Cyberbullying,

By#Sarah#Hammoud#17356637#

#
In#the#last#decade,#technology#has#grown#exponentially,#more#specifically#as#new#
communication#tool#though#the#internet.#The#internet#has#provided#us#with#many#benefits.#
Students#use#the#internet#as#part#of#their#daily#lives,#as#educational#purpose,#expanding#of#
knowledge,#educational#support,#social#interaction#and#worldwide#cultural#communication.#
The#internet#does#have#its#benefits,#however#also#a#risk#for#abuse#leading#to#bullying#and#
victimization.#Cyberbullying#is#defined#by#Willard#as#Sending#or#posting#harmful#or#cruel#
text#or#images#using#the#internet#or#other#digital#communication#devices#(Willard,#2004).#
Cyberbullying#may#affect#students#wellbeing#and#mental#health#which#can#distress#their#
learning#environment.#Its#a#duty#among#teachers#to#adhere#and#promote#safety#among#
students#as#demanded#in#the#professional#teaching#standards#(AITSL,#2016,#4.4).#In#the#
article#Rates#of#cyber#victimization#and#bullying#among#male#Australian#primary#and#high#
school#students#by#Sakellariou,#Carroll#and#Houghton#(2012)#conveys#the#different#
technology#used#in#cyberbullying#among#males#in#primary#and#high#school#students#in#
Australia.#It#discusses#what#electronic#form#is#used#most#in#cyberbullying#and#how#the#
students#are#impacted#from#being#victimized#and#being#the#bully#themselves.#This#will#be#
compared#to#the#article,#Cyber#bullying#behaviours#among#middle#and#high#school#
conducted#by#Mishna,#Cook,#Gadalla,#Daciuk,#and#Solomon#(2010).#This#study#is#similar#to#
Sakellariou#et#al.s#(2012)#study,#however#the#study#was#conducted#in#Canada#that#includes#a#
broader#and#diverse#population#sample,#and#investigates#further#the#relationship#between#
gender,#language#spoke#at#home#and#cyberbullying.#Both#research#approach#the#study#
quantitatively,#provide#background#knowledge#and#include#implication#for#teaching#
practices.#In#the#essay#will#be#elaborating#on#the#importance#of#the#issues#and#their#
weaknesses#of#each#article#using#the#literature#review,#methodology,#results,#other#readings#
and#conclusions.#
#
The#Sakellariou#et#al.s#(2012)#study#conveys#the#important#main#affect#of#cyberbullying#was#
among#male#adolescents#(year#8#to#year#10)#using#the#internet#as#the#most#popular#tool.#
Furthermore,#discusses#cyberbullying#is#new#approach#to#traditional#bullying,#becoming#
more#popular#and#is#on#the#rise.#In#the#study#of#Mishna#et#al.#(2010)#illustrates#that#
cyberbullying#is#more#popular#among#female#adolescents#than#males.#Also#English#being#
spoken#at#home#were#more#prone#to#use#cyberbullying#than#students#with#a#different#
language#at#home.#Another#similar#research#was#done#in#the#UK#by#P.#Monks,#Robinson#and#
Worlidge#(2012)#had#similar#results#where#cyberbullying#was#more#dominant#among#female#
adolescents#than#males.#Both#articles#conclude#that#cyberbullying#can#be#appealing#to#any#
age#student#from#both#gender#with#access#to#technology,#cyberbullying#will#continue#to#rise#
with#the#rise#of#new#technology.#Also#indicate#to#promote#awareness#among#schools#to#
prevent#the#issues#increasing#and#provide#further#support#among#student.#
#
#Literature#review#needs#to#to#help#in#finding#professional#knowledge#about#a#topic#or#issue,#
develop#methods#to#use#for#another#research#and#identify#a#research#problem#that#can#
further#study#with#assurance#that#it#is#considered#by#other#researcher#(Gall,#Gall#&#Borg,#
2015,#pg.#53).#Both#research#articles#have#a#comprehensive#detail#of#background#knowledge#
of#cyberbullying,#sound#methods#to#help#further#investigate#and#identify#that#cyberbullying#

is#an#issue#that#require#more#research#to#help#with#this#arise#among#society.#In#Sakellariou#et#
al.s#(2012)#study#discusses#in#detail#how#traditional#bullying#has#masses#of#research#
indicating#its#complex#multidimensional#phenomenon#(Sakellariou#et#al.#pg.#535)#but#little#
research#has#been#done#for#cyberbullying.#Provides#detail#of#many#research#done#across#
other#countries,#however#the#research#could#have#provided#more#research#indicated#in#
Australia#and#may#be#considered#a#limitation#of#the#research.#In#Mishna#et#al.s#(2010)#study,#
there#was#a#limitation#in#providing#expert#knowledge#of#cyberbullying#in#contrast#to#the#
other#study.#Both#articles#do#provide#information#about#the#extent#of#the#internet#reaching#
most#student#through#some#source,#Australia#90%#(Sakellariou#et#al.#pg.#534)#and#Canada#
91%#(Mishna#et#al.#pg.#363).#Overall#both#articles#review#of#literature#was#well#organised#and#
provide#adequate#information#about#the#issue#to#use.#
#
Both#research#studies#desired#to#have#an#extensive#idea#on#how,#when#and#what#does#
cyberbullying#affect#the#students#wellbeing#and#in#general#society.#Both#studies#also#wanted#
to#understand#the#extent#of#internet#use#among#student#and#correlation#to#cyberbullying.#
However,#there#is#great#differences#and#limitations#among#the#studies#in#regards#to#
methodologies#used.#Sakellariou#et#al.#(2012)#generated#a#questionnaire#comprising#
questions#attained#from#questionnaires#done#by#previous#research#on#bullying,#which#can#be#
easily#accessed#for#further#research.#They#conducted#it#among#male#student#in#year#6#to#12#
across#three#schools,#1,530#participated.#The#obvious#limitation#in#this#article#is#research#
being#only#conducted#on#males.#Also#could#have#more#diversity#with#schools#being#involved#
across#the#country#to#identify#if#cyberbullying#is#dominant#in#certain#states#or#area#across#
Australia.#In#contrast#to#Mishna#et#al.#(2010)#study,#a#more#comprehensive#population#
sample#was#used,#2,186#student#participated#in#year#6,#7,#10#and#11,#both#genders#involved#
and#was#conducted#across#33#schools#in#Canada#for#a#demographic#distribution.#Both#studies#
had#questions#in#the#questionnaire#contained#categories#relating#to#internet#use,#being#
bullied,#being#the#bully,#type#of#technology#used#related#to#bullying.#However,#Mishna#et#al.#
(2010)#has#further#more#questions#to#understand#the#relationship#between#the#language#
spoken#at#home,#gender#and#cyberbullying.#This#gives#more#overview#of#what#and#how#
issues#cause#cyberbullying.#Overall#both#studies,#conducted#well#structured#methodology#
according#to#their#purpose#of#research.#
#
Discussions#of#findings#among#the#studies#vary#in#results.#In#Sakellariou#et#al.#(2012)#
elaborate#that#vast#majority#of#students#have#access#to#the#internet#and#were#expecting#the#
results#to#be#high#with#students#being#victimised#by#cyberbullying,#only#being#at#11%.#This#
can#be#due#to#limited#sample#size#in#the#sense#of#using#more#schools#not#just#amount#of#
students,#also#using#only#males#has#limited#their#chances#of#getting#accurate#results.#As#Gall#
et#al.#(2015)#discusses#that#maximal#sampling#can#help#with#a#more#accurate#result.#In#the#
discussion#also#mentions#other#research#articles#indicating#results#to#be#higher.#The#Mishna#
et#al.s#(2010)#study#discussion#indicate#that#the#results#obtained#were#expected.#Have#
concerning#number#that#cyberbullying#is#a#problem#among#middle#and#high#school#students.#
Males#being#cyberbullied#is#as#high#as#24%#and#females#25%#in#the#last#3#months.#Compared#
to#the#first#article#they#have#higher#results#of#cases#of#being#victimisation#of#cyber#bullying.#
In#the#findings#they#discuss#that#it#is#evident#that#female#is#more#prone#to#cyberbully#than#
the#males,#this#is#apparent#in#the#results#for#each#grade.#This#is#also#evident#in#the#research#
study#conducted#by#P.#Monks#et#al.#(2012),#where#male#student#similar#grades,#20%#have#
fallen#victim#by#cyberbullied#and#22%#of#the#female#students#believed#to#be#victimised#as#

well.#This#could#be#that#females#are#more#verbal#than#males#with#bullying#and#males#are#
more#likely#to#be#physical,#which#could#be#the#reason#the#female#results#are#slightly#higher#
(Hinduja#&#Patchin,#2013)#Overall#both#articles#did#achieve#results#expected#and#achieved#
relevance#to#their#research.#they#attained#the#level#of#cyberbullying#among#students,#
reached#better#understanding#what#and#how#cyberbullying#may#be#caused#and#provide#
evidence#that#there#is#some#correlation#between#frequent#use#of#the#internet#and#
cyberbullying.##
#
Both#articles#discuss#the#implication#for#teaching#practices,#they#explain#the#importance#of#
technology#use#for#a#vital#tool#for#communication#among#students#for#positively#however#
not#to#underestimate#students#to#use#these#sources#in#malicious#ways#to#bully#other#
students.#In#Sakellariou#et#al.s#(2012)#study#express#that#even#they#conducted#research#on#
male#students#only#but#strategies#need#to#put#place#for#both#genders.#Both#articles#explain#
strategies#need#to#be#put#in#place#to#prevent#an#increase#of#cyberbullying,#therefore#more#
research#needs#to#be#conducted#in#Australia#to#help#in#this#issue.#They#discuss#the#
importance#of#adult#awareness#of#cyberbullying#among#students,#recognise#the#affect#of#
being#victimised,#what#necessary#action#need#to#be#done#in#case#of#cyberbullying#and#the#
importance#to#prevent#it#from#happening.##
#
Cyberbullying#is#similar#to#traditional#bullying#however#can#be#more#harmful#because#there#
is#more#of#chance#there#isnt#any#bystanders#or#adult#to#help#intervene.#Cyberbullying#is#can#
happen#anytime#and#anywhere,#some#victims#dont#speak#out#because#its#secluded.#In#
Sakellariou#et#al.s#(2012)#study#they#express#the#need#to#allow#professional#psychologist#to#
come#to#schools#to#bring#awareness#to#both#students#and#teachers.#Also#advocate#that#
parents#need#to#be#involved#since#it#can#happen#in#their#very#own#home#where#their#child#is#
being#victimised#without#any#realisation.#Both#teacher#and#parents#need#to#be#alert#on#
students#activity#using#technology.#Also#suggest#that#policies#need#to#modified#in#regards#to#
technology#use,#specifically#the#use#mobile#phones#in#class#time.#As#indicated#by#Mathews#
(2004,#cited#in#Sakellariou#et#al.#2012)#research#indicate#that#60%#of#student#do#not#follow#
the#rule#over#mobile#phone#use#in#classrooms.#In#contrast#Mishna#et#al.s#(2010)#study#
implications#are#very#similar#however,#it#has#more#detailed#outline#and#categories#include#
implications#for#prevention#among#family#educators,#for#practice#and#service#delivery#and#
for#policies.#However,#it#does#not#back#up#any#research#studies#to#indicate#that#the#
implications#provided#will#help#students,#teachers#and#parents#to#prevent#cyberbullying.#In#
Sakellariou#et#al.s#(2012)#study#provides#evidence#that#the#implications#mentioned#may#help#
students#not#just#opinion#or#own#personal#theories.#This#allows#for#further#research#and#
follow#up#on#the#research#made#evident.#Overall#both#studies#place#well#thought#out#process#
for#educational#implications#for#teaching#practices.#
#
In#conclusion#both#research#studies#have#bought#awareness#to#the#issue,#demonstrating#the#
importance#of#technology#use#among#students#can#be#use#positively#but#also#can#lead#to#
negative#behaviour#such#as#cyberbullying.#Essentially#both#articles#have#concluded#that#
cyberbullying#is#on#arise#and#recommending#that#more#research#need#to#be#conducted#to#
help#prevent#cyberbullying#increasing#and#find#strategies#that#teachers#can#help#students#to#
implement#if#they#find#themselves#in#the#situation.#Overall#both#teachers#and#parents#play#
an#important#role#in#bringing#awareness#and#preventing#cyberbullying.#Therefore,#teachers#

need#to#continue#to#research#to#further#in#their#knowledge#to#provide#better#teaching#
practice#to#make#a#safe#effective#learning#environment#for#all#students.#
#
#

Reference,
Article,1,
Sakellariou,#T.,#Carroll,#A.,#&#Houghton,#S.#(2012).#Rates#of#cyber#victimization#and#bullying#
among#male#Australian#primary#and#high#school#students.#School&Psychology&International,#
33(5),#533c549.#Retrieved#from#
http://spi.sagepub.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/content/33/5/533##
#
Article,2,
Mishna,#F.,#Cook,#C.,#Gadalla,#T.,#Daciuk,#J.,#&#Solomon,#S.#(2010).#Cyber#bullying#behaviors#
among#middle#and#high#school#students.#American&Journal&of&Orthopsychiatry,#80(3),#362c
374.#Retrieved#from#http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1939c
0025.2010.01040.x/abstract;jsessionid=3A00689989442BE8CF6B637C6F690318.f04t02?use
rIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=##
#
Textbook,
Gall,#M.D.,#Gall,#J.P.,#&#Borg,#W.R.#(2015).#Applying&educational&research.&How&to&read,&do&
and&use&research&to&solve&problems&of&practice#(7th#edition).#Hoboken,#New#Jersey:#Pearson#
Education#Inc.##
#
Monks,#C.#P.,#Robinson,#S.,#&#Worlidge,#P.#(2012).#The#emergence#of#cyberbullying:#A#survey#
of#primary#school#pupils#perceptions#and#experiences.#School&Psychology&International,#
33(5),#477c491.#Retrieved#from##http://spi.sagepub.com/content/33/5/477.short##

<

Hinduja,#S.,#&#Patchin,#J.#W.#(2013).#Social#influences#on#cyberbullying#behaviors#among#
middle#and#high#school#students.#Journal&of&youth&and&adolescence,#42(5),#711c722.#
Retrieved#from#http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964C012C9902C
4#/pageC1##
#
Australian#institute#for#Teaching#and#School#Leadership#(AITSL).#(2016).#Australian#
professional#standards#fro#teachers,#standard#4.4.#Retrieved#from##
http://www.aitsl.edu.au/australiancprofessionalcstandardscforcteachers/standards/list#
#
#
Willard,#N.#(2004).#Educator's&guide&to&cyberbullying:#Addressing#the#harm#caused#by#online#
social#cruelty.#Retrieved#from#http://cyberbully.org#
#
#
#
#
#
#