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diversas migraciones humanas que poblaron ese continente. El estrato ms reciente formado
bsicamente por las lenguas austronesias del grupo ocenico que parece ser un grupo filogntico
bien establecido dentro de las lenguas austronesias. Sin embargo, los pueblos que dieron lugar a las
lenguas ocenicas claramente llegaron con posterioridad a otros pueblos que hablaban lengua no
relacionadas con estas.
Adems de las lenguas autctonas mencionadas, en Oceana se hablan lenguas alctonas de origen
colonial como el ingls que de hecho es la lengua con mayor nmero de hablantes. El francs es la
tercera lengua (por detrs del tok pisin), con un nmero cercano el hindi de Fiyi debido a la gran
inmigracin desde India aFiyi. Otras lenguas alctonas con una presencia menor son
el portugus en Timor Oriental, el japons en las islas Bonin y Palaos y el espaol en isla de
Pascua yarchipilago Juan Fernndez.
Adems existen algunos criollos, formados por la influencia del malayo o las lenguas coloniales,
sobre lenguas indgenas entre estas lenguas se encuentran el tok pisin, el bislama, el chavacano y
varios criollos malayos, adems del pidgin hawaiano y el norfuk-pitkern.
Lenguas ocenicas que son una rama de las lenguas malayo-polinesias centro-orientalesque
a su vez son lenguas austronesias. Su expansin por casi toda Oceana central y oriental
empez durante el II milenio a. C., pero la mayor parte de esta expansin se produjo durante elI
milenio a. C. y el I milenio d. C. Las fases de esta expansin se conocen relativamente bien tanto
a partir de evidencias arqueolgicas como filogentico-lingsticas.
Vegetales: Existe una gran variedad de vegetales autctonos como el taro, rbol del pan,
rbol candil o kukui, arrurruz de Hait o pia, ti o ki, frijol alado y jcama. El cereal ms
popular es el arroz y las frutas ms consumidas son el coco, la banana y la pia tropical.
Lenguas del caribe. Pues en el Caribe conviven diferentes lenguas y es muy probable que en la
misma aventura, por ejemplo por ser parte de un crucero, haya que conocer distintos lugares en los
que se hablan diferentes idiomas. Por ello, desde Diario del Viajero elaboramos un listado con las
lenguas que se hablan en cada destino de esta hermosa regin.
Veremos, entonces, que con el espaol se podr interactuar con facilidad en muchos lugares, le
sigue en importancia el ingls y luego el francs y el neerlands.
En tanto, es de destacar que en algunos sitios como lo son Hait, Jamaica o la isla de San Andrs
perteneciente a Colombia, los naturales del lugar hablan un idioma criollo (creole). Con un particular
acento y construccin gramatical. De todas formas, es esta una legua que suelen utilizar entre s
para, luego, comunicarse con el resto en el idioma oficial del pas.
Dnde se habla ingls? En las Islas Vrgenes estadounidenses e Islas Vrgenes Britnicas,
Bahamas, Trinidad y Tobago, Barbados, Antigua y Barbuda, Dominica, Granada, San Cristobal y
Nieves, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Luca, Jamaica e Islas Caimn.
Dnde se habla espaol? En Cuba, Repblica Dominicana, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Belice,
Mxico, Colombia y Trinidad y Tobago, donde se habla ingls pero tambin el espaol es escuchado.
Dnde se habla francs? En St. Martin, Martinique, Dominica (junto con el ingls) y Hait.
Dnde se habla neerlands? En Aruba y en Curazao.
