1.

Interpretation the result of the study

This question requires us to interpret the result of the study based on
a graph about international politics according to education levels. There are
three levels of educations being shown that is school, college and university.
According to the graph shown, we can know that the male in the
school have the lowest estimated marginal means that is below 40.00. The
estimated marginal means for female in the school is a little higher than male
but is also less than 40.00. We can know that the females in the school are
aware of the issues of politics than males.
The male in College have higher estimated marginal means than in the
school that is below 45.00. The female in college have higher estimated
marginal means than male that is close to 45.00. We can know that the
females in the college are aware of the issues of politics than males.
The estimated marginal means of international politics for the female
in the University is the second higher that is below than 60.00.

The

estimated marginal means for the males is the highest that is nearly close to
65.00. We can know that the males in the university are aware of the issues
of politics than females.
As a conclusion, females are aware of issues of politics before they
become adult but males are more aware of issues of politics when they
become adult.

2.
Introduction
The standard deviation is a measure of how spreads out numbers are. It is the
square root of the variance, and the variance is the average of the squared differences
from the Mean. If the standard deviation is small, it indicates that they are clustered
closely around the mean. If the standard deviation is large, it indicates the data points can
spread far from the mean. When the examples are spread apart and the bell curve is
relatively flat, that tells you have a relatively large standard deviation.
The standard deviation tells you how tightly all the various examples are clustered
around the mean in a set of data. When the examples are pretty tightly bunched together
and the bell-shaped curve is steep, the standard deviation is small.

The distribution of the scores and the standard deviation.

There are two graphs about an English test was administered to two groups of
secondary school students. Based on the graph of group X, it is a normal distribution. The
distributions of the English test. The standard deviation of group X is small because it is
close to the mean. It means that the respondents from group X acquired the skills that are
almost the same.
The standard deviation for group X and group Y is different since the standard
deviation of group Y is bigger than the mean. It indicates the respondents of group Y
acquire the various skills.

3.

The table shows a summary of a study that examining the relationship between
writing and reading scores. It requires us to do the interpretation of the result for
model summary.
Correlation means the degree and type of relationship between two or more
quantities (variables) in which they vary together over a period.
Based on the table of model summary, we can know that the correlation between
reading score is .597a. The score of R2 that is .356 shows that 35.6% of the change in
the criterion variable (reading score) is due to the combination of changes in both the
predictor variable.

4.
Introduction
Mean is the most frequently used of measure of central tendency or measure or
measures of centre while the standard deviation is the most frequently used measure
of variability or dispersion. The mean or X bar is figure obtained when the sum of all
items in the group is divided by the number of items (N).
The median is a measure of centre that is the middle value when the values or
scores are arranged in order of increasing by the number of items (N).
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the set of scores.
Skewness is the degree of departure from symmetry of a distribution. The graph
may show in three types that is normal distribution, negative or positive skewed. A
normal distribution is symmetrical but a distribution is skewed of one of its tail is
longer than the other or the tail pulled to either the left or right.

Explanation about the graphs of group A and Group B.

The fourth question requires us to explain the results shown in the graph
regarding a mathematical test were administered to students in Group A and Group B.
Based on the graph of Group A, we can know it is showing a negative skew
because it has a longer tail in the negative direction or to the left (towards to the lower
values on the horizontal axis). It can indicate that the test was too easy or the teaching
methods and materials were successful in bringing about the desired learning
outcomes. The mean is smaller than median and the mode.
Based on the graph of Group B, we can it is showing a positive skew because it
has a longer tail in the positive direction know or to the right side (towards to the high
values on the horizontal axis). It can indicate that the test was too difficult. Besides, it
can indicate the questions were not clear or the teaching methods did not bring about
the desired outcomes. The mean is larger than the median and the model.

5.
Introduction
Standard Deviation often abbreviated as Std Dev or SD is an indication of
how far the individual responses to a question vary or deviate from the mean. It tells the
researcher how spreads out the responses are whether concentrated around the mean or
scattered far and wide.

