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Unit 5 Infectious

Disease
Lesson 5.1
Infection

How are infectious diseases


spread through a population?
Bacteria and Viruses:
Most common infectious
agents
Bacteria are prokaryotic
organisms that can
survive on their own
Virus are not cellular and
need a host to reproduce
Spread from contact with
a contaminated person
or thing and through the
air

How are infectious diseases


spread through a population?
Fungus:
Grow in warm/damp

areas and can spread


through spores in the air,
skin to skin contact, or
sharing unwashed
clothes

How are infectious diseases


spread through a population?
Protozoa:
Spread by eating

contaminated food or by
vectors, like mosquitoes
and malaria

How are infectious diseases


spread through a population?
Helminthes:
Parasitic worms that are

transmitted through
under cooked meats and
eating fecal matter

Prions:
Mutated proteins that

can happen randomly or


by infected human tissue

What is aseptic technique?

These are techniques used

to maintain a sterile
environment when
working with bacteria.
Important to reduce

spread of bacteria and


contamination

What is aseptic technique?

Aseptic techniques include


Wearing goggles, gloves, and

aprons/lab coats
Using Bleach solution to clear

your area before and after


use
Keep the petri dish closed as

much as possible
Use a flame to sterilize slides

and loops before use


Wash hands and forearms

How can an unknown sample of


bacteria be identified?
Colony Morphology
Grow bacteria on

Petri Dishes in
isolated colonies
Analyze the specific
characteristics of
colony growth to help
determine bacteria
species

How can an unknown sample of


bacteria be identified?
Gram Staining
Stain bacteria first

with grams stain and


then safranin.
Gram + will stain
purple and Gram
will stain pink

How can an unknown sample of


bacteria be identified?
Chemical Tests
A variety of chemical

tests can be used to


help identify bacteria
since each species
reacts differently to
certain tests.

How can an unknown sample of


bacteria be identified?
Gram Staining Continued
Gram + have thick

peptidoglycan wall that


absorbs purple stain
Gram have thin

peptidoglycan wall with an


outer lipid membrane. The
lipid membrane washes off
and then the cell wall is
stained pink

How can an unknown sample of


bacteria be identified?
Bacteria shape
Gram staining allows us to

see the shape on the


individual bacteria
Coccus Circle
Bacilli Rods
Spirilla - Spiral

How does the immune system


function to protect the human body
from foreign invaders?
Nonspecific Defense
Defense mechanisms

against all types of


foreign invaders
They do not remember or

focus on a specific type of


invader
First Line
Skin protective layer

against foreign objects


Mucus Lines lungs and
other inner surfaces that
traps and helps expel
foreign objects
Nose Hair Filters air and
traps foreign particles

How does the immune system


function to protect the human body
from foreign invaders?

Nonspecific
Defense
Second Line
Inflammation

Blood rushes to
the area bringing
phagocytes and
other white blood
cells to the area.
Also helps to
retain the
infection in one
area

How does the immune system


function to protect the human body
from foreign invaders?
Nonspecific
Defense
Second Line
Phagocytes have

receptors that seek


out pathogens (bad
foreign invaders) and
once bound to it the
phagocyte eats the
pathogen.
Phagocytes can also
lead into specific
defense by
presenting the
antigen

How does the immune system


function to protect the human body
from foreign invaders?
Specific Defense
Defense against

specific invaders
through the use of
antigens and
antibodies
This comes into play

after the invader


gets past the
nonspecific defense
Two main cells are T-

cells and B-cells

How does the immune system


function to protect the human body
from foreign invaders?
Specific Defense
Antigens are

proteins on the
pathogens that tells
human cells what
they are.
The phagocyte

presents the antigen


to helper T-cells that
will produce proteins
to activate B-cells

How does the immune


system function to
protect the human
body from foreign
invaders?

Specific Defense
B-cells are activated

by T-cells and also


connects to pathogen
antigens
B-cells produce plasma

cells that make


antibodies specific to
the antigen.

How does the immune


system function to
protect the human
body from foreign
invaders?
Specific Defense
The antibodies attach to

the antigen and mark it for


phagocytes to destroy.
B-cells also produce

memory cells that will


remember same antigen
so if the pathogen invades
again the immune
response will be faster

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