Research Experience in Carbon Sequestration

June 13, 2016

Southern Companys CCS Portfolio; Key

R&D and Commercialization Issues
Richard A. Esposito, Ph.D.
Southern Company

Technology Maturity

Technology Development Curve

Research

Pilot-Demo

Performance & Cost

Reduction
Bench-top Scale

Performance & Cost

Reduction
1-10 MWe Scale

Large-Demo

Commercial-Demo

Engineering &
Operation
10-100 MWe Scale

Reliability
100+ MWe Scale

Research:
studious inquiry
Demonstration:
a
or examination
showing
of the merits of Commercial:
a
suitable,
First step in process
product
or service to a adequate,
or prepared
Development:
tofor
Many ideas, many failures
prospective
consumer
[normal]
commerce
Utilities usually
not funding or
expand
by a process of

Full-timeinvolved
research at small unit or slip-stream
Small full-scale plant
growth
Typically
and
Gather results
for university
commercial
projects Proof-of-performance research; guarantees
Move from lab to practical testing
national
lab workare main funders Host utility
Utility host
and vendors
funded
Only successful ideas from smaller scale
DOE & EPRI funding necessary
DOE & EPRI funding possible
Utilities get involved
Host utility + DOE & EPRI funding
2010
$$$

2012

2014
$$$$

2016

2018
$$$$$

2020

2030
$,$$$$,$$$

Awesome University Professor!

CCUS Technology Drivers

GHG environmental regulations
Abundant domestic fossil-fuel
resources with stable pricing
Depreciated fossil-fuel generation
assets with state-of-the-art
environmental controls
Maintain a balanced fuels portfolio
Challenging regional renewable
portfolio in the Southeast
World class sequestration geology
with demand for CO2-EOR
Become an informed consumer

The Commercialization Puzzle

Economic Capture
Advanced processes
New chemistry
Economies of scale
Station service
Capital costs

Secure Storage
Site characterization
Monitoring tools
Injection simulation
UIC permitting

Commercial
CCUS
Scenario Planning
System analysis
CO2 use/certification
Regional infrastructure
Integration

Public Acceptance
Internal stakeholders
Regulators
NGOs
General public

CCUS R&D Program

Efforts key to our long-term program success

Pilot Scale

Laboratory Testing

Carbon Capture
Utilization Storage
Transportation
Capture

Applied Science

Demonstration Scale

Applied Science

Storage

Storage Program

Plant Barry CCS Demonstration

Carbon capture from Plant Barry

(equivalent to 25MW of electricity).

12 mile CO2 pipeline linking captured

CO2 with the injecEon site.

CO2 permiGng/injecEon into ~9,400 N.

deep saline formaEon at the Citronelle

Oil Field.

Monitoring of CO2 storage during

injecEon and three years post-injecEon.

25-MW Integrated CCS Demonstration

150 feet

300 feet

DOT 29 CFR 195 liquid

pipeline; buried 5 feet
with surface
vegetation
maintenance.
Directional drilled 18 sections
of the pipeline under roads,
utilities, railroad tracks,
tortoise colonies, and
wetlands (some up to 3,000
feet long and up to 60 ft
deep).

Pipeline Right-of-Way
Right-of-Way Ownership
1 mi (2 km) inside Plant property
8 mi (13 km) along existing power
corridor
2 mi (3 km) undisturbed forested land
Permanent cleared width 20 ft (6 m)
Temporary construction width 40 ft (12 m)

Right-of-Way Habitat
9 mi (14.5 km) of forested and
commercial timber
3 mi (5 km) of emergent, shrub, and
forested wetlands
Endangered Gopher Tortoise habitat
110 burrows in or adjacent to
construction area

CO2 Pipeline and Injection Infrastructure

Mainline valve station along pipeline

Check meter station & building at Citronelle Field

Horizontal CO2 Booster Pump @ D-9-7 #2 Wellsite

Simulation/storage capacity

Opportunity to study optimizing

stacked storage reservoirs with
multiple seals and four-way closure

CO2 Capture Plant Performance

Gas In for CO2 Capture Plant:

Commissioning of CO2 Compressor:
Commissioning of CO2 Pipeline:
CO2 Injection:

June, 2011
August, 2011
March, 2012
August, 2012

Items
Total Operation Time

Results*
hrs

11,200

Total Amount of Captured CO2

metric tons

211,860

Total Amount of Injected CO2

metric tons

114,104

metric tons per day

> 500

CO2 Removal Efficiency

> 90

CO2 Stream Purity

99.9+

ton-steam/ton-CO2

0.98

CO2 Capture Rate

Steam Consumption
*As of 3/15/2015

Geologic Characterization
to advance site certification for commercial storage

Alabama Power William Crawford

Gorgas Stratigraphic Test Well

Mississippi Power Victor J. Daniel

CO2 Pilot Injection Study

Alabama Power James M. Barry

CO2 Injection Demonstration

Georgia Power Plant Bowen

Deep Site Geology Investigation

The National Carbon Capture Center

at the Power Systems Development Facility
Offering a world-class neutral test
facility and a highly specialized staff,
the National Carbon Capture Center
accelerates the commercialization of
advanced technologies and enables
coal-based power plants to achieve
near-zero emissions.

Post-Combustion
Pre-Combustion

Role of NCCC/PC4

Performance

Lab Scale

Component
Validation

Process
Development
Unit

Pilot

Demonstration

Commercial

Full deployment

Tech transfer to power

plant slipstream unit
e.g. Plant Barry
Fundamental R&D

Scale

Why Kemper?
25%
Coal

Inland location (Key for MPC following

Hurricane Katrina)
21st century technology
Fuel diversity
Fuel price stability
21st century environmental profile

* Includes unit retirement and fuel switch announcements (8/4/14)

75%
Natural
Gas
2020 energy mix without Kemper
25%
Coal
20%
20%
Coal
Lignite
60%
Natural
Gas
2020 energy mix with Kemper *

Project Overview
2x1 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

2 Transport Gasifiers
2 Siemens SGT6 - 5000F gas turbines
Plant Site
1 Toshiba steam turbine
740 MW gross capacity; 582 MW net peak capacity
Chemical products: carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid, ammonia

Project Information

Mine-mouth Lignite (brown coal)

Zero liquid discharge
Uses treated effluent as makeup water

Mine

Commercial operation; June 5, 2013

Dragline in-service; Fall 2013
More than 1 million tons of lignite mined
20 acres of mined property already reclaimed

Visual Comparison of Gasifier Types

(Not to Scale)

GE

Conoco

Shell Siemens
Syngas

TRIGTM

MHI

Synga
s

Coal

Coal

Coal
Air

Oxygen

Entrained Flow (Once Through)

Oxygen
Oxygen--blown
blown
Burner
Burner--type,
type,slagging
slagging

Fluid Bed
- or O2 -blown
-Air
blown
No-burner
-burner
No
Non
Non-slagging
-slagging

TRIGTM
Presalter Cyclone

syngas

Innovative design

High reliability design

Lower fuel costs

Creates synthesis gas

Excellent environmental
performance

Works well with low-grade

coals

Standpipe
Cyclone

Riser

Mixing
Zone

coal

Seal Leg

air/O2
steam

Startup
Burner

Standpipe

J-leg

sy

ng
as

ash

Plant Site

IGCC Infrastructure
~112 km (70 miles) transmission
Station energized
~ 96 km (60 miles) CO2 pipeline
100% Complete
~8 km (5 miles) natural gas pipeline
100% Complete
~125 km2 (3,100 acres) mine site
Placed in service in June 2013
~ 48 km (30 miles) treated effluent line
100% Complete

Meridian

New CO2
Pipeline

Mississippi Lignite
Natural Mississippi resource
EsEmated 4 billion mineable tons
~185 million tons needed for the
Kemper Project over 40 years
Lignite is an abundant low-rank coal
~5,200 btu/lb
~45% Moisture

Not subject to market volaElity

Does not require commercial
transportaEon
TRIGTM technology designed
for low-rank coals like lignite

The Kemper Project

Mississippi Lignite Mining

Surface mine operations
Multiple seams
Typically seam is between
2 to10 feet thick
Shallow deposits at
between 100 to 300 feet
deep

Kemper Energy Facility - Fall, 2010

Construction Progress - Fall, 2011

Construction Progress - Fall, 2012

Construction Progress -- Fall, 2013

Construction progress - Fall, 2014

Plant: 582-MW TRIG IGCC

Fuel: Mine-Mouth Lignite, ~4M tons/yr
CO2 Capture: 65%, ~3.4M tons/yr
Water: Meridian Treated Effluent
By-Products: Sulfuric Acid & Ammonia

IGCC saleable by-products

Gasier

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

~150,000 Tons/Year

20/day

Ammonia (NH3)
~19,000 Tons/Year
4/day
Combined
Cycle

CO2 @ 65% capture

~3,400,000 Tons/
Year

Geologic cap rock integrity lab

Risk management through long-term storage integrity

Motivation behind the geology integrity lab:

Demonstrate long-term storage integrity
Regulation of injection pressure
Reassure stakeholders that geologic sequestration
is safe and secure

CO2 impacts on shallow groundwater

Risk management with protection of drinking water resources

Motivation behind the study:

Public concern over CO2 leakage and protection of
groundwater resources
Need to inform regulators and industry of
environmental risks
Lack of available field data showing possible
impacts
Assess effectiveness of monitoring methods, early
detection, and remedial options

Controlled release in groundwater

Groundwater (GW)

CO2

Carbonated
GW

PW-1

IW-1

Pump-in

Pump-out
(extraction)

Monitor

Dissolved
CO2

Experiment well field layout

208 ft

PW-1

Injection
Well

MW-1
MW-4

Pumping Well

MW-3

IW-1

MW-2

MW-4
MW-3
MW-2

MW-1

IW-1

Monitoring
Wells

BG-1

Background
Well

Well bore leakage mitigation

Risk management with storage security in well bores

Motivation behind the leakage mitigation study:

Wellbores are identified as a leakage pathway risk
in many storage systems
Biological control of permeability and sealing leaking
boreholes
Sealing fractures and cap rocks
Reassure stakeholders that geologic sequestration
is safe and secure

Sample collection in the field

Sample collection for
field-scale lab study

Before images of induced fractures

Region of fracture

The core was

hydraulically fractured
under ambient
conditions right before
loading into the vessel.
Distinct flow channels
were formed.

2014 Field Work - Sealing Experiment

WELL INJECTION ZONE. Perforations were
made (6 @ 60) @ ~1118 bgs. The packer was
set to isolate the perforated zone and the
formation was hydraulically fractured.
BAILER DELIVERY SYSTEM. Chemicals and
microbial suspensions were mixed on surface
and pumped into the 30 bailer which was used
to deliver concentrated solutions with bailer
@~1116 bgs. The concentrated bailer contents
were diluted with brine pumped through the 2
7/8 tubing.
INJECTION STRATEGY. A pulsed injection
strategy was used and 24 calcium injections and
6 inoculations were placed over 4 days.
ASSESSMENT OF SUCCESS. On the 5th day
pressure falloff tests were performed and the
formation was re-fractured.

Valuation of CCS Damages

What:
Analytical model for estimating financial damages from commercial-scale CCS using a
Monte Carlo simulation and scenario analysis to develop range of estimates (maximum
and expected)

Why:
Provides foundation for communicating risk and risk management strategy to
stakeholders and with energy policy
Gain understanding of project liabilities and site or reservoir specific sensitivities,
including timeframe under which liabilities exists to help understand what risks need to
be retained and addressed internally.
Useful tool in the public debate around policy options for addressing financial
assurance
Help inform the discussion around the need and role of captive insurance programs,
the public role in long-term stewardship of CCS, project finance, and other public policy
issues.

Estimated Damages Distribution, Jewett TX Site

Total Damages, All Scenarios
Includes CO2, H2S
Per ton values assume 50MMt CO2 stored
100-year Time Horizon

There is a 50% likelihood that

total damages will be less
than $8.5 million ($0.17/
tonne CO2)

There is a 95% likelihood that

total damages will be less
than $18.6 million ($0.37/
tonne CO2)

41

Environmental Risks of CCS

Estimated damages are driven by plant and site-specific

characteristics, and can vary by orders of magnitude.
But in general are 10s of millions of dollars and not
100s of millions of dollars.

Well-sited, well-operated CCS projects have a relatively

small potential for damages.

The risks of CCS are in line with the risks associated

with other activities that the electrical utility industry
engages openly.

42

Other supported efforts/projects

Development of CSA US-Canada Bilateral Standards for Geologic

Storage of CO2
Development of ANSI ISO TC-265 standards for carbon capture
and geologic storage
RECS 2011-2016
CCS Technology and Pipeline Infrastructure Study (LANL) and
Florida Panhandle Pipeline Infrastructure Model (University of
North Florida)
Carbon Sequestration Simulation Project (UAB)

And this is where the

CO2 will maybe go. I
thinks its OK, but
well see later. If it
COME back up I am
back to the ZOO!

Have a great research

experience and thanks for
coming to Alabama and
visiting Southern Company!