Blood Type Testing Lab (11-3)

Peerapat Lertvivattakul (Flook)

Noramon Khamtan (Prim)
Introduction
Genes are made from pieces of DNA which have a function of
inheritance. People will have two copies of each genes in which one are from
their parents. The difference in genes are known as alleles. For genes that
have more than two alleles are known as Multi Allelic Traits. This kind of traits
are obviously seen in Human Blood Type and Human Hair color[1].
The purpose of this experiment is to determine human blood type from Multi
Allelic Traits whether it is A, B, AB, or O.
Human ABO Blood type is determined by Multi Allelic traits. It is the
classification of human blood based on red blood cells that from the inherited
properties[2]. People can have their blood type either in A, B, AB, or A. There
are three alleles for blood types: I A , I B ,i . Antigen is any substance
that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it[3]. It is
located on the surfaces of red blood cells. The examples of antigen are
proteins, viruses, fungi, bacteria, toxins, and chemicals. Antibodies are
produced in order to respond to presence of an antigen. Antigen and
antibodies also involve in the blood type. For instance, for I A , it is allele
containing A-antigens and anti- B antibody. For I B , it is allele containing Bantigens and anti- A antibody. Both alleles are codominant to each other
since they can produce AB blood type by those who is a heterozygous for
these two alleles[4]. For i, there is no any antigen or antibody on this allele.
It seems that this allele is recessive to other alleles. People who has a blood
type of A, the possible genotypes that they can get are I A I A and I A i . The
possible genotypes of a blood type B are I B I B and I B i , for a blood type
AB is I A I B , and for a blood type O is ii .
The interaction between antigen and antibodies is when antibodies are
required to attach antigen, making immune system respond. An obvious
example is those who have a blood type of A, their cells have type A
antigens attached and type B antibodies. It means your body make
antibodies against type B antigens. In other words, your body will kill the cell
which contains type B antigens, led type A to be dominant . As a result,
people who have a blood type A can get a blood from people who have a
blood type A and O. On the other hand, you can donate your blood to
receiver who have a blood type B or AB[5].
In case of blood transfusion, people have to know their blood group in
order to know if their blood will be compatible with the receiver or not. If

their blood group are not compatible with others, it can trigger to death of
the receiver. Therefore, they have to know exactly what their blood type are,
and this experiment will determine our blood type by dropping Anti-A, Anti-B,
and Anti-AB into our blood.
Materials:
-

2 Microscope Slides
Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB
Markers
Lancets

Lancet Device
Ethanol
Cotton Ball
3 toothpicks

Methods:
1. Draw two circles of about 1 cm diameter side-by side on each
side.

2. Mark each circle as one of following: control, anti-A, anti-B, and

anti-AB.

3. WAIT for qualified personal to come and puncture the tip of your
finger.
4. In each circle drop a single drop of blood.
5. In control: do not put any antibody.
6. In the circle marked as:
a. Anti-A: drop a single drop of anti-A
b. Anti-B: drop a single drop of anti-B
c. Anti-AB: drop a single drop of anti-AB
7. Using the toothpick mix the blood and the antibody thoroughly
(NOTE: USE A DIFFERENT TOOTHPICK FOR EACH DROP OF BLOOD)
8. Wait 10 seconds and observe the result.
9. Put the result in the table.

Results: Prims blood

This picture indicates the results when we put Anti-A into circle A, AntiB into circle B, and Anti-AB into circle AB. From our observation, none of the
circle has coagulation.
Table: This table shows the coagulation in each blood sample.
State: Coagulation/No coagulation
Control

No coagulation

Anti-A

No coagulation

Anti-B

No coagulation

Anti-AB

No coagulation

Discussion:
Discussion (Flook):
Both of my mom and dad blood type is B which have two possible
genotype are I B I B and I B i . Both of my mom and dad can be
homozygous or one of them can be heterozygous and another one can
homozygous because both of my 2 younger sister and I are B blood type . We
use punnett square to check the blood type:
Mom: I B I B (B) and Dad: I B I B (B)
I

I I I I

B B

I I I I

B B

From this punnett square shows that every outcome will be B blood
type 100% if both of my mom and dad are homozygous. But if one of them
are heterozygous ( I B i ) and one of them are homozygous ( I B I B ), every
outcome will still have B blood type but some of them will be I B I B and
some of them will be I B i . We can use the punnett square to check the
blood type:
Mom: I B I B (B) and Dad:
and Dad: I B I B (B)
IB

I B i (B)

Mom:

I B

IB

IB

I B I B I B I B

IB

I B I B I B i

IBi

IB

IBI B

IBi

I B i (B)
i

IBi

Discussion (Prim):
In my family, both of my mom and my dad blood type is O. They can
have only one possible genotype: ii . Every outcome will get O blood type
100% same as me because when we combine 2 blood type , the outcome
will get one allele from Mom and one allele from Dad ,and the genotype of
both mom and dad is ii . We use punnett square to check the blood type:
Mom: ii (O) and Dad: ii (O)
ii

ii

ii

ii

ii

Why blood coagulates with some antibodies but not with other
antibodies?
- Because in O blood type do not have antigen A and B, so when
we drop any antibodies in O blood type, it will not change and blood do
not coagulate. However, when we drop anti-A in A blood type, blood
will coagulate because it has antigen A. On the other hand, if we drop
anti-A in B blood type, nothing will happen because it does not have
antigen A but have antigen B instead, so if we drop anti-B in B blood
type, the blood will be coagulate. If we drop anti-A in AB blood type,
blood will coagulates a little because as same as if we drop only anti-B
in AB blood type, the blood will be coagulate a little too. It is because
AB blood type have both antigen A and B. To sum up, the blood will
coagulate when its antigen is met with their specific antibodies.
Conclusion:
To sum up briefly, the results that we get is a blood type of O. Due to
our observation, we have no coagulation in any circle. This is because blood
type of O have no antigen A and B, therefore there is no reaction occur when
we drop antibodies A and B on it. Moreover, according to Prims parents, her
parents have a blood type of O, and when we did a punnett square, the
result was 100% Thus, this makes our results looked more accurate.
During our experiment, we faced with some errors. We dropped an
excess amount of Anti-A into the circle A. Therefore, Prims blood in circle A is
so fade. It spreads out from the circle A and looks different than others. In
order to get more obvious result, in the next experiment, we will try to be
careful when we have to add something.
Reference:
[1] Becker, A. (n.d.). What Is a Multi-Allele Trait? Retrieved from
http://education.seattlepi.com/multiallele-trait-4252.html

[2] ABO blood group system. (2014, January 29). Retrieved from
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1429/ABO-blood-group-system

[3] Antigen: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm

[4] Multiple Alleles: The ABO Blood Group. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/ABO.htm

[5] What Are Blood Group Antigens All About? (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-are-blood-group-antigens-all-about.html