG
VT[ CPF FKTGEVKQPCN CNKIPOGPVU VQ TGGEV RGTEGKXGF EQU
OKE EQPUVTWEVU=? #U CRRNKGF KP *KPFW VGORNG CTEJK
VGEVWTG KV KU KPWGPEGF D[ VJG 4IJMQB 4IBTUSBT C UGTKGU
QH HQWPFCVKQPCN VGZVU YJQUG DCUKE O[VJQNQIKECN HQTO KU
VJG 7BTUV1VSVTIB NBOEBMB C USWCTG VJCV GODQFKGF VJG
CDUQNWVG=? 6JG 6CL /CJCN DWKNV KP #ITC DGVYGGP
 CPF  D[ QTFGTU QH 'ORGTQT 5JCJ ,CJCP KP OGO
QT[ QH JKU YKHG JCU DGGP FGUETKDGF KP VJG 70'5%1
9QTNF *GTKVCIG .KUV CU VJG LGYGN QH /WUNKO CTV KP +P
FKC CPF QPG QH VJG WPKXGTUCNN[ CFOKTGF OCUVGTRKGEGU QH
VJG YQTNFU JGTKVCIG=? +PFQ5CTCEGPKE 4GXKXCN CTEJK
VGEVWTG FGXGNQRGF D[ VJG $TKVKUJ KP VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[
FTGY QP +PFQ+UNCOKE CTEJKVGEVWTG=?

9.2

Performing arts

Literature

/CKP CTVKENG +PFKCP NKVGTCVWTG

6JG GCTNKGUV NKVGTCT[ YTKVKPIU KP +PFKC EQORQUGF DG
VYGGP  $%' CPF  %' YGTG KP VJG 5CPUMTKV
NCPIWCIG=?=? 2TQOKPGPV YQTMU QH VJKU 5CPUMTKV NKV
GTCVWTG KPENWFG GRKEU UWEJ CU VJG .BICISBUB CPF VJG
3BNBZBOB VJG FTCOCU QH -NKFUC UWEJ CU VJG "CIJK
OBLVOUBMBN
5IF 3FDPHOJUJPO PG BLVOUBM CPF RQGVT[
UWEJ CU VJG .BILWZB=?=?=? -COCUWVTC VJG HC
OQWU DQQM CDQWV UGZWCN KPVGTEQWTUG CNUQ QTKIKPCVGF KP
+PFKC &GXGNQRGF DGVYGGP  $%' CPF  %' KP
5QWVJ +PFKC VJG 4BOHBN NKVGTCVWTG EQPUKUVKPI QH 
RQGOU KU TGICTFGF CU C RTGFGEGUUQT QH 6COKN NKVGTC
VWTG=?=?=?=? (TQO VJG VJ VQ VJG VJ EGPVWTKGU
+PFKCU NKVGTCT[ VTCFKVKQPU YGPV VJTQWIJ C RGTKQF QH FTCU
VKE EJCPIG DGECWUG QH VJG GOGTIGPEG QH FGXQVKQPCN RQ
GVU UWEJ CU -CDT 6WNUFU CPF )WTW 0PCM 6JKU RG
TKQF YCU EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ C XCTKGF CPF YKFG URGEVTWO
QH VJQWIJV CPF GZRTGUUKQP CU C EQPUGSWGPEG OGFKGXCN
+PFKCP NKVGTCT[ YQTMU FKGTGF UKIPKECPVN[ HTQO ENCU
UKECN VTCFKVKQPU=? +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +PFKCP YTKVGTU
VQQM C PGY KPVGTGUV KP UQEKCN SWGUVKQPU CPF RU[EJQNQIK
ECN FGUETKRVKQPU +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ +PFKCP NKVGTCVWTG
YCU KPWGPEGF D[ VJG YQTMU QH $GPICNK RQGV CPF PQXGNKUV
4CDKPFTCPCVJ 6CIQTG=?

'SJEBZ FWFOJOH SCYYCNK BU %BSHBI 4BMJN $IJTIUJ JO 'BUFIQVS

4JLSJ OFBS "HSB 6UUBS 1SBEFTI

+PFKCP OWUKE TCPIGU QXGT XCTKQWU VTCFKVKQPU CPF TGIKQPCN

UV[NGU %NCUUKECN OWUKE GPEQORCUUGU VYQ IGPTGU CPF
VJGKT XCTKQWU HQNM QUJQQVU VJG PQTVJGTP *KPFWUVCPK
CPF UQWVJGTP %CTPCVKE UEJQQNU=? 4GIKQPCNKUGF RQRWNCT
HQTOU KPENWFG NOK CPF HQNM OWUKE VJG U[PETGVKE VTCFKVKQP
QH VJG CBVMT KU C YGNNMPQYP HQTO QH VJG NCVVGT +PFKCP
FCPEG CNUQ HGCVWTGU FKXGTUG HQNM CPF ENCUUKECN HQTOU
#OQPI VJG DGVVGTMPQYP HQNM FCPEGU CTG VJG CIBOHSB QH
2WPLCD VJG CJIV QH #UUCO VJG DIIBV QH 1FKUJC 9GUV
$GPICN CPF ,JCTMJCPF HBSCB CPF EBOEJZB QH )WLCTCV
HIPPNBS QH 4CLCUVJCP CPF VJG MBWBOJ QH /CJCTCUJVTC
'KIJV FCPEG HQTOU OCP[ YKVJ PCTTCVKXG HQTOU CPF O[VJQ
NQIKECN GNGOGPVU JCXG DGGP CEEQTFGF ENCUUKECN FCPEG
UVCVWU D[ +PFKCU 0CVKQPCN #ECFGO[ QH /WUKE &CPEG
CPF &TCOC 6JGUG CTG CIBSBUBOBUZBN QH VJG UVCVG
QH 6COKN 0CFW LBUIBL QH 7VVCT 2TCFGUJ LBUIBLBMJ CPF
NPIJOJZBUUBN QH -GTCNC LVDIJQVEJ QH #PFJTC 2TCFGUJ
NBOJQVSJ QH /CPKRWT PEJTTJ QH 1FKUJC CPF VJG TBUUSJZB QH
#UUCO=? 6JGCVTG KP +PFKC OGNFU OWUKE FCPEG CPF KO
RTQXKUGF QT YTKVVGP FKCNQIWG=? 1HVGP DCUGF QP *KPFW
O[VJQNQI[ DWV CNUQ DQTTQYKPI HTQO OGFKGXCN TQOCPEGU
QT UQEKCN CPF RQNKVKECN GXGPVU +PFKCP VJGCVTG KPENWFGU VJG
CIBWBJ QH )WLCTCV VJG KBUSB QH 9GUV $GPICN VJG OBVUBOLJ
CPF SBNMJMB QH 0QTVJ +PFKC UBNBTIB QH /CJCTCUJVTC
CVSSBLBUIB QH #PFJTC 2TCFGUJ UFSVLLVUUV QH 6COKN 0CFW
CPF VJG ZBLTIBHBOB QH -CTPCVCMC=?

9.4 Motion pictures, television

6JG +PFKCP NO KPFWUVT[ RTQFWEGU VJG YQTNFU OQUV
YCVEJGF EKPGOC=? 'UVCDNKUJGF TGIKQPCN EKPGOCVKE VTC
FKVKQPU GZKUV KP VJG #UUCOGUG $GPICNK $JQLRWTK *KPFK
-CPPCFC /CNC[CNCO 2WPLCDK )WLCTCVK /CTCVJK 1FKC
6COKN CPF 6GNWIW NCPIWCIGU=? 5QWVJ +PFKCP EKPGOC
CVVTCEVU OQTG VJCP  QH PCVKQPCN NO TGXGPWG=?
6GNGXKUKQP DTQCFECUVKPI DGICP KP +PFKC KP  CU C UVCVG
TWP OGFKWO QH EQOOWPKECVKQP CPF JCF UNQY GZRCPUKQP
HQT OQTG VJCP VYQ FGECFGU=?=? 6JG UVCVG OQPQRQN[



 $6-563&

QP VGNGXKUKQP DTQCFECUV GPFGF KP VJG U CPF UKPEG

VJGP UCVGNNKVG EJCPPGNU JCXG KPETGCUKPIN[ UJCRGF RQRWNCT
EWNVWTG QH +PFKCP UQEKGV[=? 6QFC[ VGNGXKUKQP KU VJG OQUV
RGPGVTCVKXG OGFKC KP +PFKC KPFWUVT[ GUVKOCVGU KPFKECVG
VJCV CU QH  VJGTG CTG QXGT  OKNNKQP 68 EQPUWOGTU
 OKNNKQP YKVJ UCVGNNKVG CPFQT ECDNG EQPPGEVKQPU EQO
RCTGF VQ QVJGT HQTOU QH OCUU OGFKC UWEJ CU RTGUU

OKNNKQP TCFKQ
 OKNNKQP QT KPVGTPGV
 OKNNKQP=?

9.5

Society

&GCVJU TGUWNVKPI HTQO FQYT[ OQUVN[ HTQO DTKFG DWTPKPI

CTG QP VJG TKUG=?
/CP[ +PFKCP HGUVKXCNU CTG TGNKIKQWU KP QTKIKP 6JG DGUV
MPQYP KPENWFG &KYCNK )CPGUJ %JCVWTVJK 6JCK 2QPICN
*QNK &WTIC 2WLC 'KF WN(KVT $CMT+F %JTKUVOCU CPF
8CKUCMJK=?=? +PFKC JCU VJTGG PCVKQPCN JQNKFC[U YJKEJ
CTG QDUGTXGF KP CNN UVCVGU CPF WPKQP VGTTKVQTKGU 4GRWDNKE
&C[ +PFGRGPFGPEG &C[ CPF )CPFJK ,C[CPVK 1VJGT UGVU
QH JQNKFC[U XCT[KPI DGVYGGP PKPG CPF VYGNXG CTG Q
EKCNN[ QDUGTXGF KP KPFKXKFWCN UVCVGU

9.6 Clothing
/CKP CTVKENG %NQVJKPI KP +PFKC
%QVVQP YCU FQOGUVKECVGF KP +PFKC D[  $%' 6TCFK
VKQPCN +PFKCP FTGUU XCTKGU KP EQNQWT CPF UV[NG CETQUU TG
IKQPU CPF FGRGPFU QP XCTKQWU HCEVQTU KPENWFKPI ENKOCVG
CPF HCKVJ 2QRWNCT UV[NGU QH FTGUU KPENWFG FTCRGF ICT
OGPVU UWEJ CU VJG TBSJ HQT YQOGP CPF VJG EIPUJ QT MVOHJ
HQT OGP 5VKVEJGF ENQVJGU UWEJ CU VJG TIBMXBS LBNFF[
HQT YQOGP CPF LVSUBQZKBNB EQODKPCVKQPU QT 'WTQRGCP
UV[NG VTQWUGTU CPF UJKTVU HQT OGP CTG CNUQ RQRWNCT=? 7UG
QH FGNKECVG LGYGNNGT[ OQFGNNGF QP TGCN QYGTU YQTP KP CP
.VTMJNT PFS PCOC\ BU B NPTRVF JO 4SJOBHBS +BNNV BOE ,BTI EKGPV +PFKC KU RCTV QH C VTCFKVKQP FCVKPI DCEM UQOG 
NJS
[GCTU IGOUVQPGU CTG CNUQ YQTP KP +PFKC CU VCNKUOCPU=?
6TCFKVKQPCN +PFKCP UQEKGV[ KU UQOGVKOGU FGPGF D[ UQEKCN
JKGTCTEJ[ 6JG +PFKCP ECUVG U[UVGO GODQFKGU OWEJ QH
VJG UQEKCN UVTCVKECVKQP CPF OCP[ QH VJG UQEKCN TGUVTKE
VKQPU HQWPF KP VJG +PFKCP UWDEQPVKPGPV 5QEKCN ENCUUGU CTG
FGPGF D[ VJQWUCPFU QH GPFQICOQWU JGTGFKVCT[ ITQWRU
QHVGP VGTOGF CU KUJT QT ECUVGU=? +PFKC FGENCTGF WP
VQWEJCDKNKV[ VQ DG KNNGICN=? KP  CPF JCU UKPEG GP
CEVGF QVJGT CPVKFKUETKOKPCVQT[ NCYU CPF UQEKCN YGNHCTG
KPKVKCVKXGU #V VJG YQTMRNCEG KP WTDCP +PFKC CPF KP KP
VGTPCVKQPCN QT NGCFKPI +PFKCP EQORCPKGU VJG ECUVG TGNCVGF
KFGPVKECVKQP JCU RTGVV[ OWEJ NQUV KVU KORQTVCPEG=?=?
(COKN[ XCNWGU CTG KORQTVCPV KP VJG +PFKCP VTCFKVKQP CPF
OWNVKIGPGTCVKQPCN RCVTKCTEJCN LQKPV HCOKNKGU JCXG DGGP
VJG PQTO KP +PFKC VJQWIJ PWENGCT HCOKNKGU CTG DGEQO
KPI EQOOQP KP WTDCP CTGCU=? #P QXGTYJGNOKPI OC
LQTKV[ QH +PFKCPU YKVJ VJGKT EQPUGPV JCXG VJGKT OCTTKCIGU
CTTCPIGF D[ VJGKT RCTGPVU QT QVJGT HCOKN[ OGODGTU=?
/CTTKCIG KU VJQWIJV VQ DG HQT NKHG=? CPF VJG FKXQTEG
TCVG KU GZVTGOGN[ NQY=? #U QH  LWUV  RGTEGPV QH
+PFKCP YQOGP YGTG FKXQTEGF DWV VJKU IWTG YCU TKUKPI FWG
VQ VJGKT GFWECVKQP CPF GEQPQOKE KPFGRGPFGPEG=? %JKNF
OCTTKCIGU CTG EQOOQP GURGEKCNN[ KP TWTCN CTGCU OCP[
YQOGP YGF DGHQTG TGCEJKPI  YJKEJ KU VJGKT NGICN OCT
TKCIGCDNG CIG=? (GOCNG KPHCPVKEKFG CPF HGOCNG HQGVK
EKFG KP VJG EQWPVT[ JCXG ECWUGF C FKUETGRCPE[ KP VJG UGZ
TCVKQ CU QH  KV YCU GUVKOCVGF VJCV VJGTG YGTG  OKN
NKQP OQTG OCNGU VJCP HGOCNGU KP VJG PCVKQP=?=? *QY
GXGT VJG TGEGPV TGRQTV HTQO  UJQYP KORTQXGOGPV
COQPI VJG IGPFGT TCVKQ=? 6JG RC[OGPV QH FQYT[ CN
VJQWIJ KNNGICN TGOCKPU YKFGURTGCF CETQUU ENCUU NKPGU=?

9.7 Sports
/CKP CTVKENG 5RQTV KP +PFKC
+P +PFKC UGXGTCN VTCFKVKQPCN KPFKIGPQWU URQTVU TGOCKP

$SJDLFU JT UIF NPTU QPQVMBS HBNF BNPOH *OEJBT NBTTFT 4IPXO

IFSF JT BO JOTUBODF PG TUSFFU DSJDLFU

HCKTN[ RQRWNCT UWEJ CU LBCBEEJ LIP LIP QFIMXBOJ CPF

HJMMJEBOEB 5QOG QH VJG GCTNKGUV HQTOU QH #UKCP OCTVKCN
CTVU UWEJ CU LBMBSJQQBZBUUV NVTUJ ZVEEIB TJMBNCBN CPF
NBSNB BEJ QTKIKPCVGF KP +PFKC %JGUU EQOOQPN[ JGNF
VQ JCXG QTKIKPCVGF KP +PFKC CU DIBUVSBHB KU TGICKPKPI
YKFGURTGCF RQRWNCTKV[ YKVJ VJG TKUG KP VJG PWODGT QH +P
FKCP ITCPFOCUVGTU=?=? 1BDIJTJ HTQO YJKEJ RCTEJGGUK


FGTKXGU YCU RNC[GF QP C IKCPV OCTDNG EQWTV D[ #MDCT=?

