4-2-1 Preliminary Site Survey PDF

Module 4.
2 MicroMicro-Hydro
4.2.1 Preliminary Site Survey

Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO)
Workshop on Renewable Energies

March 16, 2005
Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands
Micro-Hydro Development Flow

Potential
PotentialSite
SiteIdentification
Identification
Preliminary
PreliminarySite
SiteSurvey
Survey
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Planning
Planning
Designing
Designing
Implementation
Implementation
Operation
Operationand
andMaintenance
Maintenance
2
Outline of Site Survey (Reconnaissance)
Objective
To roughly evaluate the feasibility of the project
To get information necessary for planning
Items to be investigated
Potential capacity of the project site
Measurement of river flow
Measurement of head
Topographical and geological condition of the sites
for the structure
Accessibility to the site
Power demand and distance from the load center to
the site of the power house
Ability of the local people to pay for electricity
Willingness of the local people for electrification
3
Preparation for Site Survey

Information Gathering
Prepare 1/50,000 scale maps to check the location, catchment

area, villages, access road and topography of the project sites.
Gather available information on accessibility to the site, the
weather conditions, social stability, and so on.
Make copies of the 1/50,000 scale maps and route maps enlarged
by 200 to 400%.
Prepare checklists and interview sheets for site survey.
Planning of preliminary site survey
Make a plan and schedule for site survey considering accessibility

to the sites and the weather conditions.
Allow sufficient time in the schedule since most of sites are located
in remote and isolated areas
Preparation for Site Survey

Necessary Equipment for Site Survey
Equipment
Route map
Altimeter
Topographic map
GPS (portable)
Reconnaissance schedule
Camera, film
Checklist
Current meter
Interview sheet
Distance meter, measuring tape
Geological map
Hand level
Aerial photographs
Convex scale (2-3m)
Related reports
Field notebook
Scale
Pencil
Eraser
Colored pencil
Equipment
Maps and sheets

Stationery
Equipment
Section paper
Hammer
Clinometer
Knife
Scoop
Torch, flashlight
Sampling baggage
Label
Compass
Stopwatch
Batteries
Notes: : Necessary equipment for preliminary site survey

5
Site Survey
Investigation of capacity potential

River flow measurement
Head measurement
Investigation for layout and design of facilities
Intake site
Waterway route
Powerhouse site
Transmission/distribution line route
Investigation of demand forecast
Other outline surveys
6
River Flow Measurement
Reason for conducting the measurements:

Since the catchment area of micro-hydro power is relatively
small, the river flow at micro-hydro sites is site-specific.
Flow prediction using the area-proportion and area-rainfall
methods is not exactly accurate.
Some rivers dry up in the dry season
Without checking the actual flow, we cannot be confident of
the potential capacity of the projects.
Purpose:
To get enough data to accurately predict river flow at the
project site
To check the minimum river flow in the dry season
Method:
Current meter method

Float method
Bucket method
Weir measuring method
7
Current Meter Method

1. Select the measuring point.
No irregular waves or whirlpools at the surface
No backflow or stagnation
No irregular changes in the water level
2. Measure the cross-section area
Width
Depth
0
1.31
1.41
1.67
1.77
1.80
10
11
12
13
1.44
1.28
1.18
14
0.66
16
0.82
1.15
1.31
15
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.84
1.31
1.80
1.31
1.57
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
0.92
1.31
1.31
1.31

3. Measure flow velocity by a current meter
Depth > 1.7 ft:
Two-point measuring: Vm= 0.5 (V0.2 + V0.8)
Depth < 1.7 ft:
One-point measuring: Vm= V0.6
where,
Vm: Average velocity of the section
V0.2: Velocity at 20% depth below the water surface
B
w
w
d4
V0.2
d5
d6
V0.8
9

4. Calculation of the river flow
Section area: Aabcde
= Aabcf + Afcde
= 0.5 w (d4+d5) + 0.5 w (d5+d6)
= 0.5 w (d4 + 2d5 + d6)
V0.2
d4
Average velocity: Vm
= 0.5 (V0.2 + V0.8)
d5
d6
V0.8
River flow at section: Qabcde = Aabcde Vm

B
w
Total river flow = Q

d4
V0.2
w
d5
d6
V0.8
10
Exercise: Calculation of River Flow

Calculate the river flow using the flow data below.
River Discharge Measurement
Binalian
Result of Discharge measurement
No.
Unit
Interval
(ft)
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
-
Width
(ft)
0.00
1.31
2.62
3.94
5.25
6.56
7.87
9.18
10.50
11.81
13.12
14.43
15.74
17.06
18.37
19.68
20.99
-
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total
Depth
(ft)
0.00
0.66
1.15
1.31
1.41
1.67
1.77
1.80
1.84
1.80
1.57
1.44
1.28
1.18
0.92
0.82
0.00
-
C.A.= 10.5mile2
Corresponding
Velocity (ft/ s)
Unit Area
Area
2
2
(ft )
(ft )
20%Depth 80%Depth Average
1.840
1.614
2.636
2.496
3.862
3.615
2.980
2.700
3.109
2.797
2.216
2.044
1.969
1.904
1.829
1.420
-
Discharge
3
(ft / s)
11
Exercise: Calculation of River Flow
Section area: Aabcde

= Aabcf + Afcde
= 0.5 w (d4+d5) + 0.5 w (d5+d6)
= 0.5 w (d4 + 2d5 + d6)
Average velocity: Vm= 0.5 (V0.2 + V0.8)
River flow at section: Qabcde = Aabcde Vm
Total river flow = Q
0
V0.2
d4
d6
d5
V0.8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.82
0.66
1.15
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.41
1.31
1.67
1.31
1.77
1.31
1.80
1.31
1.84
1.31
1.80
1.31
1.57
1.31
1.44
1.31
1.28
1.31
0.92
1.18
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
12
<Answer 2> Calculation of River Flow

River Discharge Measurement
Binalian
Result of Discharge measurement
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total
Width
(ft)
0.00
1.31
2.62
3.94
5.25
6.56
7.87
9.18
10.50
11.81
13.12
14.43
15.74
17.06
18.37
19.68
20.99
-
Unit
Interval
(ft)
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
-
Depth
(ft)
0.000
0.656
1.148
1.312
1.410
1.673
1.771
1.804
1.837
1.804
1.574
1.443
1.279
1.181
0.918
0.820
0.000
-
C.A.= 10.5mile2
Unit Area
2
(ft )
0.430
1.183
1.614
1.786
2.023
2.259
2.345
2.388
2.388
2.216
1.980
1.786
1.614
1.377
1.140
0.538
-
Corresponding
Velocity (ft/ s)
Discharge
Area
2
3
(ft )
20%Depth 80%Depth Average
(ft / s)
1.614
0.561
0.492
0.526
0.850
3.400
0.804
0.761
0.782
2.659
4.282
1.178
1.102
1.140
4.880
4.734
0.909
0.823
0.866
4.099
4.605
0.948
0.853
0.900
4.146
3.765
0.676
0.623
0.649
2.445
2.991
0.600
0.581
0.590
1.766
1.678
0.558
0.433
0.495
0.831
27.068
21.677
13
Electromagnetic Current Meter
Propeller Current Meter
Actual Measurement
14
Float Measuring Method
Source: Micro-Hydro Design Manual

15
Bucket method
Direct measurement with a bucket
Small river flow
16

Weir measuring method
Q = C L h1.5
(h/L)1/2
C = 3.330 (1+ 0.0039 ) (1)
10
h
where,
Q: River flow (ft3/s)
C: River flow coefficient on experimental Basis
L: Opening width of weir (ft)
H: Overflow depth (ft)
In SI units
Q = C L h1.5
C = 1.838 (1+
(H/L)1/2
0.0012
) (1)
10
H
where,
Q: River flow (m3/s)
L: Opening width of weir (m)
h: Overflow depth (m)
17
Head Measurement
Water-filled tube method

Useful for low head
Easy to handle
No need for a skilled engineer
Relatively accurate
Head = H1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6
H1
H2
H3
Head
H4
H5
H1 = A2 - B1
H6
18
Head Measurement
Sighting meter (Clinometer) method

Hn = Ln sin
where,
H: Head
L: Length of the hypotenuse
: Vertical angle
1
Head = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4
L1
H1
L3
H2
L3
Head
H3
4
L4
H4
Site Survey
19
Investigation for Layout and Design

Purpose
To check if the layout of the structure is feasible
To select a suitable site for each structure
considering the topographical and geological
conditions
Investigation
Walk along the river and/or route of the prospective
waterway
Draw a sketch of the geological and topographical
conditions and possible layout of the structure on
the route map, which was enlarged from the
1/50,000 maps.
Measure the dimensions of the structure.
Check if there are any obstructions, such as
landslides, cliffs, artificial structures and so on
Take pictures of the site of the structures
20
10
Components of a Micro-Hydro Power Plant

Headrace
Weir and Intake
Spillway
Forebay
Powerhouse
Turbine/
Generator
Penstock
River
Electrical
Lines
Tailrace
21
Requirements for Structure Layout
Whole System
High head with shorter waterway
Waterfall, steep river slope, etc.
Good accessibility for construction and O&M
Weir and Intake Site

Shorter river width and straight river alignment
Less river deposit covered
Stable slopes on river banks
No or minimal impact to existing water usage and structure
Others
Use of existing structures
Use of natural topographical features (natural weirs,
ponds)
Headrace
Stable slope (no landslides or collapses)
Easy to construct open canal, (otherwise, pipes or siphons)
Others
Use of existing structure such as irrigation canal
22
11
Requirement for Structure Layout
Forebay
Stable and relatively flat land
Easy to install spillway from the forebay
Penstock
Shorter length of penstock
Good hydraulic gradient
Head Tank
Penstock
Minimum
Pressure
Negative Pressure
Powerhouse
23
Requirement for Structure Layout
Powerhouse
Good accessibility
Stable foundation
Safe from floodwaters
Lets Check! Experience in developing countries.

The powerhouse was submerged during floods.
The elevation of the powerhouse was too low because:
Traces of floods were not investigated.
Local residents were not interviewed about flood
levels in the past.
The powerhouse was elevated and the equipment was
repaired.
24
12
Structure-Site InvestigationIntake Site
To determine the approximate location of the weir and intake
To investigate conditions at/around the prospective site
Distribution of thick loose sand deposits

Scale of landslides/collapses
Existing artificial structure
To draw sketches and to take photographs
Approximate location with altimeter or portable GPS

To find the suitable place (the river width is narrow !)
Photographs of the site

Sketch of the layout plan and geographic condition
25
Structure-Site Investigation (Headrace)
To measure the head and length of waterway route
To investigate the surrounding conditions
Head and length of a waterway route measured with a hand-level

and/or a distance meter or measuring tape
Unstable slopes such as landslides and collapses
Cliffs that present difficulty in laying out waterways
Vegetation
Inflow or outflow
To draw sketches and to take photographs
Photographs of the site

Sketch of the layout plan and geographic condition
26
13
StructureStructure-Site Investigation (Forebay

(Forebay and Penstock)
To investigate the forebay site
Suitable location for the forebay site
Relatively flat land
Adequate space for construction

Approximate location measured with altimeter or portable GPS
To investigate the penstock route
Length of the penstock measured with distance meter or measuring

tape
Geological and topographical conditions
27
Structure-Site Investigation (Power house)
To investigate the slope condition

Unstable slopes, such as landslides or collapses behind the
powerhouse site
To measure the approximate location

Approximate elevation measured with altimeter and portable GPS unit
Head between forebay and powerhouse measured with sight meter
(hand-level) and distance meter
To investigate the land use conditions
To investigate tailrace route
Location of artificial structures near the powerhouse site, if any

Location of tailrace outlet
Length of tailrace measured with a measuring tape
To take photographs and draw sketches

Photographs and sketches of powerhouse site
28
14
Structure-Site Investigation
(Transmission/Distribution Line)
To survey the geological and topographical conditions from the

powerhouse site to the load center
To select a transmission line

Along existing road or footpath
To measure the length of the transmission route

Length of transmission route using measure tape or distance
meter
To trace transmission line on maps
To take photographs and draw sketches of powerhouse site

Photographs and sketches of powerhouse site
Site survey
29
Investigation for Demand Forecast
Method:
Collection of socio-economic data from local government
Interviews with local residents
Observations at villages
Items to be investigated
Basic demand:
Number of households
House distribution
Distance from powerhouse site
Public facilities
Needs for electricity:
Existing equipment
Equipment and facilities to be installed after electrification
Livelihood activities
Capacity and willingness to pay:
Capacity and willingness to pay for electricity
Income of residents
Expenditure on energy, kerosene, dry cells, etc.
Interview sheet
30
15
Other Outline Survey

Access Road (required time, distance from main town,
road condition)
Circumstances of the existing system and future plans
Circumstances of river water utilization
Existence of other development plans/projects
Civil structures in adjacent areas and materials used
Presence of natural topographical features and existing
structures that can be used in power generation
Existence of important ground features and vegetation
31
Types of Structure Layout

Short Penstock
Exposed to the greater risk of

blockage or of collapse or
deterioration as a result of poor
maintenance. Installing the
channel across a steep slope
may be difficult and expensive.
The risk of a steep slope to
erosion makes the short
penstock layout an
unacceptable option, because
the projected operation and
maintenance cost of the
scheme could be very
expensive, and it may outweigh
the benefit of the initial
purchase costs.
32
16

Long Penstock
This layout is necessary if the terrain does not allow the construction of
a channel. However, precautions must be considered.
Ensure that seasonal flooding of the river will not damage or

deteriorate the penstock.
Calculate the most economic diameter of the penstock. In the case of
a long penstock, the cost will be particularly high.
33

Mid-length Penstock
The cost of constructing a channel across the steep slope can be
avoided.
This option is preferable when there are signs of instability in the steep
slope.
34
17
Check List
Check List
Investigation for generation planning
Water flow measurement
Cr oss sect ion m easu r em en t
Wa t er velocit y m ea su r em en t
Recen t r a in fa ll con dit ion
Usu a l flow con dit ion in t h e dr y sea son
Powerhouse site
Length of Penstock
Head between powerhouse and forebay
Unstable topographical condition (landslide, collapse)
Approximate elevation and coordinates of powerhouse
and tailrace outlet
Flood water level
Length of tailrace
Artificial structures
Drawing sketches
Taking photographs
Transmission line route
Length of transmission line
Condition of access road
Drawing sketches
Taking photographs
River and basin condition
Vegetation in the basin
Existence of landslide and collapse
Water use condition in the basin
Taking photographs
Head Measurement
Len gt h of wa t er way
Gr oss h ea d
Investigation for layout and design of facilities

Intake site
Approximate elevation and coordinates of the weir
Length of weir crest
Flood water level
River deposit covered
Outcrops of base rock in the river bed
Stable slope in river banks (land slide, collapse)
Artificial structures
Drawing sketches
Taking photographs
Waterway route
Head and length of waterway
Unstable topographical condition (landslide, collapse and
cliff)
Approximate elevation and coordinates of forebay
Drawing sketches
Taking photographs
35
Survey Sheet (General Information)

Province
MICRO-HYDRO POWER PROJECT
Location
Survey Location of site Potential
1.
Date
3. Demography Location of MHP Potential
Surveyor
3.1 Total population
family head
3.3 Total house
house
Province
3.4 Living source
1.2
Regency
3.5 Population Distribution *
1.3
Municipality
3.6 Income per month
1.4
Village
3.7 Public Organization
1.5
Orchard
1.1
2.
3.8 Cooperatives
Accessibility
km
? asphalt:
? others:
km
(map information,informal, data)

? rocks:
km
? soil:
km
(in average)
? farmer group
? religious
Village Infrastructure (make village situation map: information in village office, mapping with GPS
1.
and supporting equipment)
4.1 Distance to the neasrest PLN
km
lines
2.1.3 Trip time

2.1.4 Transportation Mode
? centralized ? grouping ? ..........
? Multi-purpose
*population distribution is described in village map (draft)
2.1.1 Distance
2.1.2 Road condition
? spread
groups
2.1 From Regency to the Municipality
person
3.2 Total Family Head

General Data of Region
? public vehicle/bus
? ship/ferry
km
(measure with GPS & the available
equipment)
4.2 Public Facility
? motorcycle
? others:........................
4.2.1 School
? Elementary School? Junior High School

Senior High School
Note :
? Other: ...........
(Explain the trip route, raod condition (good-bad-danger, etc), transportation mode, where to change the vehicle (route) and other
4.2.2 House of Worship
? mosque
? church
information that needed to get the complete description how to get to the location )
4.2.3 Health Services
? local government clinic ? others: .........
4.2.4 Govenment Office
? village
? municipality
? other .........
? other .........
Others ...............
4.3 Limit of Village
2.2 From Municipality to Village

2.2.1 Distance
2.2.2 Road condition
km
? asphaltl:
? others:
km
(map information, informal, data)

? rocks:
km
? soil:
km
4.3.2 South
4.3.4 East
2.2.3 Trip time

2.2.4 Transportation mode
4.3.1 North
4.3.3 West
km
? public vehicle/bus
? ship/ferry
? motorcycle
? others :........................
4.4 Productive Business

4.4.1 Market
Catatan :
4.4.2 Small industry (type & total)
(Explain the trip route, road condition (good-bad-danger, etc), transportation mode, where to change the vehicle (route) and other
4.4.3 Others
information that needed to get the complete description how to get to the location )
4.5 Economy Potential
? none ? exist ? daily
? weekly
(farming,planting,fishery,etc.)
Notes:
36
18
Survey Sheet (river flow measurement)

1
No.
Distance from left bank
Depth of river
Area of flow section
Place of survey
2
Water
depth
Discharge
date
5
Water
depth
Water
depth
Discharge
time
7
Water
depth
Discharge
water level
9
10
11
Water
depth Discharge
Discharge
Depth at point and velocity

(cm, cm/ s)
- 3-20 -
Average of Velocity (cm/s)

dischage(l/s)
Cross- Sect ion of river
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
37
Interview Sheet
Barangay Council
Other (specify)
Household number
Name of Respondent
1.
Persons
Persons
How many of your family members graduated from (upper) high school?
persons
Sub unit of village

Barangay (village)
2. Housing
2. How many rooms does your house have?
Circle the final result of the visit to this household

1. Completed
2. No household member at home or no competent respondent at home at time of visit
3. Postponed
4. Refused
5. Other (specify)
3.
What is floor area of your house?
4.
What type of roof is used for the house?

Type of roof
Tick (9)
Tiled roof
GI Sheet roof
Thatched roof (straw, palm leaf)
Interviewers name
Date
Time interview began
Time interview completed
Data input by
3. Economic aspects
3-1. Household income
5. How much is your family earning from agriculture?

Approximat
Average
Times of
Type of
Average
e annual
farm gate
cropping
crops
amount of
earning
price (Rp.)
production per per year
(Rp.)
cropping (kg)
Rice
Final Check by
1. FAMILY PROFILE
1. Number of family members (only living together in the same house)
Male adults at 20 yrs or over
persons
Female adults at 20 yrs or over
persons
Children less than 20 yrs old
persons
Total
persons
2.
Number of school going children

University student
High school student
Junior high school student
Elementary school student
Total
Subsistence/
cash crop
Subsistence/cash crop
6.
persons
persons
persons
persons
persons
Earnings from Fishery

Type of fish
Annual average
earning (Rp.)
Annual average
cost (Rp.)
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
Subsistence/cash
persons
4.
How many of your family members are living in other town to work?
persons
5.
Is your household headed by male or female?
7.
What kind of income sources does your family have? Insert the amount of earning of the last
month in each category by each income earner.
Income earner 1st income 2nd income 3rd income 4th income 5th income
Income source
earner
earner
earner
earner
earner
Tick (9)
Salaries/wages
Male
Female
6.
Average
annual cost
(Rp.)
How many of your family are earning income in the village in the village?
3.
rooms (including kitchen)

m2
Pension
Which organization does any of your family belong
Handicraft
Barangay Cooperative
Other cottage industry
Persons
Site Survey
38
19
Sketch of Site Survey
Structure-Site InvestigationIntake Site

39
Float Measuring Method

1. Selection of measuring point
Strait axis of stream
Uniform cross section of the river
2. Measure flowing distance (=L)
More than width of the river
3. Measure several cross-sectional areas (=Amean)
4. Float from the upper section to the downstream
section
5. Measure the time that it takes to flow between two
section (=Tmean)
Measurement should be done several times.
40
20

5. Flow velocity calculation
Vm = C Vmean = C L/Tmean
where,
C: (1) Concrete channel with uniform cross section = 0.85
(2) Small stream where the riverbed is smooth = 0.65
(3) Shallow flow (about 20 ft) = 0.45
(4) Shallow and the riverbed is not flat = 0.25
Vmea
Vmea
Vm= 0.85 Vmean
Vm= 0.65 Vmean
Vmea
0.5 m
Vmea
0.5 m
Vm = 0.45 Vmean
Vm = 0.25 Vmean
6. River flow
Q = Vm Amean
41
21

4-2-1 Preliminary Site Survey PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

4-2-1 Preliminary Site Survey PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Module 4.

4.2.1 Preliminary Site Survey

Workshop on Renewable Energies

Micro-Hydro Development Flow

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Outline of Site Survey (Reconnaissance)

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Preparation for Site Survey

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Prepare 1/50,000 scale maps to check the location, catchment

Planning of preliminary site survey

Make a plan and schedule for site survey considering accessibility

Preparation for Site Survey

Distance meter, measuring tape

Convex scale (2-3m)

Maps and sheets

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Notes: : Necessary equipment for preliminary site survey

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Investigation of capacity potential

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Reason for conducting the measurements:

Current meter method

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Current Meter Method

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

River flow at section: Qabcde = Aabcde Vm

Total river flow = Q

Exercise: Calculation of River Flow

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Exercise: Calculation of River Flow

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Section area: Aabcde

<Answer 2> Calculation of River Flow

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Electromagnetic Current Meter

Propeller Current Meter

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Float Measuring Method

Source: Micro-Hydro Design Manual

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

River Flow Measurement

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Water-filled tube method

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Sighting meter (Clinometer) method

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Investigation for Layout and Design

Components of a Micro-Hydro Power Plant

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies

Requirements for Structure Layout

Weir and Intake Site