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Young-Person's
Guide
Simulation
Grids
Philippe
R. Spalart
Boeing
Commercial
July
2001
Airplanes,
Seattle,
Washington
to
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NASA/CR-2001-211032
Young-Person's
Guide
Simulation
Grids
Philippe
Boeing
National
Space
Detached-Eddy
R. Spalart
Commercial
Aeronautics
Airplanes,
Seattle,
Washington
and
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Center
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to
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Young-Person's
Guide
Detached-Eddy
to
Simulation
Philippe
Boeing
Grids
R. Spalart
Commercial
Airplanes
Abstract
We give the
"philosophy",
fairly
complete
instructions,
a sketch
different
gridding
as far as possible
Background
DES
is a recent
form
[1] or in "cousins"
Navier-Stokes
approach,
(RANS)
Reynolds-number
are
narrow
independent
confidence
in DES
difficulty
flows
The
coding
validation
basis
the more
thoughtful
was applied.
The
and
tended
is already
by, first,
to test
not
but
the
easy,
incorporating
(LES),
user
and
it lacked
RANS
both
groups
and
types
been
have joined
and
best
reason
LES modes
of turbulence
for
of Travin
et
as well as the
0012 paper
or in LES.
base
has
paper
refinement
at high-
experience
of DES,
NACA
grid
aimed
The
cylinder
definition
earlier
in RANS
and
[6, 7, 8].
is the
in its initial
St Petersburg
on a quantitative
encouraging,
DES
either
of Reynolds-Averaged
Simulation
in Renton
years
and
hybrids
team
three
application,
as:
which
wide
also gives
policy
grid design,
claims
we define
Large-Eddy
separated
provided
gridding
and
as of 2001.
exercising
which
which
of Shur
or even
et
much
of DES separately.
DES
compounds
treatment
the
in the
samefield and, second,being directed at complex geometries.In fact a pureLES grid for theseflows with turbulent boundary layers would be at least
as challenging;fortunately, there is no usefor sucha grid in the near future,
as the simulation would exceedthe current computing power by orders of
magnitude [1].
The target flows are much too complex, no matter how simple the geometry, to provide exact solutions with which to calibrate, or evento allow
experimentssogood that approachingtheir resultsis an unquestionablemeasureof success.The inertial range and the log layer providedvalid tests, but
only of the LES mode. Besides,many sourcesof error are presentin the simulations and may compensateeachother, so that reducing oneerror source
can worsen
the
5 to 10%
final
range.
is meaningful;
beyond
answer.
it is the
these
merical
reasons,
arguments,
answer.
Grid
step
from
in DNS
ties,
therefore
and
spacing.
gridding
rather
the
4%
of disagreements
discrepancy
from
to 1% which
The
in the
say 40%
is difficult
the
tion
with
walls
grid
convergence
to 10%
to establish
ditions).
when
except
conditions
fields
walls
is being
are
(except
we are
involved;
approximated.
measure
we cannot
soundness
The
difficult
appear
grid
of this
or any
guidelines
below
especially
in mind
that
even
the
limit.
We do aim
grid
applies
the
but
defined
filtered
situa-
the
initial
con-
equation
that
that
%he
to A, which
to any
tool
of
of accuracy
statement
is an essential
at
sen-
convergence
an order
the
probably
on the grid
and
obvious
This
refinement
LES
is the
with
wall
to explore
the
approach.
daunting,
The
a single
in 3D. This
approach
produce
con-
quanti-
walls,
closely
proportional
will appear
with
with
nu-
of derivative,
spectra,
to predict
offer
depends
to expect
scale
at first.
the
times
only
numerical
to conceptualize
strong
and
a length
spacing".
Nevertheless,
incompatible
comodate
with
DNS
grid
filtered
(order
without
in the
in a position
We can
of grid
too
for short
not
itself
quantities
than
are
quantity
even
of course
is much
on the
and
to a _right"
or confusing,
variables
Equation
depends
for Reynolds-averaged
In DES,
subtle,
Differential
on physical
of convergence
in LES the
contribution),
is murky
to initial
instantaneous
because
Partial
of sub-grid-scale
sitivity
on demonstrations
of accuracy
inclusion
will be based
in LES is more
or RANS
order
guidelines
than
convergence
vergence
keep
we are thinking
reducing
doubt.
For
DES
Here
Of course,
many
most-desirable
structured
can make
shown
with
features
block,
DES
here
and
regions
and
appear
fully
are
too
that
of these
difficult
are
grids
to ac-
heavy.
We must
implemented
on the
possibly
issues
We note
the
S-A
with
values
could
that
model),
namely
to it, which
pression:
be that
ing it out.
from
the
and
dissipation
Here,
sustains
Spectra
in a more
preferred
"better"
quantitative
The
simulation
that
led
whereas
the
that
stable
well
some
(meaning:
LES regions,
LES)
there.
(BL),
and
Section
about
making
MILES
and
essentially
as it stands
discussed
with
here
guidelines,
4 gives
lower
We
terminology,
dif-
or eddy
in the
MILES
centered
use upwind
(Monotonically
and
attribute
in numerical
which
is ineffective
are not
art,
accuracy
high-order
molecular
MILES
of the
improved
They
im-
of damp-
state
values
stretching,
any
results
improvement
[9].
[5] used
upwind.
vortex
without
them
simulations
2 follows
pitfalls
singular
instabilities)
However,
the
as low as second-order
suppress
as numerical
the
of them
to 0.65
very
a visual
the
to differences
differences,
ferences,
better
instead
the
(for
is not
is largely
cases,
manner
of _Es
dissipation.
ones
had
is the
do illustrate
value
DES
unsteadiness
criterion
constant
CDES
have
In some
of qualitative
in LES.
in the
0.1.
for the
to revisions.
partners
blow-up.
now
kind
generally
variations
or even
(2.3.2).
value
is open
Several
without
simulation
this
edge
"ofi3cial"
0.65,
is favorable.
eddies,
Using
lowered
the
the
as low as 0.25,
smaller
in DES
boundary-layer
in passing
base
sensitive
at the
as
viscosity
in
Integrated
boundary
layer
overall.
comments,
while
3 is
examples.
Guidelines
2.1
Terminology
The
terms
one
by
Departure
Euler
one,
along
Region.
Region,
RANS
with
Viscous
The
first
three
Region,
Region,
and
LES
Outer
can be seen
Region
Region,
as parent-
will be introduced
Focus
Region
or "super-regions",
and
Region
RANS(RR)
Viscous (VR)
Outer (OR)
Viscous (VR)
LES(LR)
Focus
Departure
(FR)
(DR)
2.2
Euler
This
region
vorticity
most
Region
upstream
except
of the
concept
and
but
also applies
isotropic
by geometry
and
shock
be refined,
especially
shocks.
RANS
This
is primarily
assuming
considering
points.
gridding
grid,
shock
the
spacing
for needlessly
into
the
ER,
fine
which
dictated
normal
With
ER
prevail,
spacing
capturing.
covers
The
practices
and that
of unstructured
boundary
layer,
bubbles
practices
typical
grids
would
activate
"natural"
DES
finer
grid
or by
and
to the
structured
grid
spacings
is inefficient.
or multiblock
This
capabilities.
(RR)
separation
gridding
to much
Euler
adapted
regions
advantage
by turbulence,
to infinity
of the
directions,
is a tendency
viscous
the
share
we assume
Region
shallow
three
entered
It extends
calculation.
In an ideal
there
the
is never
a small
in the
but
by taking
2.3
any
spacing
from
is mitigated
also
contains
C grids,
to propagate
sides
by shocks.
to a RANS
with fairly
and
to the
if it is generated
volume,
would
(ER)
including
such
the
as at the
initial
foot
separation
of a shock.
of pure-RANS
calculations.
LES
regions,
in these
applications.
