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Uterosacral
ligament is the
only structure
that extends
posteriorly and
attaches to
cervical region.
Local IL-1 and
TNF effects lead
to activation of
osteoclasts and
bone resorption in multiple myeloma! --> hypercalcemia
Cocaine works by inhibiting NE reuptake at the presynaptic
terminals.
Chronic malabsorption leading to signs of severe vitamin deficiencies
(retinal degeneration, ataxia, motor dysfunction) + acanthocytosis + low
cholesterol--> abetalipoproteinemia due to Apo B 100 deficiency
Exposure to paint thinner + ophthalmologic and neurologic symptoms +
anion gap metabolic acidosis--> probably methanol exposure (give
fomepizole = inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase)
Chronic transplant rejection carried out by CD8+ T cells is due to
direct cytotoxicity to graft cells
Withdrawal symptoms of heroin include hyper-excitability (over react to
stimuli around/startle response) and increased sympathetic discharge in
newborns.
Fibrosis = decreased tone (loss of function). Esophageal fibrosis->
decreased peristalsis and LES tone.
Tetanus toxin works by inhibiting release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter
glycine.
Cushing disease = hyperplasia of the cells in the zona fasciculata of the
adrenal glands
Homing - It is postulated that when tumor cells metastasize they are
guided by release of cytokines or by presence of certain cell surface
receptors, which explains why different tumors preferentially metastasize
to certain organs. In this question, the antibody that was given blocked
the cell surface receptors on liver cells preventing "homing" of tumor
cells to the liver.