FUNDAMENATAL OF POWER

ENGINEERING

JUNE 5, 2016
MINH QUAN DANG

Contents
1

Transmission line ............................................................................................................................................................ 4

1.1

Overhead and cable lines parameters longitudinal ............................................................................................. 4

1.2

resistance ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

1.2.1
1.3

Temperature effect ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Inductance............................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.1

Self-impedance of a loop conductor-ground .................................................................................................. 6

1.3.2

Configuration of n real conductors ................................................................................................................. 6

1.4

Transposition of three-phase power line................................................................................................................ 7

1.5

Power line with bundle conductors ........................................................................................................................ 8

1.6

Conductance ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

1.7

Capacities ................................................................................................................................................................ 9

1.8

Symmetrical components, ...................................................................................................................................... 9

1.9

importance and utilization, symmetrical segments in components..................................................................... 10

1.10

Reactors ................................................................................................................................................................ 10

1.11

capacitors .............................................................................................................................................................. 12

Transformer .................................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.1

Two-winding transformers parameters (positive sequence)................................................................................ 13

2.2

three-winding transformers parameters (positive sequence).............................................................................. 14

2.3

Zero sequence transformer impedances .............................................................................................................. 15

System equivalent ......................................................................................................................................................... 18

Power network.............................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1

Voltage drops calculation for DC power lines (addition and superposition method) .......................................... 19

4.1.1

Single loads supplied from one side ............................................................................................................. 19

4.2

Complex power in AC grids ................................................................................................................................... 20

4.3

Voltage drops calculation for 3ph AC power lines ................................................................................................ 20

4.4

Node voltage method, admittance matrix............................................................................................................ 21

4.5

Homogenous power lines, surge impedance, propagation constant, Blondels constants.................................. 23

4.5.1

Homogenous power lines, ............................................................................................................................ 23

4.5.2

surge impedance, .......................................................................................................................................... 23

4.5.3

propagation constant, Blondels constants .................................................................................................. 24

Short circuit ................................................................................................................................................................... 25

5.1

Short-circuit current time behaviour .................................................................................................................... 26

5.2
Single-phase-to-ground short-circuit (symmetrical components diagram, equations, phase quantities
calculation) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
5.3

Phase-to-phase short-circuit (symmetrical components diagram, equations, phase quantities calculation) ..... 28

5.4

Three-phase short-circuit (symmetrical components diagram, equations, phase quantities calculation) .......... 29

5.5
Double-phase-to-ground short-circuit (symmetrical components diagram, equations, phase quantities
calculation) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 30
5.6

Short-circuit calculations by means of short-circuit impedance matrix ............................................................... 31

5.7

Short-circuit currents impacts............................................................................................................................... 33

5.7.1

Mechanical impacts ...................................................................................................................................... 33

5.7.2

Heat impacts ................................................................................................................................................. 33

5.7.3

Thermal equivalent current .......................................................................................................................... 33

5.8

5.8.1

Before the fault ............................................................................................................................................. 34

5.8.2

Perfect (metal) durable ground fault ............................................................................................................ 35

5.8.3

Resistive ground fault ................................................................................................................................... 35

5.9

Ground fault in 3ph systems (voltage and current conditions) ............................................................................ 34

Ground fault compensation .................................................................................................................................. 35

5.9.1

Arc-suppression coil ...................................................................................................................................... 35

5.9.2

Cable systems grounded with the resistance ............................................................................................... 36

Power system analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 36

6.1

Steady-state stability, possibilities of its increasing.............................................................................................. 37

6.2

Transient stability, swing equation ....................................................................................................................... 38

6.3

Waves on power lines open and short-circuit end reflection, passing through ................................................ 39

Protection...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.1

Generator protections .......................................................................................................................................... 43

7.2

Transformer protections, overcurrent number .................................................................................................... 45

7.3

Power line protections .......................................................................................................................................... 45

7.4

Motors protection ................................................................................................................................................. 46

7.5

Protection in LV distribution ................................................................................................................................. 47

Dimensioning, grounding, compensation ..................................................................................................................... 49

8.1

Supply source dimensioning, calculational loading .............................................................................................. 49

8.1.1

TERMS ........................................................................................................................................................... 49

8.1.2

DEMAND COEFFICIENT.................................................................................................................................. 50

8.1.3

CALCULATIONAL LOADING............................................................................................................................ 50

8.1.4

CALCULATIONAL CURRENT ........................................................................................................................... 51

8.1.5

CONDUCTORS DIMENSIONING ..................................................................................................................... 51

8.2

Busbar systems types, combined busbar switches, auxiliary busbar, no nusbar substations .............................. 54

8.2.1

Busbar systems types .................................................................................................................................... 54

8.2.2

combined busbar switches ........................................................................................................................... 55

8.2.3

auxiliary busbar ............................................................................................................................................. 55

8.3

HV substation branches equipment, electrical stations realization (pros and cons) ........................................... 56