The
VR and
and
We are
Refinement
but
here
OR overlap
we are
in the
log
layer.
2.3.1
Viscous
This
the
region
same
is within
as for
will create
are
the
model,
about
Because
by the
and
Ay+
of this,
5 and
usual
little
region
sense
the
of 1.25
the
shear
first
spacing
Reynolds
be good
of the
step
studies
first
by going
the
and
of the
below
Ay+
wall-normal
does
ratio
by
a first
enough.
spacing
log
is weak
log layer
layer.
(the
not
DES
All
resolved
supply
by the
any
RANS
Ayj+l/Ayj
should
to be accurate
a factor
attempt
stretching
= 1 and
a problem,
can
ratio.
left
be done
However
Ayj+l/Ayj
been
[3].
of 10 requires
at
Refinement
has
are
direction,
and
and
stretching
For
requirements
is as dictated
number
[7].
1.3 should
gained
layer,
rate),
layers
the
time-dependence
the
The
and
wall-normal
buffer
reduction
of our
the
than
stress.
In
sublayer,
that
smaller
increasing
ratio
of a DES,
RANS.
11 to 13 grid
is typically
in most
RANS
viscous
neighborhood
about
y+ _
in the
Reynolds
be in the
adding
the
a full-domain
are much
significant
(VR)
standard
"modeled"
frequencies
very
Region
= 1.2,
unchanged,
solution,
2.3.2
or be adaptive
RANS
The
whole
there
are
modeled
In attached
spacing
makes
wall
features
singular
standard
detectors.
(OR)
with
3D eddies).
wall-parallel
follow
region
BL is treated
(unsteady
the
outer
and
turbulence,
BL's,
the
same
such
with
a structured
requirements
as steps,
no
"LES
grid
across
slots,
content"
is efficient,
the
and
BL (unless
or breaks
in slope
or
curvature).
The
grid
normal
ing, ideally,
sustained
that
viscosity
ations
point
the
has much
are just
0, and
steeper
as steep
physical
merit
is a side-effect
OR
slope
generate
LES
These
regions
simulation
outer
layer
eddy
S-A eddy
is more
the
the
solver
over
Euler
needs
_ than
to tolerate
coneddy
vari-
from
a physical
to that
"feel"
to fall back
with
at the
numerical
Region
tolerates
well, but
needed
viscosity
BL does not
implies
the
viscosity
similar
spacSince
this
profile
quite
is not
the
S-A).
BL edge
robustness
the edge
the
and
slope
the
has
and
no
mak-
grid spacing.
to under-estimate
some,
to
Sharply
it, so that
_/10
bound
discontinuity
is
and
values.
regions
but
(the
to over-estimate
The
negative
2.4
inside
into
velocity
which
k-e is very
concern
extends
exceeded.
in the
wall,
with
BL thickness.
_ log(1.25),
of the
solution
it is safer
often
routinely
break
Ayj/yj
The
practices
8 is the
at the BL edge
interface
with
[10]; the
the
In practice,
gives
variations
the
RANS
where
y = 8/2.
as near
its behavior
the
8/10
1.25 ratio
around
turbulence-freestream
resolving
not
stops
follows
about
to Ay = 81og(1.25)
of view but
near
the
at the
stretching
stretching
wall again
exceeding
stretching
the
tinued
to the
nowhere
will
contain
are
neither
(LR)
vorticity
BL's,
nor
and
turbulence
thin
shear
layers
at
some
along
point
which
in the
the
grid
Again,
even
though
this
layer
is within
the
LES
spacing
parallel
to the wall is unlimited
in wall units.
as Ax + = Az + = 8,000 in a channel,
whereas
typical
are of the
2.4.2
order
"focus
setting
region"
(FR),
must
measure
very
not
"can
that
cars
also
be used
some
other
this
comes
inside
the
margin.
than
from
The
If we are
significant
the
noise).
on
condition
Of course,
the
at jet
tasks
much
roughly
the
body?".
point,
up
FR covers
the
the
a particle
with
the
surface
maybe
region
(as may
turbulence,
ending
of two
FR covers
later,
with
the FR with
difference.
in a thorough
at any
spoilers
starts
to extend
a single
system
noise,
all of the
in the mean,
FR is made
DR
quite
estimate
"can
The
well coincide
not make
the
be
with
became
or Kirchhoff
is slender
may
at this
create,
enclose
can
near
they
FR may
to have
FR
as a wing
the
and
a sensible
such
and
A0
In the
more,
points
to very
question
the
If we have
it, the
point
principal
start.
any
we have
looking
These
the separated
can
smoothness.
Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings
far-field
of grid
the
flow region?"
noise,
over
propagate
(DR)
flow reversal
turbulence
to tail.
setting
this
of interest,
Laterally,
an outflow
the DR and
some
to an important
to mind.
use
in forces
by the
generates
to extract
with
where
quality
(once
be "is there
spoilers
to decide
resolution
regions
prevail
to fig. 1. A0 is the
region"
It is a good
bodies
point
diameters.
a DR or with
the FR,
same
it would
several
from
that
at 30 nozzle
enclosed
the
return
is buffeted
from
region
"departure
two
should
we do not
so we need
the
interested
a particle
roughly,
propagate
the
Now
to do this
that
(DR)
A0.
primarily
A0
Refer
lie), but
streamtube
race
at
far exceed
are
a tail
wall
region
in a DES.
and
where
aiming
If we have
whole
is the region
they
more
and
which
in the
by
time?".
spacing
spacings
and
Even
grid
grid
of where
defined
a target
and
will eventually
body,
departure
far downstream,
we are
different
and
resolution
FR extends,
DR,
(FR)
be well resolved.
of spatial
spacing
the
region
by
turbulence
the
of 20 [7].
Focus
We start
region,
Outlining
grid design,
a little
farther
terms
and
far-field
can
rise
term
subsides,
DR
faster
may
than
becomes
the
is to provide
inviscid
cost.
dynamics,
We return
argument.
allow
The
cubic
the
is away
from
two directions
enough
the
premise
to be products
isotropic.
Then,
There
results
with
a A0, and
to be:
"Any
unsatisfactory
failure
to run
an order
to resolve
the
FR
tures
to cover
tangibly
have
beyond
smaller
than
DES
a geometry,
run
from
107 points
the
in the
Number
author
cost
ratio
gross
so a l_inil_mm
plausible
diameter
we add
running
as opposed
200,000
Rule
to the
DES,
If it is elongated
Once
worth
The
includes
FR,
ER,
RR
future.
finer
well over
DES
argument
that
for
are small
study
contains
1 of DES
is due
between
easiest
the
DR,
100,000
expect
bare
is
is supposed
appear
case
geometry
even
user's
in the
appears
to the
of 323 would
or channel
spacing
is logical.
figures.
and
to
to be statistically
or if the
of the
to homogeneous
to 2,500,000
near
the
will tend
physical
ideal
expensive
in all directions,
therefore
The
(at times
FR in any
viscosity
scale
The
three
is the formulaic
As a result,
and
reported
and
eddy
in the
the least
This
its
at a modest
spacings
in all directions
A0.
grid").
grid
and
we can provide
spherical.
considerably.
the minimum
is over
A0/2
of scales,
the
cascade,
capability
result
Still,
range
is roughly
increases
is wasted.
on a fine enough
a wide
be required
direction
destruction
be used;
length
of course).
to choose
with
of magnitude.
the
the
spacing
of large-scale
Ay, Az),
minimum
medium-
grid
in terms
grid cells.
of LES is to filter
way
and
could
similar
cubic
(the
DR will not
condition
walls,
resolution
is no unique
in the
is that
same
of the energy
equal
does,
A = max(Ax,
argument
to about
[1]. The
RANS
"neighbor"
very
A0 is to have
numerical
cells is that
results
a decent
an outflow
we have
grows
naturally
to advocate
desired
(this
in one or even
FR,
in DES
the
steepening
statistically
than
viscosity
a quasi-steady
Essentially,
better
Since
eddy
length
the FR with
to the
way to obtain
the
into
mixing
negligible).
function
directions.
and
well turn
has
to
when
fea-
l_inil_mm
it is clear
grid points
that
(this
turbulence).
We
simulations
well
2.5
Grey
There
regions
are intermediate
zones
but
instance,
an airfoil
Az
over
in the
ER
some
and
between
are, when
we have
DR
all regions.
they
started
blocks
than
Most
correspond
using
in the
often,
the
to block
a larger
RR
spanwise
and
FR
boundaries
boundaries.
grid
blocks,
For
spacing
thus
saving
within
areas
points.
The
that
boundary
between
will never
spacing
and
may
ER
grids
change
or if the
today:
The
from
We are
DR to the
less
the
boundary.
This
is unable
serious
The
has
than
needed
partly
switch
to vary
Content",
take
over
no reason
an ER.
the
eddy
viscosity
RR-to-DR
Often,
sense
thickness
the
that
(even
to be on the
neglected.
None
grids),
100%
an unsteady
field).
rapidly
as the
been
wake
the
grid
a grid
cut
final position
of these
the
In other
zones
pose
(recall
that
zone
(those
the
the
It means
given
words,
off the
the
freed
by
near
are
point
does
This
the
due
wall.
expecting
arise
BL lacks
the
not
points
and
turbulence
which
RANS
from
below,
very
the
flow
If anything,
design
We
(those
surface.
typical
RR has more
examples
in
spacing
separation
grid
the
is physical.
stresses
the
RR to FR).
Normally,
in the
of a concern,
wall-parallel
instability,
pours
more
The
As a result,
resolved
a new
fluid
RR.
if at all.
stresses
of the
we expect
the
RR-to-FR
modeled
to FR
(as is patent
and
this
always
than
much,
BL
has
RR
so that
in advance.
the
for
area"
from
be finer
change
dominance
and
designed
in all directions.
in the
its accurate
are
of RANS
solutions.
as "DR"
FR
an RR and
and
same
is not troublesome.
wildly
known
concern
eraging
or "grey
FR may
outside
from
physics,
between
typical
coarsening
The
grid
are often
fluid normally
RANS
flow has
physics
separation,
RR-to-FR
to a strong
with
grid design
to structured
The
flow
DR.
in simple
to the
zone
accurately
the
DR
be described
wake
viscous
after
a well-resolved
mark
the
The
no reason
is not
fairly
is also
have
that
a sizeable
in the
is present
This
ER spacings
The
issues.
terms.
LES
in the
stable
normal
RR-to-FR
becomes
involve
of motion.
especially
calculations
can
could
physical
physical
these
BL.
BL and
FR)
one
The
the
Already,
is placed
scales
boundary,
FR to DR (recall
to support
wake).
around
the
invested
fine spacing
of the
that
a block,
region
or fine
from
simulation
of a wing
with
is tight
algorithms.
much
will keep
turbulence,
a bit across
within
"hand-over"
the
region
quite
RR
even
by different
see vorticity,
model)
from
any
av"LES
wall proximity,
possibility
to
is more
Time
Here
we assume
primarily
blocks)
We consider
cascade
Therefore,
though
FR,
a result,
with
run
cannot
eddies,
their
time
step
on the
higher
with
that
to the
eddies
they
to smaller
As
the
phenomena
grid
ergy
that
look at the
to excite
(and
step
is chosen
premise
same
a sub-grid-scale
smallest
with
and
that
by
the
other
stability.
regions
the FR does.
is best
can
because
influence
a reasonable
10
the
not
We
are unlikely
step.
of maybe
accurate
are under
transport
time
than
model
eddies
wavelengths
be highly
that
frequency
the
for accuracy,
adjusted
be safely
A = 5A
they
of the
the
on the
will be active,
lack
eddy
differencing
to allow
tracked
the
energy
viscosity
scheme
engrid.
even
cascade
instead.
(at
least
depends
To best
spend
are
of the
scheme,
That
the
same
differencing
computing
magnitude.
at least
leads
A = A/5 is acceptable,
on the
CFL
Again
assuming
number
not
stability.
Steps
tion
from
this
estimate
cannot
tests
with
different
time
steps
estimate
which
is typically
arrive
at the
challenge
rarely
this
spatial
time
the likely
of 3/2
give
between
step
guideline,
and
highest
1.5 and
At
five
time
it is based
or even
any
strong
All
short
waves.
errors
that
time-integration
steps
per
on rough
2 away
period.
accuracy
in either
as _%correct".
which
temporal
Space/time
error
velocity
several
direc-
Unfortunately,
indications
balancing
depends
Orders
which
of the
is the
experimentation.
11
the
It has
of course
schemes.
encountered
times
= A0/U_n_x.
a reasonable
of 1. Again,
be described
accurate.
for
for time-integration
maybe
a factor
not highly
performance
towards
an
value.
We then
of the
we wish
we need
estimates,
optimal
effort,
second-order,
to a local
although
scheme's
in the FR,
freestream
been
difficult
velocity,
and
to confirm
on the relative
of accuracy
U_n_x,
or
performance
vary,
and
are
of-
that
leaves
the
most
room
for
Pitfalls
DES
produces
inaccurate
long, just
like any
adapting
behavior
3D Euler
singularity
compared
RANS
with
are
grossly
of the
so that
and thus
of at least
x/2 and
practice
Scale
(SGS)
alert
the
for the
to signal
cases
were
visibly
LES content,
prompt
We
in which
almost
(roughly,
and
there
the
5 points
for resolved
and
the
was
no
It is normal
or Sub-Grid-
close
case
per channel
but
well if
channel
was ambiguous.
half-height
to be sustained,
"resolved
a factor
will respond
whole domain
turbulence
is
a large
implies
RANS
DES
of dare
is usually
schemes,
Reynolds
h in the
so that
stress".
the
However
compared
with the
model
was confused.
grids
This
in many
simulation
grids".
whether
These
was
model
resolution,
and
Upwind
step"
the
cost).
of "ambiguous
(in which
[7], we created
solution
the
the
LES
will trigger
a %erious
in a region,
study
directions)
that
self-
suppresses
If the
refinement
quadruples
to DES is that
by particles.
wall-parallel
to DES.
divergence.
is expected
zones
the turbulence
it was on the
(recall
nearly
user
rapidly
specific
too
The
of poor
in any
step
up".
of course
a warning
of grid
time
"blows
is present
numerical
user
grid
removing
step
or the
rarely
to the
feature
a serious
behavior
crossed
(thus
therefore
is too coarse
but
is no danger
is specific
the intermediate
viscosity
this
there
grid
strategy,
also suppress
difference,
and
but
under-resolved,
DES
eddy
formation
common,
An issue that
if the
numerical
DNS),
solvers
which
results
other
normal
This
RANS
level, and therefore
skin friction.
was a contrived
failure
in the sense that
too coarse,
and
grid
the
solution
refinement
obviously
would
alter
the
had
none
results
The
these
of the expected
strongly
enough
to
an investigation.
re-iterate
region.
that
A much
thermore
harm
balance
between
finer
the
cult
to judge
than
that
are in a ratio
strongly
spacing
stability
spatial
that
and
anisotropic
in one
of the
of 2 appear
time
temporal
between
grids
direction
inefficient
integration.
steps,
spatial
are
sensible
is that
DES
and
Similarly,
a balance
directions.
equally
in the
is of no value,
which
Often,
LES
fur-
we need
is more
two
may
time
flow on the
diffisteps
same
grid.
A more
should
subtle
be properly
pressibility
possibility
obtained
in a mixing
layer
from
and
RANS.
of rotation
12
would
For
"fake"
instance,
in a vortex
some
the
are
effects
effects
that
of coin-
to weaken
the
15
2.0 y/D
10
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-10
-5
5 x/DIO
Figure
turbulence.
RANS
miss these
the desired
so that
direction.
relative
to RANS,
activity
(for instance
could
over
reporting
4
4.1
so that
over
of the
a DES
improve
results
but
over
a weakened
thin
eddy
lacks
spanwise
theme
often
results
is precisely
in
what
DES does
quality
resolved
domain
size or resolution)
Since
papers,
turbulent
demonstrating
there
Note
could
also compensate
could
improve
model
layers
steers
RANS.
reason.
shear
viscosity
in DES
for a wrong
reduction
cylinder.
viscosity
that
to inadequate
is a recurrent
circular
2.0
0.5
in incompressible
the eddy
even
due
an eddy-viscosity
sipation,
grid
any reduction
Reducing
improvements,
studies,
coarse
RANS
0.0
calibrated
so that
fortuitously
ority
3: DES
models
effects,
15
that
results,
superi-
is a danger
in some
RANS
for numerical
but
then
of
only
dison
grids!
Examples
Clean
design
airfoil
The
grid
Fig.
2 [5]. Compared
over
in our NACA
with
wide
0012
a RANS
range
study
grid
13
of angle
was simple,
adequate
with
of attack
a single
for an attached
block,
see
case,
the
was
uniform.
The
grid
a 141 61 25 grid
dictated
by Az,
4.2
and
Circular
The
final
factor
the
grids
in the
RR
and
the
coarsening
and
DR
step
for
could
are
the
0.068
later.
have
(since
curvature,
change
with
for the
spanwise
angle
of attack.
period;
This
A0
was
was
0.04c,
At = 0.025c/U_.
to 0.034
3 [4].
is also
Az is uniform;
higher
U]n_x _ 1.5U_),
based
but
These
partly
several
The
ER is clearly
that
that
was
the
FR,
but
z in the
ER
coarse-grid
which
our CFL
guideline
are no regions
little
features
the
(the
seen;
inexpensive
than
there
showed
with
to 0.035
run
by
design
of coarsening
0.05
are longer
because
on tests
have
idea
from
0.05,
At).
refinement
continuous
the
ranged
than
to raise
and partly
DR
steps
to including
diameters,
see Fig.
the
Time
been
in addition
grids,
continuous;
the incentive
above
step
cylinder,
is visible.
came
removed
time
NACA-0012
FR
not
1 chord
cylinder
of 2 in A0 from
absent
did
with
difference
with
from
tight
shorter
steps.
4.3
Tilt-rotor-wing
In the tilt-rotor
The
inner
adapted
work
"snail"
to the
(0.85,-0.1)).
spaced
airfoil
the definitive
block,
geometry
The
"C-grid
cut"
ER
and
time
for
the
RR
blocks
At
Active
is also
which
and
FR.
same
resolution
block
approach
(the
only
Although
with
has
block
The
been
and
with
larger
points
The
a somewhat
(this
smaller
14
Az
and
avoids
The
evolution
FR,
but
at y _
unsteady
good,
since
runs
-2).
does
The
blowing
the
(x, y) A0
spanwise
of course,
of grid
also
from
0.09 in the
of the
54 points
near
a finely-
of course
begins
could,
number
probably
FR, is highly
but
RR and
is quite
grid
code
of the
2D figure
because
total
an unstructured
is powerful
wasteful.
Ay.
short
resolution
580,000
part
see Fig. 4.
it is 0.03 in the
is fairly
a C block,
FR character,
have
of Ax
ER,
RR and
the blowing
would
DR
Control.
with
the
H block
in Az:
-90 , as in hover
has a clear
contains
in terms
= O.O15c/U,
Flow
0.03,
wake
variations
DR
step,
grid
(including
first
FR to DR is gradual
not reflect
which
near
provide
in the
the
points,
the
multi-
faster
and
allows
Simplified
landing-gear
landing-gear
truck
geometry
treated
simulated
with
truck
of Lazos,
although
simplified,
full jet-fighter
preliminary
grids
by Dr. J. Forsythe
at the US Air Force
blocks with an RR-FR-DR-ER
structure
tilt-rotor,
forced
and
by the
about
2.5 million
complexity
most
complete
configurations
good
have been
experimental
agreement
Academy).
The grid has thirteen
that is not as distinct
as for the
points.
of the
but
is the
The
geometry,
compromises
which
on structure
made
grid
were
generation
very
time-consuming.
Acknowledgements
All the
Shur,
present
grids
Strelets,
fruitful
were generated
and
Travin.
discussions.
and
Drs.
Dr. Singer
Squires
reviewed
many
ideas
and
the
shaped
Forsythe
by Drs.
Hedges,
part
in many
took
manuscript.
References
[1] P.
R. Spalart,
on the
W.-H.
feasibility
proach".
1st AFOSR
LA. In "Advances
Columbus,
[2] P. R.
Int.
M. Strelets
Int.
for wings,
Conf.
and
and
S. R. Allmaras,
on
a hybrid
on DNS/LES,
Aug.
C. Liu and
Z. Liu Eds.,
in DNS/LES",
"Comments
RANS/LES
4-8,
1997,
ap-
Ruston,
Greyden
Press,
OH.
Spalart,
J. Heat
[3] P. R. Spalart,
[4] Travin,
Jou,
of LES
A.,
"Strategies
Fluid
Flow
"Trends
Shur,
Eddy
Simulations
293-313.
M.,
past
for
21,
turbulence
2000,
and
simulations".
252-263.
in turbulence
Strelets,
modelling
M.,
a Circular
15
treatments".
AIAA-2000-2306.
& Spalart,
P. R. 2000.
"Detached-
Cylinder".
Flow,
Comb.
Tur'b.
63,
[5] M.
Shur,
P. R.
simulation
Spalart,
of an airfoil
Eng.
Turb.
Rodi
and
Modelling
D. Laurence
[6] Constantinescu,
of turbulent
[7] Nikitin,
Fluids
solver",
Nicoud,
and
angle
Travin,
of attack."
Experiments,
Eds.,
Elsevier.
Squires,
A.
K. D.,
_Detached-eddy
4th Int.
May
24-26
"LES
and
Symposium
1999,
DES
on
Corsica.
W.
investigations
AIAA-2000-0540.
F., Wasistho,
B., Squires,
K. D.,
to Wall
Modeling
in Large-Eddy
K.,
Dieteker,
J.-F.,
& Spalart,
P.
Simulations".
7.
J., Hoffmann,
of a supersonic
and
axisymmetric
base
_Detached-eddy
flow with
simu-
an unstructured
flow
AIAA-2000-2410.
[9] M. Strelets,
_Detached
AIAA 2001-0879.
[10] P. R. Spalart
and
flows,"
in appendix
for C_l.
[11] L. S. Hedges,
over
eddy
simulation
S. R. Allmaras,
aerodynamic
tions
at high
a sphere."
Approach
12,
Strelets
and
and
flow over
_An
Is] Forsythe,
lation
G.,
N. V.,
R. 2000.
Phys
M.
"A one-equation
La Recherche
A. Travin
a simplified
A{rospa_iale,
& P. R. Spalart
landing
of massively
gear".
16
2001.
separated
turbulence
1, 5 (1994).
flows",
model
Note
_Detached-Eddy
To be submitted,
J. Fluids
for
error
SimulaEr_9.
0.5
>-
-0.5
-!0.5
0.5
Figure
4: DES
grid
over
generic
tilt-rotor
17
airfoil.
Compare
with
fig. 1.
18
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Report
5. FUNDING
Young-Person's
Guide to Detached-Eddy
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NUMBERS
Grids
RTR 706-81-13-02
NAS 1-97040
6. AUTHOR(S)
Philippe
R. Spalart
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detached-eddy
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15.
simulation,
Reynolds-averaged
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