Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection
The word orthographic means to draw at right
angles and it is derived from the Greek words:
ORTHOS - straight, rectangular, upright
GRAPHOS - written, drawn
There are two predominant orthographic
projections used today.
They define four separate spaces, or
quadrants. Each of these quadrants could
contain the object to be represented.
Traditionally however, only two are commonly
used, the first and the third angle projection.

Orthographic Projection
Projections created with the object placed in
the first quadrant are said to be in First
Angle projection
Projections created with the object placed in
the third quadrant are said to be in Third
Angle projection.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Orthographic Views are two-dimensional
views of objects where the viewpoint of the
object is at right angles to (or looking
directly at)surfaces. They are used in
technical and engineering drawings for
accuracy. If one's viewpoint is not at right
angles, it is considered a "Foreshortened"
view.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Because the views are only two
dimensional, more than one view is
needed to completely describe the
object. Usually two or three views is
enough (Front, Top and Side), but often
more are required.

Angle of Orthogonal Projection

First Angle Projection
Each view is placed opposite to the side from
which they are viewed.
Example, Left view is presented in the Right
side of the Front view.
Third Angle Projection
Each view is placed adjacent to the side from
which they are viewed.
Example, Left view is presented in the Left
side of the Front view.
AS1100 recommends the Third Angle
Projection.

Orthogonal Projection

Illustrations of the visible lines and

parallel planes

Illustrations of the objects having

hidden features

Illustrations of the objects having

the sloping surfaces

Illustrations of the objects having

circular features