%WR DKF=? 6JG #+(( JCU ENGCTGF  XGPWGU YJKEJ CTG

6JG KORTQXGF TGUWNVU ICTPGTGF D[ VJG +PFKCP &CXKU %WR ,CYCJCTNCN 0GJTW 5VCFKWO
-QEJK 5CNV .CMG 5VCFKWO
VGCO CPF QVJGT +PFKCP VGPPKU RNC[GTU KP VJG GCTN[ U
-QNMCVC &; 2CVKN 5VCFKWO
0CXK /WODCK (CVQTFC
JCXG OCFG VGPPKU KPETGCUKPIN[ RQRWNCT KP VJG EQWPVT[=? 5VCFKWO
/CTICQ ,CYCJCTNCN 0GJTW 5VCFKWO
&GNJK
+PFKC JCU C EQORCTCVKXGN[ UVTQPI RTGUGPEG KP UJQQVKPI +PFKTC )CPFJK #VJNGVKE 5VCFKWO
)WYCJCVK
URQTVU CPF JCU YQP UGXGTCN OGFCNU CV VJG 1N[ORKEU VJG
9QTNF 5JQQVKPI %JCORKQPUJKRU CPF VJG %QOOQPYGCNVJ
)COGU=?=? 1VJGT URQTVU KP YJKEJ +PFKCPU JCXG UWE 10 See also
EGGFGF KPVGTPCVKQPCNN[ KPENWFG DCFOKPVQP=?
5CKPC 0G
JYCN KU VJG VQR TCPMGF HGOCNG DCFOKPVQP RNC[GT KP VJG
+PFKC'WTQRGCP 7PKQP TGNCVKQPU
YQTNF DQZKPI=? CPF YTGUVNKPI=? (QQVDCNN KU RQRW
NCT KP 9GUV $GPICN )QC 6COKN 0CFW -GTCNC CPF VJG
.KUV QH +PFKCTGNCVGF CTVKENGU
PQTVJGCUVGTP UVCVGU=?
.KUV QH NCPIWCIGU D[ PWODGT QH PCVKXG URGCMGTU KP
(KGNF JQEMG[ KP +PFKC KU CFOKPKUVGTGF D[ *QEMG[ +PFKC
+PFKC
6JG +PFKCP PCVKQPCN JQEMG[ VGCO YQP VJG  *QEMG[
9QTNF %WR CPF JCXG CU QH  VCMGP GKIJV IQNF QPG UKN
.KUV QH OQVJGT VQPIWGU D[ PWODGT QH URGCMGTU KP +P
XGT CPF VYQ DTQP\G 1N[ORKE OGFCNU OCMKPI KV VJG URQTVU
FKC
OQUV UWEEGUUHWN VGCO KP VJG 1N[ORKEU
+PFKC JCU CNUQ RNC[GF C OCLQT TQNG KP RQRWNCTKUKPI ETKEMGV
6JWU ETKEMGV KU D[ HCT VJG OQUV RQRWNCT URQTV KP +P
FKC 6JG +PFKCP PCVKQPCN ETKEMGV VGCO YQP VJG 
CPF  %TKEMGV 9QTNF %WR GXGPVU VJG  +%%
9QTNF 6YGPV[ UJCTGF VJG  +%% %JCORKQPU 6TQ
RJ[ YKVJ 5TK .CPMC CPF YQP  +%% %JCORKQPU 6TQ
RJ[ %TKEMGV KP +PFKC KU CFOKPKUVGTGF D[ VJG $QCTF QH
%QPVTQN HQT %TKEMGV KP +PFKC
$%%+ VJG 4CPLK 6TQRJ[
VJG &WNGGR 6TQRJ[ VJG &GQFJCT 6TQRJ[ VJG +TCPK 6TQ
RJ[ CPF VJG 0-2 5CNXG %JCNNGPIGT 6TQRJ[ CTG FQOGUVKE
EQORGVKVKQPU 6JG $%%+ KU CNUQ TGURQPUKDNG HQT EQPFWEV
KPI CP CPPWCN 6YGPV[ EQORGVKVKQP MPQYP CU VJG +PFKCP
2TGOKGT .GCIWG
+PFKC JCU JQUVGF QT EQJQUVGF UGXGTCN KPVGTPCVKQPCN URQTV
KPI GXGPVU VJG  CPF  #UKCP )COGU VJG 
 CPF  %TKEMGV 9QTNF %WR VQWTPCOGPVU VJG
 #HTQ#UKCP )COGU VJG  +%% %JCORKQPU 6TQ
RJ[ VJG  *QEMG[ 9QTNF %WR CPF VJG  %QO
OQPYGCNVJ )COGU /CLQT KPVGTPCVKQPCN URQTVKPI GXGPVU
JGNF CPPWCNN[ KP +PFKC KPENWFG VJG %JGPPCK 1RGP VJG
/WODCK /CTCVJQP VJG &GNJK *CNH /CTCVJQP CPF VJG
+PFKCP /CUVGTU 6JG TUV +PFKCP )TCPF 2TKZ HGCVWTGF KP
NCVG  DWV JCU DGGP FKUEQPVKPWGF HTQO VJG ( UGCUQP
ECNGPFCT UKPEG =?
+PFKC JCU VTCFKVKQPCNN[ DGGP VJG FQOKPCPV EQWPVT[ CV VJG
5QWVJ #UKCP )COGU #P GZCORNG QH VJKU FQOKPCPEG KU
VJG DCUMGVDCNN EQORGVKVKQP YJGTG 6GCO +PFKC YQP VJTGG
QWV QH HQWT VQWTPCOGPVU VQ FCVG=? 6JG 4CLKX )CPFJK
-JGN 4CVPC CPF VJG #TLWPC #YCTF CTG VJG JKIJGUV HQTOU
QH IQXGTPOGPV TGEQIPKVKQP HQT CVJNGVKE CEJKGXGOGPV VJG
&TQPCEJCT[C #YCTF KU CYCTFGF HQT GZEGNNGPEG KP EQCEJ
KPI
#V VJG ENQUKPI EGTGOQP[ QH VJG  (+(# 7 9QTNF
%WR VJCV VQQM RNCEG KP %JKNG (+(# CPPQWPEGF VJCV
VJG[ YQWNF JCPFQXGT VJG  (+(# 7 9QTNF %WR VQ
+PFKC=? 6JKU YKNN DG VJG TUV VKOG VJCV +PFKC JCU JQUVGF
CP KPVGTPCVKQPCN HQQVDCNN EQORGVKVKQP KH KV DGEQOGU C
UWEEGUU VJG #+(( JCU JKPVGF CV CP (+(# 7 9QTNF

1WVNKPG QH +PFKC

11 Notes
=? =? +BOB (BOB .BOB KU VJG 0CVKQPCN #PVJGO QH +P
FKC UWDLGEV VQ UWEJ CNVGTCVKQPU KP VJG YQTFU CU VJG )QX
GTPOGPV OC[ CWVJQTKUG CU QEECUKQP CTKUGU CPF VJG UQPI
7BOEF .BUBSBN YJKEJ JCU RNC[GF C JKUVQTKE RCTV KP VJG
UVTWIING HQT +PFKCP HTGGFQO UJCNN DG JQPQWTGF GSWCNN[
YKVJ +BOB (BOB .BOB CPF UJCNN JCXG GSWCN UVCVWU YKVJ
KV
%QPUVKVWGPV #UUGODN[ QH +PFKC 
=? 6JG EQWPVT[U GZCEV UK\G KU UWDLGEV VQ FGDCVG DGECWUG UQOG
DQTFGTU CTG FKURWVGF 6JG +PFKCP IQXGTPOGPV NKUVU VJG VQVCN
CTGC CU  MO2
 US OK CPF VJG VQVCN
NCPF CTGC CU  MO2
 US OK VJG 7PKVGF
0CVKQPU NKUVU VJG VQVCN CTGC CU  MO2

US OK CPF VQVCN NCPF CTGC CU  MO2

US OK
.KDTCT[ QH %QPITGUU 
=? 5GG CNUQ 1EKCN PCOGU QH +PFKC
=? 6JG )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC TGICTFU #HIJCPKUVCP CU C DQT
FGTKPI EQWPVT[ CU KV EQPUKFGTU CNN QH -CUJOKT VQ DG RCTV
QH +PFKC *QYGXGT VJKU KU FKURWVGF CPF VJG TGIKQP DQT
FGTKPI #HIJCPKUVCP KU CFOKPKUVGTGF D[ 2CMKUVCP 5QWTEG
/KPKUVT[ QH *QOG #CKTU
&GRCTVOGPV QH $QTFGT /CP
CIGOGPV
2&( 4GVTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT 
=? 6JG PQTVJGTPOQUV RQKPV WPFGT +PFKCP EQPVTQN KU VJG FKU
RWVGF 5KCEJGP )NCEKGT KP ,COOW CPF -CUJOKT JQYGXGT
VJG )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC TGICTFU VJG GPVKTG TGIKQP QH VJG
HQTOGT RTKPEGN[ UVCVG QH ,COOW CPF -CUJOKT KPENWFKPI
VJG )KNIKV$CNVKUVCP CFOKPKUVGTGF D[ 2CMKUVCP VQ DG KVU VGT
TKVQT[ +V VJGTGHQTG CUUKIPU VJG NQPIKVWFG q  VQ KVU PQTVJ
GTPOQUV RQKPV
=? *KPFK KP VJG &GXCPCICTK UETKRV KU VJG QEKCN NCPIWCIG QH
VJG 7PKQP 'PINKUJ KU CP CFFKVKQPCN NCPIWCIG HQT IQXGTP
OGPV YQTM=?=?=?



12



References

=? 5EJCTHG *CTVOWV '

 $JCTCV KP 5VCPNG[ 9QNRGTV
&ODZDMPQFEJB PG *OEJB 
#& 6JQOUQP )CNG RR 
 +5$0 

=? 0CVKQPCN +PHQTOCVKEU %GPVTG 

=? 9QNRGTV  R 
=? 0CVKQPCN 5[ODQNU ^ 0CVKQPCN 2QTVCN QH +PFKC
FKCIQXKP 4GVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

3&'&3&/$&4

+P

=? 6JCRCT 4QOKNC

 5IF 1FOHVJO )JTUPSZ PG &BSMZ *O
EJB 'SPN UIF 0SJHJOT UP "%  #NNGP .CPG 2GPIWKP
2TGUU RR  +5$0 

=? *KPFK PQV C PCVKQPCN NCPIWCIG %QWTV

=? %JCMTCDCTVK #VWNCPCPFC

 /FISV )JT %FNPDSBDZ
BOE *OEJB 6JCEMGTU 2TGUU  &KTGEVQTKGU R 

=? %QPUVKVWVKQPCN 2TQXKUKQPU  1EKCN .CPIWCIG 4GNCVGF

2CTV 1H 6JG %QPUVKVWVKQP 1H +PFKC /BUJPOBM *OGPS
NBUJDT $FOUSF
KP *KPFK 4GVTKGXGF  &GEGODGT 

=? 6JCRCT 4QOKNC

 5IF 1FOHVJO )JTUPSZ PG &BSMZ *O
EJB 'SPN UIF 0SJHJOT UP "%  #NNGP .CPG 2GPIWKP
2TGUU RR  +5$0 

=? /KPKUVT[ QH *QOG #CKTU 

=? 5JCTOC 4CO 5JCTCP

 "TQFDUT PG 1PMJUJDBM *EFBT
BOE *OTUJUVUJPOT JO "ODJFOU *OEJB /QVKNCN $CPCTUKFCUU
2WDN RR  +5$0 

=? 2TQNG ^ 0CVKQPCN 2QTVCN QH +PFKC +PFKCIQXKP 4G

VTKGXGF  #WIWUV 
=? 'KIJVJ 5EJGFWNG
2&( 4GVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
=? -JCP 5CGGF
 ,CPWCT[  6JGTGU PQ PCVKQPCN NCP
IWCIG KP +PFKC )WLCTCV *KIJ %QWTV 5IF 5JNFT PG *OEJB
4GVTKGXGF  /C[ 

=? $CTTQY +CP ,


(TQO *KPFWUVCP VQ +P
FKC 0COKPI EJCPIG KP EJCPIKPI PCOGU
4PVUI
"TJB +PVSOBM PG 4PVUI "TJBO 4UVEJFT 26
 
FQK
=? 'PE[ENQRFKC $TKVCPPKEC

=? 2TGUU 6TWUV QH +PFKC

 ,CPWCT[  *KPFK PQV C PC
VKQPCN NCPIWCIG %QWTV 5IF )JOEV #JOGFCDCF 4G
VTKGXGF  &GEGODGT 

=? 2GVTCINKC #NNEJKP   R 

=? %GPUWU QH +PFKC  % 2QRWNCVKQP $[ 4GNKIKQWU %QOOW

PKV[

=? 2QUUGJN  RR 

=?  OKNNKQP +PFKCPU JCXG PQ HCKVJ EGPUWU TGXGCNU HQT TUV
VKOG
=? ,WUVKEG 65 6JCMWT UYQTP KP CU TF %JKGH ,WUVKEG QH +P
FKC
=? 2TQNG JOEJBHPWJO
=? +PFKC +/( 2QRWNCVKQP GUVKOCVGU
=? 2TQXKUKQPCN 2QRWNCVKQP 6QVCNU %GPUWU  R 
=? 9QTNF 'EQPQOKE 1WVNQQM &CVCDCUG 1EVQDGT   4G
RQTV HQT 5GNGEVGF %QWPVTKGU CPF 5WDLGEVU +PVGTPCVKQPCN
/QPGVCT[ (WPF
+/( 4GVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 

=? 5KPIJ  RR 

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  RR 

=? 5KPIJ  R 
=? 2QUUGJN  R 
=? 5KPIJ  R 
=? 5KPIJ  RR 
=? 9KV\GN  RR 
=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  R 
=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  RR 
=? 5KPIJ  R 

=? )KPK +PFGZ 9QTNF $CPM 4GVTKGXGF  /CTEJ 

=? 5KPIJ  RR 

=? *WOCP &GXGNQROGPV 4GRQTV  5WOOCT[

2&(
6JG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 4GVTKGXGF  &GEGODGT 

=? 5KPIJ  RR 

=? %NOGPVKP1LJC %CVJGTKPG

 +PFKC VJCV KU
$JCTCV 1PG %QWPVT[ 6YQ 0COGU 4PVUI "TJB .VMUJ
EJTDJQMJOBSZ "DBEFNJD +PVSOBM 10

=? 5KPIJ  RR 

=? &WPNQR KNNWUVTCVGF GPE[ENQRGFKC QH HCEVU R  D[ 0QT

TKU /E9JKTVGT 4QUU /E9JKTVGT

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  RR 

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  RR 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 5GTIG )TW\KPUMK 

=? 5KPIJ  R 

=? 1ZHQTF 'PINKUJ &KEVKQPCT[

=? 5KPIJ  R 

=? -WKRGT  R 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? /KPKUVT[ QH .CY CPF ,WUVKEG 

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  R 


=? 5KPIJ  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  R 

=? 4QDD  RR 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? 5KPIJ  RR 

=? $TQYP  R 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 2GGTU  R 

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  RR 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? 5KPIJ  R 

=? $TQYP  RR 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 4QDD  R 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 5CTMCT  RR 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? %QRNCPF  RR KZZ

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? 5VGKP  RR 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? .WFFGP  R 

=? $QUG  ,CNCN  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? .WFFGP  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  RR 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? 4QDD  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? 4QDD  RR 

=? 7PKVGF 5VCVGU &GRCTVOGPV QH #ITKEWNVWTG

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? 5VGKP  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  R 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? #NK  #KVEJKUQP 

=? #UJGT  6CNDQV  R 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? 2TCMCUJ GV CN 

=? 4QDD  RR 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? .WFFGP  RR 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI RR 

=? /GVECNH  /GVECNH  RR 

=? /KPKUVT[ QH +PHQTOCVKQP CPF $TQCFECUVKPI  R 





3&'&3&/$&4

=? -WOCT GV CN 

=? -WNMG  4QVJGTOWPF  R 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? $WUKPGUU 5VCPFCTF 

=? &W  R 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? $,2 TUV RCTV[ UKPEG  VQ YKP RCTNKCOGPVCT[ OCLQTKV[

QP KVU QYP %/" +#05  /C[  4GVTKGXGF 
/C[ 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? 2[NGG   C R 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? &WVV  R 