En Cuba el Calal se prepara con harina y carne de puerco. Se tiene como alimento de la
divinidad de chango, el dios del rayo, trueno, amor, virilidad y de la msica. En Hait recibe el
nombre de calal-gombo, es calal de difuntos. Existe una sopa hecha de estas hierbas y otros
ingredientes, y se consume como parte de una ceremonia en la vela de muertos. En las Antillas es
muy comn el peper-pot que lleva calal. En las Islas de Guadalupe y Trinidad y Tobago le
agregan okra. La fuerte influencia oriental hace que se condimente con salsa de soya.
ame:
Con l se hace fuf que son bolitas de pur de ame. Tambin se elaboran frituritas de
ame en aceite de palma, en tamalitos y cocinados al vapor. Con este tubrculo se hace pur,
harina, atoles, pan y pudines. En Hait, cuando hay abundancia de ames es seal de que habr
comida en invierno y bienestar, es smbolo de fertilidad y esta relacionado con el culto a los
antepasados. El ame negro se conoce como el ame de Puerto Rico.
Malanga:
Al tiquizque blanco se le conoce como malanga en Cuba. Los africanos mezclan el tiquizque
y la malanga para hacer bollos con ames, bananos y yuca. Tambin se puede hacer un almidn
sustituto de la harina de trigo.
Arrowrrot:
Con el se hace un almidn que sirve para espesar salsas, o para utilizarse en queque y
galletas.
Yuca:
Se preparan muchos platillos como los tamales de yuca, arepas, arrollados, atoles y
galletas. Un platillo llamado bamy consiste en rayar la yuca y ponerla a escurrir en una tela para
sacarles el agua, se amasa con sal haciendo tortas que se fren en aceite caliente. Se parecen a las
tortillas de maz pero ms gruesas.
molidos. Del agua extrada de la yuca se obtiene un almidn, dejndolo asentar al sol por varios
das.
Fruta de pan:
En frica se consume cruda. Se corta en tajadas poco gruesas, recubrindolas de
mantequilla y se hornean. Otras formas de prepararla es en pur; hirvindola con leche de coco,
mantequilla y canela; en atol que se le llama guabul, en sopa; licuado con leche o crema; en
tortillas; picadillos; sola con achiote; con carne, leche de coco y chile. Los jamaiquinos la consumen
con bacalao y ak.
Ak:
En Jamaica ha pasado a ser uno de los platillos favoritos, cuando se hace con bacalao,
conocindose como plato nacional. Para que pique se le agrega chile panameo. Hoy se exporta a
Estados Unidos y Europa enlatado.
Okra:
En Cuba recibe el nombre de quimbombo o quingogno y se corta en trozos cubrindola
con agua con mucho limn o naranja agria. En frica no se realiza de esta forma y recibe los
nombres de wolof, mandinga, bambara. Otros nombres que recibe son, ochro, lady fingers, bamie,
melodrn. El quimbomb cubano se mezcla con varios tubrculos y gran variedad de carnes,
quedando como una sopa espesa o atol. El ingrediente principal del peper-pot jamaiquino es la
okra, este lleva verduras, hojas, (calal o espinacas), incluidos los dumpling, tortillas de harina de
maz que se agregan al final. En Barbados se le conoce como coo-coo o platillo para acompaar.
Se sirve acompaado de la especialidad de la casa, pescado al vapor, y en otras islas se acompaa
de cualquier carne o pescado; entre sus ingredientes estn las okras harina de maz y mantequilla.
Este
platillo
tambin
se
conoce
en
Jamaica
Trinidad
Tobago. En las Antillas Neerlandesas e Islas Vrgenes se la llama funchi o fungi, omitindose las
okras.
Tenemos as muchos
The languages of Oceania do not form a coherent group but its high diversity corresponds to various
human migrations that populated the continent. The most recent layer formed basically by the
Austronesian languages of oceanic group appears to be a well established filogntico group within
the Austronesian languages. However, the people who gave rise to the Oceanic languages clearly
came after other peoples speaking language unrelated to these.
In addition to the native languages mentioned in Oceania alien origin colonial languages like English
that in fact is the language with more speakers they are spoken. French is the third language (behind
Tok Pisin), with a number near the Fiji Hindi because of the large immigration from India aFiyi. Other
non-native languages with a smaller presence are Portuguese in East Timor, the Japanese in the
Bonin Islands and Palau and Spanish yarchipilago Easter Island Juan Fernndez.