Explanation the results of the mean and standard deviation for the four bands
Based on the table given, we can know the results of the mean and standard
deviation of the four bands in learning history. A pretest and posttest was administered
before and after the experiment. Students are divided into four groups based on their
performance in history, i.e. from Band 1(week students) to Band 4(excellent students).
According to the results, we can know that increasing of mean for the students get
higher scores of posttest mean compare to pretest from Band 1 to Band 4 when they learn
history. First, students for Band 1 increasing the mean from 42.35 (pretest) to
46.00(posttest) and the standard deviation is decreasing that is from 26.76 to 13.85.
Second, students increasing the mean from 47.25(pretest) to 56.70(posttest) but the
standard deviation is increasing from 20.13 to 22.99 for Band 2. Third, the students for
Band 3 increases the mean from 37.55(pretest) to 60.70 (posttest) and standard deviation
of it also increases from 25.13 to 26.26. The mean for students for Band 4 increases from
39.75 (pretest) to 75.90(posttest) but the standard deviation of it is decreases from 20.59
to 18.26. The standard deviation of band 2 and band3 is increasing because there are
extreme score compare to other students, that is either too high or too low.
As a conclusion, the usage of the mind maps brings the positive impact to the
students.

6.a)
Three possible research questions that I suggested are as below:
i.

Is there any relationship between males and females in critical thinking?

ii.

Is the critical thinking of females better than males?

iii.

Is there any difference between the level of critical thinking of the males and
females of 12 years old students?

b) State the appropriate statistical tests to test the three research questions suggested.
.

i.

T-test

: T-test can used to determine whether there is difference between

the two groups represents a real difference or was it due to chance.

ii.

ANOVA

: The test is used by researchers to identify differences between

two or more groups of data.

iii.

Correlation
more variables.

: This test is used is to determine the relationship between two or

7. a.
The purpose of Kolmogorov-Smirnov is to evaluate statically whether the
difference between the observed distribution and a theoretical normal distribution is small
enough to be just due to chance. If the test produces a significance level of less (<) than
0.05, it means that the distribution is not normal. If the test produces a significance level
of more (>) than 0.05, it means the distribution is normal.
The W-test or Shapiro-Wilks test is a powerful and common test that is used to
test for normality. It is useful method for testing whether a data set has been drawn from
a normal distribution. The test statistic will be relatively high, if the normal probability
plot is approximately linear. In other way, the test statistics will be relatively low if the
normal probability plot has curvature that is evidence of non-normality in the tails of
distribution. We have to reject the assumption of normality if the test of significance
reports a p-value of less (<) than 0.05. In other way, we do not reject the assumption of
normality if the test of significance reports a p-value of more (>) 0.05.

b.
Part b required us to state the difference between Kolmogorov-Smirnov and
Shapiro Wilk. These two test are used in the statistics. Actually, they are different from
each other. This Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used for samples which have more than 50
subjects but the Shapiro-Wilks test is used for samples which have less than 50 subjects.

c.

From the table 1, we can know that the distribution is not normal since the p-value

is 0.012 for male and 0.001 for female is less (<) than 0.05 for Kolmogorov-Smirnov. We
must reject the assumption of normality if the test of significance reports a p-value 0.016
(male) and 0.008(female) is less than 0.05 for the Shapiro-Wilks test.

8.a
The table is shown the data that used to determine the effectiveness of YouTube
Video Clips in teaching statistics to graduate students. From the data given, the lecture
with Video Clips have the highest mean (M=27.20, SP=3.05) compare to other method.
The lecture without video clips have the second higher mean (M=23.60, SP=3.31).
Finally, the last method that is small group teaching without video clip have the lowest
mean that ((M=23.40, SP=3.24). The finding of this study is clearly proved that the
teaching Statistics for graduate students using video clips is more effective.

8.b
Standard error of the mean quantifies the precision of the mean. We can use the
standard error to indicate the reliability of the mean. It allows us to quantify the extent to
which a test provides accurate scores. Low levels of standard error of measurement
indicate high levels of score accuracy. Conversely, high levels of standard error of
measurement indicate low levels of score accuracy. The Standard error gets smaller as
your samples get larger. It makes sense, because the mean of a large sample is likely to
be closer to the true population mean than is the mean of a small sample. In a huge
sample, you will know the value of the mean with a lot of precision even if the data are
very scattered.
From the table, the standard error of lecture with video clips has the smallest
value that is .96. The standard error of small group teaching without video group is 1.02
and the standard error of lecture without video clips is 1.04 is the highest value. As a
conclusion, we can know that lecture with video clip is the most reliable technique since
it has the smallest value of standard error i.e. .96.

8. c.
This Levene test is used to test of homogeneity of Variance. The Levene test are
used to test the hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable for each
group in the independent variable is the same. Levene test results, ie F (2, 57) = .12, p
= .802 suggests that it was not significant (p> 0.05), and we have to accept the null
hypothesis. This shows that the variances of the dependent variable in each group of
respondents are nearly almost the same.