=? &KMUJKV  5EJYCTV\DGTI R 

=? 9JGCTG  R 

=? %JCPI  RR 

=? 'EJGXGTTK)GPV  RR 

=? 2QUG[  R 

=? 5KPJC  R 

=? 9QNRGTV  R 

=? +P 46+ TGRN[ %GPVTG UC[U +PFKC JCU PQ PCVKQPCN ICOG

4GVTKGXGF  #WIWUV 

=? *GKV\OCP  9QTFGP  R 

=? %QPUGTXCVKQP +PVGTPCVKQPCN 
=? <QQNQIKECN 5WTXG[ QH +PFKC  R 
=? 2WTK
=? (QTGUV 5WTXG[ QH +PFKC  RR 
=? $CUCM  R 
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13

Bibliography

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Overview
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+PVGTPCVKQPCN 7PKQP HQT %QPUGTXCVKQP
QH 0CVWTG +5$0 
$KQURJGTG 4GUGTXGU QH +PFKC $ 1 3 &OWJSPO
NFOU &EVDBUJPO $FOUSF
/KPKUVT[ QH 'PXKTQPOGPV
CPF (QTGUVU )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[


$WTPGNN 2 , %CNXGTV 2

 /C[  5IF 3F
TJMJFODF PG %FNPDSBDZ 1FSTJTUFOU 1SBDUJDF %VSBCMF
*EFB
UV GF 6C[NQT  (TCPEKU +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
4FDPOE 61" 8JO " $SPXOJOH (MPSZ GPS 4POJBT
"TDFOEBODZ $WUKPGUU 5VCPFCTF  /C[  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WPG 
%JCPFGT 0 ,
 ,CPWCT[  $PBMJUJPO 1PMJUJDT
5IF *OEJBO &YQFSJFODF %QPEGRV 2WDNKUJKPI %QO
RCP[ +5$0  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[

&WPNGCX[ 2 &KYCMCT 4 &WPNGCX[ %

5IF &FDUJWF 4QBDF PG 1BSUZ $PNQFUJUJPO
2&(

.QPFQP 5EJQQN QH 'EQPQOKEU CPF 2QNKVKECN 5EKGPEG
TGVTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT 
&WVV 5
 +FGPVKVKGU CPF VJG +PFKCP 5VCVG #P
1XGTXKGY 5IJSE 8PSME 2VBSUFSMZ 19
 
FQK
'EJGXGTTK)GPV ,
,CPWCT[  2QNKVKEU KP +P
FKCU &GEGPVTGF 2QNKV[ KP #[TGU # 1NFGPDWTI
2 2VJDLFOJOH UIF 1BDF PG $IBOHF +PFKC $TKGPI
.QPFQP / ' 5JCTRG RR  +5$0 

%WTTGPV 4GEQIPKUGF 2CTVKGU
2&( &MFDUJPO $PN
NJTTJPO PG *OEJB  /CTEJ  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[

)NGFJKNN #
 /CTEJ  5IF 3FQVCMJD PG *O
EJB 5IF %FWFMPQNFOU PG JUT -BXT BOE $POTUJUVUJPO
)TGGPYQQF +5$0  TGVTKGXGF
 ,WN[ 

*OEJBO 8JMEMJGF 1SPUFDUJPO

"DU  /KPKUVT[ QH
'PXKTQPOGPVU CPF (QTGUVU )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC 
5GRVGODGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

*CNCTPMCT 5COCT
 ,WPG  0CTGPFTC /QFK
OCMGU JKU OQXG $$% 0GYU 6JG TKIJVYKPI
*KPFW PCVKQPCNKUV $JCTCVK[C ,CPCVC 2CTV[
$,2 +P
FKCU RTKOCT[ QRRQUKVKQP RCTV[

2WTK 5 - #JPEJWFSTJUZ 1SPMF PG *OEJB TGVTKGXGF 

,WPG 

/BSBTJNIB 3BP 1BTTFT "XBZ 6JG *KPFW  &G

EGODGT  TGVTKGXGF  0QXGODGT 

5IF -JTU PG 8FUMBOET PG *OUFSOBUJPOBM *NQPSUBODF

2&( 6JG 5GETGVCTKCV QH VJG %QPXGPVKQP QP 9GV

NCPFU  ,WPG  R  CTEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN

2&( QP  ,WPG  TGVTKGXGF  ,WPG 

/CNKM ;QIGPFTC - 5KPIJ 8$

#RTKN 
$JCTCVK[C ,CPCVC 2CTV[ #P #NVGTPCVKXG VQ VJG
%QPITGUU
+! "TJBO 4VSWFZ 32
 
FQK ,5614 

6TKVUEJ / (
 5GRVGODGT  8JMEMJGF PG
*OEJB .QPFQP *CTRGT%QNNKPU +5$0 


/CVJGY - /
 ,CPWCT[  .BOPSBNB :FBS
CPPL /CNC[CNC /CPQTCOC +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 



 #*#-*0(3"1):

0CVKQPCN 5[ODQNU QH +PFKC ,OPX *OEJB

0CVKQPCN
+PHQTOCVKEU %GPVTG )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC TGVTKGXGF
 5GRVGODGT 

+PFKC 'WTQRG 5VTCVGIKE 4GNCVKQPU &VSPQB 4VN

NBSJFT PG &6 -FHJTMBUJPO
'WTQRGCP 7PKQP  #RTKN
 TGVTKGXGF  ,CPWCT[ 

0GWDQTPG $
 6JG 5WRTGOG %QWTV QH +P
FKC *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG $POTUJUVUJPOBM -BX 1

  FQKKEQP

)JQUJ #
 5GRVGODGT  *OEJBT 'PSFJHO 1PM
JDZ 2GCTUQP +5$0 

2[NGG / 8
 6JG .QPIGUV %QPUVKVWVKQPCN
&QEWOGPV $POTUJUVUJPOBM (PWFSONFOU JO *OEJB

PF GF 5 %JCPF +5$0 

2[NGG / 8
 6JG 7PKQP ,WFKEKCT[ 6JG
5WRTGOG %QWTV $POTUJUVUJPOBM (PWFSONFOU JO *O
EJB
PF GF 5 %JCPF +5$0 
TGVTKGXGF  0QXGODGT 

)KNDGTV /
 &GEGODGT  " )JTUPSZ PG UIF
5XFOUJFUI $FOUVSZ 9KNNKCO /QTTQY +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
*OEJB 3VTTJB 3FWJFX %FGFODF 5JFT 6JG *KPFW 
1EVQDGT  TGVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 
-WOCT # 8
 /C[  4GHQTOKPI VJG 026
VQ +PENWFG +PFKC #VMMFUJO PG "UPNJD 4DJFOUJTUT TG
VTKGXGF  0QXGODGT 

5CTMCT 0 +
 ,CPWCT[  4POJB (BOEIJ 5SZTU
XJUI *OEJB #VNCPVKE +5$0  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

/KINCPK 5
 (GDTWCT[  8JUI "O &ZF PO
$IJOB *OEJB 4UFQT 6Q %FGFODF 4QFOEJOH 4GWVGTU
TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

5JCTOC 4
 %CDKPGV )QXGTPOGPV KP +PFKC
1BSMJBNFOUBSZ "BJST 4
 

0CKT 8 -
 /P .PSF "NCJHVJUZ *OEJBT
/VDMFBS 1PMJDZ
2&( CTEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN

2&( QP  5GRVGODGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WPG 

5JCTOC $ -
#WIWUV  *OUSPEVDUJPO UP UIF
$POTUJUVUJPO PG *OEJB
VJ GF 2TGPVKEG *CNN +5$0

5KPJC #
 6JG %JCPIKPI 2QNKVKECN 'EQPQO[
QH (GFGTCNKUO KP +PFKC *OEJB 3FWJFX 3
 
FQK
8PSMET -BSHFTU %FNPDSBDZ UP 3FBDI 0OF #JM
MJPO 1FSTPOT PO *OEFQFOEFODF %BZ 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU
2QRWNCVKQP &KXKUKQP TGVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 
9JGCTG - %
,WPG  'FEFSBM (PWFSONFOU

VJ GF 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 


Foreign relations and military
#NHQTF 2
 ,WN[  ( 1MVT  &RVBMT 1PXFS
4IJGU 6JG #WUVTCNKCP TGVTKGXGF  0QXGODGT 
$GJGTC . -
 /CTEJ  #VEHFUJOH GPS *O
EJBT %FGFODF "O "OBMZTJT PG %FGFODF #VEHFU 
 +PUVKVWVG HQT &GHGPEG 5VWFKGU CPF #PCN[UGU
TGVTKGXGF  #RTKN 

2CPFKV 4
 ,WN[  /4VCNBSJOF UP (JWF *O
EJB $SVDJBM 5IJSE -FH PG /VLF 5SJBE 6JG 6KOGU QH
+PFKC TGVTKGXGF  /CTEJ 
2GTMQXKEJ )
 0QXGODGT  *OEJBT /V
DMFBS #PNC 5IF *NQBDU PO (MPCBM 1SPMJGFSBUJPO
7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
*OEJB 'SBODF "HSFF PO $JWJM /VDMFBS $PPQFSBUJPO
4GFK  ,CPWCT[  TGVTKGXGF  #WIWUV 
6, *OEJB 4JHO $JWJM /VDMFBS "DDPSE 4GWVGTU 
(GDTWCT[  TGVTKGXGF  #WIWUV 
4KRUOCP 0 / 2CWN 6 8
 /CTEJ 
(MPCBMJ[BUJPO BOE UIF /BUJPOBM 4FDVSJUZ 4UBUF 1ZHQTF
7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
4QVJGTOWPF &
 1EVQDGT  5IF 3PVUMFEHF
$PNQBOJPO UP %FDPMPOJ[BUJPO 4QWVNGFIG %QORCP
KQPU VQ *KUVQT[
UV GF 4QWVNGFIG +5$0 

*OEJB (FUT *UT 'JSTU )PNFHSPXO 'JHIUFS +FU 4+#
0QXQUVK  ,CPWCT[  TGVTKGXGF  #RTKN 

$GJGTC . -
 /CTEJ  *OEJBT %FGFODF
#VEHFU  +PUVKVWVG HQT &GHGPEG 5VWFKGU CPF
#PCN[UGU TGVTKGXGF  /CTEJ 

5JCTOC 5 4
 ,CPWCT[  *OEJB6443 3FMB
UJPOT  'SPN "NCJWBMFODF UP 4UFBEGBTU
OFTT 1 &KUEQXGT[ +5$0 

4WUUKC #ITGGU +PFKC 0WENGCT &GCN ##$ /FXT

$TKVKUJ $TQCFECUVKPI %QTRQTCVKQP  (GDTWCT[

 TGVTKGXGF  #WIWUV 

5JWMNC #
 /CTEJ  $IJOB .BUDIFT *OEJBT
&YQBOTJPO JO .JMJUBSZ 4QFOEJOH $WUKPGUU 5VCPFCTF
TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

%WTT[ $
 ,WPG  $BOBEB 4JHOT /VDMFBS
%FBM XJUI *OEJB 6JG )NQDG CPF /CKN TGVTKGXGF 
/C[ 

5KUQFKC 0 5 0CKFW ) 8 %

 $IBOHJOH
4FDVSJUZ %ZOBNJD JO &BTUFSO "TJB 'PDVT PO +BQBO
2TQOKNNC +5$0 


5+24+ ;GCTDQQM  #TOCOGPVU &KUCTOC
OGPV CPF +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5GEWTKV[ 4UPDLIPMN *OUFS
OBUJPOBM 1FBDF 3FTFBSDI *OTUJUVUF
1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[
2TGUU  #WIWUV  +5$0 
TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
4KUG KP KPVGTPCVKQPCN CTOU VTCPUHGTU KU FTKXGP D[
#UKCP FGOCPF UC[U 5+24+ 4UPDLIPMN *OUFSOB
UJPOBM 1FBDF 3FTFBSDI *OJUJBUJWF  /CTEJ  TG
VTKGXGF  #RTKN 
*OEJB 64 4JHO  "HSFFNFOU 6JG 6KOGU QH +PFKC
 1EVQDGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
Economy
#NCOIKT ,
 &GEGODGT  *OEJBT 0QFO
&DPOPNZ 1PMJDZ (MPCBMJTN 3JWBMSZ $POUJOVJUZ
6C[NQT  (TCPEKU +5$0  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

0C[CM 2 $ )QNFCT $ #ITCYCN 2

 0QXGODGT
 *OEJBT &DPOPNZ BOE (SPXUI &TTBZT JO )PO
PVS PG 7 , 3 7 3BP 5#)' 2WDNKECVKQPU +5$0

&DPOPNJD 4VSWFZ PG *OEJB  1PMJDZ #SJFG
2&(
1TICPKUCVKQP HQT 'EQPQOKE %QQRGTCVKQP CPF &G
XGNQROGPV 1EVQDGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
2CN 2 )JQUJ ,
,WN[  +PGSWCNKV[ KP +PFKC
# 5WTXG[ QH 4GEGPV 6TGPFU
2&( &DPOPNJD BOE
4PDJBM "BJST %&4" 8PSLJOH 1BQFS /P 
7PKVGF
0CVKQPU TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
2TKEGYCVGTJQWUG%QQRGTU
,CPWCT[  5IF
8PSME JO  5IF "DDFMFSBUJOH 4IJGU PG (MPCBM
&DPOPNJD 1PXFS $IBMMFOHFT BOE 0QQPSUVOJUJFT

2&( TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

5EJYCD -
 5IF (MPCBM $PNQFUJUJWFOFTT 3F
QPSU 
2&( 9QTNF 'EQPQOKE (QTWO
TGVTKGXGF  /C[ 

$QPPGT $
 /CTEJ  .BLF 8BZ 8PSME *O
EJB *T PO UIF .PWF %JTKUVKCP 5EKGPEG /QPKVQT TG
VTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

5JGVJ 0
 /C[  1WVNQQM HQT 1WVUQWTE
KPI 5RGPFKPI $TKIJVGPU 5IF 8BMM 4USFFU +PVSOBM
TGVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 

+PFKC .QUV DP KP +NNGICN %CRKVCN (NQYU 5C[U

4GRQTV ##$ /FXT
$TKVKUJ $TQCFECUVKPI %QTRQTC
VKQP  0QXGODGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

5TKXCUVCXC 8 %
 +PVTQFWEVKQP KP 8%
5TKXCUVCXC .CNNCPLK )QRCN &2 %JCVVQRCFJ[C[C
)JTUPSZ PG "HSJDVMUVSF JO *OEJB Q UP D "%

*KUVQT[ QH 5EKGPEG 2JKNQUQRJ[ CPF %WNVWTG +P +P
FKCP %KXK\CVKQP 8
2CTV  %QPEGRV 2WDNKUJKPI %Q
+5$0 

+PFKC 5GEQPF (CUVGUV )TQYKPI #WVQ /CTMGV #HVGT

%JKPC #VTJOFTT -JOF  #RTKN  TGVTKGXGF 
,WN[ 
&T\G ,GCP 5GP #OCTV[C
 "O 6ODFSUBJO
(MPSZ *OEJB BOE *UT $POUSBEJDUJPOT #NNGP .CPG
*OEJBT &DPOPNZ /PU +VTU 3VCJFT BOE 1PMZFTUFS
4IJSUT 6JG 'EQPQOKUV  1EVQDGT  TGVTKGXGF 
1EVQDGT 
+PFKCP %CT 'ZRQTVU 5WTIG  &YQSFTT *OEJB 
1EVQDGT  TGVTKGXGF  #RTKN 
3FQPSU GPS 4FMFDUFE $PVOUSJFT BOE 4VCKFDUT
"GHIBOJTUBO #BOHMBEFTI *OEJB *OEPOFTJB
.BMBZTJB /FQBM 1BLJTUBO 1IJMJQQJOFT 4SJ -BOLB
5IBJMBOE +PVGTPCVKQPCN /QPGVCT[ (WPF #RTKN
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
(CTTGNN & $GKPJQEMGT '
 /C[  /FYU #JH
4QFOEFST *OEJBT .JEEMF $MBTT /E-KPUG[  %QO
RCP[ TGVTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT 
)CTICP ' #
 #WIWUV  *OEJB 4UVNCMFT JO
3VTI UP B 'SFF .BSLFU &DPOPNZ 6JG 0GY ;QTM
6KOGU TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
8PSME &DPOPNJD 0VUMPPL 6QEBUF
2&(
+PVGTPCVKQPCN /QPGVCT[ (WPF ,WPG  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

