2.1 LET , AND BE ARBITRARY SETS.

DETERMINE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING

RELATIONS ARE CORRECT AND WHICH ARE INCORRECT:
a)
b)
c)
d)

( ) = =
=

(Ley de Morgan)

(Ley de Morgan)
= =

( ) = ( ) =

Incorrecto
Correcto
Correcto
Correcto

2.4 LET = {, , , }, = {, , }, = {, , }, And = {, , }. DETERMINE

ELEMENTS OF THE FOLLOWING SETS:
a) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
b)

= {1,3,4,5,6}

c)

= {2,4,6,7,8,9,10} = {2,7}

d)

()

= {} () = {2,4,6,7,8,9,10}

e)

= {}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

f)

= {2,4,6,7,8,9,10} , = {2,3,5,7,8,9,10}
= {2,7,8,9,10}
= {1,3,4,5,6}

g)

() () ()
= {1}, = {}, = {5} () () () = {1,5}

2.5 REPEAT PROBLEM 2.4 if = {: }, = {: }, = {:

}, AND = {: }
a) = {: 0 10}
b) = {: 1 6}
c)

= {: 0 < 1, 5 < 10 } = {: 5 < 7}

d)

()

= {: 2 6} () = {: 0 < 1, 2 10}

e)

= {: 2 5}
= {: 0 < 2,

f)

5 < 10}

= {: 0 < 1, 5 < 10 } , = {: 0 < 1, 6 < 10 }

= {: 0 < 1, 6 < 10 }
= {: 1 6 }

g) () () ()
= {: 1 5}, = {: 2 6}, = {: 2 5}
() () () = {: 1 6}
2.6 DRAWN VENN DIAGRAMS OF EVENTS A AND B REPRESENTING THE FOLLOWING
SITUATIONS:
a) and are arbitrary

b) If occurs, must occur

c) If occurs, cannot occur

d) and are independent.

2.9 AN ENGINEERING SYSTEM HAS TWO COMPONENTS. LET US DEFINE THE FOLLOWING
EVENTS:
: First component is good. : First component is defective.
: Second component is good. : Second component is defective.
Describe the following events in terms of , , , :
a) At least one of the components is good
b) One is good and one is defective

2.11 A SATELLITE CAN FAIL FOR MANY POSSIBLE REASONS, TWO OF WHICH ARE COMPUTER
FAILURE AND ENGINE FAILURE. FOR A GIVEN MISSION, IT IS KNOWN THAT:
The probability of engine failure is 0.008
The probability of computer failure is 0.001
Given engine failure, the probability of satellite failure is 0.98
Given computer failure, the probability of satellite failure is 0.45
Given any other component failure, the probability of satellite failure is zero.

a) Determine the probability that a satellite fails.

( ) = 0.008 0.98 + 0.001 0.45 = 8.29 103
b) Determine the probability that a satellite fails and is due to engine failure.
( ) = 0.008 0.98 = 7.84 103
c) Assume that engines in different satellites perform independently. Given a satellite has
failed as result of engine failure, what is the probability that the same will happen to
another satellite?
( ) = 0.008 0.98 = 7.84 103

2.14 A BOX CONTAINS 20 PARTS, OF WHICH 5 ARE DEFECTIVE. TWO PARTS ARE DRAWN AT
RANDOM FROM THE BOX. WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT:
a) Both are good?
=

15 14

= 0.553
20 19

b) Both are defective?

=

5 4

= 0.053
20 19

c) One is good and one is defective?

=

15 5
5 15

= 0.395
20 19 20 19

2.15 AN AUTOMOBILE BRAKING DEVICE CONSISTS OF THREE SUBSYSTEMS, ALL OF WHICH

MUST WORK FOR THE DEVICE TO WORK. THESE SYSTEMS ARE AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM, A
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM, AND A MECHANICAL ACTIVATOR. IN BRAKING, THE RELIABILITIES
(PROBABILITIES OF SUCCESS) OF THESE UNITS ARE 0.96, 0.95 AND 0.95 RESPECTIVELY.
ESTIMATE THE SISTEM RELIABILITY ASSUMING THAT THESE SUBSYSTEMS FUNCTION
INDEPENDENTLY.
Comment: systems of this type can be graphically represented as shown in Figure 2.10,
in which subsystems (electronic system), (hydraulic system), and (mechanical
activator) are arranged in series. Consider the path as the path to success. A
breakdown of any or all of , , or will block the path from to .

= () () () = 0.96 0.95 0.95 = 0.8664

2.16 A SPACECRAFT HAS 1000 COMPONENTS IN SERIES. IF THE REQUIRED RELIABILITY OF
THE SPACECRAFT IS . AND IF ALL COMPONENTS FUNCTION INDEPENDENTLY AND HAVE
THE SAME RELIABILITY, WHAT IS THE REQUIRED RELIABILITY OF EACH COMPONENT?

= 0. 91000

= 0.999895

2.17 AUTOMOBILES ARE EQUIPPED WITH REDUNDANT BRAKING CIRCUITS; THEIR BRAKES
FAIL ONLY WHEN ALL CIRCUITS FAIL. CONSIDER ONE WITH TWO REDUNDANT BRAKING

CIRCUITS, EACH HAVING A RELIABILITY OF . . DETERMINE THE SYSTEM RELIABILITY

ASSUMING THAT THESE CIRCUITS ACT INDEPENDENTLY.
Comment: systems of this type are graphically represented as in Figure 2.11, in which
the circuits ( and ) have a parallel arrangement. The path to success is broken only
when breakdowns of both and occur.

( ) = 1 (1 0.95)(1 0.95) = 0.998

2.18 ON THE BASIS OF THE DEFINITIONS GIVEN IN PROBLEMS 2.15 AND 2.17 FOR SERIES AND
PARALLEL ARRANGEMENTS OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS, DETERMINE RELIABILITIES OF THE
SYSTEMS DESCRIBED BY THE BLOCK DIAGRAMS AS FOLLOWS.
a) The diagram

( ) = 1 (1 0.85)(1 0.90) = 0.985

b) The diagram

( ( )) = 0.90 0.985 = 0.887

2.20 EVENTS AND ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE. CAN THEY ALSO BE INDEPENDENT?
EXPLAIN.
No, ya que dos eventos mutuamente exclusivos no pueden presentarse a la misma vez,
a diferencia de dos eventos independientes ya que estos pueden o no ocurrir al mismo
tiempo.
2.21 LET () = . , AND ( ) = . . WHAT IS () IF:
a) and are independent?
( ) = () + () () () 0.7 = 0.4 + () 0.4 () () = 0.5
b) and are mutually exclusive.
( ) = () + () 0.7 = 0.4 + () () = 0.7 0.4 = 0.3
2.22 LET ( ) = . ,
AND ()?

AND () = . . IS IT POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE ()

Answer the same question if, in addition:

a) and are independent?
( ) = () + () ()() 0.75 = () + () 0.25 () + ()
=1
Tambin se tiene que:

() () = 0.25

Por lo que:

() = ()

0.25

0.25
+ () = 1 0.25 + [()]2 = () [()]2 () + 0.25 = 0
()

b) and are mutually exclusive.

() = 0.5, () = 0.5

( ) = () + ()
Debido a la falta de informacin no se puede resolver el ejercicio.