8. a ANOVA
The table above show the difference between groups and within groups. Based on
the ANOVA table,the mean square of between group is 45.733 which is higher than the
mean square within groups that is 10.237. There is a significant different on the use of
the video clips teaching methods in statistical significance level of p<.05 for three
methods F (2.57, F= 4.467, p=.031) .

8. b Tukey HSD
This table shows the Tukey HSD result based on three groups that is with
different teaching method that is lecture with video clips, lecture only and small group.
This question requires us to explain about the result of the Turkey HSD based on
the above table. The p-value for the lecture with video clips is .046 that is p<.05. The pvalue of The findings show that there is a significance difference of teaching methods
using for the group that using lecture with video clips and the p-value is .034 also is
significant and p<.05.
The lecture for small groups where the mean difference of it is 3.800 and the
mean difference is 0.2. A small group of lecture only is not significant because p>.05
that is .989.

9. a.
Table 1 shows the result of the finding to determine whether Moral Reasoning
could be enhanced if the students are taught using Moral Dilemmas. The tests have
been executed for all sample (N=30) that is for pretest and posttest.
According to the table given, there are increasing of the mean that is from 18.50
(pretest) to 23.86 (posttest). The data for pretest that is (M=18.50, SP=5.33) and the
data for posttest is (M= 23.86, SP=4.75). The increasing of the mean indicates this
method has a positive impact on pupils learning.
9. b.
The null hypothesis
There is no significant difference for the students that are taught by using Moral
Dilemmas during pretest and posttest.

9. c.
The alternative hypothesis
There is significant difference for the students that are taught by using Moral
Dilemmas during pretest and posttest.
9. d.
The paired t-test is used to compare two populations means where you have two
samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the
other sample. This might occur when before and after the observations on the same
subjects. (Pretest and posttest). Besides, it might be a comparison of two different
methods of measurement or two different treatments where the measurements or
treatments are applied to the same subjects.

9. e
According to the table, the result shows a significant difference in student
performance as a result of the teaching moral using Moral Dilemmas. (t=8.66, df=29.
P<.05). Therefore, we must decline Ho hypothesis significantly. The posttest have the
higher mean score (M= 23.86, SD=4.75, n=30). This can prove the teaching method
in teaching moral reasoning is more effective if compare to without treatment or the
use of teaching methods.

10 a)
The 2 value is 20.704 while the p-value is 0.0001.

Null hypothesis
Ho: There is no difference about the opinion between the response of the male and
females about the death sentence for those who distributing illegal drugs.

Alternate hypothesis
Ha: There are differences about the opinion between the response of the male and females
about the death sentence for those who distributing illegal drugs.

10 b)
Chi-square is a statistical test that is commonly used to compare observed data
with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis whether there is a
correlation between two variables in a population being tested.

It is suitable for

analyzing qualitative data which variable nominal or quantitative data.

Chi-squared has been divided into two types that are chi-squared test for freedom
and chi-squared goodness. Chi-squared for freedom is used to analyze the relationship
between two or more categories in a variable. Chi-squared goodness is used to analyze a
single category in a variable.
Chi-squared tests are used to test the data that are not normal distribution because
it is one of the non-parametric tests. Non-parametric tests have less stringent
requirements as a condition of normality for data review not required.

10 c
Based on the table, we can know chi-squared test (X2= 20.704, df=1, p<0.0001) showed
significant differences between males and females because X2 is greater than the critical
value. As a conclusion, we must reject Ho there is a difference. There are 15 males and
31 females disagreed that criminals should be sentenced to death if they are found guilty
for selling. There are 150 males and 169 females agreed that criminals should be
sentenced to death if they are found guilty for selling that is more than the persons who
are disagreed. As a conclusion, most of the person agreed that criminals should be
sentenced to death when they found guilty.

Reference
1. Chua Yan Piaw (2006). Kaedah Dan Statistik Penyelidikan: Asas Statistik
Penyelidikan (Buku Dua). Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Mc Graw Hill Sdn.
Bhd.

2. Rosie Shier(2004). Paired t-tests . Available at:

www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/paired-t-test.pdf

3. Robert Niles. Standard deviation. Available At:

http://www.robertniles.com/stats/stdev.shtml

4. Standard Error . Available At:

http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/statistics/standard_error.ht
m
5. Intrepeting the Standard Deviation. Available at:
www.surveystar.com/startips/jan2013.pdf
6. How to interpret Standard Deviation and Standard Error in Survey Research.
Available At: www.surveystar.com/startips/jan2013.pdf