CHUYN : SO SNH BN KINH NGUYN T

Vn so snh bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t v ion l mt trong nhng vn m nhiu em

hc sinh hay c s nhm ln v mc phi sai xt. Vic so snh bn knh ca cc nguyn t v cc ion trong
chng trnh hc trn lp, cc em hc sinh ch c ni qua trong chng trnh ban c bn (nhc s lc qua
Bi 09: S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc. nh lut tun hon v c ni k hn
trong chng trnh ban nng cao: Bi 11: S bin i mt s i lng vt l ca cc nguyn t ha hc).
Nhng chng cha c s phn tch su v chi tit .
Vi mong mun gip cc em hc sinh, gip cc em hiu r hn v chuyn ny, ti gi ti cc bn
bi vit ny. Ti mong rng vi ngun t liu ny s gip hu ch cho cc em cng nh cc bn ng nghip
trong qu trnh tm hiu v chuyn ny .
--------------------------- o O o --------------------------Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh trong khu vc xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t
khng theo nhng qu o xc nh to nn v nguyn t hn n xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t to thnh
lp v nguyn t. Nn v mt l thuyt s khng c ng bin r nt ca v tr cc electron, nhng c th v
thnh mt mt cong bao quanh hu nh ton b v tr ca cc electron.

Bn knh nguyn t ph thuc vo bn cht nguyn t, c im lin kt ha hc, bi lin kt, cu

trc tinh th => Bn knh nguyn t hoc ion c xc nh phi gn lin vi 1 kiu lin kt ha hc xc nh.
Bn knh nguyn t kim loi:
c xc nh bng 1/2 khong cch gia 2 ht nhn nguyn t trong tinh th.

Bn knh cng ha tr:

c xc nh bng 1/2 khong cch gia cc ht nhn trong phn t hoc cc nh th n cht
tng ng:
V d: Trong phn t H2 v Cl2, ngi ta xc nh c khong cch gia tm ca hai nguyn t hidro
0

l 0,74 A v gia tm ca hai nguyn t clo l 1,98 A => rH = 0,37 A v rCl = 0,99 A .
i vi bn knh ca O, C v S chng hn, c th xc nh bng cch o khong cch O H, C Cl, H
S trong cc phn t H2O, CCl4 v H2S.
Bng cch hoc 1 vi cch khc ta c th xc nh c bn knh nguyn t ca hu ht cc nguyn
t. Ngi ta cn bit rng, trong mt phn t cng ha tr AB, di lien kt
A B gn bng mt na khong cch A A cng vi na khong cch B B.
V vy bit bn knh nguyn t, ta c th nh gi c mt cch gn ng
di lien kt ha hc.
Khi chi tc dng ca mt yu t, cc electron trong lp v c th b
tch ra khi nguyn t to thnh cc cation (ion dng) hoc nhn thm cc
electron (ion m). Qua mt nguyn t c th tn ti dng nguyn t hay
dng ion => C bn knh nguyn t v bn knh ion nguyn t.
Bn kinh ion nguyn t:
Khong cch gia 2 ht nhn ca cation v anion trong tinh th bng tng bn knh nguyn t ca
cation v anion. Bng thc nghim, khong cch gia cc cation v anion ca mt lot cc tinh th ion (bng
phng php nhiu x tia X, ph vi sng, ) ngi ta c th xc nh c bn kinh ca cc ion ring bit.
0

V d: Khong cch gia 2 ht nhn ca ion Na+ v F- bng 2.31 A .

0

- rF (c x bng pp quang hc) = 1.35 A rNa = 2.31 1.35 = 0.96 A

Trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng , chng ta thng c bi tp dng so snh bn knh nguyn t
v bn knh ca ion (amin ion m; cation ion dng) da trn c s ca l thuyt v mt cu hnh electron
v in tch ca ht nhn. V vy, so snh c chnh xc ( mc l thuyt) chng ta cn ch v quan
tm ti lp v nguyn t v in tch ca ht nhn c cn c so snh.
+ S lp electron tng th bn kinh nguyn t tng (t l thun vi bn knh)
+ in tch ht nhn cng ln th bn knh nguyn t cng gim (t l nghch vi bn knh)
Bn knh nguyn t
+ Trong mt chu k: Theo chiu tng
dn ca in tch ht nhn (i t tri sang
phi) trong mt chu k th bn knh nguyn
t gim:
Gii thch: Khi i t nguyn t n
n nguyn t kia in tch ht nhn tang
them mt n v, electron tang them c
in vo lp n ang c xy dng d (cc
nguyn t trong cng mt chu k c cng s
lp electron) => lc ht gia ht nhn vi
cc electron lp ngoi cng cng tang theo
=> bn knh nguyn t ni chung gim dn.
* Trong chu k nh:
+ Gm nhng nguyn t thuc phn lp s, p

+ S sp xp electron lp ngoi cng => bn knh nguyn t gim i 1 cch r rng

Chu k II

Li

Be

Bn knh, Ao

1.52

1.13

0.88

0.77

0.77

0.66

0.64

* Trong chu k ln:

-

Gm cc nguyn t thuc phn lp d, f.