There are also some Creoles, formed by the influence of Malay or colonial languages, indigenous
languages between these languages are Tok Pisin, Bislama, the chavacano and several Malay
Creoles, besides the Hawaiian pidgin and Norfuk-Pitkern.
Oceanic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages center-orientalesque in turn
are Austronesian languages. Its expansion in almost all Central and Eastern Oceania began during
the second millennium. C., but most of this expansion occurred during ELI millennium. I millennium
BC and d. C. The phases of this expansion are relatively well known from both archaeological
evidence and phylogenetic-linguistic.
Languages pre-ocean, divided for convenience into three non phylogenetic groups:
Papuan languages, these languages do not form a phylogenetic group or language family
established, rather it regroups all the languages that do not seem related to the languages of
Australia or Tasmiania and chronologically date back to pre-oceanic populations. There is no
consensus on the phylogenetic classification of these languages, many of them poorly documented,
and also represent a set of more than 900 languages.
Aboriginal Languages of Australia, Aboriginal languages Documentas Australia exceed 250. Nor
form a language family established but are formed by large families as last phylogenetic relationship
is not secure (some authors suggest that there may be a phylogenetic relationship between these
languages, but there is no linguistic evidence to assert more detail).
Tasmanian languages, languages of Tasmania are a group of very poorly documented languages.
While at one time it was thought that could be linked with any Australian language seems to be a
great linguistic and cultural differences between Australian and Tasmanian populations. Therefore
provisionally they considered a separate group of tongues. You may Tasmanian languages whose
number is between 8 to 10 themselves form a language family, but the scarcity of existing
documentation can not say for sure.
Australian. With the arrival of immigrants from Southeast Asia and India in the 70s it became the
current New Zealand cuisine.
Hawaii: Of all the cuisines of Oceania Hawaiian cuisine is more fusion of different ethnicities and
countries. With American-born Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian and Portuguese. It is
also a cuisine rich in meat but also has a variety of vegetables and native fruits.
Australia
Meat and fish: Meat common livestock as cow, pig, sheep; bird, like a dove, goose, swan. After an
abundant variety of native meats such as kangaroo, emu, crocodile, snake and scorpion even
cockroach, insects and other inherited ethnic and suitable only for adventurous cuisine.
Fish and seafood are very common ingredients, such as the moreton bay bug (native lobster), Yabby
(crab Australian river), native fish such as barramundi, treballa or other like bluefin tuna, barramundi,
freshwater fish, etc.
Vegetables: Vegetables are usually eaten as a stew dishes and the most consumed are potatoes,
beans, beans and carrots. The main cereals are wheat, barley and rye. Fruits like apples, oranges,
pears and other more common, besides native of Australia, as guandong (native peach), Wattleseed,
Illawarra plums, riberry, native raspberries and Lilli Pilli.
New Zealand
Meats: Mainly lamb (one of the main sources of the country cattle) beef, pork, chicken and pigeon.
Vegetables: Potatoes, yams (sweet potatoes), taro (Asian tuber), pumpkin, carrots, tomatoes, sugar
cane, rice, wheat. Fruits like apples, pears, peaches, plums and mangoes.
Hawaii
Meat and Fish: The meat ingredients are pork, lamb, sheep, chicken, etc. but, above all, veal and as
a curiosity called Spam canned meat used in many recipes. The main ingredient of fish is tuna and
the most consumed fish are pretty high (aku), the ahi tuna (ahi), albacore (Tombo), blue marlin Pacific
(Kajiki), swordfish (shutome) and grouper (hapuu)
Vegetables: A variety of local vegetables such as taro, breadfruit, oil lamps or kukui tree, Haiti or pia
arrowroot, you or ki, winged bean and jicama. The most popular cereal is rice and the most
consumed fruits are coconut, banana and pineapple.
Caribbean languages. For in the Caribbean there are different languages and is very likely that in the
same adventure, for example by being part of a cruise has to know different places where different
languages are spoken. Therefore, from Traveler's Journal we developed a list of the languages
spoken in each destination of this beautiful region.
We will see, then, that the Spanish will be able to interact easily in many places, followed in
importance by the English and then French and Dutch.
Meanwhile, it is worth noting that in places such as Haiti, Jamaica and the island of San Andrs
belonging to Colombia, the natives of the place speak a Creole language (Creole). With a particular
accent and grammatical construction. However, is this a league that often use each other to then
communicate with the rest in the official language of the country.
Where English is spoken? In the US Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands, Bahamas, Trinidad and
Tobago, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Granada, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.
Where Spanish is spoken? In Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Belize, Mexico,
Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago, where English is spoken but Spanish is heard.
Where French is spoken? In St. Martin, Martinique, Dominica (along with English) and Haiti.
Where Dutch is spoken? Aruba and Curacao in.
refried beans. The water extracted from cassava starch is obtained, leaving seat in the sun for
several days.
Breadfruit:
In Africa it is consumed raw. It is cut into little thick slices, coating them with butter and baked. Other
ways to prepare is pureed; by boiling with coconut milk, butter and cinnamon; in gruel that is called
"guabul" soup; smoothie with milk or cream; tortillas; picadillos; alone with achiote; meat, coconut milk
and chili. Jamaicans consume it with cod and ackee.
Ak:
Jamaica has become one of the favorite dishes when made with cod, to be known as national dish.
To pique Panamanian pepper is added. Today is exported to the United States and Europe canned.
Okra:
In Cuba it called "okra" or "quingogno" and cut into pieces covering it with water with lots of lemon or
sour orange. In Africa it is not done this way and given the names Wolof, Mandinka, Bambara. Other
names given are ochro, lady fingers, bamie, melodrn. The Cuban okra mixed with various tubers
and variety of meats, staying as a thick soup or gruel. The main ingredient of "peper-pot" Jamaica is
the okra, bears vegetables, leaves, (okra or spinach), including dumplings, corn flour tortillas that are
added at the end. In Barbados it is known as "coo-coo" or dish to accompany. It serves with the
house specialty, steamed fish, and other islands accompanied by any meat or fish; among its
ingredients are the cornmeal and okra butter. This dish is also known in Jamaica and Trinidad and
Tobago. In the Netherlands Antilles and the Virgin Islands it is called "funchi" or "fungi", omitting okra.
Some traditional dishes are:
The rice and peas in Jamaica is made with red beans dried pulses together with a slave
heritage. The mixture was rice and beans found in many West African countries, Nigeria was served
with meat or fish. Other variations are found in the southern United States. Cubans prepare it only for
festive occasions.
A meat mixed with manioc and Panamanian pepper fog is called low. Is prepared by placing in
the bottom of the container with a lattice of twigs covering it with banana leaves and takes the fire,
you can also add certain vegetables, meat, wrapped in leaves that are steamed, all this African
system is used today .
Conch or Lambi, is the preparation of a mollusk, its flesh is softened majndola before
cooking, it is used in soups, stews, and salads. Also they make "fritters".
Escabeche is the method of cooking fish, chicken or other meat cooked with oil and vinegar.
In Jamaica it was transformed from "escovich" a "caveached fish".
Cod consumed in cakes called "stamp and go". Before prepare it should be left in water to
remove the salt.
In Jamaica there is a dish called "run-down" better known as OBE, is made by boiling coconut
milk until custard is made, it is added to salted fish or pickled banana and others, as in Africa with the
"fufu "wet with the bread in the sauce.
Every country in the Caribbean island is characterized by having a base very similar tradition,
but still can distinguish each island according to their dishes. so we have many dishes: