Engineering Encyclopedia: Centrifugal Pumps

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Centrifugal Pumps
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given,
or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Process
File Reference: CHE10201
For additional information on this subject, contact

B. Carney on 875-0760
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CONTENTS
PAGES
INFORMATION
Principle of Operation
Head Produced by a Centrifugal Pump
Application of Centrifugal Pump
Mechanical Components
Head vs. Flow Characteristic
10
System Resistance
11
Pump Calculations
17
Pump Horsepower
18
Driver Power, Motors
19
Actual Volumes
20
Calculate Pump P Required From Process Data
21
Head Produced by an Operating Pump
22
Net Positive Suction Head
23
Cavitation
26
Performance Curves
27
Impeller Diameter Changes
29
Characteristics of Pumps in Series
32
Characteristics of Parallel Pumps
33
Control Systems
36
Typical Centrifugal Pump Installation
39
Operating Problems with Centrifugal Pumps
42
Standards
44
WORK AIDS
45
GLOSSARY
58
REFERENCES
61
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
A pump converts mechanical energy into pressure in a flowing liquid. A centrifugal pump
does this by centrifugal action, in two steps. Refer to Figure 1. (1) A centrifugal pump has
two major components: the internal impeller and the outer casing. The liquid enters the
suction of the pump at A. It then flows to B and outward through the channels of the
impeller marked C. As the liquid flows outward in the impeller, the impeller imparts a very
high spinning or tangential velocity to the liquid. (2) The liquid then enters the volute of the
pump, area D. Here the velocity energy is converted to pressure.
FIGURE 1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
HEAD PRODUCED BY A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Head is the term used to describe the energy imparted to the liquid. The units of head are
foot-pounds (ft-lb) of force per pound of mass.
Head produced ft-lb = V2
1b 2g
where:
V
g
= Velocity of impeller tip, ft/sec

= gravitational constant, 32.2 ft/sec2
Note that the important velocity is the tangential velocity at the tip of the impeller. This
velocity is proportional to the diameter of the impeller and the rotational speed. Therefore,
the equation for head can be written in terms of pump characteristics as follows:
Head (ft) =
1840
where:
D
= Impeller diameter, inches
N
= Pump speed, rpm
The precise units of head are ft-lb (force) per lb (mass). However, it is conventional practice
to cancel the lb units and to speak of head in terms of feet. Note that the pump vendor
designs the impeller to produce the head required at the design point.
The pressure differential produced by a pump is equivalent to a column of the pumped liquid,
where the height of the column is equal to the head produced by the pump. See Figure 2.
For a given flow and speed, head produced is constant, assuming no wear and fouling.
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Centrifugal pumps are the type of pump most commonly used in the process industries. They
are the first choice because they have very few moving parts, are simple to maintain, and are
available for a wide range of flow rates and differential pressures.
There are a few exceptions where other types of pumps are more appropriate. These are
services with a very high differential pressure, above about 2000 psi; very high viscosities,
above 500 cSt; or very low flow rates, below 10 gpm. However, in most industries, more
than 90% of the pumping applications will be covered by centrifugal pumps.
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS (CONTD)
0psig
p =
H =
43 . 3 psi
100 Ft
0psig
43 . 3 psig
p ( psi ) = Head ( Feet ) 0 . 433 S . G .

FIGURE 2. HEAD AND DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE ARE EQUIVALENT
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Figure 3 illustrates the major components of a centrifugal pump. This is a diagram of a
horizontal single-stage, overhung pump, the most common type. Horizontal refers to the
orientation of the shaft; single-stage means there is one impeller. Overhung means that the
impeller is outside of the two supporting bearings, not between the bearings.
The shaft runs through the center of the pump and holds the impeller at the left end. The
drive motor is connected to the right end of the shaft through a flexible coupling. The liquid
enters the suction nozzle, passes through the enclosed sections of the spinning impeller, and
exits through the discharge nozzle at the top of the pump. The right end of the pump is the
bearing housing. This housing contains two sets of ball bearings that support the weight of
the shaft. They also absorb the axial thrust on the shaft.
The casing contains the liquid under pressure. A seal is required where the rotating shaft
enters the casing. This area is called the stuffing box and may actually contain a stuffing or
packing. However, most modern pumps have mechanical seals at this point. Sealing the
shaft is very important to prevent leakage of the pumped fluid, which is frequently hazardous,
flammable, or toxic. Therefore, careful attention must be paid to the design, installation, and
maintenance of the seals. Many different types of seals are available for different process
conditions.
Heat is generated by friction in seal area of the shaft, and sometimes cooling is required. A
channel called the flushing connection is available for this purpose.
The amount of head that can be generated by a single impeller is limited to a maximum
value. If more head is required, pump designs incorporate two or more impellers. These may
be arranged in a horizontal multistage configuration or a vertical multistage configuration.
These configurations are described later.
Impellers may be the open, semi-closed, or closed. These are shown in Figure 5. In the
petroleum and gas process plants, most impellers are the closed type. Closed impellers can
generate higher heads at greater efficiencies. Open and semi-closed impellers are used for
liquids that contain solids. They will not clog as easily as closed impellers.
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS (CONTD)
Casing Rings Front

and Back Side
of Impeller
Lantern Ring
Connection
Stuffing Box for

Mechanical Seal or
Shaft Packing (Packing Illustrated)
Ball Bearing
Sleeve
Thrust Bearing
Cantilevered or
Overhung Type
Shaft Support
Impeller
Balance Port
Oil Lubrication System
End Suction Casing

Close Tube Impeller
Quenching Type
Packing Gland
Circular Casing
Joints with
Confined Gasket
Guide Bracket
(Not for Structural
Support)
FIGURE 3. HORIZONTAL, SINGLE STAGE, OVERHUNG PUMP
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
FIGURE 4A. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Horizontal-Single Stage
-
Vertical In-line
-
Used when low NPSHR is needed
Vertical-Submerged Suction
-
Up to 8 impellers for higher head

Shaft supported between bearings
Vertical Can
-
Supported by piping or small foundation

Motor is supported by pump; piping forces do not affect
alignment
Lower cost, simpler maintenance
Slightly higher NPSHR than horizontal pump
Horizontal Multistage
-
The most common type

Used for moderate head, <500 ft
End suction top discharge
+
or top suction, top discharge
Like vertical can type, without the can

Used in sumps or shallow wells
Used to pump water from the sea, or from reservoirs
Submersible
-
Used in oil production wells
FIGURE 4B. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS (CONTD)
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Open
Enclosed
Partially Open
(Semi-Closed)
FIGURE 5. BASIC TYPES OF IMPELLERS
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
HEAD VS. FLOW CHARACTERISTIC

The process performance of a centrifugal pump is described by a curve called the head versus
flow characteristic. See Figure 6. Centrifugal pumps are constant-head devices. This means
that they provide a nearly constant head, or pressure differential, even though the flow rate
changes. As Figure 6 shows, the head produced by the pump does increase somewhat as the
flow rate decreases from the design point. Conversely, the head decreases at flow rates
above the design point. However, over the normal operating range of the pump, the head is
relatively constant or, as we say, the curve is relatively flat. Normally, the head developed at
zero flow is no more than 110 to 120% of the head at the design point. This is called the
shutoff point, or shutoff head.
FIGURE 6. HEAD VS FLOW CHARACTERISTIC

Note that shutoff means that the flow is shut off, for example by closing a valve at the
discharge of the pump. The pump itself continues to rotate and develop differential pressure.
However, a pump should not be operated this way except for a short period. After a minute
or two, the pump will overheat and damage will occur.

1
0
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
The discussion has centered on the head produced by an operating pump. Another important
concept is system resistance. This is the head required to move liquid from one point in the
process to another.
The total head (or differential pressure) required for a circuit can be divided into three
components: (See Fig. 7, 8 and 9).
Static pressure differential, the difference in pressure

between the two vessels, P2 - P1.
Elevation differential, the head required to lift the

liquid from its initial to its final elevation.
Friction resistance in the flowing system.
Figure 10 shows a typical pump circuit. This circuit contains all three components of system
resistance.
The magnitudes of the three components are illustrated in the lower half of Figure 10. Notice
that pressure differential and elevation are constant values, independent of the flow rate
through the circuit. However, the dynamic friction resistance depends on the flow. The
dynamic friction resistance is proportional to the square of the flow rate. Thus, at zero flow
rate, the friction resistance is zero, but it rises exponentially as the flow rate increases.
To understand the dynamics of a pumped circuit, it is sometimes useful to plot the pump
curve and the system curve together. This has been done in Figure 11. The head can be
expressed either as feet of fluid or differential pressure (psi), as long as the units are
consistent. At zero flow rate, the head produced by the pump is much greater than the head
required to overcome the resistances of the system. However, as the flow rate increases, the
head required increases. At the same time, the head produced by the pump decreases
somewhat. At the design flow rate, the head produced by the pump is still larger than the
head required. The difference, or excess delta P, is taken up by a control valve.
The curve shows that if the flow rate is increased beyond the design value, the pressure drop
available for the control valve becomes smaller and smaller. When the curves meet, the
pressure drop available for control is zero, the control valve is wide open and the flow rate
cannot increase further.
Conversely, if the flow rate is controlled at a value below design, the control valve will take a
larger pressure drop.
1
1
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
SYSTEM RESISTANCE (CONTD)
p 1 = 100 psig
p 2 = 200 psig
p = (p 2 p 1)
= 200 100
= 100 psi
2. 31
Head = (p 2 p 1)
S. G.
(Feet )
FIGURE 7. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE - STATIC PRESSURE

DIFFERENTIAL

1
2
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Head = H
(Fe et )
p EL . = H 0. 433 S. G.
FIGURE 8. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE - ELEVATION
DIFFERENTIAL

1
3
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Line Friction
Orifice
Filter
Heat
Exchanger
Head (Fe et ) = p (psi)
2. 31
S.G.
Friction Resistance Is Dynamic
p = k (Flow Rate ) 2
FIGURE 9. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE - FRICTION RESISTANCE

1
4
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Static Press Diff, P2 - P1
Static
Elev.
Diff
h2-h1
Total
Circuit
P2 p
(Excluding
Control
Valve)
p1
Dynamic
Friction
Resistance
kx(Flow)2
Friction
kx(Flow)2
Elevation, h2-h1
Pressure Diff, P2 - P1
Flow Rate
FIGURE 10. SYSTEM RESISTANCE

1
5
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Head
Control Valve p
( p )
Flow
gpm
Design
Flow
Max
Flow
FIGURE 11. PUMP AND SYSTEM CURVE

1
6
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
PUMP CALCULATIONS
Equations 1, 2 and 3 are for calculating pump head.
Pump P is the difference between discharge pressure and suction pressure in psi. Pump
head is the same value, but expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
Usually, the system requirements are calculated in psi. The pump capability is known in feet.
Equations 1, 2 and 3 are used to convert from one unit to the other. The end user or
contractor calculates these values.
Equations for Calculation of Head Required
Pump P = P2 - P1 (psig or psia)
Eqn. (1)
P1 = Suction pressure
P2 = Discharge pressure
Head (feet) = _P (psi) x 2.31

S.G.
Eqn. (2)
S.G. = Specific Gravity relative to water.
P = Head (ft) x 0.433 x S. G.
Eqn. (3)
Density of water at standard temperature (60oF)

S.G. = 1.0
Density
= 8.33 lb/gal
= 62.4 lb/ft3
= 350 lb/barrel
= 2205 lb/metric ton

1
7
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
PUMP HORSEPOWER
Brake horsepower is the power applied to the shaft between the pump and its driver. It is
calculated as follows:
bhp = (gpm) x (_P)

Eqn. (4)
1715 x (Pump Eff.)
where:
bhp
= Brake horsepower
gpm
= Pump flow rate, actual gallons per minute.
= Differential pressure, psi
Pump Eff.
= Hydraulic efficiency of the pump, as a decimal fraction.
Pump efficiency is a characteristic of the pump. Typical values are 0.50 to 0.85. You can
read the efficiency from the manufacturer's performance curve, at operating flow rate and
head.
For small pumps, handling less than 150 gpm, the efficiency may be less than 0.50.

1
8
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
DRIVER POWER, MOTORS
Power (kW) = bhp x 0.746

Motor Eff.
Eqn. (5)
where:
kW
= Power input to motor, kilowatts
Motor eff.
= Efficiency of the electric motor, as a decimal fraction.

Typical values are 0.85 to 0.95. See "Electric Motors"
section of this course.
Note one important point about Eqns. 1-5. For a particular centrifugal pump (at a given
speed and flow rate), the head produced is a characteristic of the pump. It is a constant value.
However, the delta P produced is not constant. The delta P varies directly with the specific
gravity of the pumped fluid. Also, if the specific gravity increases, the brake horsepower
increases. Therefore, a pump and driver set that has been designed for a liquid with a low
specific gravity, such as a light hydrocarbon, may not have sufficient drive horsepower to
pump water at the same flow rate. Because of the higher specific gravity, the horsepower
requirement is greater and the driver may be overloaded.

1
9
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
ACTUAL VOLUMES
When liquids are heated they expand. The volume that determines the pump performance is
the actual volume at the pumping temperature. Frequently, the information about volume
flows is expressed as volume at standard conditions, or 60 degrees F. These standard
volumes must be converted to actual volumes before pump performance calculations can be
made. Values for volume at standard conditions may be obtained from material balance
calculations or from actual plant samples as measured by hydrometers.
These standard densities can be converted to density at actual temperature, using the charts in
the GPSA Manual, Figure 23-17.
Expansion Factor = Specific Volume at actual temperature
Specific Volume at 60F
Plant Data
When an operating pump is evaluated, the flow rate through the pump is often determined
from an orifice flowmeter. An orifice flowmeter does not measure volume flowing directly.
It measures pressure drop across an orifice. The volume can then be calculated from this
pressure drop and the specific gravity of the fluid. Standard charts or meter factors are used
in the plant for convenience. However, these charts and factors have been calculated for one
specific gravity. If the specific gravity at the time of the reading is different, the flowmeter
factor must be corrected. In this case, ask an instrument specialist for help.

2
0
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CALCULATE PUMP P REQUIRED FROM PROCESS DATA

Procedure
First calculate the pump suction pressure by starting with the pressure in the suction vessel,
adding and subtracting the relevant pressure differences from the suction vessel to the eye of
the pump. In a similar way, start with the pressure in the downstream vessel and calculate all
of the differences back to the pump discharge. Pump delta P is the difference between the
discharge and suction pressures required. Delta P in psi can be converted to head in feet
using Eqn. (3).
This calculation is performed to specify a new pump or to check an existing pump to see if it
is suitable for an operation.
Frequently, different values may be obtained for one or more of the input variables. This
would be due to different operations, or to pumping liquids with different specific gravities at
different times. It is important to use the combination of variables that will result in the
greatest head required for the pump.
Contingency Factors
It is common to add extra amounts as contingency factors to the calculated head and
horsepower values. Once a motor-driven pump is installed, you cannot increase the head that
it will produce without removing the pump from operation. The design flow rate can be
exceeded if there is enough difference between the head produced and the head required: the
pump can "run out on its curve" to some degree. However, operation at higher flow rates will
increase the power required from the driver.

2
1
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
HEAD PRODUCED BY AN OPERATING PUMP

It is frequently necessary to calculate the head produced by an operating pump, to determine
whether the pump is in good mechanical condition.
Normally, there is a pressure gauge is installed on the vessel feeding the pump but not at the
suction of the pump. There should be a drain or vent connection at the suction side. A
pressure gauge can be installed there. If not, pump suction pressure must be calculated from
the suction vessel and drops and gains to the pump. In this case, a pressure tap as close to the
pump flange as possible should be installed.
Discharge pressure can be read from a pressure gauge at the pump discharge. It may be
necessary to read the pressure further downstream and to calculate the discharge pressure.
Once the delta P of the pump has been calculated, the head produced by the pump can be
determined using Eqn. (3). Be sure to use actual specific gravity at the time of the test.
Note that it is necessary to have the best readings of suction and discharge pressure possible.
Therefore, calibrated gauges must be substituted for the gauges installed for normal
operation.
The calculated head can be compared to the head predicted by the manufacturer's
performance curve. If the difference between these two values is greater than 5, there is
probably something mechanically wrong with the pump or the system.

2
2
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

It is important that the fluid flowing through the centrifugal pump remain liquid at all points
in the flow path. If even a small portion of the liquid vaporizes, two problems result. First,
the density of the fluid in the pump decreases, and the pressure differential developed will
decrease. Second, the presence of vapor bubbles in the pump can cause mechanical damage.
Frequently, a centrifugal pump is handling a liquid that is at its boiling point at the surface of
the suction drum. This pressure is also called the "bubble point." It is necessary during
design to ensure that the actual pressure remains above the bubble point, at every point
through the flow path. The mathematical term used to cover this procedure is called Net
Positive Suction Head or NPSH.
NPSH is the actual pressure of the liquid at the suction flange of the pump minus the vapor
pressure of the liquid. In other words, it is the positive pressure above boiling pressure
(vapor pressure). This pressure difference is expressed in feet of the liquid being pumped.
NPSH = (Actual Pressure) - (Vapor Pressure)

-
At pump inlet
Calculated in feet of liquid
Eqn. (6)
A positive NPSH is required by all centrifugal pumps. The reason is as follows:

As the liquid enters the pump, it is subjected to rapid acceleration by the spinning impeller.
This acceleration results decreases the static pressure of the liquid. Vaporization occurs if the
static pressure drops below the bubble point pressure.
NPSH Available vs. NPSH Required
There are two kinds of NPSH. One is NPSH available (NPSHA), which depends on the
design of the system, particularly on the elevation of the suction vessel above the pump and
the friction drop in the suction line. The other is NPSH required (NPSHR), the amount of net
positive head required by the design of the pump.
The design and operation of the suction system to a centrifugal pump should be arranged so
that NPSHA is always greater than NPSHR. If it is not, cavitation damage to the pump or
loss of head and capacity may occur.

2
3
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
NPSH Available vs. NPSH Required (Contd)

The calculation procedure for NPSHA is shown in the following example.
accompanies the example.
Figure 12
NPSHR is a function of pump design and flow rate through the pump. It is always shown on
the manufacturer's performance curve. For any pump, NPSHR increases as flow rate
increases. A typical relationship is shown in Figure 13. Note that the NPSHR can rise
steeply at flow rates higher than design. It is actually the pressure drop from the pump inlet
flange to the impeller vanes.
NPSHA = [P s + (hx 0.433 xS. G.) Pf PV ]x
Ps
h
PF
Pv
Note:
=
=
=
=
2.31
S. G.
Pressure in Vapor Space of Suction Vessel, psia

Height of Minimum Level Above Suction Flange of Pump, ft
Friction Loss in Suction, Including Contraction, psi
Vapor Pressure of Pumped Fluid, psia
Elevation head h is negative when the liquid level is below the
centerline of the pump.
FIGURE 12. CALCULATION PROCEDURE FOR NPSHA

2
4
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
NPSH Available vs. NPSH Required (Contd)
FIGURE 13. AVERAGE NPSHR AS A FUNCTION OF PUMP CAPACITY

AT CONSTANT SPEED

2
5
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CAVITATION
Cavitation occurs when the NPSH available is less than that required. As the liquid flows
through the pump and decreases in pressure, small bubbles of vapor form in the suction
passages. As soon as these bubbles reach a higher pressure in the impeller, they can
recondense and collapse so quickly that a violent force is imposed on the impeller. This
makes a distinctive noise that sounds like the rattling of stones in the pump. If cavitation
continues, pitting of the impeller can occur. The damage can be severe. Cavitation can also
occur when low volume flow causes flow separation that vaporizes the liquid being pumped.
Cavitation damage is most likely with single-component liquids such as water. Singlecomponent liquids tend to recondense very suddenly. Multi-component liquids recondense
more gradually and therefore cause less damage. However, even with multi-component
liquids, the presence of vapor in the impeller can decrease the head or flow capacity.
Dissolved Gases
In addition to vaporization of the major component of the pumped liquid, dissolved gases
can also vaporize, for example, air in water or nitrogen in hydrocarbons. As the pressure
drops in the suction passages, small bubbles of dissolved gas can form. However, these gases
do not condense and collapse suddenly. They redissolve quite slowly. Because sudden
collapse does not occur, the impeller damage does not occur. Furthermore, since the amount
of gas released is small, the head produced by the pump is usually not affected significantly.
Therefore, when you calculate the vapor pressure of a liquid to be pumped, you can usually
ignore these dissolved components such as air, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
Sometimes, dissolved gases can even be beneficial. For example, if a pump operating on
water has severe cavitation, one remedy is to inject a small amount of nitrogen or air into the
pump suction. This gas remains as bubbles as the pressure increases. The bubbles cushion
the imploding force of the condensing bubbles of water vapor.

2
6
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
PERFORMANCE CURVES
Analysis of an existing pump and prediction of its performance are done by means of the
manufacturers performance curves. For a typical example of this curve see Figure 14. The
most important curve is head versus capacity. If you know the head that a pump will
produce, you can calculate the differential pressure that it will develop.
Note that the head is shown for a range of impeller diameters. Most centrifugal pumps can
be fitted with impellers of different diameter in the same casing. This flexibility is a way to
adapt the pump to a changed future service. Pumps are normally purchased with an impeller
somewhere near the middle of the possible size range of impellers. Therefore, if a head
increase is required by changed operating conditions, a larger impeller can be installed.
FIGURE 14. TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVE

2
7
Process
Centrifugal Pumps

2
8
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
PERFORMANCE CURVES (CONT'D)

Curves do not normally show the effect of a change in speed because most pumps are driven
by constant-speed motors. If a pump is purchased with a turbine driver, a family of speed
curves will be provided.
A curve of horsepower versus capacity is also shown for the range of possible impeller
diameters. Note that this horsepower is valid only for the rated specific gravity. If the liquid
being pumped has a different specific gravity, the horsepower will have to be corrected.
The third major characteristic shown on the performance curves is NPSH required versus
flow rate. This characteristic is independent of specific gravity, operating pressure, and
impeller diameter. Impeller diameter changes do not affect the geometry on the suction side
of the impeller.
A pump curve also shows the hydraulic efficiency of a pump for various flow rates and
impeller diameters. The point of maximum efficiency is called the Best Efficiency Point. It
should be somewhere near the design operating point for the pump but depends on how the
pump was selected. Remember, pumps are not generally custom designed!
Viscosity
Performance curves are based on tests performed with water. When viscous fluids are
pumped, head, capacity, and efficiency are all reduced. This effect becomes significant at
about 5 cSt. Correction factors for the affected variables are shown in Figure 15. Viscosity
corrections are significant in cold charge pump services and start up of lube system in cold
weather.

2
9
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
IMPELLER DIAMETER CHANGES

Occasionally, a plant engineer will be called upon to specify a change in the diameter of the
impeller of an operating pump. The change may be required to increase the head available,
either to expand the capacity of a plant or to use a pump in a new service.
Sometimes, the impeller diameter is reduced in order to decrease the head. This may be done
to reduce the power consumption, to avoid overloading the motor, or to reduce the maximum
discharge pressure, to avoid overpressuring downstream equipment.

3
0
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
IMPELLER DIAMETER CHANGES (CONTD)
1.
Enter Chart at Design Capacity and Move Up To Design Head (For

Multi-Stage Pumps, Use Head Per Stage).
2.
Move Horizontally To The Fluid Viscosity And Vertically To The

Correction Curves.

3
1
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
FIGURE 15. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VISCOSITY CORRECTION FACTORS

3
2
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
IMPELLER DIAMETER CHANGES (CONT'D)

The relationships of impeller diameter to flow rate, head, and horsepower are commonly
called the affinity laws, as follows:
bhp2 = bhp1 x
D1
where:
Q
H
bhp
D
=
=
=
=
Flow rate
Head
Brake horsepower
Diameter
Estimated performance changes can be made using these relationships, but remember that
they are approximate. It is better to use the manufacturer's performance curves whenever
possible. See Figure 16.
FIGURE 16. PUMP PERFORMANCE WITH CHANGE OF IMPELLER DIAMETER

3
3
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUMPS IN SERIES

Sometimes two centrifugal pumps are connected in series, to increase the pumping capability
of an installation. The calculations for this kind of operation are illustrated in Figure 17.
You can construct a single head/capacity curve for the two pumps operating together. In the
figure, the head/capacity curve for a single pump is shown. When two pumps operate in
series, the heads produced are added. At any given capacity, the head can be plotted. Using
the new pump curve for two pumps and the system resistance curve, you can determine the
maximum capacity for the new system as shown in the figure.
FIGURE 17. CHARACTERISTICS OF PUMPS IN SERIES

3
4
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CHARACTERISTICS OF PARALLEL PUMPS

Another way to increase pumping capacity is to use two pumps in parallel. This arrangement
is illustrated in Figure 18. When two pumps are installed in parallel, the head produced is the
same as for a single pump. However, at any given value for head, the capacity for the two
pumps is the addition of the capacity of each pump. Thus, a new head/capacity curve can be
drawn for the two pumps in parallel. Again, using the new pump curve and the system head
curve, you can determine the maximum capacity.
FIGURE 18. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARALLEL PUMPS

3
5
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Caution: Pumps in Series

Two pumps in series will generate much more discharge pressure than one pump alone. In
some cases, this pressure might be greater than the design pressure of the downstream piping
or other equipment. This condition must be checked before proceeding with an installation of
two or more pumps in series. It is important to check the design pressure at the condition
called "pump shutoff pressure." Shutoff pressure is obtained when the downstream control
valve is closed and the pumps operate at zero capacity and maximum head. The shutoff
pressure is equal to the pressure in the suction vessel plus the shutoff delta P of both pumps
combined. See Figure 19 and the example table beneath it. For this example, the normal
operating discharge pressure is satisfactory because it is less than the design pressure.
However, at shutoff, the discharge pressure downstream of the second pump would be
greater than the equipment design pressure. This situation is not allowed. One remedy is to
install a safety valve at the discharge of the second pump. as shown.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Suction
Press
psig
P2
Discharge
Press
psig
Design
Press*
psig
P1
Norm
60
60
120
150
Max.
(At Shutoff)
100
100
200
150
FIGURE 19. PUMPS IN SERIES

3
6
Process
Centrifugal Pumps

3
7
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Caution: Pumps in Parallel

A problem that can occur with pumps operating in parallel is shown in Figure 20. Two
pumps are never exactly like. If two pumps are installed in parallel, one pump may take
more than half of the total flow and the other pump less than half. The pump with the lower
flow rate may be operating below its minimum acceptable flow rate. As the figure shows, the
head produced by the two pumps will be identical because they are connected to the same
process. If the head produced by pump B is lower than the head produced by pump A, the
situation shown in the figure will occur. Pump B will decrease its flow rate until it can
produce the same head as Pump A.
This situation is most dangerous when one pump is driven by a motor and the other by a
turbine. It is impossible to set the two speeds exactly equal, and the difference in speed will
cause a difference in head produced.
If two pumps are nominally identical and both driven by motors, the two head curves can be
assumed to be within 3% of each other. If so, you can make the worst assumption, that is, the
head of pump B is 3% lower than the head of pump A. Then, using the system operating
conditions, plot the flow through both pumps. Make sure that the lowest flow rate is not
below the pump minimum allowable flow rate.
FIGURE 20. PUMPS IN PARALLEL

3
8
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CONTROL SYSTEMS
The most common control device for a centrifugal pump is a control valve in the discharge
line. This valve controls the amount of liquid delivered to the process. This valve takes a
pressure drop equal to the difference between the pressure supplied by the pump and the
pressure required by the process.
A control valve is almost never used in the suction line of a pump. A pressure drop in the
suction line could cause vapor to form, which is always harmful to centrifugal pump
operation.
Variable speed is an alternative method for controlling centrifugal pumps. The rotating speed
is changed until the head generated by the pump exactly equals the head required. If the
driver is a steam turbine or gas turbine, speed control is normally used. This is the case in
many pipeline and production services in Saudi Aramco. It is always more efficient to
control produced head than to control required head by throttling.
It is also necessary to control the minimum flow through a centrifugal pump. The minimum
flow that can be tolerated is normally 25 to 30% of design flow to the pump. However, this
value can be considerately higher for pumps with double suction impellers (40 to 60% of
design flow). Below this flow rate, unstable operation can cause mechanical damage to the
pump. If the flow rate required by the process is less than this minimum value, some excess
flow is recycled from the discharge of the pump to the suction vessel. Recycle directly to the
pump suction is normally not employed. This would increase the temperature of the
recirculating fluid, leading to possible vaporization.
Recycle can be controlled in the three ways shown in Figure 21:
Manually controlled recycle
Automatic recycle control with a control valve in the recycle line.
An automatic minimum flow controller installed in the pump discharge line. It

senses the net flow rate through the pump and opens a path to the recycle line
when flow drops below a preset value.

3
9
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CONTROL SYSTEMS (CONTD)

Methods
Manual Recycle
LC
Recycle
Line
Fl
Restriction
Orifice Sized
for Min Pump
Flow
Automatic Recycle
LC
Fl
FC
Automatic Minimum Flow Controller

Fl
LC
Senses Net Flow Rate.
Bypass is Normally Closed,
Opens When Flow Drops
Below a Preset Value
FIGURE 21. PROTECTION AGAINST LOW-FLOW

4
0
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
CONTROL SYSTEMS (CONTD)

If Natural Flow Balancing Cannot be Guaranteed,
Use Separate Flow Controllers
Or Separate Minimum Flow Recycle Controls
FIGURE 22. CONTROLS - PUMPS IN PARALLEL

4
1
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP INSTALLATION

Figure 23 shows a typical installation. Its elements are as follows:
Normal operating pump
The spare pump. Pumps are normally spared so that the process can operate
continuously even if maintenance is required on one pump.
Suction line with block valve for isolation.
Discharge line with block valve for isolation.
Check valve or non-return valve in the discharge line. This valve prevents reverse
flow through the pump. Reverse flow would cause the impeller to spin
backwards, which would damage the pump.
Pressure gauge, PI, in the discharge line. This is to monitor the performance of the
pump.
Flushing connection to the seal. Normally a liquid is circulated through the seal to
keep it clean and cool.
Casing vent. Before a centrifugal pump is started, be sure to vent vapors from the
casing. A centrifugal pump containing vapor will not develop differential
pressure. The vent may be on the casing itself or on the discharge line.
Kickback line or recycle line. This is the line used to keep the flow rate through
the pump above the minimum value.
Suction strainer. A suction strainer is installed upstream of the pump. It prevents

solid material from entering the pump. Solid material could cause mechanical
damage. Normally, the suction strainer is in place only during startup and is
removed after an initial period that flushes construction debris from the suction
system.
Note: If the strainer is not to be removed, a differential pressure gauge should be
installed around the suction screen.

4
2
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP INSTALLATION (CONTD)

Suction~
Recycle (Kickback)
to Suction Vessel
Discharge
Flow Controller
Set for
Minimum
Pump Rate
Pl
Casing Vent
Flush
to
Seal
MAIN
(Operating)
Drain
Vent to Suct. Vess.
Pl
(If Pump Self-Venting)
SPARE
(Standby)
Spool Piece for Suction Strainer
(Strainer Installed During Startup)
FIGURE 23. TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP INSTALLATION
4
3
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Starting a Centrifugal Pump

The normal method for starting a centrifugal pump is as follows. Before startup, close both
the discharge and suction block valves. Close the casing vent. Open the valve in the line to
the seal.
1.
Open the suction block valve to allow liquid to enter the pump.
2.
Open the casing vent to release trapped gases or vapors.
3.
Close the casing vent.
4.
Start the pump motor; observe the pressure rise in the discharge line as indicated by the
PI.
5.
When the discharge pressure reaches the normal value, start to open the discharge
block valve.
6.
Gradually open the discharge block valve until it is fully open. If the discharge
pressure starts to fall, close the block valve a small amount to reestablish discharge
pressure.
Optional Features
Cooling water to stuffing box. Sometimes cooling water is provided to the seal housing to
prevent vaporization of the liquid at the surface of the seal.
Steam quench. If the pump fluid is very hot and also flammable, steam is injected between
the seal and the outside atmosphere. If there is leakage through the seal, the steam quench
cools and dilutes the material. This prevents solidification of flammable pump fluid, such as
oil, and reduces the risk of fire.
Casing vent line. The vapors will be vented to atmosphere through a connection at the pump
discharge if the material is not toxic or hazardous. For toxic or hazardous materials, a pipe is
installed to vent the material back to the suction drum. This is especially necessary if a pump
is handling cold liquids. The vent line is left open for five or ten minutes before the pump is
started. During this period, cold liquid circulates from the suction line through the pump and
back to the suction vessel. This cools the pump to operating temperature before startup. If
this step is not carried out, vaporization can prevent successful starting of the pump.
Warm-up bypass. If the pump normally operates at high temperature, it must be heated
before startup to avoid sudden heating and thermal shock. Gradual heating is done by
4
4
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
circulating pumped liquid backwards through the idle pump. A small (1-in.) bypass around
the check valve is used for this purpose.

4
5
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
OPERATING PROBLEMS WITH CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

A list of the most common process problems is given below. For a more complete list,
including mechanical problems, see GPSA Fig. 12-9.
SYMPTOM
CAUSE
CURE
Pump loses suction

when flow rate
increases.
High-point pockets
in suction line.
(Figure 24)
Modify piping so flow

is continuously
horizontal or downward.
Low head, motor

overload.
High viscosity.
Heat fluid. Replace

pump and motor. Run
two pumps in parallel.
Pump loses suction

at start.
Insufficient
venting of vapor.
Vent casing before

starting.
Cavitation noise or
loss of capacity at
high flows.
Insufficient NPSH.
Raise suction liquid

level, reduce rate,
new impeller.
Failure of mechanical
seal; leakage.
Low flow of seal

flush liquid. Insufficient cooling
of seals.
Adequate cooling
and flush. Proper
stuffing box pressure
and temperature.

4
6
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
OPERATING PROBLEMS WITH CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS (CONTD)
FIGURE 24. SUCTION LINE POCKETS

4
7
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
STANDARDS
The applicable industry standards and the areas they cover are as follows:
API 610
Centrifugal Pumps, most recent edition.
ANSI B73.1
Specifications for horizontal, end suction centrifugal pumps for

chemical process.
ANSI B73.2
Specifications for vertical in-line centrifugal pumps for chemical

process.
NFPA-20
Centrifugal fire water pumps.
Saudi Aramco Design Practice, ADP-G-005

-
Exceptions to industry standards
Special mechanical design requirements
Special materials of construction
Preferences for pump types
Guidelines for max. working pressure, test pressure
Inspection and test requirements
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard AES-G-005

-
Hydraulic Performance Criteria
Casing Design Pressure Criteria
Mechanical Seal Selection Guide
Materials of Construction Guide
Requirements For Suction and Discharge Piping

4
8
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
Testing and Inspection Requirements

4
9
Process
Centrifugal Pumps
WORK AID 1:
EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATION OF HEAD
Pump P
= P2 - P1 (psig or psia)
P1
= Suction pressure
P2
= Discharge pressure
Head (feet)
= _P (psi) x 2.31
S.G.
S.G.
= Specific gravity relative to water
= Head (ft) x 0.433 x S.G.
Density of water at standard temperature (60F)
S.G.
= 1.0
Density
= 8.33 lb/gal
= 62.4 lb/ft3
= 350 lb/barrel
= 2205 lb/metric ton
EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING POWER
bhp
(gpm) x P
1715 x (Pump Eff.)
= Differential Pressure, psi
kW
= bhp x 0.746
Motor Eff.
kW
= Operating Load of Motor, kilowatts

5
0
Process
Centrifugal Pumps

5
1
RE
ENGINEERING ENCYCLOPEDIA
Saudi Aramco Desk Top Standards
WORK AID 2:
FIGURE 33. AVERAGE NPSHR AS A FUNCTION OF PUMP CAPACITY

AT CONSTANT SPEED
Saudi Aramco, Centrifugal Pumps
52
RE
WORK AID 3:
1.
Enter Chart at Design Capacity and Move Up To Design Head (For

Multi-Stage Pumps, Use Head Per Stage).
2.
Move Horizontally To The Fluid Viscosity And Vertically To The

Correction Curves.
FIGURE 34. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP VISCOSITY CORRECTION FACTORS

53
RE
WORK AID 4: AFFINITY LAWS
bhp2 = bhp1
N1
where:
Q
Flow Rate
Head Developed
bhp
Power Required
Impeller Diameter
Rotating Speed of Impeller
54
RE
WORK AID 5:
(Strainer Installed During Startup)

FIGURE 35. TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP INSTALLATION
55
RE
WORK AID 6:
Pump Type and
Construction Style
Distinguishing
Construction
Characteristics
Usual
Orientation
Usual
No. of
Stages
Relative
Maintenance
Requirement
Comments
Capacity varies with head

Low to Medium Specific
Speed
CENTRIFUGAL
Horizontal
Single Stage Overhung,
Process Type
Impeller Cantilevered
Beyond Bearings
Horiz.
Low
Most Common Style

Used in Process Service
Two Stage Overhung,

Process Type
2 Impellers Cantilevered
Beyond Bearings
Horiz.
Low
For Heads Above Single

Capacity
Single Stage Impeller

Between Bearings
Impeller Between
Bearings; Casing
Radially or Axially Split
Horiz.
Low
For High Flows to 1100

Feet Head
Slurry
Large Flow Passages,

Erosion Control Features
Horiz.
High
Low Speed; Adjustable

Axial Clearance
Canned
Pump and Motor

Enclosed in Pressure
Shell; no Stuffing Box
Horiz.
Low
Low-Head Capacity
Limits for Models Used
in Chemical Services
Multistaged,
Horizontally Split
Casing
Nozzles Usually in
Bottom Half of Casing
Horiz.
Multi
Low
For Moderate
Temperature-Pressure
Ratings
Multistage Barrel Type
Outer Casing Confines

Inner Stack of
Diaphragms
Horiz.
Multi
Low
For High TemperaturePressure Ratings
Single Stage Process

Type
Vertical Orientation
Vert.
Low
Style Used Primarily to

Exploit Low NPSH
Requirement
Multistage Process Type
Many Stages, Low

Head/Stage
Vert.
Multi
Medium
In-Line
Arranged for In-Line

Installation, Like a
Valve
Vert.
Low
Allows Low Cost

Installation, Simplified
Piping Systems
High Speed
Speeds to 23,000 rpm,

Head to 5800 Feet
Vert.
Medium
Attractive Cost for High

Head/Low Flow
Sump
Casing immersed in
Sump for Installation
Convenience and
Priming Ease
Vert.
Low
Very Long Shafts
Vert.
Multi
Medium
Vertical
Multistage Deep Well
High Head Capability,

Low NPSH Requirement
Low Cost Installation
Water Well Service with

Driver at Grade
FIGURE 36. COMPARISON OF PUMP TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION STYLES:

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
56
RE
WORK AID 7:
Pump Type and
Construction Style
Capacity
GPM
Max.
Head
Ft
Max
P2
Psi
Typical
NPSH/
Req Ft.
Max
Viscos
SSU
Efficiency
%
Solids
Tolerance
Max.
Pumping
Temp. F
CENTRIFUGAL
Horizontal
Single Stage Overhung
15-5,000
800
600
6-20
3000
20-80
850
20-80
Mod.
High
Mod.
High
Mod.
High
High
Two Stage Overhung
15-1,200
1400
600
6-22
2000
20-75
Single Stage Impeller

Between Bearings
Slurry
15-40,000
1100
980
6-25
3000
30-90
400
600
5-25
3000
Canned
1-20,000
5000
10,000
6-20
Multistaged, Horiz.
Split
Multistage, Barrel Type
20-11,000
5500
3000
6-20
2000
20-70
Low
1000
2000
65-90
Medium
400-500
20-9,000
5500
6000
6-20
2000
40-75
Medium
850
Single Stage Process

Type
Multistage
20-10,000
800
600
1-20
3000
20-85
Medium
650
20-80,000
6000
700
1-20
2000
25-90
Medium
500
In-Line
20-12,000
700
500
6-20
2000
20-80
Medium
500
High Speed
5-400
5800
2000
4-40
500
10-65
Low
500
Sump
10-700
200
200
1-22
2000
40-75
5-400
6000
2000
1-20
2000
30-75
Mod.
High
Medium
400
1000
850
400-500
850
Vertical
Multistage Deep Well
Note: These data are typical only. Many exceptional cases exist.
FIGURE 37. COMPARISON OF PUMP TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION STYLES:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
57
RE
WORK AID 8: SELECTION CHARTS
FIGURE 38.
58
RE
WORK AID 9:
Trouble:
Possible Causes:
Trouble:
Possible Causes:
1. Failure to deliver
liquid:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Wrong direction of rotation.

Pump not primed.
Suction line not filled with liquid.
Air or vapor pocket in suction line.
Inlet to suction pipe not sufficiently
submerged.
f. Available NPSH not sufficient.
g. Pump not up to rated speed.
h. Total head required greater than head
for which pump is capable of
delivering.
6. Vibration:
a. Starved suction.
(1) Gas or vapor in liquid
(2) Available NPSH not sufficient
(3) Inlet to suction line not
sufficiently submerged
(4) Gas or vapor pockets in suction
line
b. Misalignment.
c. Worn or loose bearings.
d. Rotor out of balance.
(1) Impeller plugged
(2) Impeller damaged
e. Shaft bent.
f. Improper location of control valve in
discharge line.
g. Foundation not rigid.
2. Pump does not

deliver rated
capacity:
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. Stuffing boxes
overheat:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
e.
f.
g.
h.
j.
k.
m.
n.
Wrong direction of rotation.

Suction line not filled with liquid.
Air or vapor pocket in suction line.
Air leaks in suction line or stuffing
boxes.
Inlet to suction pipe not sufficiently
submerged.
Available NPSH not sufficient.
Pump not up to rated speed.
Total head greater than head for
which pump designed.
Foot valve too small.
Foot valve clogged with trash.
Viscosity of liquid greater than that
which pump designed
Mechanical defects ...
(1) Wearing rings worn
(2) Impeller damaged
(3) Internal leakage resulting from
defective gaskets.
4. Pump loses liquid

after starting:
a. Suction line not filled with liquid.

b. Air leaks in suction line or stuffing
boxes.
c. Gas or vapor in liquid.
d. Air or vapor pockets in suction line.
e. Inlet to suction line not sufficient.
f. Available NPSH not sufficient.
g. Liquid seal piping to lantern ring
plugged.
h. Lantern ring not properly located in
stuffing box.
8. Bearings
overheat:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
5. Pump overloads
driver:
a. Speed too high.

b. Total head lower than rated head.
c. Either or both the specific gravity
and viscosity of liquid different from
that for which pump is rated.
d. Mechanical defects ...
(1) Misalignment
(2) Shaft bent
(3) Rotating element dragging
(4) Packing too tight
9. Bearings wear
rapidly:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Packing too tight.

Packing not lubricated.
Wrong grade of packing.
Insufficient cooling water to jackets.
Box improperly packed.
Oil level too low.

Improper or poor grade of oil.
Dirt in bearings
Dirt in oil.
Moisture in oil.
Oil cooler clogged or scaled.
Failure of oiling system.
Insufficient cooling water
circulation.
j Bearings too tight.
k. Oil seals too close fit on shaft.
m. Misalignment.
Misalignment.
Shaft bent.
Vibration.
Excessive thrust resulting from
mechanical failure inside the pump.
e. Lack of lubrication.
f. Bearings improperly installed.
g. Dirt in bearings.
h. Moisture in oil.
j. Excessive cooling of bearings.
FIGURE 39. CHECK LIST FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TROUBLES AND CAUSES
59
RE
WORK AID 10: PUMP HEAD AND HORSEPOWER
EL=100 Ft.
50
psig
NLL
EL=20 Ft.
160
psig
Column
C-1
Drum
D-1
LLL
3 Ft.
E-1
E-2
Grade
600 gpm
S.G. = 0.72
Pump Eff. = 0.69
FIGURE 40
Line Lengths:
Suction
100 equivalent ft
Discharge - 500 equivalent ft
Pressure drops:
Suction lineDischarge line
E-1
E-2
Control valve
orifice
0.2 psi/100 ft
2.2 psi/100 ft
22 psi
17 psi
20 psi minimum
1 psi
60
RE
WORK AID 10: PUMP HEAD AND HORSEPOWER (CONTD)

Calculate pump head and brake horsepower (required)
Solution:
1.
Calculate P2 Discharge pressure (Max)

a.
Vessel pressure
b.
Static head
(100-3) ft x 0.433 x 0.72
c.
2.
Friction pressure drops

E-2
E-1
Control valve
Flow orifice
Line = 500 x 2.2
100
P2
160 psig
+ 30.2 psi
+ 17 psi
+ 22 psi
+ 20
+ 1 psi
+ 11 psi
=
261.2 psi
Calculate P1, suction pressure (Min.)

a.
Vessel pressure
50 psig
b.
Static head
(20-3) ft x 0.433 x 0.72
+5.3 psi
Friction drops
Line = 100 x 0.2
-0.2
P1
c.
55.1 psig
61
RE

Problem CP-1, page 3
3.
Calculate P
P
= P2 - P1
= 261.2 - 55.1
= 206.1 psi
4.
Calculate head required

Head
= P (2.31)
S.G.
= 206.1 (2.31)
0.72
= 661 ft
5.
Calculate brake horsepower

bhp
= gpm X P
1715 X Eff.
= 600 x 206.1
1715 x 0.69
= 104.5 hp
62
RE

Problem CP-1, page 4
6.
Check pump head

Total head
a. Vessel pressure
(160-50) x 2.31
0.72
b. Elevation
100 - 20
= Vessel pressure
+ Elevation
+ Total friction drop
= 353 ft
= 80 ft
c. Total friction drop

(0.2 x 100 2.2 x 500
100
100
1201722 x 2.31 = 228 ft
0.72 __________
Total head required
= 661 ft
63
RE
GLOSSARY
Actual Volume
The volume of a given mass of liquid at actual temperature in a

process.
Brake Horsepower
The quantity of power required to turn the shaft of a pump. The

power loading on the shaft between the pump and its driver.
Best Efficiency Point
The point on the map of head, capacity, and impeller (BEP)

diameter where hydraulic efficiency is maximum.
Bearings
The parts that support the rotating shaft.
Casing
The outer housing of a centrifugal pump.

containing component.
Circuit
A section of plant containing a pump, piping, and heat

exchangers. A flow path between two points.
Cavitation
The implosion of vapor bubbles in a liquid inside a pump on the

impeller vanes. Potentially damaging.
Delta P (P)
The pressure difference from pump suction to pump discharge.
Diffuser
An area of some pumps containing vanes where velocity energy

is converted to pressure. Used instead of a volute in some
pumps.
Driver
A motor or turbine which provides the power for the pump.
Discharge
Pump outlet.
Design Point
The specified condition of volume and head for selection of a

pump. Also called "rated point."
Eye
The center of the impeller where liquid enters the impeller.
Efficiency
The hydraulic (pressure) energy added to the liquid, divided by

the power input to the shaft.
Flushing
A small flow of liquid which keeps solids away from the seal
and also cools the seal.
gpm
Flow rate in gallons per minute.
The pressure-
64
RE
65
RE
Head
The energy added to a liquid by a pump, ft-lb force/lb. mass.

Also referred to as simply "feet."
Hydrometer
A float type device that measures specific gravity of a liquid.
Impeller
The rotating element of a centrifugal pump.
Kickback
A recycle stream that increases the flow rate through a pump,

independent of process requirements.
Net Positive Suction

Head Available
(NPSH)A
Actual pressure at the pump suction minus vapor pressure of the

liquid. The amount of pressure drop that can occur before
vaporization begins.
Orifice Flowmeter
A device for measuring fluid flow rate in a pipe. It consists of a

restriction orifice in the pipe, pressure taps upstream and
downstream of the orifice, and a gauge to measure the P.
Performance Curve
Graphs that show head produced, power required, NPSH

required, and efficiency; all as functions of flow rate.
Pitting
Mechanical damage; pits or holes in a metal surface.
Recycle
A return flow of some liquid from the discharge side to the

suction side. Also called "kickback."
Stage
A section of a pump containing one impeller and one diffuser.

Pumps may have one or more stages.
Suction
Pump inlet.
Shutoff
The condition when a pump is rotating but flow is blocked at the

discharge. (i.e., pump is acting as a mixer.)
Shutoff Head
The head produced by a pump when the discharge is blocked

and flow is zero. Usually maximum head produced.
Standard Volume
The volume of a given mass of liquid at 60F.
Specific Volume
The volume of one pound of liquid.
Specific Gravity
The density of a liquid divided by the density of water at 60F.
66
RE
Safety Valve
A valve that protects a pipe or vessel from overpressure. It

opens automatically at a set pressure.
Seal
A device that prevents leakage at the point where the rotating

shaft enters the casing.
Volute
The annular area between the impeller and casing. The place
where liquid velocity energy is converted to pressure.
67
RE
REFERENCES
Saudi Aramco Standards
AES-G-005 Centrifugal Pumps
Saudi Aramco Design Practices
ADP-G-005 Centrifugal Pumps
Exxon Basic Practices
BP10-1-1 Heavy Duty Centrifugal Pumps
BP10-1-2 Medium Duty Centrifugal Pumps
Industry Standards
API Standard 610, American Petroleum Institute
Other References
Engineering Data Book, Gas Processors Suppliers Assn., Vol. 1, Section 12
- Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines
68

Engineering Encyclopedia: Centrifugal Pumps

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Engineering Encyclopedia: Centrifugal Pumps

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

For additional information on this subject, contact

Head Produced by a Centrifugal Pump

Application of Centrifugal Pump

Head vs. Flow Characteristic

Driver Power, Motors

Calculate Pump P Required From Process Data

Head Produced by an Operating Pump

Net Positive Suction Head

Impeller Diameter Changes

Characteristics of Pumps in Series

Characteristics of Parallel Pumps

Typical Centrifugal Pump Installation

Operating Problems with Centrifugal Pumps

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

FIGURE 1. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

HEAD PRODUCED BY A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

= Velocity of impeller tip, ft/sec

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS (CONTD)

p ( psi ) = Head ( Feet ) 0 . 433 S . G .

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS (CONTD)

Casing Rings Front

Stuffing Box for

Oil Lubrication System

End Suction Casing

FIGURE 3. HORIZONTAL, SINGLE STAGE, OVERHUNG PUMP

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS (CONTD)

FIGURE 4A. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS (CONTD)

Used when low NPSHR is needed

Up to 8 impellers for higher head

Supported by piping or small foundation

The most common type

Like vertical can type, without the can

Used in oil production wells

FIGURE 4B. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS (CONTD)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS (CONTD)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

HEAD VS. FLOW CHARACTERISTIC

FIGURE 6. HEAD VS FLOW CHARACTERISTIC

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Static pressure differential, the difference in pressure

Elevation differential, the head required to lift the

Friction resistance in the flowing system.

SYSTEM RESISTANCE (CONTD)

FIGURE 7. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE - STATIC PRESSURE

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

SYSTEM RESISTANCE (CONTD)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

SYSTEM RESISTANCE (CONTD)

Head (Fe et ) = p (psi)

Friction Resistance Is Dynamic

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards