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What is Internet?
Internet can be defined in two different terms
In Service Description
The networking infrastructure that provides services to
distributed applications
Communication Links
Packet
Route/ path
Packet Switching
ISP
Traditional desktop PC
PDAs
TVs
router
workstation
server
mobile
local ISP
regional ISP
company
network
AP
Coaxial cable
Copper wire
Fiber optics
Radio spectrum
The series of links b/w sender and receiver is called as Path/ Route
Broadband access
High-speed LANs
The upper-tier ISPs are high speed routers interconnected with high
speed fiber optic cables
IP (Internet Protocol)
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), etc.., (about 3500 RFCs exists)
In Service Description
Remote login
E-mails
Web surfing
Messaging
Services Provided
Two types of services
Connection-oriented Service
Reliable service
Provides guarantee
Connectionless Service
Unreliable service
What is a Protocol?
Says the general manners that should be followed when two parties
communicates
Hi
TCP connection
req
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time?
Get http://www.google.com
2:00
<file>
time
E.g.., the protocol in routers determines the best packets path from
source to destination
Definition of Protocol
A Protocol defines the format and the order of
messages
exchanged
between
two
or
more
Wed
servers,
servers, etc..,
House
hold
appliances,
End systems are also referred to as hosts as they run (hosts) any
application programs (web browser, e-mail reader pgms).
Clients
Servers
Clients
Client program is the one running on one end system that request
services and receives them back.
Servers
The routers, links, etc.., are considers as Black Box for C/S
application
Connectionless &
Connection-oriented Services
Connection-oriented services
Goal: Maintain a session for data transfer between end systems.
Steps followed
Only the end systems know about connection, the routers, and all
other components are not aware of this
Flow control
Congestion control
Acknowledgement is obtained
flow control
congestion control
The buffers in the routers might become filled and some packets
might be lost
Here, the end systems are forced to decrease the rate of sending
packets so that the routers and links are not overloaded
Applications
SMTP (e-mails)
FTP
HTTP
Connectionless Services
No handshaking
Applications
Multimedia applications
Internet phone
Video conferencing
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Circuit switching
The path and all the resources (buffers & bandwidth) needed for
communication
are
reserved
for
the
duration
before
the
communication starts
connection
The switches in the path maintains the state for that connection
Frequency is divided into several bands and each is dedicated for one
hosts for the complete duration of connection
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Disadvantages in circuit-switching
The resources are wasted when the circuit is idle silent periods
In Internet, after client requested one page, it will be idle until server
responses
Problem
How long it takes to send a file of 640,000 bits from hosts A to B?
Solution
Transmission rate of each slot: 1.536 Mbps / 24 = 64 kbps
Hence for 640,000 bits : 640,000 bits/ 64000 bits per sec = 10 s+ 0.5 s
= 10.5 sec
Packet switching
The resources are not reserved, they are used only in demand.
If the resources are not free, systems have to wait for accessing
E.g.., Internet
Each router has a output buffer for each link, if the outgoing link is
not free, the packet has to wait in the buffer
Total delay = QL/R seconds (queuing, propagation and other delays are
neglected)
Packet Switching
Example:
L = 7.5 Mbits
R = 1.5 Mbps
delay = 3L/R
Disadvantages in Packet-switching
not suitable for real time systems due to delays
E.g.., not applicable for telephone calls, video conferencing, etc..,
Packet switching
Simpler
More efficient
Datagram networks
VCID
Hence if the packet leaves the host A with VC number 11, the
intermediate switch replaces it to 22
Incoming VC
Outgoing
Outgoing VC
Interface
Interface
11
22
63
18
17
97
87
Datagram networks
The switch opens the header and maps the packet to the route
corresponding to the hierarchical structure of the address
Network Taxonomy
Telecommunication
networks
Circuit-switched
networks
FDM
TDM
Packet-switched
networks
Networks
with VCs
Datagram
Networks
Reference: