Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sumeria redirects here. For other uses, see Sumeria formed civilization, with no pre-history.
(disambiguation).
The inuence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa)
For other uses, see Sumer (disambiguation).
is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a masNot to be confused with summer.
sive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological
convergence.[14] This has prompted scholars to refer to
[note 1]
Sumer (/sumr/)
was the rst ancient ur- Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as
ban civilization in the historical region of southern a Sprachbund.[14] Sumer was conquered by the SemiticMesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC
Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred
rst civilization in the world.[1]
language.
Proto-writing in the region dates back to c. 3500 BC. The
earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet
Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform writing
emerged in 3000 BC.[2]
3
11. Akshak 1
Eshnunna
Tutub
Rapiqum
Sippar
Der
Akshak
Kish
(1 location uncertain)
(2 an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia)
Larak
Marad
Nippur
Pazurish-Dagan
Isin
Kissura
Adab
Shurruppak
Umma
Bilbat
Bad Tibira
Uruk
Kutallu
Larsa
Ur
Eridu
50
12. Akkad 1
13. Isin (Ishan al-Bahriyat)
Kutha
Kid-nun
Babylon
Barsippa
HISTORY
100
150
50
100
Kilometers
Miles
Map of Sumer
8. Der (al-Badra)
vided by canals and boundary stones. Each was centered
9. Eshnunna (Tell Asmar)
on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor (ensi) 10. Nagar (Tell Brak) 2
or by a king (lugal) who was intimately tied to the citys
religious rites.
(2 an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia)
The ve rst cities said to have exercised pre-dynastic Apart from Mari, which lies full 330 kilometres (205
kingship:
miles) north-west of Agade, but which is credited in the
1. Eridu (Tell Abu Shahrain)
2. Bad-tibira (probably Tell al-Madain)
3. Larsa (Tell as-Senkereh)
king list as having exercised kingship in the Early Dynastic II period, and Nagar, an outpost, these cities are all
in the Euphrates-Tigris alluvial plain, south of Baghdad
in what are now the Bbil, Diyala, Wsit, Dhi Qar, Basra,
Al-Muthann and Al-Qdisiyyah governorates of Iraq.
3 History
Main article: History of Sumer
The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history
reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the
historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. the 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which
has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records
and inscriptions. Classical Sumer ends with the rise of
the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC. Following
the Gutian period, there is a brief Sumerian Renaissance
in the 21st century BC, cut short in the 20th century BC
by invasions by the Amorites. The Amorite dynasty of
Isin" persisted until c. 1700 BC, when Mesopotamia was
united under Babylonian rule. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian)
population.
3.2
Uruk period
Ubaid period: 6500 4100 BC (Pottery Neolithic at Eridu (Cuneiform: nun.ki), c. 6500 BC, by farmers
to Chalcolithic)
who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture,
which rst pioneered irrigation agriculture. It appears
Uruk period: 4100 2900 BC (Late Chalcolithic to that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture
Early Bronze Age I)
from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or
not these were the actual Sumerians who are identied
Uruk XIV-V: 4100 3300 BC
with the later Uruk culture. Eridu remained an important
Uruk IV period: 3300 3100 BC
religious center when it was gradually surpassed in size
Jemdet Nasr period (Uruk III): 3100 2900 by the nearby city of Uruk. The story of the passing of
BC
the me (gifts of civilization) to Inanna, goddess of Uruk
and of love and war, by Enki, god of wisdom and chief
Early Dynastic period (Early Bronze Age II-IV)
god of Eridu, may reect this shift in hegemony.[19]
Early Dynastic I period: 29002800 BC
Early Dynastic II period: 28002600 BC
(Gilgamesh)
By the time of the Uruk period (c. 41002900 BC calibrated), the volume of trade goods transported along the
canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the
rise of many large, stratied, temple-centered cities (with
populations of over 10,000 people) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly
certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian
cities began to make use of slave labor captured from
the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured
slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even
colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a
wide areafrom the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the
Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central
Iran.[22]
The
HISTORY
3.3
Later, Lugal-Zage-Si, the priest-king of Umma, overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area, then
conquered Uruk, making it his capital, and claimed an
empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list Sargon of Akkad.[15]
whose name is known from any other legendary source
is Etana, 13th king of the rst dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is
Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name 3.4 Akkadian Empire
is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epicleading to the
suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a his- Main article: Akkadian Empire
torical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows,
this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended vil- c. 22702083 BC (short chronology)
lages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is rst attested
is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).
in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC,[25] preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely
in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old
3.3.1 1st Dynasty of Lagash
Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the
Great (c. 22702215 BC), but even then most adminisMain article: Lagash
trative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the
language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the prec. 25002270 BC
Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of
The dynasty of Lagash, though omitted from the king list, the "Neo-Sumerian Renaissance that followed it. Akkais well attested through several important monuments and dian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for
many archaeological nds.
about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, SumeAlthough short-lived, one of the rst empires known to rian was becoming more of a literary language familiar
history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen
practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and has argued that there is little break in historical continuLarsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, ity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that
arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended too much emphasis has been placed on the perception
to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He seems of a Semitic vs. Sumerian conict.[26] However, it is
to have used terror as a matter of policy.[25] Eannatums certain that Akkadian was also briey imposed on neighStele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the sev- boring parts of Elam that were previously conquered by
ered heads and other body parts of his enemies. His em- Sargon.
3.7
3.5
Decline
Gutian period
3.7 Decline
Gudea of Lagash
3.6
Sumerian Renaissance
5 CULTURE
Population
bian littoral. The Sumerians themselves claimed kinship with the pre-Arab people of Dilmun, associated with
Uruk, one of Sumers largest cities, has been estimated to modern Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. Professor Juris
have had a population of 50,000-80,000 at its height;[28] Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the peoregion before it ooded at
given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricul- ple living in the Persian Gulf
[31]
the
end
of
the
last
Ice
Age.
tural population, a rough estimate for Sumers population
might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. The world population
at this time has been estimated at about 27 million.[29]
5 Culture
The Sumerians spoke a language isolate; a number of linguists believe they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian because names of some of Sumers major cities are not Sumerian, revealing inuences of earlier
inhabitants.[30] However, the archaeological record shows
clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of
the early Ubaid period (5300 4700 BC C-14) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that
were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the
Euphrates.
It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian
speakers were farmers who moved down from the north,
after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid
period pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 4900
BC C-14) in the north, who were the rst to practice a
primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle
Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most
clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa,
excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware.
According to this theory, farming peoples spread down
into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed
a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to
survive and prosper in a dicult environment.
Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians, from
the indigenous hunter-sherfolk traditions, associated
with the Arabian bifacial assemblages found on the Ara-
A reconstruction in the British Museum of headgear and necklaces worn by the women in some Sumerian graves
5.2
and probably others also, were sealed with clay, precisely as in early Egypt. Vases and dishes of stone
were made in imitation of those of clay.
A feathered head-dress was worn. Beds, stools and
chairs were used, with carved legs resembling those
of an ox. There were re-places and re-altars.
Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument which
looks like a saw were all known, while spears, bows,
arrows and daggers (but not swords) were employed
in war.
Tablets were used for writing purposes. Daggers
with metal blades and wooden handles were worn,
and copper was hammered into plates, while necklaces or collars were made of gold.
Time was reckoned in lunar months.
There is considerable evidence that the Sumerians loved
music, which seems to have been an important part of
religious and civic life in Sumer. Lyres were popular in
Sumer, among the best-known examples being the Lyres
Early writing tablet recording the allocation of beer, 31003000
of Ur.
BC
5 CULTURE
5.3
Religion
Deities
sive. The gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and
astrology.
The Sumerians worshiped:
An as the full-time god equivalent to heaven; indeed,
the word an in Sumerian means sky and his consort
Ki, means earth.
Enki in the south at the temple in Eridu. Enki
was the god of benecence, ruler of the freshwater
depths beneath the earth, a healer and friend to humanity who in Sumerian myth was thought to have
given humans the arts and sciences, the industries
and manners of civilization; the rst law-book was
considered his creation,
Enlil, god of the north wind, in Nippur, husband of
Ninlil, the south wind. King of the Sumerian gods,
he gave mankind the spells and incantations that the
spirits of good or evil must obey,
Inanna, goddess of love and war, the deication of
Venus, the morning (eastern) and evening (western)
star, at the temple (shared with An) at Uruk.
The sun-god Utu at Larsa in the south and Sippar in
the north,
The moon god Sin at Ur.
5.4
9
name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond
for purication.[37] The temple itself had a central nave
with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be
rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium
and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrices.
Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the
temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the
temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built
as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat
style.[38]
5.3.4 Funerary practices
These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could
thus have associations with dierent cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those
cities political power. The gods were said to have created
human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them.
The temples organized the mass labour projects needed
for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the
temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.
5.3.2
Cosmology
To the north were the hill-dwelling Subartu force under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manwho were periodically raided for slaves, tim- age temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC).
ber, and raw materials.
To the west were the tent-dwelling Martu,
ancient Semitic-speaking peoples living as
pastoral nomads tending herds of sheep and
goats.
To the south was the land of Dilmun, a trading
state associated with the land of the dead and
the place of creation.