S sp xp electron lp th 2 (cc nguyn t d) v lp th 3 (cc nguyn t f) k t ngoi vo.

S sp xp electron cc nguyn t d v f t nh hng n bk nguyn t.

Bk nguyn t ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k ln gim t t hoc rt chm.

^_^

Hin tng co d, co f

Xut hin hiu ng chn ca cc electron lp d v f i vi cc electron lp ngoi cng

(ns) lm cho lc ht gia ht nhn v cc electron ngoi cng gim.
Nguyn t

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Bn knh, Ao

2.31

1.97

1.60

1.46

1.31

1.25

1.29

1.26

Nguyn t

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Bn knh, Ao

1.25

1.24

1.28

1.33

1.22

1.22

1.21

1.17

1.14

+ Trong mt nhm: Theo chiu tang dn ca in tch ht nhn (t trn xung di) trong mt nhm
bn knh nguyn t tang.
Gii thch: Theo chiu t trn xung di, tuy in tch ht nhn c tang nhng s lp electron cng
tang theo ln lm gim sc ht ca ht nhn vi cc electron => lm cho bn knh nguyn t tang ln.
Bn knh ion nguyn t
+ Bn knh ca cc cation bao gi cng nh hn bn knh ca cc nguyn t tng ng.
Gii thch: Khi electron b mt i th khng cn tng tc y ca n vi cc electron khc v cc
electron cn li trong nguyn t b ht mnh hn v pha ht nhn => lm cho bn knh ion b co li. S gim
kch thc ca ion c bit ln khi c lp electron ngoi cng b mt i.
*Cch gii thch su* Cation c hnh thnh do nguyn t mt electron hng s chn ca cc
electron gim in tch hiu dng ca ht nhn Z* tng bk Cation b hn bk nguyn t.
V d

Ti

Ti2+

Ti3+

V2+

V3+

V4+

r, Ao

1.46

0.90

0.69

1.31

0.88

0.71

0.60

+ Bn knh ca cc anion bao gi cng ln hn bn knh ca cc nguyn t tng ng.

Gii thch: Khi nguyn t bin thnh anion, electron nhn them vo lm tang tng tc y electron
electron => lm cho kch thc ion tang them.
-

*Cch gii thch su* Anion c hnh thnh do nguyn t nhn elctron hng s chn ca cc
elctron tng in tch hiu dng ca ht nhn Z* gim bk Anion ln hn bk nguyn t.
V d

N3-

O2-

F-

r, Ao

0.70

1.71

0.66

1.40

0.64

1.35

Ngoi vic so snh bn knh ca cc nguyn t vi nhau; gia cc ion vi nhau th trong nhiu bi tp
cn c s so snh v sp xp ca hn hp gia cc nguyn t v ion vi nhau. c th so snh c, ta cn
cn c vo c im ca s lp electron v in tch ca ht nhn nguyn t v ch vo mt s quy lut sau:
1. rcation < rnguyn t < ranion c to thnh t cng mt nguyn t.
2. Cc ion cng in tch v c cu to eletron tng t nhau: khi tng s lp v electron, bn knh s
tng. l trng hp ca cc ion cng in tch ca cc nguyn t cng phn nhm.
3. i vi cc ion ng electron (cng s electron): Bn knh gim khi tng in tch. Quy lut ny p
dng cho cc ion ca cc nguyn t cng chu k c in tch bng in tch ca nhm. S gim bn knh i
vi cc ion dng xy ra mnh hn.
4. Cc ion c lp v electron ca kh tr c bn knh ln hn cc ion c phn lp v d ngoi cng cha
bo ha.
V d: cc ion to thnh bi cc nguyn t chu k 4.
+
19K

Ion

2+
20Ca

3+
24Cr

2+
25Mn

3+
26Fe

0,63

0,80

0,64

27Co

3+

2+
28Ni

29Cu

2+

2+
30Zn

3s23p6

CH
Bn
knh

1,33

0,99

Cu hnh e kh tr

0,63

0,62

Cu hnh electron d cha bo ha

0,83

0,98

Cu hnh 18 e

V d 2: i vi nhng ion cng in t c s gim bk khi s in tch ht nhn tng.

Vd:

1s2 2s2 2p6

rF- = 1.36 Ao > rNa+ = 0.95 Ao > rMg2+ = 0.65 Ao

i vi nhng ion cng in tch (in tch ion): s bin thin bk ion cng ging nh s bin thin
bk nguyn t.

5. Trong cng mt chu k, nhng ion cng in tch ca cc nguyn t d c bn knh gim dn. (hiu
ng gim bn knh ca cc ion ca cc nguyn t d cng c gi l "s co d" do s tng s electron trn phn
lp v (n-1)d.
V d:
Cation:

Mn2+

Fe2+

Co2+

Ni2+

rion:

0,80

0,74

0,72

0,69

6. Trong cng mt chu k, bn knh cc ion cng in tch ca cc nguyn t f cng gim dn. (s co f).
Khi lm bi tp so snh bn knh, chng ta cn tm ra phn c bn knh ln nht v nh nht la chn
v loi tr cc p n trong trc nghim.
BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1: Cho cc nguyn t Li (Z = 7), Cl (Z=17) , Na (Z=23) , F (Z=9). Bn knh ca cc ion c sp xp tng
dn theo th t no ?
A.Li+, Na+, F-, ClB. Li+, F-, Na+, ClC. F-, Li+, Cl-, Na+
D. F-, Li+, Na+, ClHng dn:

Gii thch:
+ Li+ : 1s2
+ Na+: 1s2 2s2 2p6
+ F-: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Clo c s lp electron nhiu nht nn bn knh ln nht. (Loi p n C)
Li chc chn c bn knh nh nht v s lp e nh nht (loi D)
So snh F - v Na+ :

+ Cl- : [Ne]3s2 3p6

Cc ion c cng s electron, in tch ht nhn tng nn bn knh nguyn t gim dn: F- > Na+
Vy p n ng l A: Li+ ,Na+ , F- ,Cl-.
Cu 2: Cho cc ion sau: 13Al3+, 12Mg2+, 11Na+, 9F- v 8O2-. Bn knh ca cc ion c sp xp tng dn theo th
t no ?
A. Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2-

C. Mg2+ < Na+ < Al3+ < F- < O2-

B. Mg2+ < Al3+ < Na+ < F- < O2-

D. Al3+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < O2- < F-

Hng dn:

Ta thy Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, F-, O2- u c chung cu hnh l : 1s2 2s2 2p6.

Cc ion ng e (cng e): so snh in tch trong nhn, in tch cng ln => sc ht cng ln =>
bn knh cnh nh.
=>

Theo chiu tng dn R : Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2Theo chiu gim dn : O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+

Cu 3: So snh bn knh nguyn t v ion sau: (1) Mg ; (2) O2- ; (3) S ; (4) P ; (5) K+ ; (6) Al3+
A: 5 > 1 > 4 > 6 > 3 > 2

C: 6 > 3 > 5 > 1 > 2 > 4

B: 1 > 4 > 3 > 5 > 2 > 6

D. 4 > 6 > 3 > 5 > 1 > 2

Hng dn:

Chng ta bit rng in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t ln lt l:

12Mg

(12 electron)

8O (10 electron)

16S (16 electron)

Cu 4: Cho cc nguyn t: K (Z = 19); N (Z = 7); Mg (Z = 12) v Si (Z = 14). Dy gm cc nguyn t c

sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri qua phi l:
A. N, Si, Mg v K

B. K, Mg, Si v N

C. K, Mg, N v Si

D. Mg, K, Si v N

Cu 5: Cho nguyn t R, ion X2+ v ion Y2- c s electron lp v bng nhau. S sp xp bn knh nguyn t
no sau y l ng?
A. R < X2+ < Y2-

B. X2+ < R < Y2-

C. X2+ < Y2- < R

D. Y2- < R < X2+

Cu 6: Dy no sau y c sp xp theo th t gim dn ca bn knh nguyn t v ion?

A. K+ > Ca2+ > Ar

B. Ar > Ca2+ > K+

C. Ar > K+ > Ca2+

D. Ca2+ > K+ > Ar

Cu 7: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: 3Li, 8O, 9F, 11Na c xp theo th t tng dn t tri sang phi
A. F, Li, O, Na.
B. F, Na, O, Li.
C. Li, Na, O, F.
D. F, O, Li, Na.
Cu 8: Bn knh cc nguyn t v ion xp theo th t tng dn
A. Al < Al3+< Mg

B. Al3+< Mg < Al

C. Mg < Al < Al3+

D. Al3+< Al< Mg

Cu 9: Cho Na+ (Z = 11), Mg2+ (Z = 12), O2- (Z = 8), F- (Z = 9). Bn knh cc ion gim dn theo th t:
A: Mg2+, Na+, F-, O2-.
B: Na+, Mg2+, F-, O2-.
C: F-, O2-, Na+, Mg2+.
D: O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+
Cu 10: Nguyn t no sau c bn knh ion nh hn bn knh nguyn t tng ng?
A. Nhm

B. Photpho
n+

C. Lu hunh
n+

D. Clo
2

Cu 11: Hp cht E to t ion X v Y . C X , Y u c cu hnh e l 1s 2s 2p . Sp xp bn knh ca X,

Y, Xn+ v Y- theo chiu tng dn l
A. Xn+ < Y < Y- < X.

B. Xn+ < Y < X < Y-

C. Xn+ < Y- < Y < X.

D. Y < Y- < Xn+ < X

Cu 12: X, Y, R, A, B theo th t l 5 nguyn t lin tip trong bng h thng tun hon. Tng intch ht
nhn l 90. Dy no sau y sp xp theo chiu tng dn bn knh nguyn t:
A. R, X2-, Y-, A+. B2+

B. B2+, A+, R, Y-, X2-

C. X2-, Y-, R, A+, B2+

D. R, A+, B2+, Y-, X2-