*OGPSNBUJPO /PUF UP UIF 1SFTT 1SFTT 3FMFBTF /P


 6GNGEQO 4GIWNCVQT[ #WVJQTKV[ QH +PFKC 
#RTKN  CTEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN
2&( QP
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
&YQPSUFST (FU 8JEFS .BSLFU 3FBDI 6JG 6KOGU QH
+PFKC  #WIWUV  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
$PSSVQUJPO 1FSDFQUJPO *OEFY *OEJB $POUJOVFT
UP CF $PSSVQU
2&( 6TCPURCTGPE[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN 
1EVQDGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
/FX (MPCBM 1PWFSUZ &TUJNBUFT8IBU *U .FBOT GPS
*OEJB 9QTNF $CPM TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
+PFKC 7PFGTPQWTKUJGF %JKNFTGP# %CNN HQT 4G
HQTO CPF #EVKQP 8PSME #BOL TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[

*ODMVTJWF (SPXUI BOE 4FSWJDF %FMJWFSZ #VJMEJOH PO
*OEJBT 4VDDFTT
2&( 9QTNF $CPM  /C[ 
TGVTKGXGF  /C[ 
*OEJB $PVOUSZ 0WFSWJFX 4FQUFNCFS  9QTNF
$CPM 5GRVGODGT  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
5SBEF UP &YQBOE CZ  JO  "GUFS B %JTNBM
 850 3FQPSUT 9QTNF 6TCFG 1TICPKUCVKQP 
/CTEJ  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 


;GR '
 5GRVGODGT  3F/FX 8JOE 1PXFS
(FUT  .JMMJPO (PMENBO *OWFTUNFOU 6JG 9CNN
5VTGGV ,QWTPCN TGVTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT 
*OEJBO *5#10 *OEVTUSZ 0#55%1/ 
TGVTKGXGF  ,WPG 
6/%&345"/%*/( 5)& 850 5)& 03("/*;"
5*0/ .FNCFST BOE 0CTFSWFST 961  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WPG 
Demographics
$QPPGT #
 "WFSUJOH UIF "QPDBMZQTF 4PDJBM
.PWFNFOUT JO *OEJB 5PEBZ &WMG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
+5$0  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
)FBMUIDBSF JO *OEJB 3FQPSU )JHIMJHIUT
2&(
$QUVQP #PCN[VKEU ,CPWCT[  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[

&GX 5 / 4CQ 0 %
 *OEJB 1FSTQFDUJWFT
PO &RVJUBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU #ECFGOKE (QWPFCVKQP
+5$0 

 #*#-*0(3"1):
%GPUWU &CVC  0DF PG UIF 3FHJTUSBS (FOFSBM
BOE $FOTVT $PNNJTTJPOFS
/KPKUVT[ QH *QOG #H
HCKTU )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC  TGVTKGXGF
 ,WN[ 
1VVGPJGKOGT * ,
 5IF "OUISPQPMPHZ PG
-BOHVBHF "O *OUSPEVDUJPO UP -JOHVJTUJD "OUISPQPM
PHZ %GPICIG +5$0 
4CVPC 7
 +PVGTHCEG $GVYGGP 7TDCP CPF
4WTCN &GXGNQROGPV KP +PFKC KP &WVV # -
6JCMWT $ $JUZ 4PDJFUZ BOE 1MBOOJOH 1 %QPEGRV
+5$0 
4QDKPUQP 5
 /C[  +PFKCU /GFKECN 'OGT
IGPE[ 5JNF TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
4QTCDCEJGT , #
 )VOHFS BOE 1PWFSUZ JO
4PVUI "TJB )[CP +5$0 
$PVOUSZ $PPQFSBUJPO 4USBUFHZ *OEJB
2&( 9QTNF
*GCNVJ 1TICPKUCVKQP 0QXGODGT  TGVTKGXGF 
,WN[ 
%JCPFTCOQWNK %
 ,WN[  3VSBM 6SCBO %JT
USJCVUJPO 0G 1PQVMBUJPO
2&( /KPKUVT[ QH *QOG
#CKTU
+PFKC TGVTKGXGF  ,CPWCT[ 

&JCTYCFMGT #
 1EVQDGT  4GRTGUGPV
KPI +PFKCU 2CUVU 6KOG %WNVWTG CPF 2TQDNGOU QH
2GTHQTOCPEG *KUVQTKQITCRJ[ KP %CPPKPI % / Culture
2QUVNGYCKV 6 3FQSFTFOUJOH UIF 1BTU &TTBZT JO 1FS
#IPKXGUJ 5YCOK 4COC /CPK #PIGNKMC -UVGT
GPSNBODF )JTUPSJPHSBQIZ 7PKXGTUKV[ QH +QYC 2TGUU
.QUUCEM
 0QXGODGT  /KUUKPI  OKN
+5$0  TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
NKQP +PFKCP IKTNU /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 
&T\G , )Q[CN #
 (GDTWCT[  6JG (WVWTG
&GEGODGT 
QH /KF&C[ /GCNU KP $CTW 4 8 4DIPPM )FBMUI
$WPVKPI /CFGNGKPG
 ,WN[  +PFKCU OKUUKPI
4FSWJDFT JO *OEJB 5IF 4PDJBM BOE &DPOPNJD $POUFYUT
YQOGP 5IF (VBSEJBO 4GVTKGXGF  &GEGODGT
5#)' 2WDNKECVKQPU +5$0 

&[UQP 6 8KUCTKC 2
 ,WN[  /KITCVKQP
$KPOQTG - )
 /CTEJ  1MBZJOH GPS 3FBM
CPF 7TDCPKUCVKQP 4GVTQURGEV CPF 2TQURGEVU KP
" 5FYU PO (BNF 5IFPSZ 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU
&[UQP 6 %CUUGU 4 8KUCTKC . 5XFOUZ'JSTU
+5$0 
$FOUVSZ *OEJB 1PQVMBUJPO &DPOPNZ )VNBO %F
WFMPQNFOU BOE UIF &OWJSPONFOU 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[
$NCFJQNO .
 #WIWUV  5IF *OEJBO (SPDFSZ
2TGUU +5$0 
4UPSF %FNZTUJFE
UV GF /CEOKNNCP 2WDNKUJGTU
)CTI 5 %
 #RTKN  .PCJMJ[JOH 6SCBO *O
GSBTUSVDUVSF 'JOBODF JO *OEJB
2&( 9QTNF $CPM
TGVTKGXGF  ,CPWCT[ 
/CNNKMCTLWP $
0QXGODGT  (KHV[ ;GCTU QH
.CPIWCIG 2NCPPKPI HQT /QFGTP *KPFK6JG 1EKCN
.CPIWCIG QH +PFKC -BOHVBHF JO *OEJB 4
 +550
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
/PUJDBUJPO /P 0- /KPKUVT[ QH *QOG #H
HCKTU )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC  #RTKN  TGVTKGXGF
 /C[ 
4GNKIKQWU %QORQUKVKQP 0DF PG UIF 3FHJTUSBS
(FOFSBM BOE $FOTVT $PNNJTTJPOFS
/KPKUVT[ QH
*QOG #CKTU )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC 
TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

+5$0 

5CKPC 0GJYCN +PFKCU $CFOKPVQP 5VCT CPF 0GY

9QOCP ##$ /FXT  #WIWUV  TGVTKGXGF 
1EVQDGT 
%QOOQPYGCNVJ )COGU  +PFKC &QOKPCVG
5JQQVKPI /GFCNU ##$ /FXT  1EVQDGT  TG
VTKGXGF  ,WPG 
%JQRTC 2
 /CTEJ  " +PJOU &OUFSQSJTF
*OEJBO &MJUFT BOE UIF .BLJOH PG #SJUJTI #PNCBZ
7PKXGTUKV[ QH /KPPGUQVC 2TGUU +5$0 

%WNNGP&WRQPV -
,WN[  )VNBO 5SBDLJOH

UV GF +PHQDCUG 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0 




&CU 5 -
 ,CPWCT[  " )JTUPSZ PG *OEJBO
-JUFSBUVSF  'SPN $PVSUMZ UP UIF 1PQVMBS
5CJKV[C #MCFGOK +5$0 

-NKFUC ,QJPUQP 9 ,
 0QXGODGT  5IF
3FDPHOJUJPO PG BLVOUBM " 1MBZ JO 4FWFO "DUT
1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 

&CVVC #
 5IF &ODZDMPQBFEJB PG *OEJBO -JU
FSBUVSF 2 5CJKV[C #MCFGOK +5$0 


-COKPUM[ #TPQNF 2 .QPI 4QIGT &

 5GRVGO
DGT  *OEJB 5PEBZ "O &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF
JO UIF 3FQVCMJD "O &ODZDMPQFEJB PG -JGF JO UIF 3F
QVCMJD #$%%.+1 +5$0  TG
VTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT 

&GJGLKC 4 5
 0QXGODGT  +PFKCP )TCPF
2TKZ 8U 'PEGRJCNKVKU! 5IF 8BMM 4USFFU +PVSOBM TG
VTKGXGF  &GEGODGT 
&GWVUEJ '
 #RTKN  "EWBJUB 7FEOUB "
1IJMPTPQIJDBM 3FDPOTUSVDUJPO 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *CYCKK
2TGUU +5$0 
&KUUCPC[CMG 9 - )QMWNUKPI /
/C[ 
*OEJBO 1PQVMBS $JOFNB " /BSSBUJWF PG $VMUVSBM
$IBOHF
PF GF 6TGPVJCO $QQMU +5$0 


-CTCPVJ 5 -
1EVQDGT  :BLBHOB #DJKPCX
2WDNKECVKQPU +5$0 
-KRNG - ( 1TPGNCU - % GFU
 5IF
$BNCSJEHF 8PSME )JTUPSZ PG 'PPE %CODTKFIG
%CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 

-WKRGT - GF
 ,WN[  5IF $VMUVSF PG *O
EJB $TKVCPPKEC 'FWECVKQPCN 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

4PVUIFSO .PWJFT "DDPVOU GPS PWFS  PG 'JMN 3FW

FOVFT 6JG 'EQPQOKE 6KOGU  0QXGODGT 
TGVTKGXGF  ,WPG 

-WOCT 8
,CPWCT[  7BTUVTIBTUSB #NN ;QW
9CPVGF VQ -PQY #DQWV 5GTKGU
PF GF 5VGTNKPI
2WDNKUJKPI +5$0 

5QWVJ #UKCP #TVU +PFKCP &CPEG &ODZDMPQEJB

#SJUBOOJDB TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

.CN #
 5IF 0YGPSE $PNQBOJPO UP *OEJBO
5IFBUSF 1ZHQTF 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 

6COKN .KVGTCVWTG &ODZDMPQEJB #SJUBOOJDB 

TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
'TCN[ #
 *OEJB 2GPIWKP $QQMU +5$0 
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
*CTV ) .
#WIWUV  1PFNT PG "ODJFOU 5BNJM
5IFJS .JMJFV BOE 5IFJS 4BOTLSJU $PVOUFSQBSUT
UV
GF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH %CNKHQTPKC 2TGUU +5$0 

*GGJU 2 GF
 5GRVGODGT  *OEJBO 3FMJ
HJPOT " )JTUPSJDBM 3FBEFS PG 4QJSJUVBM &YQSFTTJPO
BOE &YQFSJFODF 0GY ;QTM 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0
 TGVTKGXGF  ,WN[ 
*GPFGTUQP % '
 $VMUVSF BOE $VTUPNT PG
*OEJB )TGGPYQQF 2WDNKUJKPI )TQWR +5$0 

*QKDGTI & 4COEJCPFCPK +
 4UVEFOUT #SJ
UBOOJDB *OEJB 4FMFDU &TTBZT 2QRWNCT 2TCMCUJCP
+5$0 
,QJPUQP 9 , GF
 5GRVGODGT  5IF 4BVQ
UJLBQBSWBO PG UIF .BIBCIBSBUB 5IF .BTTBDSF BU
/JHIU 1ZHQTF 9QTNFU %NCUUKEU
PF GF 1ZHQTF
7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 
,QPGU ) 4COFCU -
 6O
UZJOH UIF ,OPU
*EFBM BOE 3FBMJUZ JO "TJBO .BSSJBHF 0CVKQPCN 7PK
XGTUKV[ QH 5KPICRQTG 2TGUU +5$0 


.CPI , /QNGUMK 9

 &GEGODGT 
'VODUJPOBMJTN 3FWJTJUFE #UJICVG 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0

/CE&QPGNN # #
 " )JTUPSZ PG 4BOTLSJU -JU
FSBUVSF -GUUKPIGT 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0 

/CLWOFCT $ $CPF[QRCFJ[C[ -
 " 4P
DJBM )JTUPSZ PG *OEJBO 'PPUCBMM 4USJWJOH 5P 4DPSF
4QWVNGFIG +5$0 
/CMCT ' /
 "O "NFSJDBOT (VJEF UP %PJOH
#VTJOFTT JO *OEJB #FCOU +5$0 

/CUUG[ 4 /CUUG[ ,
 5IF .VTJD PG *OEJB
#DJKPCX 2WDNKECVKQPU +5$0 
/GFQTC 0
 /CVG 5GNGEVKQP KP %QPVGORQ
TCT[ +PFKC .QXG /CTTKCIGU 8GTUWU #TTCPIGF /CT
TKCIGU KP *COQP 4 4 +PIQNFUD[ $ $ .BUF
4FMFDUJPO "DSPTT $VMUVSFT 5#)' 2WDNKECVKQPU RR
 +5$0 
/GUUPGT 9
 8PSLJOH XJUI *OEJB 5IF 4PGUFS
"TQFDUT PG B 4VDDFTTGVM $PMMBCPSBUJPO XJUI UIF *O
EJBO *5  #10 *OEVTUSZ 5RTKPIGT +5$0 

/GUUPGT 9
 &OHBHJOH XJUI *OEJB )PX UP
.BOBHF UIF 4PGUFS "TQFDUT PG B (MPCBM $PMMBCPSBUJPO
%TGCVGURCEG +5$0 





+PFKCP 4GCFGTUJKR 5WTXG[  3  6QRNKPG

(KPFKPIU
2&( /GFKC 4GUGCTEJ 7UGTU %QWPEKN
)TQYVJ .KVGTCE[  /GFKC %QPUWORVKQP 4G
VTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT 
/GJVC 0CNKP
 ,WN[  5FMFWJTJPO JO *OEJB
4BUFMMJUFT 1PMJUJDT BOE $VMUVSBM $IBOHF 6C[NQT 
(TCPEKU 75 +5$0  TGVTKGXGF 
5GRVGODGT 

&95&3/"- -*/,4

5GP #
 5GRVGODGT  5IF "SHVNFOUBUJWF *O
EJBO 8SJUJOHT PO *OEJBO )JTUPSZ $VMUVSF BOE *EFO
UJUZ
UV GF 2KECFQT +5$0 
5G[OQWT 5%
 ,CPWCT[  8PNFO 'BN
JMZ BOE $IJME $BSF JO *OEJB " 8PSME JO 5SBOTJ
UJPO %CODTKFIG 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU +5$0 


*T #PYJOH UIF /FX $SJDLFU  /KPV  5GRVGODGT

 TGVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 

5KNXGTOCP 5
 1EVQDGT  7BTUV 5SBOTDFO
EFOUBM )PNF %FTJHO JO )BSNPOZ XJUI /BUVSF )KDDU
5OKVJ +5$0 

0CMCOWTC *
 #RTKN  *OEJBO #VEEIJTN "
4VSWFZ XJUI #JCMJPHSBQIJDBM /PUFT $WFFJKUV 6TCFK
VKQP 5GTKGU
VJ GF /QVKNCN $CPCTUKFCUU +5$0


6CTNQ '
 5GRVGODGT  $MPUIJOH .BUUFST
%SFTT BOE *EFOUJUZ JO *OEJB
UV GF 7PKXGTUKV[ QH
%JKECIQ 2TGUU +5$0  TGVTKGXGF
 ,WN[ 

2WUMCT2CUGYKE\ /
 5GRVGODGT 
$VMUVSBM &ODZDMPQFEJB PG 7FHFUBSJBOJTN )TGGPYQQF
2WDNKUJKPI )TQWR +5$0 
4CIJCXCP 5
 1EVQDGT  )BOECPPL PG
4QJDFT 4FBTPOJOHT BOE 'MBWPSJOHT
PF GF %4%
2TGUU +5$0 

4BXBOU 4IPPUT )JTUPSJD (PME BU 8PSME $IBNQJ

POTIJQT 6JG 6KOGU QH +PFKC  #WIWUV  TG
VTKGXGF  /C[ 
5BK .BIBM 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 'FWECVKQPCN 5EKGPVKE
CPF %WNVWTCN 1TICPKUCVKQP TGVTKGXGF  /CTEJ 

4CKEJNGP 5
 /C[  " 5BOEPPS 0WFO #SJOHT
*OEJBT )FBU UP UIF #BDLZBSE 6JG 0GY ;QTM 6KOGU
TGVTKGXGF  ,WPG 

*OEJB "JNT GPS $FOUFS $PVSU 6JG 9CNN 5VTGGV ,QWT

PCN  5GRVGODGT  TGVTKGXGF  5GRVGODGT


4CLCFJ[CMUJC # 9KNNGOGP 2 GFU

 ,CPWCT[
 &ODZDMPQBFEJB PG *OEJBO $JOFNB
PF GF
$TKVKUJ (KNO +PUVKVWVG +5$0 

9GPIGNN & . )CDTKGN 0

 5GRVGODGT 
&EVDBUJPOBM 0QQPSUVOJUJFT JO *OUFHSBUJWF .FEJDJOF
5IF "UP; )FBMJOH "SUT (VJEF BOE 1SPGFTTJPOBM 3F
TPVSDF %JSFDUPSZ
UV GF 6JG *WPVGT 2TGUU +5$0


4COCPWLCP # -
VTCPUNCVQT
 1EVQDGT 
1PFNT PG -PWF BOE 8BS 'SPN UIF &JHIU "OUIPMPHJFT
BOE UIF 5FO -POH 1PFNT PG $MBTTJDBM 5BNJM 0GY
;QTM %QNWODKC 7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU RR KZZ +5$0

4CYCV 4COPCTC[CP 5
 /CTEJ 
3FDPOTJEFSJOH 6OUPVDIBCJMJUZ
$IBNBST BOE
%BMJU )JTUPSZ JO /PSUI *OEJB +PFKCPC 7PKXGTUKV[
2TGUU +5$0 
"OBOE $SPXOFE 8PSME $IBNQJPO 4GFK  1EVQ
DGT  TGVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 
4QDGTVU 0 9
 ,WN[  #VJMEJOH 5ZQF #BTJDT
GPS 1MBDFT PG 8PSTIJQ
UV GF ,QJP 9KNG[  5QPU
+5$0 
5CTOC 5
 ,CPWCT[  " )JTUPSZ PG *OEJBO -JU
FSBUVSF 1
PF GF /QVKNCN $CPCTUKFCUU +5$0 

5EJQGPJCNU /
 0QXGODGT  *OUJNBUF
&YDMVTJPO 3BDF BOE $BTUF 5VSOFE *OTJEF 0VU
7PKXGTUKV[ 2TGUU QH #OGTKEC +5$0 

5EJYCTV\DGTI ,
 +PFKC
&ODZDMPQEJB #SJUBOOJDB TGVTKGXGF


%CUVG
 ,WN[

+PVGTIGPGTCVKQPCN /QDKNKV[ HQT &CNKVU +U 8KUK

DNG #NDGKV .KOKVGF
2&( 8PSME #BOL 3FQPSU
 FQK 4GVTKGXGF
 5GRVGODGT 
:CXKGT .
 5GRVGODGT  4VTIJM ,VNBS 8JOT
(PME JO 8PSME 8SFTUMJOH $IBNQJPOTIJQ 6JG 6KOGU
QH +PFKC TGVTKGXGF  1EVQDGT 
;CFCX 5 5 /E0GKN & 5VGXGPUQP 2 %
 1E
VQDGT  -FOUJM "O "ODJFOU $SPQ GPS .PEFSO
5JNFT 5RTKPIGT +5$0 
<XGNGDKN - 8
 #WIWUV  $PNQBOJPO 4UVEJFT
UP UIF )JTUPSZ PG 5BNJM -JUFSBUVSF $TKNN 2WDNKUJGTU
+5$0 

14 External links
0CVKQPCN 2QTVCN QH VJG )QXGTPOGPV QH +PFKC
+PFKC GPVT[ CV 5IF 8PSME 'BDUCPPL
+PFKC CV &/1<
+PFKC RTQNG HTQO VJG $$% 0GYU


+PFKC &ODZDMPQEJB #SJUBOOJDB GPVT[
+PFKC CV VJG 7%$ )QXGTPOGPV +PHQTOCVKQP .KDTCT[
%QQTFKPCVGU q0 q'  q0 q'





15
15.1

5&95 "/% *."(& 4063$&4 $0/53*#65034 "/% -*$&/4&4

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

India 4PVSDF JVVRUGPYKMKRGFKCQTIYKMK+PFKC!QNFKF $POUSJCVUPST /CIPWU /CPUMG ,QCQ $TKQP 8+$$'4 'NQSWGPEG
/CX $T[CP &GTMUGP 4QDGTV /GTMGN 6JG #PQOG $GTGM ,GTQPKOQ  #RTKN /CTM 4[CP ,CIIGF #PFTG 'PIGNU 4COGUJ 'ENGEVKEQN
QI[ 5EKRKWU ;QWUUGHUCP &CPP[ #TXKPFP  9KNNKCO #XGT[ 5KOQP2 &TDWI )TCHV *GTQP 'NQSWGPEG $JCPF *GRJCGUVQU 1NKXKGT
5VGXGTVKIQ 5WOKVJ 'FYCTF 2CVTKEM ,QJP1YGPU 6KNNYG /KEJCGN *CTF[ 'CTVJ &JWO &JWO )FCTKP 5J[COCN .KHVCTP /CTVKP*CTRGT
)CDDG $JCI[GUJ*GFG /KE +ZHF %JKPLW <GPQ )CPVPGT 5CPPUG 5JQCNGT )6$CEEJWU ;CPP &GNKTKWO 2CFFW
 )DNGGO #TRKPIUVQPG
9JC\\[ 8KLC[F 'IKN .QQZKZ`GPYKMK ,RVYQ /MYGKUG #JQGTUVGOGKGT 5VCP 5JGDU /CE &QEW 5PQ[GU 67(-#6 5GVW RTGO )[CP
0QVJGTWUGT #PIGNC #PUJWOCPICWT &CTMYKPF  2TCV[GMC )NGPP ,UEJYC -WUJCN MWOCTCP 5TC[ 8\DU 0KMCK 5WUWTTWU
-YGMWDQ ,KCPI )NWGDCNN %JGTMCUJ ,QJP - -C[UQX 6QDKCU %QPTCFK 4CXGP KP 1TDKV ,GPIQF #NGZ 5 8CPKUJGF WUGT \CTKWLKULLKTL
6KOYK 2CWNV &EQGV\GG 4KEM- 4GFFK %[DGTCIGPV )QMWN OCFJCXCP &[URTQUKC 0VTWG ,C[ (W\JGCFQ 9JKURGT6Q/G 9KM <QKEQP
5VGKPUM[ 6KOE &, %NC[YQTVJ *CWMWTVJ -45 6RDTCFDWT[ #UVTQVTCKP /CZKOWU 4GZ 6UEJKNF 5YGGV[ 4QUG +OE )TGPFGNMJCP /QT
YGP #DJKUJGM 5CNVKPG +VCK -CCN 5RGCMGT(6& 6CZOCP 6GORUJKNN 4CPLTCP 8CN 8GT[8GTKN[ 5'9KNEQ /QYINK`GPYKMK -CTWMGTC
#PWRCOUT $LCTMK 5 5VQTOKG 4CWN #PQP/QQU /VEX 6COK\JCP 1NCVJG $EQTT ,GT\[ 2TQVGWU )RQFWXCN (KPNC[ /E9CNVGT &GPGN
UQP 5WDJCUJTCK 2JKN $QUYGNN &QPCTTGKUMQGT /CVV5CN 4QDDQV #P[C`GPYKMK 8CTFKQP ;GNNQY`GPYKMK 2JKN 4 ,G #UVTQPCW
VKEU`GPYKMK /QTKQTK %JTKUO 2$5 6QOEJKWME ,TGFOQPF :KCQRQ 4GF9QNH /QPETKGH /QQPF[PG )QGVJGCP #PMWT <KO<CNC$KO
;GN[QU 4QOCPO %JCPEGOKNN #PQQR 5COTQNMGP 5XGTFTWR 4OC #ECFGOKE %JCNNGPIGT 6KO4 &GUOC[ (NCWVQ &QNEG *GOCP
UJW 5EJOWEM[6JG%CV 6GZVWTG &GXVTCUJ &KFGTQV 5WPTC[ $MGNN 'PUKHQTO 4TLCPDKCJ *CFCN 4HE 9GTGQP 7PIXKEJKCP 4QQ\DGJ
/WUJTQQO #ODCTKUJ 4WCMJ &KIK$WNNGV &KDGTTK #NCP[UV $QXKPG$GCUV %[TKWU &CXKFECPPQP #NCP .KGHVKPI )QDGKTPG #PEJGVC 9KU
#TWP %JTKUVQRJGT 2CTJCO /2( 5GCGCING (GPPGE &KNGUJ$CPUCN :GTGUDNWG 0KEJCNR +PVGT 0GVQJQNKE 6QO JCTTKUQP #TCVWM /GWT
UCWNV $JCPW2/ (GTMGNRCTCFG /5), /QPGFWNC $TCFGQU )TCRJQP 6QO 4CFWNQXKEJ &KOK LWXG 2GTWXKCPNNCOC 6UEC 'XGT[MKPI
$MQPTCF 0Q )WTW /KUJCE <QTC <GP/QPFQ 4CRJ (CNCMUJCJ %WTRU #NKUQP /KEJCGN &GXQTG *GPT[ (NQYGT )COCNKGN &CXKF ,QJP
UQP -WPLCP %CPVWU 4KEM $NQEM 5WMJ .WTMGT 4QDGTV 9GGOG[GT /CTQWZ *GPT[JCTVNG[ #PFTKU )WCPCEQ 8CMQTFG 2GT *QPQT
GV )NQTKC #CNCJC\TCV`GPYKMK 5WPFCT 5KTQZQ 0QFG WG .WKIK )\QTPGPRNCV\ $QQVJKPCVQT #XCNC %JCOGNGQP 5C[CPE 59#FCKT $QD
DNGYKM 4CIKD )QNDG\ #.CTIG'NM *GOCPV 6JKLU 9OCJCP &QTHGP 0GKNE 5VGXKGVJGOCP %JQYDQM 7VEWTUEJ .QTF5KOQPQH5JTQR
UJKTG 2ICP 2COTK %T[RVQ&GTM )FT 5CTGM1H8WNECP -PWVWZ <GKOWUW 0KUJKUJGK 8KPC[ 3WCFGNN 4CP #PVCPFTWU 4CLCUGMCTCP
&GGRCM /WUVCHCC $GNCPF 1XGTNQTF3 5CNCUMU 'XGTV[RG 5WOUWOPG 4CXKMKTCP T , /KUV6Q[U -CNFCTK ,QUUK 5KOQP#TNQVV *GOCP
,QUSWKWU 4FUOKVJ ;C[C[ -GUCE &TCIQP[5KZV[UGXGP ;CPCOCF 5GEHCP $JCTCVEKV -GXKP $ 2(*.CK 5EQVV $WTNG[ $M #OCT%JCP
FTC ;QUUCTKCP +NN[TKCPMC 5QJGN )UEUJQ[TW 5QOCP 4CVCP )CT[ & 0GWVTCNKV[ $KPCPF ,Q[QWU ,EY )QQDGTIWPEJ 5CTEGNNGU
,J -CTVJGGSWG 6TKNQDKVG *KNNGN 0CWU &/) /CUVGT 1H 0KPLC 8DICPGUJ <QPFQT #FCUJKGN 5SWCUJ &TDCNCLK OF #EUGPTC[
)TWPV %CPVGTDWT[ 6CKN 6JG%WUVQO1H.KHG <CH )TUVCKP #PMKVOCNKM /KMG 4QUQHV $NQTI 6C DW UJK FC [W ,C[LI 2<(70 5KOQPKFGU
(TGCMQHPWTVWTG %NQEMYQTM6TQNN 8GPW %#.4 &CPKGN%& $GKTPG +UEJQTT #IKCW 0QKU[ /QXGTVQP /CFGYQMJGTF &KUEQURKPUVGT
6YKPZQT 4KEJ (CTODTQWIJ 4JQDKVG )WCPCDQV 1NKXGT .KPGJCO 6JGOCVKEWPKV[ %*1 &ULQUJK 1UMC 5RWPFWP #PFTGYHGTTKGT
(NQTKCP $NCUEJMG *GKMQ'XGTOCPP .WNW QH VJG .QVWU'CVGTU $KUJ`GPYKMK &CXKF 5EJCKEJ 2QPFGT /LRKGVGTU -GXKP 3WKGPUCDG
RG\IW[ <C\QW &DCEJOCPP *DCNCTCO /CPK #UJYCVJCO 2CXGN 8Q\GPKNGM 2CWN #WIWUV /CTM5 5RQQM[/WNFGT *QTUVGP 9GIKCP
9CTTKQT $GPFGT '5MQI 5E <CUNCX -DJTF 0CPFKPK -LQQPNGG -CKUGTUJCVPGT )TQWPF .QTGP *CRUKCKPGP 0CDNC $TKCP
/KUVGT5JGKM %CPKU4WHWU #GEKU 7OTGGOCNC /T $KNNKQP #NTGP 4CLPGGUJJGIFG <UEQWV ,WUV2JKN $QTQHMKP /$KUCP\ 'N % 2LTKEJ
.[EWTIWU 8KUJCN$ 9CVGT (KUJ 5VOKPF -YCOKMCICOK /YCPPGT 3WCTVKGT.CVKP -TQUU 8CPOCP #WFG 5JCPGU *CTKUJGN
FQP 5WUXQNCPU #TG,C[ /CVVJGYRTE #TV .C2GNNC 4Q[$Q[ 5CVWTPKIJV /WPVUJ ,NKP 6JWTGUUQP $QDQ 0GV$QV .QPIJCKT .MMKV[
#XCVCTCP 6TQPPQ &WM #-)JGVVQ (QQDC\ 5TN ,IWM  &GLKVCTQD %CRVCKP $NQQF`GPYKMK %JKTCI 5TKTCO UJ /CP X[K 0M #NIGUJ
5JQTPG -DKT <GVCYQQH ,CKDJCTCV 5OKVCLCKP 1DTCFQXKE )QTCP *KPVJC +FNGIW[ 5CO -QTP *WNNG[G #RRNG,WIINGT -TGNNKU 2JCTQU
2GCTNG 5GV+V4KIJV -WUJCN ,QPCVJWPFGT /FF 2CWN /E/CJQP /GTQRG &CNKV`GPYKMK /GVJGITGCV ,WODWEM 5EJKUUGN 6TC 1PG)W[
<CEJNKRVQP 5VGRJGP ) $TQYP /WTV[ ,;QNMQYUMK 5COUWFCT .V019+5 5NCXG6Q6JG9CIG 4KEJCTF *CTXG[ $WCKFJ -GUUNGT ,QQN\
5LCKP 1OGTNKXGU ,VCNNGFQ #PFTGYROM ,QJP 3WKIIKP 5N %LVJGNNCOC #$%& 4KCPC 2TKOCNEJCQU 9KMKFGC )QNFQO 5NKO8KTIKP 6CTWP
VJGITGCV .KIJVFCTMPGUU 9CNMGTOC )CTGNF +P5JCPGGG %FE %, /NO /CNQ 9CPIQ $QD 8NCFKOKT-QTCDNKP  $QQVUVQQVU
5JKPLKOCP <OGNCP $CP[CP6TGG )FCXKFR *GNKZDNWG 2GVGT /E)KPNG[ -PQYNGFIG 5GGMGT %DWTPGVV 8GFCPV ,[QVKTOC[C 8K[[GT 4,++
6QP[ 5KFCYC[ &CP%WRKF 8CFCMMCP 5EKWTKP )TGI0QTE %QQNOCNNW .(CTCQPG (CPVWORJQQN 5M[TKPI 5JTKXCVU 6CTCMCPCPFC 2QNKVK
EKCP`GPYKMK 5HCEGVU 'XGPV*QTK\QP %QORWVGTLQG ,IWM $&& #MWNMCTPK 8GTUCIGGM )CWVCOIM 5VGKPD&, )GPG 0[ICCTF #NCK 4GFXGTU
*)$ )PWVKP 6JG%QGG $CNCICP 0KIJVUVCNNKQP %\QNIQN\ *GPT[.K -KVEJ 8CTWPICTFG 6KPVKP -DQNKPQ #UJWLQ 4GXKXGF 5VGRJGP
6TKUVGUUC FG 5V #PIG )OCZYGNN 9G[GU 0CXKFC\K\K #PIT 8GNJQ 4KEJCTF #TVJWT 0QTVQP
  +SWCFTK ,GTG[ 1 )WUVCHUQP 1YGP:
9QQJQQMKVV[ $LQPGU :UURKFGT *GPTKM 4*CYQTVJ $TJCURCVK 5JTGGXCVUC 6KIGT5JCTM $GTPCTF/ 8KMTCOMT 5WUCP.CTUQP 4QECUVGNQ
7PENG ) )CPGUJM #FCOICTTKIWU 5[KGO '[GUDQOD $KNN% 'NUGP[QT #EMWNMCTPK #NEK#UKPQ ,GTGO[# ,G /10)1 0CVJCPK
5JOKVTC #PCPF 5EJ\OQ )TKMC &CPIGTQWU$Q[ +U *WJUWPSW 0CPFCMWOCTI 5QOGQPG $DWFC )TGIQT$ 5VQEJCVC $NCEMUWP
4CLCJWUUCKPUPF #IVJQTT #NK[GXTCOKP 6WVOQUKU 9C[YCTF #ODTQQF 6QWUUCKPV &GFCNWU :KQPI %JKCOKQX 2TCUJCPVJPU )KODQKF
2NQTPV %GFTWU.KDCPK #ODCT 2GTGITKPG#; -KPIUNG[L ,DCTVC .GQ1 )WPLCPXGTOC 5CEJKPFQNG 4KEJCTF9GKUU ,CPPGVVC 4CIWMU )TC
JCO 5JCMGT &GNVCDGKIPGV /CIKUVGT /CVJGOCVKECG %WEJWNNCKP &GCFEQTRUG 8C[W -DFCPM (TGRN[5RCPI #PKVCC`GPYKMK 8XWR
RCNC +UNCPF 4Z5 2TCPCVJK &RT &YCKRC[CPE 8CPFGTFGEMGP $QTI*WPVGT 'NGEVKQPYQTNF &GGR ,FEQQRGT %CPFGTUQP 5LCMMCNNG
4LYKNOUK ,QG &GEMGT 22RT -QCXH 'TGDWU #MCUJKKK 2TCVGGMTT )T[PFQT %TC\[XCU 6QODUG[G %JKTCIU 2TCVGGM 'CV#N
DGTVC$GGH )QTKMQV /CT5EJ 5TU 5RKMGF<GDTC 2CMQ #MX .KPWZDGCM 6CPIQVCPIQ 5FQTPCP %CRVCKP &KUFCKP /</E$TKFG 6CYMGT
8VGN 5R0GQ (WPP[JCV 0PGQPPGQ 1DNKXKQWU .KIWNGO %LUOGF #PF[-CNK $TKIJVGTQTCPIG 6JG YWD %QTVQ *UTKPKXC #6.$GGT 4QG
JGCV &CT#RG -WTOCC &W-QV 5WOCPEJ /GITK )CT[VONGG 5CPIQ .QT 6TYKGT 3WKMUKNXGTUTO ;COCOQVQ +EJKTQ 50+[GT
4CPIGM .GKVJR 5CMUJCO *GRVQT 6KVQZF (NC$QV ) %NCTM 4QDGTV) ;QWTUXKXGM %CN,9 &QE INCUIQY 9KPJWPVGT %TC\[EQORWVGTU
5WPC[CPC %JCPVKPI (QZ *QVVGPVQV %GNGUVKCPRQYGT 2CVJQUEJKNF 4GZ0. )WTEJ #NGZLQJPE 2IKKK 6JG&, 3WWZRNWUQPG 'TQP/CKP
)RTCUCFJ 9YYLRHQQTI 'DKPXKUYCPCVJ #NRJCEJKOR 9JKVGMKPI`GPYKMK 2WEM +OPQVOKPMWU +FCNVW 2JQGPKZ`GPYKMK 5DJWXCPU
%,.. 9TKIJV %JQDQV %JQMGTOCP &C)K\\C $QTPJL &8FO 8QNWPVGGT /CTGM C $IYJKVG %CEVWUOCP &KIKVCNOG 6JGTGHQTG )Y
GTPQN ' 2NWTKDWU #PVJQP[ 'COQPP2-GCPG )WRVCFGGRCM ,2& 6JG 4CODNKPI /CP 5KFFJCPV /GCUWTG /GTEWT[ /E-KPPQP ;WTKM$QV
9CXGNGPIVJ )CPFQNH 'TCUGTJGCF 5EGRVTG 9GUVGT &GGRVTKXKC *WY 2QYGNN 4[\ 5COGGT )WRVC #TWPMTKUJPCP 6DRUOF 4WUU$QV
4ZCUIQOG\ *[CF (CDCTVWU ,VMKGHGT <QQOCPLGG *QTPRNGCUG %QPUEKQWU 6CGLQ 2KIOCP 5JWP[CCJ 6GEJTCL (CDTKECVKQPCT[ 1RVKOWU
2TKOG`GPYKMK (CWZ(CWZ -KTKNN .QMUJKP 6JQTGCWN[NC\[ #MCOCF %JGPUK[WCP 5VGRJGPD )CKWU %QTPGNKWU 8[\CUCV[C %CODTKFIG$C[
9GCVJGT 'NGCUUCT 4UTKMCPVJ )UKPIJ 5GETGVWO -GPPGVJVGPP[UQP $QXKPGQPG 9KOV #OKVQEV 7PKVGF #DUQNWVCFCO #WUVKP
OC[QT 8CKMWPFC 4CLC 0CYNKP9KMK 4CMUJ 5JTGUJVJ 1OGT(C 5'9KNEQ$QV 9KMK CNH 7%CGVCPQ +PFK$Q[ -GKVJQPGCTVJ )TCHGP



5FYU



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)*EQQN 4CXGPZZ 4WF[MQI # K U J /KU\C 8CUVW -KNNFGXKN 6QP[ 5WRVGP 5KT 'FICT /WTCNK 6 *[FTQMU[FG .QEMGU
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VKPYKNMG 0NW 9MPKIJV 6TCPU7VQRKCP /CKNCOKVCDJC +IKP ,MGNN[ 6KIIGT -OWUUGT 5CTKE (( /CPLKVJMCKPK 5WRGT
FWFG #UJQPCKT %CNNOGVCTCPVWNC &QNFTWOU 5WOCPVJM %CNCUEJ[UO %QQNOCNNW <\WW\\ *QOCIGVQECVCNQPKC 0KMMKOCTKC %JCUG OG
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0CG DNKU .GQPCTFQ4QDV 5J[CO #\PRJRNC[C 5RNK[ 2TCVJGGRRU 0KZGT 2CEMGVIW[ %JG 5VWJCEMKPI )/CP -WPIHWCFCO
0GKN0 4K[C\WUOCP )TKP$QV`GPYKMK 6KOQVJ[CTPQNF 5COWGN $NCPPKPI #DJKUJGMOCVJWT &8& 4 9 ,QPGCTNGU 8GFCPV NCVJ 'QI
TQDQV 0CMWNLCKP .WM 5[EVJQU 4GUQNWVG #MTCDDKO -CTVJKME ,CEMUC[YJCV 5CTFCPCRJCNWU 8GKPQT %T[UVCNNKPC %JKNFTGP QH
VJG FTCIQP 5OCEM$QV $QDUJQG ;GNNQY/QPMG[ 'UTCFGMCP 8KXGMT ,RJKNNKRU 5CTCXCUM &CXKF -GTPQY $QDGV #TLWPO 2[ #KOCP
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%CUV#5VQPG 5CLKVC $TQMGPHTQI 5KPIJCPKC 2IM %(TGF )FC 2FUV ,CNCOIKT &KRU #4;#0 ,CEGM -GPF[U\ -KNQ.KOC 9QIU
NCPF ,CIIGF  &CXGYKNF )CICPFGGR 6JWPFGTDQNV\ %JCKTOCP 5 0KEMUV 5EKKPVGN )TG[ 5JCFQY $TCFVEQTFGKTQ 'PE[ENQ2GVG[ -8&2
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NCTQP %UYQNXGU *QN[ )CPIC '4EJGEM #PYCT UCCFCV &TP 0FGUK +\GJCT %JTKU VJG URGNNGT /CUVGT ,C[ 6JG&CTM#TEJQP 4CFJG[
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UCP #N5KNXGTDWTI $GPLCOKP /CTUQPNKPG ,QG$NQIU&QTF &GNK PM #MCPGOQVQ $C\QPMC 0GQ,C[ +ORW/Q\JK #VOCP&CXG ,GTQOG
%JCTNGU 2QVVU 5CVKUJMCFW /[ RGP KU TGF 5KORN[L 5WFJCTUCPUP $GP8GNXGN 'GT $CTQPPGV *GTDGTV &*0DQV`GPYKMK #TWP DKV
&GOQNKVKQP/CP %QNQPKGU %JTKU 2TCUCPV *QPIQQK #PVQPTQLQ 8KZKV 9KNNKCO #NNGP 5KORUQP #OCTTI 4NGXUG (VDCNNIW[ 0CTEQ <C
EJQTKQWU ,KIPGUJLQIK :5) 4COCU #TTQY 4Q[DQ[ETCUJHCP 5WO`GPYKMK 6UECDQV %CP V UNGGR ENQYP YKNN GCV OG #LCZMTQQP
 #PMWTUKPJC #OLCFHCTQQS 8QIGPUGP 2TQQHTGCFGT %JNGYDQV )CVJGTVQP 5XGNVGOQQUG &KRVGUJ 0KZGCING 5JKDQ /GGM
5CTQP 5PQYOCPTCFKQ /,%FGVTQKV 8GGL 2XJCTKMTKUJPCP 6QP[5V -TUQPV 8/5 /QUCKE #PWTCI  9JRS 6JG $CVOCP 5VGXGP
OKVEJGNN *WQP #TCD *CHG\ 4CTGNKDTC -JQKMJQK &JCTOCDWO #TLWPUWIWOCT ;QICICVGU *#6'45 *CTXGUV FC[ HQQN 2QP[VCKNUPKR
RGT 6JG.CVG&GPVCTVJWTFGPV #VQOUMPKPLC $QUVQP/# -QUJ[UZ %[DGTEQDTC -JWMTK /CMGOK 9CTTGP# 0CMQP 5CXKFCP %CPKCIQ
0GY 4QEM 5VCT 6GF' 8GIC&CTM &KX[CO 4,0 *CTKUJOWMWPFCP <GP 4C%JC CT *QQH *GCTVGF ,CP%GWNGGTU /WUVCSDCN /C[WT
RCVGN 5JCWP'5 )QFCPQX 9GTGIGTDKN &CTMPGUU 2I 9QQF'NH 9KUEQ /KVURCN #UJWXCUJW 8KIPCP &/CEMU $GPIN ;QO
/JEJKPVQQ /CGNPWPGD 3WCVNQQ &KPGUJMCPPCODCFK -QVL\G #CMGT $KLWP -CNCVJCNCP 9JGTG .WKIKCETW\ 0ORGPIWKP .KIWNGODQV
8KPCKYDQV`GPYKMK /CKNVQTCOMWOCT *MOCN[ $GLPCT 6JKUVJGOCP 2KNQVIW[ -WMKPK 3OYPG 4KEM[" .&*CP 1JEQPHWEKWU
#OCTV[CDCI #PKNHGNEJGT 9KNN $GDCEM 8ULC[CUEJCPFTCP #NQMEJCMTCDCTVK (#* %+5 'II'ORGTQT 6QFQKUO /C[WT M 5CUJCVQ
$QV 6472'6 0KUJMKF #VOC"UKPIJHUPGVEQWM /QMUJLWPGLC 2TCVGGM 5CZGPC 4QT[ ,QP #HIJCP *KUVQTKCP 1OIKVUCUG
ETGV 5GT #OCPVKQ FK 0KEQNCQ %KDW +DCNN &TCYCV -CUJM 5TKMGKV #NRJCDGVCICOPOC 4KUJCDJIQGN <CJKF #DFCUUCDWT 2K\\CFGNKX
GT[DQ[ &DVH\ -WTW -JC\CT 6JG KFKQV %QQNKQOEEQQN )GPGTCN +\CVKQP $WEJCPCP*GTOKV 0GZVQR`GPYKMK 9VYKNUQP ,  *GKOUVGTP
&CXKF$CKNG[ 5QWO[CUEJ /KNDQTPG1PG 5KT 0KEJQNCU FG /KOU[2QTRKPIVQP &KPIQFCPIQFQPIQ 5JCFQYN[PM ,QG 8, ,QTKUX5 %QTGFGUCV
/GTEJDQY #EEWTK\GT /KPPC 5QTC PQ 5JKVC ,QGNQ )TGGP )KCPV ,Q[GGOWMJGTLGG $WEUMKF )QMJWN /T .GHV[ ,QUJWC 5EQVV ;Q
IGUJ -JCPFMG &GXKCVJCP`GPYKMK #CTCPFKT 1UGN 5RKGN %MCV\ 6JG /CP KP 3WGUVKQP 5RGGFDQ[ 5CNGUOCP # 2CTTQV 6CTKMWT ,*WPVGT,
0DCVTC $NGUU UKPU /CZKOXU&GEKOXU 8QNCVKNGCEKF 5NCMT *XP 4CL E M 5JCPITKNCKUVC 6CUE ,GUUG$KMOCP 1XGTPKIJV FCTMPGUU #D
DCD[`GPYKMK &GUK6YKUV +COVCNN /CKP$QF[ #Z) #TMTKUJPC )KTOKV[C $TCXG*GCTV  &GGRCM & 5QW\C (WPP[DWPP[ &E[GT
6WURO 9JQOR #ODWL5CZGPC 4[WNQPI %JG\JK[CP 4KEJCTF( 1WVUKFGT 5MKPUOQMG ,QUG .C/GPVC 8KMCUCRVG 5CPFYKEJ
'CVGT &N <COGGP\CF #OKVEJ /CNNKEM 6, 5R[MG *W 2QNKVGRWPM 6WV .GXKPGRU 4CQVWUJCT 0GJTCOU *KU5RCEG4G
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5QNKU KP #WUVTCNKC 6JGQPG 5MCRWT 4MCTWP $UUMEJCKVCP[C 0DCRNC[GT &KIKVCNUWTIGQP 5JCPMCT XGODW #ICXGOCP , &K #PF[TQUGT
4CLGGXMCUCV %NU 4GMKUJK', #URTCMCUJ &R 4KEJCTF -G[PGULQJPOC[PCTF 8KUUCZ *CRR[OGNQP $JCTCVXGGT /CT[UWP
UJKPG %QNQT RTQDG %KXKN 'PIKPGGT +++ 9 5J[CO MCTWPCMCTCP #\ #FCODKUYCPIGT )GPGTCN )CNCXCP $QVVGUKPK 4MUCPFG %QN
-WTV\ *KTGPTCQ (FR ;CUJ 2TGO /CNKEMHCP 6CWQNWPIC 6CYMGTDQV 8[CUTCO &CPKGN $CNN[JQQ 0SWQVGU 0QDNGGC
ING 4CXK% /CTWVJ`GPYKMK *COOGT 4CEEQQP ,KDTCP 4QZK $NWGUCTICO 2TCFGGRDX 5 WO QPG .WXU OG 5CTXCIP[C 2JCVOCUVCHWPM
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)*G )QXKPFM 5WFJCMCT MU #IGMO &IY 'KJLKC ;CTPCNIQ #UJ.KP 5TKMCPVMGFKC $TCPFQPOCEWUGT #PF[ 9GIIG$QV .QIKECNW
5JK\CPG 5QOG 2 'TUQP 5CPMCTUCNXCF[ /QTGUEJK #DCTCI #PKN %CURGTM <WTMJCTFQ <KPLKZOCIIKT 6YQVJTGGHQWT -TWPCN&G
UCK 5VGHCP ,CPUGP &CTG #TXKPFUWDTCOCPKCO -CTGPLE /T(KUJ 5DCP (CNEQP 0KNHCPKQP /CEFCFF[[Q 6JG OQME 5CP
LC[ 6KYCTK %[FGDQV $GGM OCP )TQQX[ %JJCLLWUCPFGGR /C[WTVJCMCTG $NQQFIWNEJ /% 5VGGN #TKUVQRJCPGU 4COKVOC
JCLCP /GPQ /KEJCGNCU $MQUJ[ &WCPG (TCUKGT )QIQ &QFQ #PKURCEG 6TCXGNDKTF +EGECRUCNG 6KTCPIC /CUJCF 56 /GN
IVQO ,C[GP (%.CUFH 5CVJ[CNCN 6UKFFJCTVJ .WEM[JGTD #OCPFCLO #MJKNGUJUJCTOC 4GVKTGF WUGT  #EUD -GGRDCNCPEG
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ICT &WOD$16 %JTKUNM %XZFGU 6GTCVQTPKU 7NTKV\ /QPUVGT GCING $TCPFKPKCP #TQWPF6JG)NQDG /QQTKP 1RVKOKUV QP VJG TWP .GG
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)KOOGVTQY 8MXQTC 0CFKT#NK 6JGEJKP  *QEMG[HCP 'XQECVKXG+PVTKIWG (TCPEQ)) %KGNQ'UVTGNNCFQ /CVVKUUG ([GFGTPQI
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OCV 0KVKUJI $TCKPDQ[ -CDNCOOQ #PUJWM -WNCUOCP 6TQ[ : YPL Z HCP 8KNCNNQPIC 5CPFKRCPK /QLQ *CPF %CP
FGQ ICWKUWU #PWRCO &CPKCPLCP 0GYVQP 4GXQNXGT1EGNQV: 5KOGQP * &CXKFOK /CTGM 5QWVJGTP/CP #XKPCUJQXKEJ 9GUV
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DGNNKUJGTG 4TCPLCP ,CIWFQ`GPYKMK 0KTOC[XCVJUC .KVJRKRGTRKNQV 5WFJKTFGUJOWMJ /KPPGUQVCP%QPHGFGTCE[ *WUUCKP#DDCU 6JKTF
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#CFCN %CPCFKCP #PVK8CPFCN$QV (TGFFKGO 4QDQV) #OEIWKPP )GPGUKULCFQP ,Q[PLQ[ /CLQTN[ .WPC 5CPVKP %QFG9GCUGN 0UJWMU
5KTKUJCT $QD &QNG 4CXKRMD %JCKTOCP /GQY 6RVJ ,C[CFFGX 3WKPVQVG 4WEJK VURN 4QD\\ 5CEJKPV KP #VCXK 2GPUGT +PFKCP)GPGT





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/UEJKGT 5OCTVKPHQVGEM 5EQWV HCUVGT VJCP NKIJV 8KXGMUJCPFKN[C 5 #VWNUPKUEJCN 5JCTGOKPF 57*'. 4WUV[HGPEG /CTVKP$QV
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4GFVKIGTZ[\ *KIJGNFU #RQECN[RVKE &GUVTQ[GT $GVVGTVJCPDQPF $JCVGNG .QMKOQP 2TKVJYKTCLV /KUU)CTDQ MGVCP 5IVDCTNQ
#CTF QPG 0GCN 7PKEQTP6CRGUVT[ 4QZCPPC UCOKK (WNNOGVCNR 9EJ 8QNMQX$QV #$*+5*'-#414# ,LENCTM .QXGRQQN
8GPMCVGUJUTKFJCT 'PVQWTCIG DTWPG 5J[COCUWPFCTC 8GVTKXGN *CTUJCDQD %5WOKV 6QQMQQNUMGYN 5RCTMWOG 7[XUFK 2GUMQ\QKF ,G
) (WPFCOGPVCN OGVTKE VGPUQT $WVYJCVFQKMPQY $QQIC.QWKG 5CWTCDJOUJ 6JGSOCIG 0C\OC[GV /UWDQ\GOCP $JCUMCTUYCTQQR
;CUJ EJCWJCP +N[C 5WPKNVJQODTG 'UVKOCVKQP $CTPGEC -RU /CZVTGOWU -QTGCPUWRGTOCP *QO\7OTKICT 6:K-K$Q6 #PPK KP
7UGTPQO[ :CXKGT)TGGP )QCUJ 4K\CNPKPQ[PCRQNGQP -PXGTOC -QQM[%JKPCVQYP 6JGTQRCPGW *CKT[ DGCUV /TCXKQNK 8KR
KPJCTK $CKNG[RCNDNWG #DQV 5JCKNDCKPU 5CEJKPETCK 9CNQT 8KUJPDJCVV 7UGTNQI[ -QQNXCTWP #UVTQPCWV 7UGTGEQ 8CN
NCDJ 3Z\ -TUL #,+PFKC 5WDWUGT 6TCJGTP ;MUKP *KOCNC[C5JNQMC 5VQPGJKNN *KOCNC[CP4KUG /QQNQ *K
OCNC[CP5PQY &GPFQFIG &GPP[%QNV %NCKFJGCOQJOQT ,JU$QV &QEVQT 0KIGN .GYKU 5N[URNCEG &[EG$QV $TQCFDQV #CTQP *WIJ $TQYP
%GTGDTCNUWP /QTTKUVJGRKI *QNNKPUIQODC[PG 0GWVTQKPFKE 0WVTCOWN *QNNKPUTKID[VWTPGT #PVJTQ'ZRGTV 8ITCPWEEK 0QQT #CNCO
3 %JTKU 5QEEGTFWFG /CZKO %QUOQU 5TGGLKVJ8- 0KMMWN 5OWTHQKF ,KIKDKIK ,CORCM 6KF[KPI 7R 'WDWNKFGU /QWUG KU DCEM
6TK &PKGN &KRGPFTC 3YGTV[NCR 7UGTITGCVRQYGT )WRVCYCPI $WGMGT $CPICNQTGXGPMCV 5WOKVUGVJK )CPGUJ *W
PKGDWPKG 5[PVJGDQV $KNN*COKNVQPWU $WRTCFGGR "RRNG 5CK +CRCKP YKMK #LKV2& .XKXKCPTKEJCTF 8KMTCPV /GTKVU ,GVJTQ 
4CDKPGUJ /CUVGT QH VJG 1TEJCNEQU 5GTCRJKGN &LOEMGG $WDDNGIWO $TKCPIC *KPFW KP %CPCFC #FJWPKMC5CTXCLPC #TUCNCM $KVDWV
#NNGDQTIQ$QV /KIWGNX /WVJW  -JQGPT ,COGUFWFG #DJKTCOGUJ $UTGFF[U )CPIUVCFWFG /WPEK 5JKUJKTMTU 5CDJ\ .KXGCP
ING 5JCTCFDQD 'NQE ,EI 'OZ$QV $QD[RV 6TWGOETHCP 0W-M'O /KPKUJ`GPYKMK &GOO[ *VTCRL :8TGVWTPU 0KEM[TKPVCNC (NCOGU
$NC\G #TLWP 4WTCNQEEWT #XKPGUJ *GNNQVJGTG ,GNN[DGNN[ #OCPFGGR TCPFJCYC 5OJWT 5TGGLKVJEX 6JG 4GF *CV QH 2CV (GT
TKEM %JGTINGU &GU )QQPGT&2 5KG$QV #TWP <KR +XCP VCODWM )QQIN[MCDCEJC ,VMCEJWM %CNNKQRGLGP &CTTQYGP
)RTKPEG .QII[ /CPXKPFGT %CG RTKPEG +PFCPOCP )HINGICN $QV/WNVKEJKNN 96WEMGT 6KUOCNW /D\ &CYP $CTF 7PK
XGTUGCVQO 6TKYDG /WLGR (CUVHCNE /C\FCMCDGFK #UVKVX 4GPCVQRU <CE 2WTDQ 6 &COCPOWPFKPG -PQYNGFIG*GIGOQP[ 2KJW
OCCJK .GIGPF #PVG 5KMJCWVJQT %JCJCN M #TDQT VQ 5, ,COGU&GPJQNO 8GPVWT /QHQU 5JCCPW 5VCVGQHCTV ,CPGMRCWN
/KVMCPPCP 4QDUVGT 52#%-NKEM 6JWPFC TO FQYP WPFC +PFQNGU 3CUCSUW[W (C\[PKPLC %JGCR (TKFIG 5CTCJLCEMUQP &CYCT
4CUJKF )QWUVKGP -GXKPEQH 4CKUVWFKQU ,FCNQPGT )JQWUGDCTS .KIJVOQWUG .CTC DTCP 2CXCPOPU 8KMCUD $QTQOKT .GZOGTECVQ
TKC 5JCTCVJ OI 9#65;1740#/' -JCPTC $GPQPK$QV`GPYKMK /V[U (TCVTGR /CFJCXCEJCT[C #DKFWOG /KVEJ $TCPUVW
6: 6JGGCUV[QTMUJKTGFWFGZUU -GOUGNN #WOPCOCJCUJKXC )VCFQE .QPGN[/CTDNG #PFTKL -WTUGVUM[ 8KEG TGIGPV O
4CVJGG $JWUJCP UJCJ /QTK 4K[Q`GPYKMK #MUGTC &CYP 2/ ,WUV$G%QQN 2CRQP $740[# 4CPFQODNWG ,CMG )JC[[QWT &KU
JCPFU $QYGK *WCPI  6CGTMCUV7# -KTW RCVGN /QQPYKMK &CDQOD %GPVTGNKPM (NQTGPVKPQ QTQ 0GQ 0GWTQRJ[UKEU #LC[T 8GT
FCFGTQ 5MCPPCP DVGEJ 5CXKG -WOCTC 4CPF[ -T[P #UKOUJCKMJ #PIGNQ &G .C 2C\ #UJWUJGXC /K[QMCP $WFJGP 8KXQ /CPVCMM
6CNCNRC 6QRTQJCP #OCPMJCPPC &CPEKPIYQODCVUTWNG &GCXGPIGT ;GNNQY#UUGUUOGPV/QPMG[ 'NGEVTQDKPU 4GIGPVU2CTM /CTVCTKWU
#F[DCDG &GUKQPG #RWNFTCO $KQURGNGQNQIKUV %NWG$QV &\QNF\C[C 0KPCFJCTFKMCT *CTUJHTGGYKNN 0KEM%6 2KRGR$QV 5QNKF'FIG)W4W
5KD[NNGPQTCU -QVPKUMK 'TKE 9GUVGT 5ECTVDQ[ #TWPRCNCFKP 5YGFKUJ HWUKNKGT #DJKPCX /C\KO 2QF\GOPKM 2TQHGUUQTKCN *KOJK 5W
RGTVQWEJ $TCXGUHCP )TCYR`GPYKMK )TCYR VJG )KCPV`GPYKMK )VNKVVNGQPG 5WTGUJKTCU 7MCDKC &TOKGU &JTWXGE (TOQTTKUQP )K
LQWVJWRRW 6QTQFQTCFQ %GRJCU  $QUUOQUU .WKU\VFV #NN 0 'XGT 0KEGIW[GFE 6OC\JKPFW /[QRKC 4CODQW 5JQXQP 5JCP
PQP DQJNG 1VQNGOWT ETCUUKECWFCVWU (CK\RWPPC )KCPVECNNGFITCYR .QMCPVJC /TCXKU /CUVGT:% 2JWPVUQM 2TCUJCPVEJCPFKNC
8RWNKXC +/19 $NCFGTG 5JCVTWPLC[OCNN -GPURNCPGV +6#  %JKOGUOQPUVGT -WTWODCP 2CPFC&:VTGOG #POQNTWNG\\\ 0WENG
CT8CEWWO &TCIQP$QV .GQ(TCPM &YTECP 0KPKVQ -KPI YKUVQP 4GEQPTOGT (QQVKGPGTF #NGZDQV 5$%;24 4GNCVC TGHGTQ %JKVTGUJ
XGTOC 5WPKN -CV EQQN /EWTOCOOC 1VVTG /CFDNCUV 'JGCFUVTGCO 8KLC[ UOWUJ /HC HCTK\ 2JKN +CP /CPPKPI ,-
47.< 9KMK FT OCJOCF -CTVCTLCV 5CO 8M CFKV[C .CTVQXGP 5YCVJKZGTGV %QUVNCD 5WP %TGCVQT *QDQ 4CQ 4CXKPFTC 0W



5FYU



ENGCT9CTHCTG )44' 9QTNF ,QVVGTDQV 0GY 3WCMQ $NWG%CRGT VJKTVGGP 7U 'TKIPC /1: 5JQYOGVJGFQQT 'UKOCN
#OGGT 6RCXHE 'ORQNGQP .GCVJGT'PIKPG 9CTTKQT /KEMG[ IHUU 5EJTGKDGT$KMG 6GNWIW 5[GF0CSXK 5VGTT[ 
%QEQNKTCU #TFGUJKTG $CDCMCP 2TQH VROU 8KVCN DTKEM  %JCQUFTWKF .UOKVJGNF 2URIW[ $QDD[VJGQPN[QPG 5CTKPFCO ,QJP ,& &QG
5JL 5WUJKNMWOCTOKUJTC 5JKXC 'XQNXGF 5COCPVJC 5WDCUJEJCPFTCP /WTCNK POX /CUUXKFGQICOGT 8QZRQR 4JR
8CPKUJGF WUGT VLTRQKLVKMMF +,# /GNQP$QV (7VJGTGUC &WFCGT[ 3YHR ,QJPWPKS 9PV +PFQRWI #DJKUJGM .KDGTCN *WOCPKUV
/C[CPMICVGU 0CHUCFJ ,CZGT &WO<K$Q6 0GGNUD ,UDT <\CRKPGTEQT /KNQOCP .CV /GTFQEZ 2KEJRKEJ )PQYQT 4GGE
GVVC &JGGTCLEKGV 8C[CNKT 5CLKVJRU`GPYKMK 5CPFGGRTK[C 5VKEMGG &UT ,QXKCPG[G #NNJCKNVWPC 2TKVUKPFJCT $KTFUYKVJHCPIU $JQ
LCPKOKJKT 5VGXGP 4TGCICP 4KEJCTFQH'CTVJ #UVTCN ;QWQPN[NKXGVYKEG #OKV &T5QHV )TOKMG 5KNXQPGP$QV
0CEJKMGVFGQ /O %CUGYKE\ 5UCZGPC &YKNUQ )QQF 1NHCEVQT[ .GOOG[ CEJKVVWTK 4QTMCFKCP )IIJ (TCP\ YGDGT )WCPFCNWI
,JGPFKP 2TG[CUYGGVW )&KD[GPFW &CM /CPCURWPJCPK 8GTQ8GTKVG *TQUG #NVGVGPFGMTCDDG #PQP[.QI (TCOO[ &1+ DQV
$GCOCVJCP ,PQJNITGP ;QGPKV ,QLJWVVQP $GVVGTWUGTPCOG 1NNK 0KGOKVCNQ + CO PQV C FQI #UVTQOCPKV[ -PQYNGFIG*GIGOQP[2CTV
)5/4 ;CFCXOCJGUJ 'LU$QV 6JCGLCU /CPOGGVU 5KTUJCTKH 4QPJLQPGU 4GF4QUG 2CTUJCPVZ 2T[FG  4C\KORCVGN -KTCP 
4CWPCMTQ[ 'NK\CCYGUQOGZZZ #NXQTF %CTUTCE$QV %NC[OQTFG #+ .KJCCU 6CNJC 5CTXCI[CPC IWTW 2TQVQHVTWVJ %J\\ &G
DTGUUGT $WFFJC ,COHCF %JGP\Y$QV 4CLRQQV %CT6KEM 3DKV .KPM(#$QV ,CURGT &GPI $NC[NQEMLCO 8[QO *#*5 
(KTGCZG %JKTC[WUJCJ .KIJV .CMUJOKZ 0WODQDQV