To the east were the Elamites, a rival people
with whom the Sumerians were frequently at
From the royal tombs of Ur, made of lapis lazuli and shell, shows
war.
peacetime
10
5 CULTURE
in the elds, and the shaduf was already employed for the ter the ood season and after the Spring Equinox and
purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers
vases.[32]
would ood their elds and then drain the water. Next
they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They
then dragged the elds with pickaxes. After drying, they
plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and
pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual
increase in the salinity of the elds. By the Ur III period,
farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant
barley as their principal crop.
Sumerians harvested during the spring in three-person
teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf
handler.[44] The farmers would use threshing wagons,
driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the
stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain.
They then winnowed the grain/cha mixture.
5.5 Architecture
Main articles:
Mudhif
An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet, written in year
4 of King Urukagina, circa 2350 BC
5.8
5.6
Military
Mathematics
5.7
Bill of sale of a male slave and a building in Shuruppak, Sumerian tablet, circa 2600 BC
11
The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a
major part of the economy. Slave women worked as
weavers, pressers, millers, and porters.
Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints.
The potters used a bow drill to produce the re needed
for baking the pottery. Sumerian masons and jewelers
knew and made use of alabaster (calcite), ivory, iron,
gold, silver, carnelian, and lapis lazuli.[48]
5.7.1 Money and credit
Large institutions kept their accounts in barley and silver,
often with a xed rate between them. The obligations,
loans and prices in general were usually denominated in
one of them. Many transactions involved debt, for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer
advanced by ale women.[49]
Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were
the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to nance trade expeditions
and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set
at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before
2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years.[49] Rural loans commonly arose as a result of
unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to
the debtor.[50] They were denominated in barley or other
crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than
for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of
the loan principal.[49]
Periodically clean slate decrees were signed by rulers
which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt
and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the rst full
year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at
times of military conict or crop failure. The rst known
ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash
in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of
these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree
that they threatened ghting force which could happen if
peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants
due to the inability to repay the debt.[49]
Military
12
7 SEE ALSO
people and animals walking along the nearby banks
6 Legacy
in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian
army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what
resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training
and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have
made use of professional soldiers.[52]
The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to onagers.
These early chariots functioned less eectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that
these chariots served primarily as transports, though the
crew carried battle-axes and lances. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a
crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. The cart was
composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid
three-piece design.
7 See also
Marsh Arabs(on the DNA distribution of Marsh
Arabs)
History of Iraq
13
Notes
References
14
[31] http://www.ldolphin.org/eden/
[32] Sayce, Rev. A. H. (1908). The Archaeology of
the Cuneiform Inscriptions (2nd revised ed.). London,
Brighton, New York: Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge. pp. 98100.
[33] Gender and the Journal: Diaries and Academic Discourse
p. 62 by Cinthia Gannett, 1992
[34] Woods C. 2006 Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the
Death of Sumerian. In S.L. Sanders (ed) Margins of
Writing, Origins of Culture: 91-120 Chicago
[35] Campbell, Lyle; Mauricio J. Mixco (2007). A glossary of
historical linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. p. 196.
ISBN 978-0-7486-2379-2.
[36] Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons,
and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated
Dictionary. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292707948.
[37] Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), Mesopotamia: The Invention
of the City' (Penguin)
[38] Crawford, Harriet (1993), Sumer and the Sumerians
(Cambridge University Press, (New York 1993)), ISBN
0-521-38850-3.
[39] Bibby Georey and Carl Phillips (2013), Looking for
Dilmun (Alfred A. Knopf)
[40] Gately, Iain. Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol.
Gotham Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-592-40303-5.
[41] Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1927). Footprints of Early
Man. Blackie & Son Limited.
[42] Adams, R. McC. (1981). Heartland of Cities. University
of Chicago Press.
[43] Tannahill, Reay (1968). The ne art of food. Folio Society.
[44] By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world,
Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975
[45] Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology, Third Millennium Mathematics. St. Lawrence University.
[46] Ifrah 2001:11
[47] Anderson, Marlow; Wilson, Robin J. (October 14, 2004).
Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history. Google Books. ISBN 9780883855461. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
[48] Diplomacy by design: Luxury arts and an international
style in the ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BC, Marian
H. Feldman, University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 120121
[49] Hudson, Michael (1998). Michael Hudson and Marc Van
De Mieroop, ed. Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, Maryland: CDL. pp. 2335.
ISBN 1883053714.
10 FURTHER READING
10 Further reading
Ascalone, Enrico.
2007.
Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries
of Civilizations; 1).
Berkeley:
University of California Press.
ISBN 0-520-25266-7 (paperback).
Bottro, Jean, Andr Finet,
Bertrand Lafont, and George
Roux. 2001. Everyday Life in
Ancient Mesopotamia. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
Crawford, Harriet E. W. 2004.
Sumer and the Sumerians. Cambridge:
Cambridge University
Press.
Leick, Gwendolyn.
2002.
Mesopotamia: Invention of the
City.
London and New York:
Penguin.
Lloyd, Seton. 1978. The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Old
Stone Age to the Persian Conquest.
London: Thames and Hudson.
Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea. 1998.
Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia.
London and Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The
Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character. University
of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-22645238-7.
15
Kramer, Samuel Noah. Sumerian
Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and
Literary Achievement in the Third
Millennium BC.
Roux, Georges. 1992. Ancient
Iraq, 560 pages. London: Penguin
(earlier printings may have dierent pagination: 1966, 480 pages,
Pelican; 1964, 431 pages, London:
Allen and Urwin).
Schomp, Virginia.
Ancient
Mesopotamia:
The Sumerians,
Babylonians, And Assyrians.
Sumer: Cities of Eden (Timelife
Lost Civilizations).
Alexandria,
VA: Time-Life Books, 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8094-9887-1).
Woolley, C. Leonard. 1929. The
Sumerians. Oxford: Clarendon
Press.
11
External links
Ancient Sumer History --- The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium
Iraqs Ancient Past Penn Museum
The Sumerians
Geography
Map of The Fertile Crescent
The History Files: Ancient Mesopotamia
Language
Sumerian Language Page, perhaps the oldest Sumerian website on the web (it dates back to 1996),
features compiled lexicon, detailed FAQ, extensive
links, and so on.
ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian
Literature has complete translations of more than
400 Sumerian literary texts.
PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary, while
still in its initial stages, can be searched on-line, from
August 2004.
CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative a large
corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration, largely
from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods, accessible with images.
Coordinates: 3200N 4530E / 32.0N 45.5E
16
12
12
12.1
Sumer Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer?oldid=724145695 Contributors: Derek Ross, Brion VIBBER, Mav, Andre Engels,
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12.2
Images
File:Babylonlion.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: ?
File:Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.
jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2009) Original artist: ?
File:Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Cities_of_Sumer_%28en%29.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors:
Ciudades_de_Sumeria.svg Original artist: Ciudades_de_Sumeria.svg: Crates
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Cylinder_seal_
lions_Louvre_MNB1167_n2.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2010) Original artist: ?
File:Early_writing_tablet_recording_the_allocation_of_beer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/
Early_writing_tablet_recording_the_allocation_of_beer.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: BabelStone
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Oce of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
File:Genealogy_of_Sumero-Akkadian_Gods.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Genealogy_of_
Sumero-Akkadian_Gods.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Drawn using powerpoint tools and saved as a jpeg
Previously published: Not published elsewhere Original artist: John D. Croft
File:Head_Gudea_Louvre_AO13.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Head_Gudea_Louvre_AO13.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Lan Nguyen
File:Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Issue_of_barley_rations.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gavin.collins
File:Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/
Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Rosemaniakos
from Bejing (hometown)
File:Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: JMiall (Own
work) Original artist: ?
File:Samarra_bowl.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Samarra_bowl.jpg License: GFDL Contributors:
own photograph Original artist: Dbachmann
File:Standard_of_Ur_chariots.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Standard_of_Ur_chariots.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Stele_
of_Vultures_detail_01-transparent.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Eric Gaba (User:Sting), July 2005.
Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
18
12
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Stele_of_Vultures_detail_02.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Stele_of_Vultures_
detail_02.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Eric Gaba (User:Sting), July 2005.
Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Sumer1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Sumer1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: :You
asked about my map of Sumer. Yes, it is one I prepared myself from multiple sources, including a base map from Bartholemews World Atlas,
and the Times ATlas of the World, supplimented from various historical atlases. John D. Croft 17:48, 18 December 2006 (UTC) Original
artist: This map has been uploaded by Electionworld from en.wikipedia.org to enable the <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Wikimedia-logo.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wikimedia-logo.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/
Wikimedia-logo.svg/15px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/23px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/
Wikimedia-logo.svg/30px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1024' data-le-height='1024' /></a>Wikimedia Atlas of the
World <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg' class='image'><img alt='Gnome-globe.svg' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='48' data-le-height='48' /></a>.
Original uploader to en.wikipedia.org was John D. Croft, known as John D. Croft at en.wikipedia.org. Electionworld is not the creator of
this map. Licensing information is below.
File:Ur_mosaic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Ur_mosaic.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Alma
E.."Readers Digest: Mysteries of the Bible: The Enduring Question of the Scriptures.Pleasantville, New York/Montreal.The Readers
Digest Association, Inc.1988.ISBN: 0-89577-293-0 Original artist: Alma E. Guinness
File:Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, based on a 1939 drawing by Leonard Woolley, Ur Excavations, Volume V. The Ziggurat and its Surroundings,
Figure 1.4 [1][2] Original artist: user:wikiwikiyarou
12.3
Content license