CHAPTER 4:

PERIODIC TABLE

The Modern Periodic Table

The

periodic table is a table that arranges all the

known elements in order of increasing proton
number.
The elements in the periodic table are arranged in:
group ( vertical column )
period ( horizontal row )
2

PERIOD

The period in the Periodic Table are

numbered 1 to 7

The elements are arranged in order of the

increasing proton number.

The elements in the same period have the

same principle quantum number.
11Na

1s2

2 2s1
Li
=
1s
3

2s2

2p6

3s1

2 2s2
Be
=
1s
4

Valence shell = 3
Period = 3
Valence shell = 2
Period = 2

GROUPS

The groups in the Periodic Table are numbered

from 1 to 18

The elements in the same group have the same

number of valence electrons.

Group number = number of valence electron, if the

element is in block s and d
Group number = number of valence elecftron + 10,
if the element is in block p
4

Example :
2 2s1
Li
=
1s
3
2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Na
=
1s
11
2 2s2 2p1
B
=
1s
5
2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Al
=
1s
13

22s22p63s23p64s23d2
Ti
=
1s
22

Valence e- = 1
Group 1

Valence e- = 3
Group = 10 + 3
group 13
Valence e- = 4
Group 4
5

There are 5 main group in periodic table :

Group 1
: alkalimetals
Group 2
: alkali earth metals
Group 3-12 : transition metals
Group 17 : halogens
Group 18 : inert/ noble gas

group
period
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

noble gases

Transition metals

2
3 4

13 14 15 16 17

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Alkaline earth metals

Alkali metals
(except H)

18

halogens

BLOCKS
All the elements in the Periodic Table can be
classified into 4 main blocks. These main blocks
are block s, p, d and f.
1

13

14

15

16

17

18

Block-s

2
3

Block-p

Block-d

Block-f
8

s Block :

Groups 1 and 2

Configuration of valence electron : ns1 to ns2

Example:
11Na:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Ca:
1s
20

p Block :
Groups

13 to 18
Configuration of valence electrons: ns2 np1 to ns2np6.
Example:
2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Al:
1s
13
2
2
6
2
6
10
2
4
34Se: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p

10

d Block

Also known as a transition elements.

Groups 3 to 12.

Configuration of valence electron:

(n-1)d1 ns2 to (n-1)d10 ns2

Example:
2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
V
:
1s
23

11

f Block

Involve element in the series of lanthanides (4f)

& actinides ( 5f ).
Block-f elements mostly radioactive

Lanthanides

actinides
12

EXERCISE !!
Classify the following elements into its appropriate group,
period and block.
P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Q . 1s2 2s2 2p5
R . 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
S . 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
T .. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1
Element
P
Q
R
S
T

Group
18
17
2
5
13

Period
3
2
4
4
4

block
p
p
s
d
p

13

Metal
All

the elements on the left side and in the

middle of the periodic table (except for
hydrogen) are metallic elements.

14

Metalloid
have

properties that fall between those of

metals and non-metals.
Metalloid

15

non- metal

Further across the period towards the right,

elements gradually lose their metallic character
and gained nonmetallic features.
non - metal

16

Periodicity
Periodicity is the periodic trend in properties of
elements.
1. Variation in atomic & ionic radii

The size /radius of atom is difficult to be

defined exactly because the electron cloud has
no clear boundary.
To solve this, we measure the distance between
the 2 nuclei in a molecule.

Radius, r = a/2
17

2 factors that affecting the size of atoms :

1)
2)

Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

Value of the principal quantum number of
the valence electrons
1) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

is the residual nett charge felt by the valence electron.

Zeff = Z S

where

Z = no. of proton
S = no. of inner electrons
18

EXAMPLE:
2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Mg
=
1s
12

electrons filled at the

inner orbital

Zeff = 12 10 = 2
2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
P
=
1s
15

Zeff = 15 10 = 5
Zeff , attraction between the nucleus & the valence
electrons become stronger. Thus, atomic size

Size of P is smaller than Mg

19

2) Value of the principal quantum number of the

valence electrons
The Screening Effect

The shielding effect is caused by the mutual

repulsion of electrons.The repulsion may occur
between :
* electron of inner orbitals & the electrons
of valence orbital
* electron of the same orbital.(less effective )

The shielding effect of the electrons of the inner

orbitals causes the outer electrons to be less
attracted to the nucleus.
20

EXAMPLE:
12Mg

= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

4Be

= 1s22s2

Inner shell
The value of n
, the shielding effect , the
attraction between the nucleus & valence
electrons becomes weaker, the size of atom
Size of Be is smaller than Mg
21

Across the period

3Li
1S2 2S1

4Be
1S2 2S2

5B
1S2 2S22P1

6C
1S2 2S22P2

7N
1S2 2S22P3

Z eff

n / shell

Across the period :

The effective nuclear charge
, the attraction
between the nucleus & valence electrons
becomes stronger, the size of atoms decrease.
The value of n is same, so it is less important.
22

Going down the group

3Li

11Na

[He] 2S1 [Ne]3S1

1
1
Zeff
2
3
n / shell

19K

[Ar]4S1
1
4

Going down the group :

The value of n is , the shielding effects
, the
attraction between the nucleus & valence
electrons becomes stronger, the size of atoms
increase.
The effective nuclear charge is same, so it is less
important.
23

Increasing atomic radius

Increasing atomic radius

24

Periodic trends in the ionic radii

a) Size of positive ions

Is formed when an atom loses electron

The mutual repulsions between them decrease &
experience more attraction from the nucleus
So, the electron cloud shrinks.

Therefore,
cations is always smaller than
the corresponding neutral atoms.
25

b) Size of negative ions

is formed when an atom gains electron.

The mutual repulsions between them increase &
experience less attraction from the nucleus
So, the electron cloud enlarges.

Therefore,
anions are larger than the corresponding neutral atoms

26

27

Isoelectronic Series
Isoelectronic series are groups of atoms or ions
which have the same electronic configuration.

28

Isoelectronic series for cations across period 3

11Na+ =

1s2 2s2 2p6

12Mg2+=
1s2 2s2 2p6
13Al3+ =
1s2 2s2 2p6
14Si4+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6

Isoelectronic
configuration

Zeff
From Na+ to Si4+ the Zeff , the attraction between
the nucleus & valence
electrons becomes
stronger, the size of cations decrease.

Na+ > Mg 2+ > Al 3+ > Si 4+

The more positive the charge, the smaller the species

29

Isoelectronic series for anion across period 3

15 P3-= 1s2

2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

16S2-

2s2

17Cl-

= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1s2

2p6

3s2

3p6

Isoelectronic
configuration

Zeff
From P3+ to Cl- the Zeff , the attraction between
the nucleus & valence
electrons becomes
stronger, the size of anions decrease.

P 3- > S 2- > ClThe less negative the charge, the smaller the species
30

P 3- > S 2- > Cl- > Na+ > Mg 2+ > Al 3+ > Si 4+

P3- > S2- > Cl- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+

Across the period, sizes of cations or anions

decrease due to the increase of Zeff.

31

Example :
Arrange these ions in order of decreasing ionic radius.
F-, O2-, Na+, Al 3+,Si4+, Mg2+, N3-

Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6

N3- > O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+

32

Periodic trends in the ionization energies

The first ionization energy, IE1, is the energy required to

remove one mole electron from one mole of neutral,
gaseous atom:

X (g)

X+ (g) + e-

H = +ve

The process is endothermic as energy must be supplied

to remove the electron.

33

Second ionization energy (IE2)

is the energy required to remove one mole electron from
one mole positive ion (atom that already lost 1e-)
in the gaseous state
X+ (g)

X2+ (g) + e-

H = +ve

Third ionization energy (IE3)

is the energy required to remove one mole electron from
two mole positive ion (atom that already lost 2e-)
in the gaseous state
X2+ (g)

X3+ (g) + e-

H = +ve

34

IE

, the attraction between the

nucleus and the electron

More difficult to remove the electron from the inner shell

35

Factors effecting the IE

1)

The size of atom (atomic radii)

Atomic radii ,
the attraction between the nucleus & the valence e
IE
2)

Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

Zeff ,
the attraction between the nucleus & the valence e
IE
3)

Value of n of the valence e

n
The attraction between the nucleus & the valence e
IE

36

going down a group,Ionization energy

WHY ?

Down a group, n , Shielding effect , attraction

between the nucleus & valence e, atomic size ,
IE
across the period, Ionization energy
WHY ?

Across the period, Zeff , attraction between the

nucleus & valence e , atomic size ,IE
37

Group

13

14

15

16

17

18

Elements

Li

Be

Ne

IE

520 900

801

1086 1402 1314 1681 2081

Anomalous cases for ionization energy

The irregularity between group 2, 13,15 & 16

It can be explained by the stability of the halffilled & completely filled orbitals
38

Explaination :
For Be :

IE1 for Be > IE1 for B

Be 1s2 2s2

1s2 2s2 2p1

The 1st electron is removed from the completely

filled 2s orbital,which has additional stability.

Whereas,
For B :

The first electron is removed from 2p orbital which is

higher in energy than the 2s.
the 2p electron is more easily removed than the 2s
electron.
39

IE1 for N > IE1 for O

Electronic configuration :
N 1s2 2s2 2p3

O 1s2 2s2 2p4

Explaination :
In N,the 1st electron is removed from a half-filled 2p
orbitals,which has additional stability.

In O, the 4th electron in the 2p orbital is paired.This

electron experience e e repulsion.
So, this e is more easily removed.
40

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson the students should be able
to :
(a) Deduce the electronic configuration of an
element and its position in the periodic
table based on successive ionisation energy
data.

41

Ionization energies elements (kJ mol-1)

42

In general,successive ionization energy

always increases.
The trends are :

1) Slowly increases when e is removed from

the same shell.
As the positive charge increases, the
remaining electrons are held more
closely by the nucleus & more energy is
required to remove them.
43

2) Drastically increases when e is removed from

another shell.
Has to remove electron from inner orbital,
which has a noble gas configuration.
More difficult to remove electron from a
stable arrangement.
This gives a clue of number of electron in
valence shell.Thus, we can deduce the
position of element in the periodic table.

44

Example:
IE

(kJmol-1)

899

1757

14845

21000

Determine
i) electron configuration of the valence electron
for Z
ii) group number of Z in the periodic table

45

By determining the IE ratios:

IE2 = 1757 = 1.95
IE1
899
IE3 = 14845 = 8.45
IE2
1757
IE4 = 21000 = 1.41
IE3
14845

Highest ratio

Since IE3 / IE2 have the highest ratio, the third

electron is removed from an inner shell.
2 valence electrons are present.
Electron configuration: ns2
This element is in group 2
46

Example:
Five successive ionization energies (kJmol-1) for atom M
is shown below:
IE1
800

IE2
1580

IE3
3230

IE4
4360

IE5
16000

Determine
i) electron configuration of the valence electron
for M
ii) group number of M in the periodic table
47

By determining the IE ratios:

IE2 = 1580 = 1.98

IE1
800
IE3 = 3230 = 2.04
IE2 1580
IE4 = 4360 = 1.35
IE3 3230

Highest ratio

IE5 = 16000 = 3.67

IE4
4360

Since IE5 / IE4 have the highest ratio, the fifth

electron is removed from an inner shell.
4 valence electrons are present.
Electron configuration: ns2np2
This element is in group 14

48

Electron Affinity
The change in energy of the reaction when an
electron is added to a gaseous atom or ion.
X (g) + eX- (g)

The first electron affinity

These reactions tend to be exothermic (release

energy) because the first electron to be added
toward a neutral atom experiences an attraction
for the positively charged nucleus.
The higher (more negative) the EA, the more
easily it accepts an electron.
49

However, affinity does not always release

energy. In some cases affinity requires energy.

The second electron affinity

Br-(g) +

Br2-(g)

EA = +ve

These reactions tend to be endothermic

(absorb energy) because the second electron
is entering a negatively charge ion.
The electron to be added experience a strong
repulsion.Thus,energy is required to overcome
that repulsive force.

50

Across a period
Zeff , The attraction towards nucleus , size ,
more energy is released to add the electron,
So, AE or (more ve)
1

13

14

15

16

17

18

51

Down a group
n , the shielding effect ,
The attraction towards nucleus , size ,
more energy is required to add the electron,
so , AE

52

Indicate which element of each pair has the lower

electron affinity.
a) Na or K
b) Mg or Be
c) Li or O
d) Cl or Br
e) Ca or Br

Answers:
a) K
b) Mg
c) Li
d) Br
e) Ca

53

Electronegativity
Is the relative tendency of an atom to attract
electrons to itself when chemically combined
with another atom.
Atoms with strong attraction for the bonding
electrons have the high electronegativity.

54

55

9.5

Across a period
Zeff , attraction between nucleus & valence
electrons , size ,so, electronegativity
Down a group
n , the shielding effect ,attraction between
nucleus & valence electrons , size , so,
electronegativity
56

Exercise:
Arrange the elements in order of their
increasing electronegativity.

a) Na, Li, Cs, K

b) B, F, Li, C
c) Cl, S, Si, Na
Answers:
a) Cs, K, Na, Li
b) Li, B, C, F
c) Na, Si, S, Cl
57

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Describe the periodicity of elements across period
3 and down groups 1 and 17 for the following
physical properties:
i. metallic character
ii. melting point
iii. boiling point
Describe and explain the acid-base character of
oxides of elements in period 3.

58

Physical Properties
1. Metallic character

Metallic character is closely related to atomic

radius and ionization energy.
The easier it is to remove electrons from an
atom, the more metallic the element.

Across the period :

Down a group :

Atomic size

Atomic size

IE
Metallic character

IE
Metallic character

59

2. Melting and Boiling point

Explain the variation in melting & boiling points of the
elements in terms of the structure & the intermolecular
forces.
Elements

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

MP0C

98

649

661

1410

44

113

-101

-189

883 1090 2467 2655 280 445

-34

-186

BP0C

order of increasing melting/boiling point :

Ar < Cl < P < S < Na < Mg < Al < Si
60

Variation of melting and boiling point of elements

in period 3 can be discussed in 3 parts:
a)

Metallic structure (Na to Al)

Na, Mg, Al have a metallic structure &

metallic bonding.
The metallic bonding is formed by the
electrostatic attraction between the positive
metal ions an the sea of electrons in a cloud

61

 Strength of metallic bonding is proportional to

the number of valence electrons.

The more valence electrons,the stronger the
metallic bonding and the higher melting /
boiling point.
From Na to Al The number of valence electron
, the metallic bonding becomes stronger, the
melting/boiling point
Na+ , Mg2+ , Al3+
The stronger the metallic bonding

62

b) Gigantic molecular structure (Si)

Silicon has a giant covalent structure.Each atom
is covalently bonded to 4 other silicon atoms in
tetrahedral arrangement.
These covalent bonds are so strong,thus silicon
having a highest melting and boiling point &
being extremely hard.

63

c) Simple molecular structure ( P to Ar)

P,S,Cl have simple molecular structure (P4, S8,

Cl2 )while Ar exist as monoatom.
covalent bond

S8

P4

Cl2

Van der Waals forces

64

The covalent bond between the atoms is very

strong but the intermolecular force, that is,
Van der Waals, is very weak.
Van der waals forces increases as size of
molecule increases
Molecular size: Ar < Cl2 < P4 < S8 therefore
melting / boiling point :
Ar < Cl < P < S

65

melting and boiling point of :

Group 1 elements

Going down the group, the size of atoms

increases, the metallic bond becomes weaker,
the melting and boiling points decrease.
66

Group 17 elements

Going down the group, the molecular size

increases, the Van der Waals forces becomes
stronger, the melting and boiling points increase.
67

Acid-base character of oxides of Period 3

The elements in period 3 burn in oxygen when

heated to form their respective oxides.

element Na
Oxidati +1
on state
oxide

Mg
+2

Al
+3

Si
+4

P
+3
+5

S
+4
+6

Cl
+1
+7

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6 SO2 Cl2O

P4O10
Cl2O7

Most oxides can be clasified as acidic or basic

depending on whether they ;
Produce acid or base when disslove in water or
act as acids or bases in certain processes.
68

oxide

Na2O

MgO

Al2O3

SiO2

P4O6
P4O10

SO2

Cl2O
Cl2O7

Adding soluble soluble insolub insolu soluble soluble soluble

H2O
le
ble
Adding
HCl

Has
rxn

Has
rxn

Has
rxn

No
rxn

No
rxn

No
rxn

No
rxn

Adding
NaOH

No
rxn

No
rxn

Has
rxn

Has
rxn

Has
rxn

Has
rxn

Has
rxn

Basic
Oxide

Amph
oteric
Oxide

Acidic
Oxide

Acidic
Oxide

Acidic
Oxide

Acidic
Oxide

Basic
Nature
Oxide

69

Oxide

Na2O

Add H2O

Na2O(s) + H2O(l)

Add HCl

Na2O(s) + HCl(aq)

Oxide

MgO

Add H2O

MgO(s) + H2O(l)

Add HCl

MgO(s) + 2HCl(ag)

2NaOH(aq)
2NaCl (aq)+ H2O(l)

Mg(OH)2(aq)
MgCl2 (aq)+ H2O(l)
70

Oxide
Add H2O
Add HCl

Al2O3
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)

2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

Al2O3(s)+2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O

Oxide

SiO2

Add H2O

SiO2(s) + 2NaOH(aq)

2Al(OH)4(aq)

Na2SiO3(aq) + H2O(l)

71

Oxide

P4O10 (or P4O6)

P4O6 + 6H2O
Add H2O P4O10 + 6H2O
Add
NaOH

P4O6 + 12NaOH
P4O10 + 12NaOH

Oxide

4Na3PO3 + 6H2O
4Na3PO4 + 6H2O

SO2

Add H2O SO2 + H2O

Add
NAOH

4H3PO3 (Phosphoric(III) acid)

4H3PO4 (Phosphoric(V) acid)

SO2 + NaOH

H2SO3

Na2SO4 + H2O
72

Oxide

Cl2O, Cl2O7

Cl2O(g) + H2O(l)
Add H2O Cl O (g)+ H O(l)
2 7
2

Add
NaOH

Cl2O + NaOH
Cl2O7 + NaOH

2HOCl(aq)
HClO4(aq)
2NaOCl + H2O
2NaClO4 + H2O

73