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Abstract RC shear walls are used in new structures as well as in the rehabilitation of existing structures.
Shear walls (SWs) are vital to limit deformation demands under earthquake excitations. So correct modeling of
shear walls is most important issue in linear and nonlinear analyses of building for Predicting the behavior of RC
shear walls under lateral loads such as winds and earthquake. This paper presents various modeling techniques
that have been used by researchers in modeling of RC shear walls. These range from macro-models, micromodels such as finite element models and fibre models. For the purpose of finite elements modelling, different
techniques utilizing either shell elements or combination of frame elements with mid pier frame can be used. The
paper discusses the efficiency of each modelling approach in representing both the global and local behavior of
RC shear walls. . The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability, simplicity, accuracy; effectiveness of
different
structural models
Index TermsShear wall, Macro modelling, Micro modelling, Frame element, Shell element.
I. INTRODUCTION
Shear walls are part of the lateral force resisting system that carry vertical loads, bending moments
about the wall strong axis, and shear forces parallel to the wall length. Shear wall system is one of the
most common and effective lateral load resisting systems that is widely used in medium- to high-rise
buildings. It can provide the adequate strength and stiffness needed for the building to resist wind and
earthquake loadings, provided that a proper design is considered, that cares for both the wall strength
and ductility. During the recent years, an enormous effort has been done to provide analytical models
that are able to simulate the actual behaviour of RC elements including shear walls. The rapid
increase in the computational efficiency of computers helped the researchers to develop more
sophisticated models that can account for several phenomena of RC shear walls that were used to be
ignored in the analysis due to their complexity. For these models to be verified, experimental research
is continuously conducted on RC shear walls tested under monotonic, cyclic, or dynamic loading. The
numerical modeling of RC walls is not involved only in the applications for new construction, but it
is also extended to the applications of retrofitting of existing structures. In that case, it is important to
construct a representative model that is able
Manuscript received April 13, 2015
to evaluate the expected response of an existing RC shear wall under certain lateral load hazard, and
to predict its expected mode of failure in order to be able to choose the most suitable and effective
retrofitting technique for that wall that would meet a target performance.
The numerical modeling of RC elements started by Clough et al. (1965) when they proposed the
first nonlinear macromodel, and by Ngo and Scordelis (1967) who proposed the first application of
the finite element method of analysis in RC elements. Since then several advancements were done in
the area of modeling of RC elements including shear walls. The objective of this paper is to present
the different numerical models proposed by researchers for the analysis of RC shear walls
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Analysis of Shear Wall with Openings Using Solid65 Element [7]
Previous researches on the behavior of shear walls with openings assumed elastic analysis utilizing
shell and brick elements. The present work adopts nonlinear finite element analysis using solid65
element. The analysis comprises both material and geometric nonlinearities. Solid65 element models
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
the nonlinear response of concrete material based on a constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of
concrete after Williams and Warnke. Five shear wall models with different opening sizes are
analyzed. A sixth model of a solid shear wall is also presented to compare the analysis results. The
paper studies the effect of the size of the openings on the behavior of the reinforced concrete shear
walls.
Modeling of Shear Wall Using Solid65 Element
The solid65 element models the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete. Solid65 models the
concrete material based on a constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete after Williams
and Warnke. It is capable of plastic deformation, cracking in three orthogonal directions at each
integration point.
The cracking is modeled through an adjustment of the material properties that is carried out by
changing the element stiffness matrices. If the concrete at an integration point fails in uniaxial, biaxial
or triaxial compression, the concrete is assumed crushed at that point. Crushing is defined as the
complete deterioration of the structural integrity of the concrete.
ANSYS allows entering three reinforcement bar materials in the concrete, each material
corresponding to the x, y and z
directionsthe
of smeared element (ANSYS, release 5.5).
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
response of the material in the longitudinal direction (parallel to the element axis). These sections are
located at the control points of the numerical
integration
Application of the finite element method for the analysis of building structures with shear walls
requires an understanding of the approximations involved in the modeling assumptions to build these
elements. The two modeling procedure and assumptions are explained below:
Frame Elements Based Model
The shear walls are modeled using a set of frame elements. The most common modeling technique is
to use a composition of mid-pier frame to represent the shear wall stiffness and a horizontal frame
(rigid arm) to allow proper connections with intersecting beams and slab components. The most
critical point for this model is the proper selection of rigidity and stiffness property for the horizontal
frame. Infinite rigidity of the upper frame can highly overestimate the bending moments especially at
the connecting beams. This model is used widely in practice to model planar shear walls in building
structures for linear and nonlinear analyses. This model might have no reliable results for very long,
interacting or complex shear walls with openings.
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
Rebar
2
3
Concrete
laye
Rebar
1
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Rigid
Element
Beam framing
into wall
Figure 14: Rigid element defined along the top chord of the wall
Rigid
Element
Beam framing
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
Rigid Arm
MidPier
Element
Beam framing
into wall
Wall
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
(1967). The proposed two-dimensional linear model used constant strain triangular (CST) finite
elements to model the concrete and steel elements, linkage elements were used to represent the bond
between steel and concrete elements, and the effect of cracking was included in the model. Fibre
(layer) model
In this model, the member is divided longitudinally into several segments, and each segment consists
of parallel layers. Some layers would represent the concrete material and other layers would represent
the steel material. In other type of models, each single layer was divided into a finite number of fibres
as shown in Figure 5 (a). The constitutive laws for concrete and steel materials are defined, and hence
the moment-curvature relationship of the member can be calculated at each load level. This model
accounts for the distribution of flexibility along the member length and the
axial
-flexure interaction.
(b) Multi
l-ayer finite element model
d.
Figure 6 Two
component
element model.
One-component beam-column element
This element which was developed by Giberson (1967) consisted of one linear elastic member with
two nonlinear rotational springs at the two member ends as shown in Figure 7. The members
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
nonlinear deformations were assumed to be lumped at the zero-length end springs (lumped plasticity).
For this model, the deformed shape was assumed to have a double curvature with a fixed point of
contraflexure at the middle of the member, and the plain sections were assumed to remain plain. The
one-component model and the general twocomponent model need an appropriate hysteretic
loaddeformation (or moment-curvature) models to be defined. This requires definition of different
properties of the members plastic hinges such as stiffness, strength, ductility, cyclic behaviour, etc.,
which may be difficult to be defined unless
some assumptions were made. Multiple spring model
Multiple spring model
This model was proposed by Takayanagi and Schnobrich (1976). The multiple spring model
consisted of a number of inelastic springs that are connected in series using rigid members as shown
in Figure 7. The inelastic properties of each spring were varied according to the segment properties
and the level of axial load on that segment, however the segment properties were assumed to be
constant along the segment length. The model was used to represent the behaviour of coupled shear
walls, while the coupling beams were modeled using one-component elements. This model was used
by Emori and Schnobrich (1981) to model the shears wall of a 10-storey frame-wall building. Linear
shear deformations were assumed in the analysis. The models were found to satisfactorily represent
the nonlinear behaviour of the studied structure.
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
plane section
ssumption.
a
Figure 8 Multi
a
- xial spring model by Lai et al. (1984): a)
Member model, b) Inelastic element,
Civil PG Conference, MIT, Pune. April 24th -25th 2015, Paper no.
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(b) Softened
-Strut
-and-Tie model
Combined models
Three Vertical Line Element (TVLE) model
The model consisted of three vertical line elements connected to each other by rigid bars at the top
and the bottom wall ends, two edge links with axial springs representing the boundary elements, and
the central one-component element with three springs to control the vertical, horizontal, and
rotational deformations of the wall as shown in Figure 10. The main problems about this model were
the lack of deformation compatibility between the wall and the boundary elements, and the difficulty
in defining the properties of the springs.
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of the materials.
Figure 13 Modified-element
axial -in-series
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F. An analytical model to predict the inelastic seismic behavior of shear-wall, reinforced concrete
structures [2]
2001
A shear failure mode model based on experimental results has been added to the computer program
larz. And studied most relevant problems and solutions devised during the development of this model.
Validation of the model was carried out by comparing its results with the actual response of two
b. Model for flexural failure mode
The SINA hysteresis model implemented in the larz computer program (Fig. 3) was adopted in this
study to model the non-linear flexural behavior and the moment curvature hysteretic relations for wall
elements. As shown in Fig. 3, pinching effects and stiffness and strength reductions due to repeated
cycles at the same deformation level were not implemented in the model for flexural behaviorreal
buildings. In spite of the fact that the model is two-dimensional and, hence, it ignores the torsional
response, the results obtained
are satisfactory
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12
434
(a) Isoparametric Element
(b) Incompatible Element
Figure 2: Panel Element Isoparametric Element and
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Incompatible Element
A new model for reinforced concrete shear wall was proposed, which combined a FEM panel
element and boundary line elements. Two methods using isoparametric element and incompatible
element for a panel were compared with the test results. The model with isoparametric element
slightly overestimates shear deformation for flexural yield shear walls. The model with incompatible
rectangular element is better than the model isoparametric element for prediction of shear and
flexural displacement components. The model gave a good correlation between analytical and
experimental results.
III. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
The study of all above researches, experiments, practical tests, and findings it is concluded that
1. For modelling of shearwall there are two main approaches namely Macro modelling and Micro
modelling, each approach has its own advantage and disadvantages due to idealizations and
assumptions and choice of approach is mainly depend on response parameters of interest either local
or global behavior of shear wall.
2. Choice of modelling of shear wall also depends on types of shear wall its dimension, shape, material
used for wall, loading on wall etc.
3. Although the finite element method appeals for its accuracy and for its ability to model different
phenomena and their interaction, it requires the solution of a large system of equations, and the
integration of stress in two or three space directions. This model is complex and needs high numerical
processing effort, and hence it might not be practical for large structures
4. There are mainly six models included in macro scale model: one-component model, two-component
model, multi-axial spring model (MS model), truss model, multi spring model and multi component
model. The macro scale model is based on representing the overall behavior of the RC shear wall,
such as the wall deformations, strength, and energy dissipation capacity.
REFERENCES
[1] Shaohua1, Toshimi2, (2000) Modeling of reinforced concrete shear wall for nonlinear Analysis, World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering
[2] P.A. Hidalgo1 , R.M. Jordan2, M.P. Martinez3, (2002), An analytical model to predict the inelastic seismic
behavior of shearwall, reinforced concrete structures, Engineering Structures 24 (2002).pp 8598
[3] K. Galal1 and H. El-Sokkary2, Advancement in modeling of RC shear walls, (The 14thWorld Conference on
Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China)
[4] J. Kubin1, Y. M. Fahjan2 and M. T. Tan3, (2008), Comparison of Practical Approaches For
ModellingShearwalls in Structural
Analysis of Buildings, the 14 thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing,
China
[5] Y.M. J. Kubin1 M.T. Tan2, (2010), Nonlinear Analysis Methods for Reinforced Concrete Buildings with
Shear walls, 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering
[6] Ali Soltani1,.Farhad Behnamfar2,.Kiachehr Behfarnia3,.Farshad Berahman4, (2011)Numerical tools for
modeling of RC shear walls,8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics
[7] Mazen A. Musmar, (2013), Analysis of Shear Wall with Openings Using Solid65 Element, Jordan Journal
of Civil Engineering, Volume 7, No. 2,
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