Class :X. -21- CH: 4 MOTION & FORCE MOTION AND FORCE Qi. Q3. Define Force, write its formula and give it unit. Force: Force is an agent which change or tends to change the state of rest or the state of motion of the body. Mathematically Expression: Force can be calculated as follow F=ma Where m = mass of the body a = acceleration of the body Unit: The unit of force is Newton (N) One Newton (1 N): A force which produces an acceleration of Im/s? on a body of mass of 1 kg. 08 Nature: Force is a vector quantity ort C State Newton's first law of motion and explain it. Newton’s first law of motion: Statement: “Every objet continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a Straight line unless itis acted upon by an external force” Explanation: The law consist of two parts the first part stated that a body cannot change its state of rest in the absence of an external force. For example a book lying on the table will remain on the same position unless someone acts some force and move it. The second part state that a body, continue its state of motion in the absence of an external force. For example a ball roll off on a ground we assure that ball stop after covering some distance because air resistance and friction force acts upon it. If the surface of the ground in made so smooth that it offer no opposite force and air resistance is removed (which is naturally not possible) then ball move forever. State Newton's Second law of motion and derive its mathematical expression. Statement: “When a force acts on an object it produces an acceleration in its ‘own direction which is directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object’. i cal E sl ‘According to Newton's Second Law, acceleration produce is directly proportional to magnitude of force. aa F a ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 4 - MOTION & FORCE -22- Class :X. Qa Similarly acceleration produce is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. aa @ Combine relation (1) and (2) ie ae i a=k = @ i F=ma State Newton's third law of motion and explain with the help of an example. Newton's Third Law of Motion: , Statement: “To every action there is an equal and opposite Reaction”. Explanation: bra, Consider two bodies A and B, if body Aexert a force’ Fas on body B which is called action then body B also exert a force Fea on body A.which is called reaction. According to Newton third law of motion action (Fas) and reaction (Fas) are equal but opposite in direction. a Fas = - Fea Example: Consider a book lying on a table. The weight of the book push the table downward. This is the action of the book on the table. In response the table also pushes the book upward with same magnitude of force this is reaction of the table on the book and hence the book does not falls on the ground. Q5. Write three points of difference between Mass and Weight. Difference between Mass And Weight: Mass | Weight | 1. The quantity of a matter present in a body | 1. The force with which earth attract the | is called mass body toward its centre is called weight. 2. Mass'has no direction so it is a Scalar} 2,-Weight is always-directed downward so it | quantity. is a Vector quantity. 3. The mass of the body remain constant 3. The weight of the body does not remain | L__ everywhere. constant everywhere. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -23- CH: 4~- MOTION & FORCE Qs. Ans. Q7. Ans. Define Tension & give its uni When a body is attached with a string and hang with a rigid support. The weight of the body W acts downward, as a reaction a force acts on the string in upward direction. This reaction force is called Tension. It is denoted by “7” and its unit is Newton (N). ‘Two bodies of masses m; and m2.are connected with string and passes over a pulley in such a way that both move vertically. Derive the expression for acceleration & tension. Case I: When both the bodies move vertically Consider two bodes A and B having unequal masses m, and m2 connected by a string which passes over a frictionless pulley in such a way that the two bodies hang vertically as shown in the Fig. ‘Suppose m: is greater than mz. Hence body A will move down with acceleration “a” while body 8 will move up with the same acceleration. Let T be the tension in the string. Motion of Body A: To calculate the acceleration of the bodies and tension in the string, let us consider the motion of body A. Two forces are acting on the body A. () Weight of the body acting downwards = W: = mig (ji) The tension in the string acting upwards= T Since body A is moving down so Ws is greater than T. The net force acting vertically downwards on body A = Wi-T MQ — Tors CU Since the body A is moving down with acceleration ‘a’ the net force F: acting on A is given by Newton's second law of motion. Fy = mi 2 Comparing equations (1) and (2) we get mya = Mg = T erveren (8) Motion of Body B: Now consider the motion of body 8, here also two forces are acting on it () Weight of the body W2 acting downwards. = W2 = mg 7 (i) Tension in the string T acting upwards = = T 4 Since the body 8 is moving vertically upward so tension in the string is greater than the weight of the body. Thus net upward force F acting on the body 8 is given by. ot Fa = T= MQ) a Applying Newton's second law of motion to body B. Fp = maa. (5) ak “abe Comparing equations (4) and (5) we get wy ma = T- mag. © Expression for Acceleration A: ‘Adding equations (3) and (6) we get mia = ma = mg-T +T-mag ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE(CH: 4 MOTION & FORCE -2h- Class : X or = mia + ma =mig-mg or (my + maja = (m2 — m)g (am = m,)g (mm, +m.) Expression for Tension T: to calculate T divide equation (3) and (6) we get ma _mg-T T- mg Ua 8 nt ane im T= mg ma(T - mag) = m2 (mg - 7) mT — mimag = mzmag -m3T (mT + maT) = 2mimag (m, + m2)T = 2mym2g Qmm)g m, +m; Q8. Two bodies of masses m and mz are connected with string and passes over a pulley in such a way that both move vertically. Derive the expression for acceleration & tension. Case. When one of the bodies move vertically while the other horizontally. Ans. Two bodies A and B of masses m; and ma respectively are connected to the ends of a string which passes over a pulley as shown in Fig. 1. The body A moves vertically downward with an acceleration “a” and the body B moves on a smooth horizontal table towards the pulley with the same acceleration. i t Motion of body A: two forces are acting in it. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTREClass :X -25- CH: 4— MOTION & FORCE () Weight "Ws" of the body A ia vertically downwards (i) The "T" in the string which is ai Since the body A is accelerate So net downward force acting on the =Fp=W,-T =F, =mg-T.... On applying Newton's Second Law Fr = ma. eC) Equating equations (1) and (2) we ge MA = M1 —T evn (3 Motion of body B:Now consider mo} They are: () The tension “7” in the string a (i) The weight "Wo" acting vertical (ii) upward. Since there is no motion of.the bo: weight ‘W, and the reaction of the they cancel each other. Thus the only force acting-on the bi towards the pulley. : Fa 4) | | The normal reaction "R" of | cting vertically upward. vertically downward so W: is greater than T. body A Motion to body A we get. ion of the body B, three forces are acting on it ‘ing horizontally towards the pulley. ly downward. smooth horizontal surface which acts vertically in the vertical direction, the two forces i.e. the smooth surface Rare equal and opposite. Hence dy Bis the tension T which is pulling the body If the body is moving with acceleration “a” we get the value of force using Newton's Second Law of Motion. Fy = maa... 6) ‘Comparing equations (4) and (5) we ma © Expression for Acceleration A: Adding equations (3) and (6) we get mia = moa = mg-T +T mia + maa = mg (m, + ma = mg Therefore me | (m, + m,) Expression for Tension T: To find the value of "T" put this value (m,)g (7m +m) of “a” in equation (6) we get. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 4— Q9. MOTION & FORCE -26- Class : X Define Momentum, write its mathematical formula and give its unit. Momentum: The quantity of motion of a bod: is called momentum. The quantity of motion depend upon two physical quantities 1. Mass of the body 2. Veloci y of the body So Momentum can also be defined as follow: "The product of mass and velocity | ‘Mathematical Expression: If a body of mass "m” is moving with velocity "v’ then’ Momentum = Mass P=mxv Unit of momentum:The unit of momentum is Kg—my Nature: Itis a vector quantity, its direction is sar is called momentum”. moment “p" can be calculate as follow: Velocity sec. Its another unit is N-Sec. eas that of velocity. Q.10. State Law of Conservation of Momentum and derive its mathematical expression. qu. Law of Conservation Of Momentum: Statement: “The total momentum of an isolated system always remain constant’. Mathematical Expression: Consider a system consist of two balls of mass with initial velocities uz and uz. The total mom = miu #3 Suppose two balls collide with each other and and V2 respectively. The total momentum of t =mVi+ According to law of conservation of momentum my uy + m2 U2 =m Define force of coefficient of friction. Fo! riction: When a body slides over the surface of anot which resist the motion of the body, this oppo! Mathematical Expression: ss Mm, and m2 moving in a straight line atm of the system before collision 12 U2 after collision their velocities become V2 system after collision. 2 V2 hn Va tame V2 n, derive its mathematical expression and also define her body, an opposing force is set up jing force is called force of friction. Consider an object is piaced on a surface, there are two force acting on the object. The first force is weight "W" which act downward which act upward. Weight and reaction are that the value of friction force increases wit force of friction is directly proportional to no Fa Fep Where 1 is proportionality constant and it is as follow: “The ratio between forc reaction is called coe Mathematically coefficient of friction can be & The second force is normal reactién “R” equal and opposite. Experiments shows the increase in normal reaction that is ial reaction: (1) lied coefficient of friction and it is define friction and normal jent of friction” pressed as follow: ADAMJEE conn HING CENTREClass :X -27- CH: 4 MOTION & FORCE Since weight W and reaction R are equal and opposite R=W Therefore equation (1) become Feypw | Since W = mg equation (2) become Feumg ____(3) Q.12. Define the following type of friction: (Static friction )__ Kinetic or Dynamic friction Rolling friction (iv) Limiting friction Types of Friction: a Static Fri : The force of friction between two bodies when they are in the state of rest is called static friction. It is denoted by f. (ii) Kinetic Friction: The force of friction between two bodies when they are in state of motion is called kinetic friction. It is denoted by f, Rolling Friction: When a heavy spherical ball rolls over a surfaceit experices an opposing force which is called folling friction. (iv) Limiting Friction: The maximum-force of friction between the surface of two bodies which just stops the body frorn moving is called limiting friction. Q.13. Write three advantages and three disadvantages of friction. (@ Frictional forces help us to move forward. (ii) Nut and bolt can hold a body due te friction (iii) Frictional force makes the object stable in its position. (iv) Annail stays in the wood because of friction. Disadv: ‘ction: @ Excessive friction makes difficult to move the objet. (i) Excessive friction rises the temperature and heat produce. (iii) Due to friction the efficiency of the machines is less than 100%. Q.14. Write three method of reducing friction. Methods of Reducing Friction: @ The various parts of the machines which are moving over one another are properly lubricated (i) In machines the sliding of various parts is replaced by rolling and this is done by using ball bearing. (ii) The front of fast moving objects e.g. cars, aeroplanes are made oblong to minimize air friction. ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRECH: 4 ~ MOTION & FORCE. Given below are a few possible answers to each st -28- Class : X Identify the correct one. 0} Gi) (iv) w) oi (vii) Will) (x) 9) i) xii) (xii) (xiv) Ow) By applying equal force on spheres of plastic a jtement of which one is correct. iron, of equal volumes, greater acceleration is produced in the plastic sphere because its mass is. (2) more (©) less (c) morebutyisless (d) _ less but pis more The SI. unit of force is. (a) meter (b) =omst (kg (d) Newton The unit of coefficient of friction is. (a) Newton (b) Kilogram —(c)_| meter (d) none Friction can be reduced by using ball bearings (a) make the surface plane b) {2 convert sliding friction into rolling fricti (@) have no friction of their own If the force acting on a body is doubled, then fa) 1/2 (b) 1/4 {ey When a horse pulls a wagon, the force that cat force. (a) he exerts on the wagon (<) the wagon exerts on him tb) (d) doubk because they. make the surface greasy ion the acceleration produced is. (@). quadrupled jes the horse to move forward is the the ground exerts on him the wagon exerts on the ground Which is the best approximation of the weight of an object of mass 800 gram? (@ (b) (c) @) (@) Mass (b) Weight (©) The property of the matter by virtue of which of rest or of uniform motion is called. (a) Friction —(b)_ Inertia © The quantity of motion in a body is called. (@) Weight — (b)_— Force © The second law of motion gives a relation bety (@) Mass and Velocity (b) (Mass and Weight Motion of rocket is space is the example of: @) First law of motion 6) (2. Third law of motion Kg-m/sec and N-Sec both are unit of: (a) Power (6) Force © Coefficient of friction depend upon: (@) _ Force applied(b) Nature of Surface Motion can not be produced in a body without Veloci (d) Force it resists any attempt to change its state Torque () Accelerate Momentum (d) Force and Acceleration Torque Second law of motion Momentum (d) Torque (©) Mass (d) None of them A body of weight SN is hang with string, the magnitude of Tension is: @. SN (be), 25N (©. 10N @ 49N ADAMJEE COACHING CENTRE