8.4

Grounding, its purpose and components, step and touch voltage ...................................................................... 57

8.5

Ground electrodes ................................................................................................................................................ 58

8.6

Ground resistance size and measurement ........................................................................................................... 58

8.7

Reactive power compensation ............................................................................................................................. 59

Load-flow calculation in power system ........................................................................................................................ 60

9.1

Gauss-Seidel method (power flow solution)......................................................................................................... 60

9.2

Newton-Raphson method (power flow solution) ................................................................................................. 60

10

Overhead lines .......................................................................................................................................................... 60

10.1

Overhead line ampacity ........................................................................................................................................ 60

10.1.1

Steady states ................................................................................................................................................. 61

10.1.2

Transient events ............................................................................................................................................ 62

10.2

Environmental impact of overhead lines .............................................................................................................. 62

10.3

Impact of el-mag. field generated by overhead line............................................................................................. 63

10.4

Electric field calculation ........................................................................................................................................ 63

10.4.1
10.5

Electric field control ...................................................................................................................................... 64

Magnetic field calculation ..................................................................................................................................... 64

10.5.1

Magnetic field control ................................................................................................................................... 65

10.6

Overhead line noise .............................................................................................................................................. 66

10.7

Power flow and power transmission, critical cable length ................................................................................... 67

11

FACTS technologies ................................................................................................................................................... 67

11.1

TCR, TSC, SSSC, TCSC ............................................................................................................................................. 68

11.2

SVC ........................................................................................................................................................................ 69

11.3

STATCOM .............................................................................................................................................................. 69

11.4

UPFC ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70

11.5

PST ......................................................................................................................................................................... 70

12

HVDC technology ...................................................................................................................................................... 71

12.1

LCC HVDC .............................................................................................................................................................. 72

12.2

VSC HVDC .............................................................................................................................................................. 73

13

Power productions .................................................................................................................................................... 73

13.1

Energy accumulation and storage......................................................................................................................... 73

13.2

Hydro power production....................................................................................................................................... 74

13.3

Wind power production ........................................................................................................................................ 75

13.4

Solar power production ........................................................................................................................................ 75

13.5

Biomass and cogeneration .................................................................................................................................... 75

14
14.1
15
15.1

Power quality ............................................................................................................................................................ 75

Power quality indexes ........................................................................................................................................... 75
Smart grid.................................................................................................................................................................. 76
Smart grid (concept and elements) ...................................................................................................................... 76

15.2

Smart metering ..................................................................................................................................................... 77

15.3

Virtual power plant ............................................................................................................................................... 77

1 TRANSMISSION LINE
1.1 OVERHEAD AND CABLE LINES PARAMETERS LONGITUDINAL

1.2

RESISTANCE
Value influenced by:
conductor material, temperature, skin effect, elongation due to twisted wires, current density distribution along stripes,
sag, unequal cross section, connections .
1.2.1

Temperature effect

1.3 INDUCTANCE

1.3.1

Self-impedance of a loop conductor-ground

Ground as a conductor of stationary AC current
Rdenbergs conception
Density of AC current in a ground is unequal, the maximum is under the conductor

1.3.2 Configuration of n real conductors

Configuration of loops n real conductors and the ground is substituted by n real and n fictitious conductors in mutual
distance D g .

1.4 TRANSPOSITION OF THREE-PHASE POWER LINE

1.5 POWER LINE WITH BUNDLE CONDUCTORS

1.6 CONDUCTANCE
It causes active power losses by the conductance to the ground (through insulators, corona dominant at overhead
power lines). It depends on voltage, climatic conditions (p, T, humidity), conductors. Less dependant on loading.

1.7 CAPACITIES

1.8 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS,

1.9

IMPORTANCE AND UTILIZATION, SYMMETRICAL SEGMENTS IN COMPONENTS

1.10 REACTORS

1.11

CAPACITORS

2 TRANSFORMER
2.1 TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS PARAMETERS (POSITIVE SEQUENCE)

2.2

THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS PARAMETERS (POSITIVE SEQUENCE)

2.3 ZERO SEQUENCE TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCES

3 SYSTEM EQUIVALENT

4 POWER NETWORK
4.1 VOLTAGE DROPS CALCULATION FOR DC POWER LINES (ADDITION AND SUPERPOSITION METHOD)
4.1.1

Single loads supplied from one side

4.2 COMPLEX POWER IN AC GRIDS

4.3 VOLTAGE DROPS CALCULATION FOR 3PH AC POWER LINES

4.4 NODE VOLTAGE METHOD, ADMITTANCE MATRIX

4.5 HOMOGENOUS POWER LINES, SURGE IMPEDANCE, PROPAGATION CONSTANT, BLONDELS CONSTANTS
4.5.1

Homogenous power lines,

4.5.2

surge impedance,

4.5.3

propagation constant, Blondels constants

5 SHORT CIRCUIT

5.1 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT TIME BEHAVIOUR

5.2 SINGLE-PHASE-TO-GROUND SHORT-CIRCUIT (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS DIAGRAM, EQUATIONS, PHASE

