1.

Explain the entity relationship and different types of entity relationships that
can exist.

An entityrelationship model (ER model) describes inter-related things of

interest in a specific domain of knowledge. An ER model is composed of entity
types (which classify the things of interest) and specifies relationships that can
exist between instances of those entity types.

1. One-to-One
One instance of an entity (A) is associated with one other instance of another entity (B). For
example, in a database of employees, each employee name (A) is associated with only one
social security number (B).

2. One-to-Many
One instance of an entity (A) is associated with zero, one or many instances of another
entity (B), but for one instance of entity B there is only one instance of entity A. For example,
for a company with all employees working in one building, the building name (A) is
associated with many different employees (B), but those employees all share the same
singular association with entity A.

3. Many-to-Many
One instance of an entity (A) is associated with one, zero or many instances of another
entity (B), and one instance of entity B is associated with one, zero or many instances of
entity A. For example, for a company in which all of its employees work on multiple projects,
each instance of an employee (A) is associated with many instances of a project (B), and at
the same time, each instance of a project (B) has multiple employees (A) associated with it.

2. Explain the factors that influence the database design decisions.

3. Explain SSADM structural model with diagram

Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is the

method which is used at projecting and analysis of information
systems. This method was developed for government of Great Britain
in the beginning of 80th of the past century. It was accepted as the

national standard of Great Britain for information systems

development in 1993. Thus SSADM usage is expedient for those
who work with governmental organizations as this method is a
standard for these organizations.
SSADM is based on the data flow diagrams. At the early stages of
projecting at description of models (functional, informational and
event-trigger) the top-down method is used.
At the description of data flows out of the system and into the system
DFD, which denote boundaries of the system, are used.

4.

5
Why there is need to perform analysis and specification of requirements?
Analysis
The analysis phase answers the questions of who will use the
system, what the system
will do, and where and when it will be used. (See Figure 1-3.) During
this
phase, the project team investigates any current system(s), identifies
improvement

An analysis strategy is developed to guide the project teams efforts.

Such a
strategy usually includes a study of the current system (called the
as-is system)
and its problems, and envisioning ways to design a new system
(called the to-be
system).
2. The next step is requirements gathering (e.g., through interviews,
group workshops,
or questionnaires). The analysis of this informationin conjunction
with
input from the project sponsor and many other peopleleads to the
development
of a concept for a new system. The system concept is then used as a
basis to
develop a set of business analysis models that describes how the
business will
operate if the new system were developed. The set typically includes
models that
represent the data and processes necessary to support the
underlying business
process.
3. The analyses, system concept, and models are combined into a
document called
the system proposal, which is presented to the project sponsor and
other key
decision makers (e.g., members of the approval committee) who will
decide
whether the project should continue to move forward

Both business and IT perspectives are needed to determine

requirements during the
analysis phase. Systems analysts may not understand the true
business needs of the
users. A recent study by the Standish Group found that the lack of
user involvement
is the top reason for IT project failure.5 On the other hand, the
business users may

Home Assignment 2
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1. Write a note on storage control.

2. Write a note on data dictionary.

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A data dictionary is a collection of descriptions of

the data objects or items in a data model for the benefit of
programmers and others who need to refer to them. A first
step in analyzing a system of objects with which users
interact is to identify each object and its relationship to other
objects. This process is called data modeling and results in a
picture of object relationships. After each data object or item
is given a descriptive name, its relationship is described (or it
becomes part of some structure that implicitly describes
relationship), the type of data (such as text or image or binary
value) is described, possible predefined values are listed,
and a brief textual description is provided. This collection can
be organized for reference into a book called a data
dictionary.
When developing programs that use the data model, a data
dictionary can be consulted to understand where a data item
fits in the structure, what values it may contain, and basically
what the data item means in real-world terms. For example, a
bank or group of banks could model the data objects involved
in consumer banking. They could then provide a data
dictionary for a bank's programmers. The data dictionary
would describe each of the data items in its data model for
consumer banking (for example, "Account holder" and
""Available credit").

3. Write a note on Waterfall Model and V-Model with diagram.

Waterfall Model
Waterfall model [16] is the Sequential development model.
Requirement should be clear before going to next phase of design.
Testing is carried out once the code has been fully developed. Each work-product or
activity is completed before moving on to next

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Each phase of development proceeds in order without any overlapping.
Each phase schedule for the tasks to be completed within a specified time period
The documentation and testing happens at the end of each phase, which helps in
maintaining the quality of the project.
In the waterfall model each step is frozen before the next step. That is the requirements
are frozen before the design starts, and once the design is frozen the coding starts etc. But
what will the testing team do till then so is very time consuming and high costing
In waterfall model the defect were found very late in the development life cycle as test
team was not involved from the beginning of the project.
Tester role will be involved in testing phase only

V- model means Verification and Validation model. Just like thewaterfall

model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of execution of
processes. Each phase must be completed before the next phase
begins. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding
phase of development.
Diagram of V-model:

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4. Describe data structure in RDBMS.

What data structure is used in RDBMS for storing the actual data that
we enter, firstname lastname and so on, I know that B and B+ trees are
efficient for indexing and so on, but I haven't gotten a cpnvincing answer
for this, please excuse my ignorance.
This is typically up to the storage engine, and raw data is going to be
stored for different classifications of database data, of which there are at
least three common divisions:

Indexes (keys to point to rows containing that value)

Row data (non-blob data, some info here)
Blob data (usually bulk data; think of this as extended data that
you typically don't search on, but retrieve in bulk after looking up a
row by other keys)

Indexes

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For instance, MySQL has several, including:

InnoDB

MyISAM

Memory

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