 -JCNKUVCP #LKVJEJCPFTC 5VGGF #URTG[   #NCP .KIJVDQV
.GG 5WPI )QQ 52CV %CQUNKPIGT 6PNQEM ,CTDNG /KPV%QPF 'ORGTQT )GPKWU %EJQY 9CNVNQE 4PMTQ[ )QRGQRNG #47GPGTI[ 'P
VJWUKCUV .GIQDQV -WTVKU -CTCP .WEMCUDQV ;QDQV 9KNN[FKEM 2VDQVIQWTQW *QJGPNQJ 5CPVJQUJTC[CNC #FKV[C )CWVCO 2GEVQTG
0KTXCPC 44WM $WIPQV -CTCP 1RGN%

 #[TVQP 2TQUV &WCN*GNKZ /*.7 9KMKFG 5QWVJ $C[ *C\CTFCUF /GN 8K
NCPFGT ,OCFFWZ /CIQI VJG 1ITG 5\CLEK -CNCTKOCUVGT $KNKV[  -T\[ #PQOKG$16 #OTKVCU[C2WVTC 5QTRCVCN 4[CNNCDCPFK
*GNNQCDKT #TLWP ) /GPQP 2TGOMWOCTLK )CLCMM 4GUVTCKPKPI 4WDKPDQV GZGE 5JKUJKTLGTT[ 6JCFFGWU$ )CNQWDGV 6WEQZP .N[
YGN[P++ +V NCDU  /CJOWFOCUTK /CVGTKCNUEKGPVKUV %- ,CIYCT %KVCVKQP DQV &TWKFTCWN 405KVKCP 4CDKODC 'WOQNRQ 4XFNKHG
5M 0CVQT &GYCP )$ HCP #TVJWT$QV 6MKPVGT 3WGDGE .KN*GNRC 5QNG (NQWPFGT /CMMU :SDQV 'NWEKFCVG 8TIJU LCEQD
6KPWEJGTKCP$QV ++ 5MGVEJOQQUG #MC 5 J K X C
8KUPW 6CKEJWPIOCPKC /QJKV5KPIJ 2GVGTCNG /CVVVQQVJOCP #TNYKMK
6GEJ$QV 2CTVJCUCTCVJ[ $ %JGUU &5KU[RJ$QV *(TGV )KPVQPI .KYCPCI 0I #TCY )TQURNCPV /,.4)5 &C[9CNMGT 8CPKUJGF WUGT
ZNMXOUMIOM $TKVKUJ9CVEJGT 4GNKCPEGRQYGTEQKP /NRGCTE 'FKVQTCLE $CNCRWT 5E[G #PQP[OQWU HTQO VJG UV EGPVWT[ &QQTXGT[
HCT 2ONKPGFKVQT )TQWEJQ$QV #TODTWUV 2K[WUJVKYCTK /KGUKCPKCECN #NWOPWO %[DGT6GEJ 1OPKRCGFKUVC .CNKV ,CICPPCVJ
+OVWUJCT $G\GTM 4KDQV$16 5CUUQ$QV 8KUJPWJ )KVCPLCNK *CUV[Q 9OGUUPGT 5CPFGGRFJCTCPU #CUJCC 5KFFJCTCVJCVKYCTK 7R
NKPM#PUJ &QDUEQQN $.COGKTC /QZ[ /GTN.KPM$QV $KLWO\[ 5CEJCYCVJG 7NVTCOGICUWRGTUVCT /WGF6JWF -WTNCPFNGIKQPCT 4CL
XCFFJCP +PEKFKQWU 2TCIXCPUJ 5CKPKDKPFCUU 9GD%KVG$16 #PMKVDJCVV ,QCSWKP $GCTPHFGT /QJCPTCLPR 5CV[CPCPFCRCVGN +PVGTUVGN
NCT /CP -JCNKFUJQW 9JCVKU(GGNKPIU! 5OWMJWVK /CTUJCNNL %JKPKOKNNKPCTGUJ 2TKPEGDCNCMTKUJPC (TGUEQ$QV 4CXKU 5M[NCTM
(QTVFL /GGROQQ 2CKPG 'NNUYQTVJ 6QDD[ #NGZCPFGT-CTCU 2GRRGT /C[CUWVTC 6JC[VU &KPCL)CQ $KIYGGDQ[ 85 2TCXCVC
&KZ 4QZ #NCTKEU 6GEJ GFKVQT 6GEMIGGM +ITQMPQY 9KNNCTF 0QUGFQYP *, /KVEJGNN #OCTV[C TC[ --JQMJCT 5CPFGGRURW
# 9GTGYQNH 'CING $CODWYC[ #UJ 2TCFGGR &DQDKPUQP &JVYKMK 2QNKVKECNRCPFKV +PE .QWRGTKDQV #OKUJ $JKMC 1XGT
ENCZ %KVCVKQP DQV  *GICFGU 4WUUGNN5RGPEG *QOGVGEJ 5QRJGT #ORNKVWFG 5XT #UVC$16J /CTKZKUV 6CG[GDCCT #N
PCKT ;KP #X 5RCEGOCP5RK + FTGCO QH JQTUGU #TCXKPF 8NCF (QEWU 'NQEMKF *4QGUV$QV *[FGTPCUKT #DFWEVKXG /[6YQ%QR
RGT%QKPU #NQPUQ FG /GPFQ\C #PVQKPGIGPEJ 0WENGCTTCO *CTFCUUVGGN 5CLLCPICF 6QO4GFKPI 4CJNIF -KPI <GDW 5VQRVJGPQPUGPUG
/QQPTCMGT 0KNNWTEJGKGT *CTKGJMT VQVQ (KZGT  5JGTGPM 0CT5CM5CU.GG -4CLCTCVPCO #FKV[CXKLC[ 5EQVV/*QYCTF /F KGV
/GCIJCP 4CCOCJ /CPQJCTUTCO #T\WP #MMKFC .QOKVC ,Q[FGGR IJQUJ %NKPKKE *CTUJ#, $KPC[CTCPLCP $EU <JQPIJWQ`GPYKMK
0KTKPUCPKV[ 6TP 0IW[P /KPJ *W[ (NQUUUQEM #UJQMJKOUGNH -CT[CUWOCP /CVV FCTNQPI (MHLFH 8KPC[ *W\CKHCJ &GCF
TCV <CMCYGT &MJCU 4QCF6TCKP 5WQOK (KPNCPF  <XP )LNTCL 'ZVTC #M 26 %CWIJKPILQG 2TCUCPVCUCJQQ
)QQFDQ[ 64;220 )KVWNK 5VGIQR #CCUJC[ 7PFGTN[KPI NM 5COKVWU OCNNKEWU +4+5<11/ 7VDKPFCU +PPQVCVC 6DJQVEJ <GRJ[T
OCVGP #XGFGWU 4CJWNQQH #NQMCITCYCN 5ETKDDNGKPM 9QTNF /UTKJCTK 5VGRJTGGH #RWTX $GTPF$TKPEMGP 4LYKNOUK$QV
#WUYKIGT %JKROWPMFCXKU )GPGTCNDQUU #JKXCTP 4KREJKR $QV /\UCDWUC[GGF /KTCCNE #PF[EJGP 4#/# 0GTF[5EKGPEG&WFG
6QLQ 9KNF$QV %JQNC [CFCXC /KMCGN %CNKEQ%CV.QXGT 2QN[NGRUKU 5JCTKPIKPHQ &#5*$QV $KPQ[LUFM $KMCUJHWPP[ 'OCWU$QV
#CRMCOKNCP /CUVGTRQYGTUNCXG ,QJP QH 4GCFKPI &KRCPMCT %JGVKC 5WPKNUJCOPWT 9KMKVCPXKT$QV 0WYCPFC 6JGOCUVGTVTGG 2TQH
DQPF %WDC -KPIFQO*GCTVU /G[XWP ,WLJCTRCPPW #PUJWOCPLTV &GYTKVGEJ 4CEGTZ 2TKOGHCE 5JCOGGTDCDW $NK\
\CTFUVGR (GNN[VQPG /GUIWN 4CJWNMEOE $WNN /CTMGV 4KPLW %JKVQP OCIPKEWU 5VCTUVTWEM -CTVJKM 6CVKTCLWTKUJCDJ +P
ETC\[ /KIJV[2CTV[ 'W\RT 1UC QUC  #XUUTCODCTKUJ -MO *K9$QV #RRCPFCKEU 6JG /CFTCU <TQ$QV #NNKUQP 6TCIGF[ .KS
WKFOGVCNTQD 8GPUCVT[ 6TKPCPLQP $KVVJCNPU 0KECVTQP6I .QJK[CICWTCX /CTF &CPKCUJ #PKTWRJ <KFCP 2TCDW /WVJWUCO[
+VURTCIGG *WOCNKYCNC[ 2TCFKR ICTCNC %QYOQQTG 565 .QTF5WT[CQH5JTQRUJKTG <CJKFWNNC 2CPMC\WPNGCUJGF 5GOONGT 'DTCO
DQV *NN$QV &GCF4GF ,QPCVJCPUCOO[ +++TCWVG -CXGUJ  5RQTM$QV #OKVCDJ /CMGECV /FOFC[ 5COWGN FG OC\CTKP 3'&-
 .CWTGNGPTKN *KIJXCNG /KNGKXGPEGN (CKUCNREU 5VCU/CN[IC -JCFCX 4EURTKPVGT +PEQIPKVQ +PVGNNKIGPVUQEM %CNXKP .QWT
FGU *G -KNN OG YJGP K FKG *CPUMCOCN -CTVJKMPFT %TGCVCPCEQWPV *GNQO[PCOGKUDQD 6QVCNGSWKNKDTKV[ $TCPFOGKUVGT $WGT&$/5
5J[CO #PCPF $KPFTC ,CTLCTDKPMU <WIIGTPCWV ,L 5JTKING[ )UCTYC +TT[RTKFG 7PFGTVCMGTCPUJW 3WKVG XKXKF DNWT 5WTCLV
.CEQDTKIQ $WP[CP6TGG /CPKRWT $JWTUJWV #UJKUJ KVEV $KNN YKNNKCO EQORVQP *C\CTF$QV 6KLHQ %JWKURCUVQP$QV $TCF 2CM
KUVCP <KPFCDCF  +VCNKCPQ +COLCOGUDQPF 5TCKP[YCNN ,WUVKEG 5QPCNUCTMCT (KTGDNC\G ,CPGVVG&QG %QQNTQEMUVCT
.KUV QH NCTIGUV EQPUWOGT OCTMGVU 8K\\KGG 2TCOQF RTCOF +PFKCP ,TUCPVJQUJ .NKIJVGZ &T/-8CKUJ 5J[CYJFQ %JCPFTCIWRVC
OCWT[C 2GPRCRGTRGPEKN #TOGPKC /CTUJOKT %*#0#$5 #OCPJCPFC /LDOTDQV 5QEKCNUGTXKEG ,CKPOWIFJC 4GUGCTEJ4CXG )QRCN
DKVQFG *GNRUQOG 4QJKVJ IQWTC 4JCFCOCPVJWU -CTCP %NWG$QV 0) /CPQL #[WUJCTQTC /KEJCGNOCU 2TCF[WO
PCU 2GDDNG +KKK + + + 4QPCMUJCJ %QEW$QV .QI: 5FJV +XCP%TKXGU #PWDJCXUJCTOCC $WNNFQI (CW\CP #HVGTUQOG
VKOG -CXGTKLJC #CFKIGQI ,QJPO[NQXG 4QUUK .CFPCOPCXQJUWU #DMUTX 1OPKUQOG 0KTCL 9KPUVQP $KV\YUJQR 6KP
RKUC 2TCVGGMTCOCEJCPFTC *KPFWUVCPKNCPIWCIG (TKGVLGU 6YKNNKULT *C\JM 5CKPCVJ #WTQTC )NQT[ 2CTCFKUG #IPK-CNRC 6CTQ ,COGU
# U\W /CPPLCPK *KPF OGTK LCCP *QPK &JCTCO #VJNQWT 6QWEJVJGUM[YKVJINQT[ 5WLKV 5VCTREJCEM $CDWQPYKMK #D
JKUJGMES +TTKICVQT $JCTCVJ 4CO .CYUQPUVW 5JGTYKP 5RDQPG 8KDJKLCKP 0QTVJ #VNCPVKEKUV 7UQPKCP %JKPFKC
%JKPC+PFKC 4CM
K5[MGU 5GETGV QH UWEEGUU -5 0GGNTCZKV /KIJV[OKIJVU *GNRHWN 2KZKG $QV 6JKUVJCV 8CTPCO -WTKGPPG 1OGTJWUUCKP
,LQ[ #[CPQUJ 5VTKMG 'CING #ODCTKUJCVNWTK 6KVQFWVVC 6QDKPMQUJ[ -QPFK 8QNFGOQTV #UHCM &CXKF (TCWFN[ )CWTCXLW
XGMCT *TKJT .QYGTECUG UKIOCDQV $)DQV 4GCNJKUVQT[DW 6)KNOQWT 4COGUJ 4COCKCJ /-CT 5WEEGUU 6JGOCP $KUOC[
FCUJ *\VKCPI 0CXJWU /CFUVCV 5CVXCVU #FKV[CLQCTFCT 2JPQO2GPEKN &KXKPGCDTCJCOFC /CNCKMCTCP *+&'%%*+ -CNMKDJCIYCP
6LN )GQTIG HGNKEKQW\ #XQECVQ$QV 5JKXCPUJICPLQQ &CTMPGUU 5JKPGU 0CEJJCVVCTFJCOOW 2JKNRO &WFG 4CXGNPKPG 'CTVJ
5JQEMGT %QORWVGTUCICT 6CRWW /CTM #TUVGP #PKN  4OCPVGEJ #JUGP 5WICT4CV -UCPVJQUJ %QORHTGCM &TCIQPDQQUVGT (W
VWTG6TKNNKQPCKTG /KEJCGN $CTGTC #LC[WRCK 8KMCU MX &KRCPMCP 5CMGV /CCJOCCJ %CFKQOCNU 2TKVKUJR &KUVTKDWVQT
/C[WTKUCPFJCPUJKX 5CWQQF 5TKXCUVCXCTCLGUJ 8GCPMCVC 5JWGENKEM ,CEM 5KNXGT $GGVGNCEGU ,CPOGLCK ,QUJWC ,QPCVJCP
,C[MKUJQTGDGJGTC 5CXCPP 5COUVKGT 8KUJPW K[GT /Q\\KPK )CWTCX /TSF +COVTJKPQ 5JGKMJ /QJCOOCF 5JCJ\GD &KUVTKD





5&95 "/% *."(& 4063$&4 $0/53*#65034 "/% -*$&/4&4

WVQT5EKGPVKCG &JTWXIWRVC -CPPCP 5WTVCNPCT 2JKNRKNN #TKPLCVV 'TPKQ &GUKLCVVV %JKPP\ *CXCPVUJKTG ,C[CFGXR 6GLCU
&KUEKRWNWU 7DKSWKPQKF 5QOGUJMCPVK 5EWRRGTU #PCPFTCXK 5VTKMGT #PUJWNMWOCTFJKOCP #FCOUVTCY #PVCP1 6DKUOQPVG
8CPKUEJGPW -NKNKFKRNQOWU ,QJPMCMQV[ 0KGN /QMGTLGG 2UK'RUKNQP 0GGVGUJ /CJGPFTCDCNCP #PDW 9GD68 4CLCUJGMCT KP
FKC 5TKPKXUP 5JTGFFGT 1TCPIGYJKVGITGGP -TS #C[WUJ #OCNVCUJ 0KEFD +*CXG/CIKE$CNNU $CVV[$QV (CEVUGCTEJ 5CV
WTP *6 #OKVTQEJCVGU <QPFTCJ -KTCPMCUXG #[WUJRTCPUJW &CX UWDTCLCVJCP %NGCPVQP 4KEJOCUVGTPKPLC &CXKFOQTGPQ
&GDQL[QVK $JCVVCEJCT[C )NKPH[ -CWUJCNUMCNQQ 4CIJWJQNMCT 8CTIJGUGLCEQD )WPFW .KPI0WV 9JKVGVCTCTCL 4QJCPUKPIJ
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