QUANTITIES CALCULATION)

5.3 PHASE-TO-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS DIAGRAM, EQUATIONS, PHASE QUANTITIES

CALCULATION)

5.4 THREE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS DIAGRAM, EQUATIONS, PHASE QUANTITIES

CALCULATION)

5.5 DOUBLE-PHASE-TO-GROUND SHORT-CIRCUIT (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS DIAGRAM, EQUATIONS, PHASE

QUANTITIES CALCULATION)

5.6 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS BY MEANS OF SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE MATRIX

5.7 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IMPACTS

5.7.1

Mechanical impacts

5.7.2

Heat impacts

5.7.3

Thermal equivalent current

5.8 GROUND FAULT IN 3PH SYSTEMS (VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONDITIONS)

5.8.1

Before the fault

5.8.2

Perfect (metal) durable ground fault

5.8.3

Resistive ground fault

5.9 GROUND FAULT COMPENSATION

5.9.1

Arc-suppression coil

5.9.2

Cable systems grounded with the resistance

6 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

6.1 STEADY-STATE STABILITY, POSSIBILITIES OF ITS INCREASING

6.2 TRANSIENT STABILITY, SWING EQUATION

6.3 WAVES ON POWER LINES OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUIT END REFLECTION, PASSING THROUGH

7 PROTECTION

7.1 GENERATOR PROTECTIONS

7.2 TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS, OVERCURRENT NUMBER

7.3 POWER LINE PROTECTIONS

7.4 MOTORS PROTECTION

7.5 PROTECTION IN LV DISTRIBUTION

8 DIMENSIONING, GROUNDING, COMPENSATION

8.1 SUPPLY SOURCE DIMENSIONING, CALCULATIONAL LOADING

8.1.1

TERMS

8.1.2

DEMAND COEFFICIENT

8.1.3

CALCULATIONAL LOADING

8.1.4

CALCULATIONAL CURRENT

8.1.5

CONDUCTORS DIMENSIONING

8.1.5.1

Allowed operational temperature

8.1.5.2

Economical cross-section

8.1.5.3

Voltage drop

8.1.5.4

Conductors mechanical strength

8.1.5.5

Short-circuit endurance

8.2 BUSBAR SYSTEMS TYPES, COMBINED BUSBAR SWITCHES, AUXILIARY BUSBAR, NO NUSBAR SUBSTATIONS
8.2.1

Busbar systems types

8.2.2

combined busbar switches

8.2.3 auxiliary busbar

possibility to operate a branch also during its CB failure (inspection)

8.3 HV SUBSTATION BRANCHES EQUIPMENT, ELECTRICAL STATIONS REALIZATION (PROS AND CONS)
Main

generator
transformer
outlet for overhead line
outlet for cable line

Secondary

main busbars switch

auxiliary busbars switch
voltage measurement
spare

8.4 GROUNDING, ITS PURPOSE AND COMPONENTS, STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE

8.5 GROUND ELECTRODES

8.6 GROUND RESISTANCE SIZE AND MEASUREMENT

depends on soil structure, temperature and humidity
soil resistivity changes during the year (Wettstein curves):
important data for design of e.g. tower base or foundations gr. electrodes:

8.7 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

9 LOAD-FLOW CALCULATION IN POWER SYSTEM

9.1 GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD (POWER FLOW SOLUTION)
9.2 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD (POWER FLOW SOLUTION)

10 OVERHEAD LINES
10.1 OVERHEAD LINE AMPACITY

10.1.1 Steady states

10.1.2 Transient events

10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF OVERHEAD LINES

10.3 IMPACT OF EL-MAG. FIELD GENERATED BY OVERHEAD LINE

10.4 ELECTRIC FIELD CALCULATION

10.4.1 Electric field control

10.5 MAGNETIC FIELD CALCULATION

10.5.1 Magnetic field control

10.6 OVERHEAD LINE NOISE

10.7 POWER FLOW AND POWER TRANSMISSION, CRITICAL CABLE LENGTH

11 FACTS TECHNOLOGIES

11.1 TCR, TSC, SSSC, TCSC

11.2 SVC

11.3 STATCOM

11.4 UPFC

11.5 PST

12 HVDC TECHNOLOGY

12.1 LCC HVDC

12.2 VSC HVDC

13 POWER PRODUCTIONS
13.1 ENERGY ACCUMULATION AND STORAGE

13.2 HYDRO POWER PRODUCTION

13.3 WIND POWER PRODUCTION

13.4 SOLAR POWER PRODUCTION

13.5 BIOMASS AND COGENERATION

14 POWER QUALITY
14.1 POWER QUALITY INDEXES

15 SMART GRID
15.1 SMART GRID (CONCEPT AND ELEMENTS)

15.2 SMART METERING

15.3 VIRTUAL POWER PLANT